Culture, Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality Ontology (CRENO)
intelligent powers: they are guided by the person's intention and executing them successfully results in an action, which is not true for all types of powers.
an item used to contribute, in a secondary manner, to an individual's outfit.
a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society.
a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents.
housing which is deemed affordable to those with a household income at or below the median[1] as rated by the national government or a local government by a recognized housing affordability index.
A racial group of Americans with African ancestry.
The numerical value associated with how long something has been alive.
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials.
the congenital absence of melanin in an animal, plant, or person, resulting in white hair, feathers, scales and skin and pink eyes.
a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America.[6][7][8] The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World.
the place of origin of one's extended family, particularly the home owned and preserved by the same family for several generations.
an intellectual framework that preceded, accompanied and followed the process of decolonization in the mid-1900s.
a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.
a diverse range of human activity, and resulting product, that involves creative or imaginative talent expressive of technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas.
A racial group of Americans with Asian ancestry.
in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced.
a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century,[1] that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.
a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a functioning body part.
infectious organisms that are known or suspected to cause cancer.[1] While cancer-associated bacteria have long been considered to be opportunistic (i.e., infecting healthy tissues after cancer has already established itself), there is some evidence that bacteria may be directly carcinogenic.
the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in some environment.
A carcinogen associated with leukemia and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
a substance or object in the environment required by an organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
a biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism or population, and consequently includes the factors that have an influence in their survival, development, and evolution.
the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring,[1] also referred to in technical contexts as parturition.
a vital record that documents the birth of a person. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth.
a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages (made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, or paper) bound together and protected by a cover.
coordinated activities and policies to promote health among women, newborns and infants through breastfeeding.
An ethnic group of British people with ancestry to multiple ethnicities.
The test was allegedly used to determine what privileges an individual could have; only those with a skin color that matched or was lighter than a brown paper bag were allowed admission or membership privileges.
Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on the Buddha's teachings (born Siddhārtha Gautama in the 5th century BCE) and resulting interpreted philosophies
the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services).
a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
a payment arrangement for health care service providers. It pays a set amount for each enrolled person assigned to them, per period of time, whether or not that person seeks care. The amount of remuneration is based on the average expected health care utilization of that patient, with payment for patients generally varying by age and health status.
may increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells, which interferes with biological processes, and induces the uncontrolled, malignant division, ultimately leading to the formation of tumors.
any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.
Somone who assists someone else throughout daily activities.
he companies that produce industrial chemicals. Central to the modern world economy, it converts raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals) into more than 70,000 different products.
a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties.
a relationship with a parent (such as sons and daughters of any age)[4] or, metaphorically, an authority figure, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion
a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 billion people. China spans five geographical time zones and borders 14 countries, the second most of any country in the world after Russia. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third or fourth largest country.
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest religion, with about 2.8 billion followers, representing one-third of the global population
a relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection.
a large human settlement.[1][2][a] It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks.
defines the nation as an association of people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal and shared political rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures.
the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere.
a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state without discrimination or repression.
blue iris (1a, 1b, 1c, 2a : light blue iris - 2b: darker blue iris)
Pieces of fabric or textiles used to cover the body.
compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner by use of threats, including threats of force.
the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).
The outsider group which asserts dominance over the native population and gains economic dominance.
a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas,[1][2][3] often by establishing colonies[4] and generally with the aim of economic dominance.
The native population which are being imposed the religion, language, economics, and cultural practices of the colonial power.
a form of prejudice and/or discrimination in which people who share similar ethnicity traits or perceived race are treated differently based on the social implications that come with the cultural meanings that are attached to skin color.
An aspect of life that unites a community through shared interests, beliefs, and lifestyles.
meaning "to share" or "to be in relation with")[1][2][3] is "an apparent answer to the painful divisions between self and other, private and public, and inner thought and outer world."
a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such as place, norms, religion, values, customs, or identity.
a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation) automatically.
a critical technology enabling the evolution of humans. Fire provided a source of warmth and lighting, protection from predators (especially at night), a way to create more advanced hunting tools, and a method for cooking food.
