Benedicte Batrancourt, Michel Dojat, Bernard Gibaud, Gilles Kassel, Franck Michel, bernard.gibaud@univ-rennes1.fr
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Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Third Edition. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation, 1997.
I am no more restless or wound up than usual
I feel more restless or wound up than usual
I am so restless or agitated that it's hard to stay still
I am si restless or agitated that I have to keep moving or doing something
I have not lost interest in other people or activities
I am less interested in other people or things than before
I have lost most of my interest in other people or things
I find it more difficult to make decisions than usual
I have much greater difficulty in making decisions than I used to
I don't consider myself as worthwhile ans useful as I used to
I feel more worthless as compared to other people
I don't have enough energy to do very much
I don't have enough energy to do anything
I have not experienced any change in my sleeping pattern
I wake up 1-2 hours early and can't get back to sleep
I have not experienced any change in my appetite
My appetite is much less less than usual
My appetite is much greater less than usual
It's hard to keep my mind on anything for very long
I am so sad or unhappy that I can't stand it
I am no more tired or fatigued than usual
I get more tired or fatigued more easily than usual
I am too tired or fitigued to do a lot of things I used to do
I am too tired or fitigued to do most of the things I used to do
I have not noticed any recent change in my interest in sex
I am less interested in sex than I used to be
I feel more discouraged about my future than I used to be
I do not expect things to work out for me
I feel my future is hopeless and will only get worse
I get as much pleasure as I ever did from the things I enjoy
I don't enjoy things as much as I used to
I get very little pleasure from the things I used to enjoy
I can't get any pleasure from the things I used to enjoy
I feel guilty over many things I have done or should have done
I don't criticize or blame myself more than usual
I am more critical of myself than I used to be
I blame myself for everything bad that happens
I have thoughts of killing myself, but I would not carry them out
Unable to function independently at these activities although may still be engaged in some; appears normal to casual inspection
No pretense of independent function outside home. Appears well enough to be taken to functions outside a family home
Independent function at usual level in job, shopping, volunteer and social groups
No pretense of independent function outside home. Appears too ill to be taken to functions outside a family home
Mild but definite impairment of function at home; more difficult chores abandoned; more complicated hobbies and interests abandoned
Only simple chores preserved; very restricted interests, poorly maintained
Life at home, hobbies, and intellectual interests well maintained
Life at home, hobbies, and intellectual interests slightly impaired
Moderate difficulty in handling problems, similarities, and differences; social judgment usually maintained
Severely impaired in handling problems, similarities, and differences; social judgment usually impaired
Solves everyday problems & handles business & financial affairs well; judgment good in relation to past performance
Slight impairment in solving problems, similarities, and differences
Unable to make judgments or solve problems
Moderate memory loss; more marked for recent events; defect interferes with everyday activities
Severe memory loss; only highly learned material retained; new material rapidly lost
No memory loss or slight inconsistent forgetfulness
Consistent slight forgetfulness; partial recollection of events; "benign" forgetfulness
Severe memory loss; only fragments remain
Moderate difficulty with time relationships; oriented for place at examination; may have geographic disorientation elsewhere
Severe difficulty with time relationships; usually disoriented to time, often to place
Fully oriented except for slight difficulty with time relationships
Requires assistance in dressing, hygiene, keeping of personal effects
Requires much help with personal care; frequent incontinence
Subject begins by drawing the large central rectangle and details are added in relation to it
Subject begins with a detail attached to the central rectangle, or with a subsection of the central rectangle, completes the rectangle and adds remaining details in relation to the rectangle