TODO: reconsider link to cooking techniques
is the art, science and craft of using heat to prepare food for consumption.
Preparing food using a specific method; methods vary depending on an environment, economic, trends, and skill.
the ideology that emerged in independence movements among the creoles (descendants of the colonizers), especially in Latin America in the early 19th century.
a style of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, and usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region
A generation refers to all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively...Generation is also often used synonymously with cohort in social science; under this formulation it means "people within a delineated population who experience the same significant events within a given period of time" (Pilcher, 1994)
umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.
a quality related to inquisitive thinking such as exploration, investigation, and learning, evident by observation in humans and other animals.
a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected.
It is also equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation, made by the same individuals of the specified genotype or phenotype. Fitness can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment or time. The fitness of a genotype is manifested through its phenotype, which is also affected by the developmental environment.
Death is the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain an organism
Death By Adverse Effect of Medical Treatment
a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation ("direct democracy"), or to choose governing officials to do so ("representative democracy").
a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches dental medicine to prospective dentists and potentially other dental auxiliaries.
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time.
varieties of a particular language are closely related and, despite their differences, are most often largely mutually intelligible, especially if close to one another on the dialect continuum.
is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.
a form of democracy in which the electorate decides on policy initiatives without elected representatives as proxies.
he act of making unjustified distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong.
particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury.
a type of public policy overseeing administrative decisions that are directly related to all issues and activity within a state's borders.
a gift for charity, humanitarian aid, or to benefit a cause.
he application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness.
an ideology that favours state interventionism in the economy, with policies that emphasize domestic control of the economy, labour, and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labour, goods and capital.
can be divided into either fiscal policy, which deals with government actions regarding taxation and spending, or monetary policy, which deals with central banking actions regarding the money supply and interest rates.
social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of scarce resources'.
a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty.
any collection of materials including animate and inanimate objects and human and non-human resources that a teacher may use in teaching and learning situations to help achieve desired learning objectives.
It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic mains electricity) by the electric power industry through an electric power grid.
a type of homeless service agency which provide temporary residence for homeless individuals and families.
the practice of marrying within a specific social group, religious denomination, caste, or ethnic group, rejecting those from others as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships.
wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity,
By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another.
a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include common sets of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area.
emphasizing shared language, dialect (and possibly script)
emphasizing a shared polity or sense of national identity
emphasizing shared physical appearance based on phenotype
emphasizing a distinct local sense of belonging stemming from relative geographic isolation
emphasizing shared affiliation with a particular religion, denomination or sect
the part of government that enforces law, and has responsibility for the governance of a state.
certain bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.
to conscious events in general, more specifically to perceptions, or to the practical knowledge and familiarity that is produced by these conscious processes.
They provide living organisms with vision, the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision.
a polygenic phenotypic character determined by two distinct factors: the pigmentation of the eye's iris[1][2] and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris.
Hair classfication system based on texture, volume, and strands.
the front of an animal's head that features the eyes, nose, skin and mouth, and through which animals express many of their emotions
After registering, users can create a profile revealing information about themselves. They can post text, photos and multimedia which are shared with any other users who have agreed to be their "friend" or, with different privacy settings, publicly.
a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship).
The relationship between a parent/guardian and children
a form of self-expression and autonomy at a particular period and place and in a specific context, of clothing, footwear, lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle, and body posture.
In health care, it gives an incentive for physicians to provide more treatments because payment is dependent on the quantity of care, rather than quality of care.
an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or cultures
the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets. It is related with, but not synonymous with economics, the study of production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods and services.
Access to money, currency, and capital assets.
Fine hair is difficult to feel or it feels like an ultra-fine strand of silk.
used in physical anthropology and medicine to determine the shades of hair color.
a numerical classification schema for human skin color.
A meal which comprises of multiple ingredients and utilizes cooking techniques to create.
Different types of food which are combined to create a cohesive dish.
garments worn on the feet, which typically serves the purpose of protection against adversities of the environment such as wear from ground textures and temperature.
its objectives and activities in relation to its interactions with other states, unions, and other political entities, whether bilaterally or through multilateral platforms.
an ethnic group and nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history and language, identified with the country of France.
an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in Canada beginning in the 17th century.
the act of providing resources to finance a need, program, or project. While this is usually in the form of money, it can also take the form of effort or time from an organization or company.
conceptualizes a nation's identity as being derived from muscular or masculine attributes that are unique to a particular country.
The gene coding of a person which contributes to their phenotype and health
the process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses.
A place which can be identified on Earth using altitude and latitude.
the health of the populations in the worldwide context;[1] it has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".
the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
Insurance provided through the government.
A message sent by the government towards its nation.
has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rocketry, and pyrotechnics, including use as a blasting agent for explosives in quarrying, mining, and road building.
a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis.
the pigmentation of hair follicles due to two types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin.
The texture and thickness of an individual hair.
Variations in hair curl based on genetics.
The fashioning of hair can be considered an aspect of personal grooming, fashion, and cosmetics, although practical, cultural, and popular considerations also influence some hairstyles.
the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies.
according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity".
the improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, amelioration, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people.
the improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, amelioration, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health professionals and allied health fields.
Ensuring the quality of health care is sufficient
Ensuring care provided to patients meets standards.
defined as the "decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society".
a provider of health care treatment and advice based on formal training and experience.
the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
the wealthiest members of class society, and wield the greatest political power.[1] According to this view, the upper class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation.
refers to people, cultures, or countries related to Spain, the Spanish language, or Hispanidad.
health care interventions are delivered outside of health facilities. They include many interventions of public health interest, such as food safety surveillance, distribution of condoms and needle-exchange programs for the prevention of transmissible diseases.
any member of a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms, that are transported by intricate biological processes to distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior.
The maintenance and hygiene of the facility meet standards.
ensures that members of society have a place to live, whether it is a home or some other kind of dwelling, lodging or shelter.
Pollution created as a by-product of human inventions and intervention.
an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another.
the set of people who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector, industry, or economy.
a generalized belief about a particular category of people.
the darkening of an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin.
Identity is the qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, and/or expressions that characterize a person or group
the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens.
It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[f] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east.
a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world.
an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development.
Pollution added to the atmosphere caused by human industry plants.
the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce
Initiation is a rite of passage marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society.
allows users to upload media that can be edited with filters and organized by hashtags and geographical tagging.
humanly devised structures of rules and norms that shape and constrain individual behavior.
a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss.
a contract (generally a standard form contract) between the insurer and the policyholder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay. In exchange for an initial payment, known as the premium, the insurer promises to pay for loss caused by perils covered under the policy language.
results after a nation has achieved independence and has established a state.
It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.
a marriage involving spouses who belong to different races or racialized ethnicities.
represent both the economic contributions requisite to become a citizen as well as the role in which one's economic standing can influence his or her rights as a citizen.
s an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text that is considered by Muslims[7] to be the direct word of God (or Allah) as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main and final Islamic prophet. It is the world's second-largest religion behind Christianity, with more than two billion followers, comprising around 25 percent of the global population.
an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south.
an ethnoreligious group[10] and nation[11][12] originating from the Israelites[13][14][15] and Hebrews[16][17] of historical Israel and Judah.
n Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people
the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases.
a familiarity or awareness, of someone or something, such as facts (descriptive knowledge), skills (procedural knowledge), or objects (acquaintance knowledge), often contributing to understanding.
site for the disposal of waste materials. Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste with daily, intermediate and final covers only began in the 1940s.
a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary.
whereby a speech community shifts to a different language, usually over an extended period of time.
a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,[2] with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate.
Can cause intellectual disability, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, and cancer.
Concentrated lead ore is fed into a sintering machine with iron, silica, limestone fluxes, coke, soda ash, pyrite, zinc, caustics or pollution control particulates.
a political movement that combines left-wing politics with nationalism.
an assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city.
non-xenophobic nationalism that is claimed to be compatible with liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights.
The approximation of how long a person will live.
any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry.
consists of waste products that have been discarded incorrectly, without consent, at an unsuitable location.
The working class (or labouring class) comprises those engaged in manual-labour occupations or industrial work, who are remunerated via waged or salaried contracts.
a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.
Cosmetics designed to enhance or alter one's appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance one's natural features (such as the eyebrows and eyelashes), add color to a person's face, or change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature or object.
a culturally and often legally recognized union between people called spouses. It establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws.[1] It is considered a cultural universal, but the definition of marriage varies between cultures and religions, and over time.
a standard color scale commonly used in physical anthropology to establish more or less precisely the eye color of an individual
a social system in which women hold the primary power positions in roles of authority.
media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data
a tertiary educational institution, or part of such an institution, that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians.
the science[1] and practice[2] of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.
a practice in which an individual uses a technique – such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity – to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state.
Medium hair feels like a cotton thread, but isn't stiff or rough. It is neither fine nor coarse.
"middle class" came to refer to the combination of the labour aristocracy, professionals, and salaried, white-collar workers.
helps to guide patients and families through the fragmented, often confusing mental health industries. Care navigators work closely with patients and families through discussion and collaboration to provide information on best therapies as well as referrals to practitioners and facilities specializing in particular forms of emotional improvement.
known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare.
the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit.
a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.[1][2] Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management.
a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.
a self-propelled land vehicle, commonly wheeled, that does not operate on rails (such as trains or trams) and is used for the transportation of people or cargo.
Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, fuel oil, biodiesel blends,[1] or coal.
a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere through the use of moving images.
legal status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a national or citizen of more than one country under the laws of those countries.
People who identify with more than one race.
a method of classifying ethnic groups. The index is based on the ratio of the breadth of the nose to its height.
a community of people formed on the basis of a combination of shared features such as language, history, ethnicity, culture and/or territory.
a radical right-wing[208][209][210] nationalist ideology which advocates racial separatism and white racial purity.
promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people),[3] especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland to create a nation state.
a legal identification of a person in international law, establishing the person as a subject, a national, of a sovereign state.
A racial group which consists of indigenous Americans.
A racial group which consists of indigenous Hawaiians.
a type of nationalism similar to creole or territorial types of nationalism, but which defines belonging to a nation solely by being born on its territory.
Pollution to the atmosphere which is caused by natural disasters.
the legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country.
Associating a group of people with traits such as poor, lazy, unintelligent, and dirty.
a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area, sometimes consisting of a single street and the buildings lining it. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members.
forms of mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public or a target public.
People who do not have ancestry to related to Spain or Latin America.
when a person classified as a member of a racial group is not accepted or perceived ("passes") as a member of another.
the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while refraining from violence and the threat of violence.
from 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 centimetres)
the most protruding part of the face. It bears the nostrils and is the first organ of the respiratory system.
Insurance provided by a non-profit organization.
the theoretical and practical training provided to nurses with the purpose to prepare them for their duties as nursing care professionals.
Ethnic categorization as defined by the United States of America's federal Office of Management and Budget.
Categorization of race as defined by the United States of America's federal Office of Management and Budget.
a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
one's role in society, often a regular activity performed for payment
the distribution of workers across and within occupations, based upon demographic characteristics, most often gender.
a language given a special status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction. Typically the term "official language" does not refer to the language used by a people or country, but by its government (e.g. judiciary, legislature, and/or administration).
a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people may or may not be distinguished by one or several characteristics, such as nobility, fame, wealth, education, or corporate, religious, political, or military control.
provide academic and professional education and clinical training that ranges from Doctor of Optometry degree level to other professional degrees in optometry and also non-degree level education leading to a diploma or other qualifications in optometry.
an entity—such as a company, an institution, or an association—comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose.
An ethnic group which consists of people who do not fit other UK Ethnic Classifications.
A racial group which consists of Americans with Pacific Islander ancestry.
the direct payment of money that may or may not be later reimbursed from a third-party source.
a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
A person responsible for the wellbeing of children under their care.
an official travel document issued by a government that contains a given person's identity. It enables its holder travel to and from foreign countries and to access consular assistance while overseas.
Ensuring the patient is provided treatment through consultations, diagnoses, and perscriptions.
a social system in which men dominate over others, but can also refer to dominance over women specifically; it can also extend to a variety of manifestations in which men have social privileges over others to cause exploitation or oppression, such as through male dominance of moral authority and control of property.
Used in politics and law it is a term to refer to the collective or community of an ethnic group, a nation, to the public or common mass of people of a polity.
arts such as music, dance, and drama which are performed for an audience.
the characteristic sets of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional patterns that are formed from biological and environmental factors, and which change over time.
a branch of health policy that deals with the development, provision and use of medications within a health care system. It embraces drugs (both brand name and generic), biologics (products derived from living sources, as opposed to chemical compositions), vaccines and natural health products.
The basic requirement for pharmacists to be considered for registration is often an undergraduate or postgraduate pharmacy degree from a recognized university. In many countries, this involves a four- or five-year course to attain a bachelor of pharmacy or master of pharmacy degree.
substances cause cancer primarily through their physical, rather than chemical, effects.
varies greatly from country to country. Worldwide, physical therapy training ranges from basic work site education in hospitals and outpatient clinics to professional doctoral degree and masters programs.
Physician assistant or associate education is shorter in duration than a regular medical degree and typically does not involve residency training, although they are increasingly offered in a variety of specialties. Renewal of certification is usually required every few years, varying by jurisdiction.
Ensuring physicians meet the standards to provide care to patients.
A location where people meet due to shared interests, geographical location, or time period.
the accumulation of plastic objects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles, bags and microbeads) in the Earth's environment that adversely affects humans, wildlife and their habitat.
medical institutions which educate students and train them to be podiatric physicians, which diagnose and treat conditions affecting the foot, ankle, and related structures of the leg.
a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization. Policies can assist in both subjective and objective decision making.
In social science and politics, power is the social production of an effect that determines the capacities, actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors.
set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status.
the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light).
refers to specific cultural phenomena that are characterized by social proximity and mutual interaction of people from different ethnic backgrounds, within a country or other specific geographic region
Associating a group of people with traits such as success, wealth, and intelligence.
a temporary promotion of an idea, product, or event put up in a public space for mass consumption.
the social production of an effect that determines the capacities, actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors.[1] Power does not exclusively refer to the threat or use of force (coercion) by one actor against another, but may also be exerted through diffuse means (such as institutions).
an invocation or act that seeks to activate a rapport with an object of worship through deliberate communication. In the narrow sense, the term refers to an act of supplication or intercession directed towards a deity or a deified ancestor.
an individual's attitude towards a set of objects, typically reflected in an explicit decision-making process
day-to-day healthcare given by a health care provider.
a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.
Insurance provided through an independent company, typically gained through an employer
Health care provided by a private insitution.
communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented.
Cancer found in the prostate, or male reproductive gland.
a public expression of objection, disapproval or dissent towards an idea or action, typically a political one.
"the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals".
Health care provided by government funding.
a form of housing tenure in which the property is usually owned by a government authority, either central or local.
"the welfare or well-being of the general public" and society.[1]
an institutionalized proposal to solve relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception [1] and implemented by programs as a course of action created and/or enacted, typically by a government or nonprofit organisation ,[2] in response to social issues.
sometimes used as an extension of tertiary care in reference to advanced levels of medicine which are highly specialized and not widely accessed.
a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society.[
an ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity. Racial nationalism seeks to preserve a given race through policies such as banning race mixing and the immigration of other races.
the systematic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.
the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another.
the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
the deposition of, or presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids, or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable
Registered users (commonly referred to as "Redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "communities" or "subreddits".
transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others through a social mechanism such as taxation, welfare, public services, land reform, monetary policies, confiscation, divorce or tort law.
a social-cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements
the adoption of a set of beliefs identified with one particular religious denomination to the exclusion of others.
a type of music that is performed or composed for religious use or through religious influence
the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, dogma, or affiliation where a shared religion can be seen to contribute to a sense of national unity, a common bond among the citizens of the nation.
an agreement where a payment is made for the temporary use of a good, service or property owned by another.
a type of democracy where elected persons represent a group of people, in contrast to direct democracy.
the physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods[1]—a form of segregation that "sorts population groups into various neighborhood contexts and shapes the living environment at the neighborhood level".
all the materials available in our environment which are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants.
legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.
a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people
is the use of dance in religious ceremonies and rituals, present in most religions throughout history and prehistory.
the offering of material possessions or the lives of animals or humans to a deity as an act of propitiation or worship.
form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract. It is contrasted with piece wages, where each job, hour or other unit is paid separately, rather than on a periodic basis.
a form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract.
a form of financial aid awarded to students to further education. Scholarships are awarded based upon various criteria, such as academic merit, diversity and inclusion, athletic skill, and financial need.
an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers.
the division of people into different groups in the education system by characteristics such as race, religion, or ethnicity.
includes acute care: necessary treatment for a short period of time for a brief but serious illness, injury, or other health condition.
The divison of people based on a human hierarchy creating barriers between the different social classes.
a religious discourse[1] or oration by a preacher or other member of clergy. Sermons address a scriptural, theological, or moral topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law, or behavior within both past and present contexts
"A skill is the learned ability to perform an action with determined results with good execution often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. "
The outer organ which is visible to the human eye.
Variations in skin color based on genetics.
vocabulary (words, phrases, and linguistic usages) of an informal register, common in spoken conversation but avoided in formal writing.
involves the enslaved person being made to perform some form of work while also having their location or residence dictated by the enslaver.
interactive technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks.
a theory of special advantage or entitlement, used to one's own benefit and/or to the detriment of others. Privileged groups can be advantaged based on education, social class, caste, age, height, nationality, geographic location, disability, ethnic or racial category, gender, gender identity, neurology, sexual orientation, physical attractiveness, and religion.
an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic access to resources and social position in relation to others.
the ability to co-opt rather than coerce (contrast hard power). In other words, soft power involves shaping the preferences of others through appeal and attraction.
part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste.
used to self-identify a life stance of spirituality that does not regard organized religion as the sole or most valuable means of furthering spiritual growth.
refer to a subjective experience of a sacred dimension[9] and the "deepest values and meanings by which people live"
people have tied their loyalties and even their cultural identity to national teams.
a centralized political organization that imposes and enforces rules over a population within a territory.
Hair either has no waves or one to two S-waves
refers to the effect of a suntan without the Sun. Sunless tanning involves the use of creams, lotions and sprays applied to the skin.
the choice by a government as to what taxes to impose, in what amounts, and on whom. It has both microeconomic and macroeconomic aspects.
a compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund government spending and various public expenditures (regional, local, or national),[2] and tax compliance refers to policy actions and individual behaviour aimed at ensuring that taxpayers are paying the right amount of tax at the right time and securing the correct tax allowances and tax reliefs.
the result of accumulated knowledge and application of skills, methods, and processes used in industrial production and scientific research.
a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports.
assume that all inhabitants of a particular nation owe allegiance to their country of birth or adoption.
specialized consultative health care, usually for inpatients and on referral from a primary or secondary health professional, in a facility that has personnel and facilities for advanced medical investigation and treatment, such as a tertiary referral hospital.
the educational level following the completion of secondary education.
a form of government in which one or more deities of some type are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the day-to-day affairs of the government.
the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature.
Circumference less than 2 inches (5 centimetres)
hosts a variety of short-form user videos, from genres like pranks, stunts, tricks, jokes, dance, and entertainment[6][7] with durations from 15 seconds to ten minutes.
Major categorization systems include cosmological (time periods in the origin and mass evolution of the universe), geological (time periods in the origin and evolution of the Earth), anthropological and historical (time periods in the origin and evolution of human civilization).
a state where only property owners may participate in government.
causes 90% of lung cancer.[43] It also causes cancer in the larynx, head, neck, stomach, bladder, kidney, esophagus and pancreas.
a field of international public health science, policy and practice dedicated to addressing tobacco use and thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality it causes.
the inhalation of tobacco smoke, called secondhand smoke (SHS), or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), by persons other than the intended "active" smoker.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness"
temporary housing for certain segments of the homeless population, including working homeless people who are earning too little money to afford long-term housing.
an autoimmune disease that originates when cells that make insulin (beta cells) are destroyed by the immune system.
a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
always burns, never tans (palest; freckles)
usually burns, tans minimally (light colored but darker than fair)
sometimes mild burn, tans uniformly (golden honey or olive)
burns minimally, always tans well (moderate brown)
very rarely burns, tans very easily (dark brown)
never burns (deeply pigmented dark brown to darkest brown)
an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate ruler's sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their positions by resorting to repressive means.
Ethnic categorization as defined by the United Kingdom.
Overexposure to UV‑B radiation not only can cause sunburn but also some forms of skin cancer.
the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change.
a health policy adopted in order to prevent the spread of infectious disease. These policies are generally put into place by State or local governments, but may also be set by private facilities, such as workplaces or schools.
a framework for restructuring health care systems with the overarching goal of value for patients, with value defined as health outcomes per unit of costs.
Tightly coiled S-curls to Z-patterned, kinked curls.
use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy.
a social network of individuals who connect through specific social media, potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries in order to pursue mutual interests or goals. Some of the most pervasive virtual communities are online communities operating under social networking services.
art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and architecture.
a long-term skin condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment.
a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities, so that it negatively affects its uses.
Loose S-waves throughout to distinct S-waves and spiral curling.
the abundance of valuable financial assets or physical possessions which can be converted into a form that can be used for transactions.
a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing.
when a person classified as a member of a racial group is accepted or perceived ("passes") as a member of another.
the societal privilege that benefits white people over non-white people in some societies, particularly if they are otherwise under the same social, political, or economic circumstances.
an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation starting in rural and urban areas.
the ability to contemplate and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight.
intentional activity people perform to support themselves, others, or the needs and wants of a wider community.
an American online video sharing and social media platform
Aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era.
An ethnic group of British people with Asian ancestry.
An ethnic group of British people with African anestry.
The current period which involves an increase in population, globalization, and scientific advances.
its spreading globalizing character.[2] New economies and institutions emerged, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the period.
socio-economic human rights, such as the right to education, right to housing, right to an adequate standard of living, right to health, victims' rights and the right to science and culture.
Notable historical milestones included the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and the Russian Revolution.
The period is characterized by the expansion of civilizations geographically and development of trade networks between civilizations.
Period between the appearance of Homo ("humans"; first stone tools c. three million years ago) and the invention of writing systems (for the Ancient Near East: c. five thousand years ago).
the transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others through a social mechanism such as taxation, welfare, public services, land reform, monetary policies, confiscation, divorce or tort law.
any rental housing that may be owned and managed by the state, by non-profit organizations, or by a combination of the two, usually with the aim of providing affordable housing.