Subject begins by drawing the overall contour of the figure without explicit differentiation of the central rectangle and then adds the internal details
Subject juxtaposes details one by one without an organizing structure
Subject copies discrete parts of the drawing without any semblance of organization
Subject substitutes the drawing of a similar object, such as a boat or house
disc pallor and/or mild scotoma and/or visual acuity (corrected) of worse eye less than 20/20 (1.0) but better than 20/30 (0.67)
worse eye with large scotoma and/or maximal visual acuity (corrected) of 20/30 to 20/59 (0.67–0.34)
worse eye with large scotoma or moderate decrease in fields and/or maximal visual acuity (corrected) of 20/60 to 20/99 (0.33–0.2)
worse eye with marked decrease of fields and/or maximal visual acuity (corrected) of 20/100 to 20/200 (0.2–0.1); grade 3 plus maximal acuity of better eye of 20/60 (0.3) or less
worse eye with maximal visual acuity (corrected) less than 20/200 (0.1); grade 4 plus maximal acuity of better eye of 20/60 (0.3) or less
grade 5 plus maximal visual acuity of better eye of 20/60 (0.3) or less
moderate disability of other cranial nerves
minimal disability: patient complains of fatigability or reduced performance in strenuous motor tasks and/or BMRC grade 4 in one or two muscle groups
mild to moderate paraparesis or hemiparesis: usually BMRC grade 4 in more than two muscle groups or BMRC grade 3 in one or two muscle groups; movements against gravity are possible
severe monoparesis: BMRC grade 2 or less in one muscle group
marked paraparesis or hemiparesis: usually BMRC grade 2 in two limbs
moderate tetraparesis: BMRC grade 3 in three or more limbs
monoplegia: BMRC grade 0 or 1 in one limb
paraplegia: BMRC grade 0 or 1 in all muscle groups of the lower limbs
marked tetraparesis: BMRC grade 2 or less in three or more limbs
tetraplegia: BMRC grade 0 or 1 in all muscle groups of the upper and lower limbs
severe truncal ataxia and severe ataxia in three or four limbs
unable to perform coordinated movements due to ataxia
pyramidal weakness (BMRC grade 3 or worse in limb strength) interferes with cerebellar testing
mild vibration or figure-writing or temperature decrease only in one or two limbs
mild decrease in touch or pain or position sense and/or moderate decrease in vibration in one or two limbs
mild vibration or figure-writing or temperature decrease alone in three or four limbs
moderate decrease in touch or pain or position sense and/or essentially lost vibration in one or two limbs
mild decrease in touch or pain and/or moderate decrease in all proprioceptive tests in three or four limbs
marked decrease in touch or pain or loss of proprioception, alone or combined, in one or two limbs
moderate decrease in touch or pain and/or severe proprioceptive decrease in more than two limbs
loss (essentially) of sensation in one or two limbs
moderate decrease in touch or pain and/or loss of proprioception for most of the body below the head
sensation essentially lost below the head
mild urinary hesitancy, urgency and/or constipation
moderate urinary hesitancy and/or urgency and/ or rare urinary incontinence and/or severe constipation
frequent urinary incontinence or intermittent self-catheterisation; needs enemata or manual measures to evacuate bowels
in need of almost constant catheterisation
loss of bladder or bowel function; external or indwelling catheter
mood alteration (depression and/or euphoria) alone (does not affect EDSS step)
mild fatigue; signs only decrease in mentation
mild decrease in mentation; moderate or severe fatigue
normal neurological exam (all FS grade 0)
no disability, minimal signs in one FS (one FS grade 1)
no disability, minimal signs in more than one FS (more than one FS grade 1)
minimal disability in one FS (one FS grade 2, others 0 or 1)
minimal disability in two FS (two FS grade 2, others 0 or 1)
moderate disability in one FS (one FS grade 3, others 0 or 1) though fully ambulatory; or mild disability in three or four FS (three/four FS grade 2, others 0 or 1) though fully ambulatoryfully ambulatory but with moderate disability in one FS (one FS grade 3) and mild disability in one or two FS (one/two FS grade 2) and others 0 or 1; or fully ambulatory with two FS grade 3 (others 0 or 1) or fully ambulatory with five FS grade 2 (others 0 or 1)
fully ambulatory but with moderate disability in one FS (one FS grade 3) and mild disability in one or two FS (one/two FS grade 2) and others 0 or 1; or fully ambulatory with two FS grade 3 (others 0 or 1) or fully ambulatory with five FS grade 2 (others 0 or 1)
ambulatory without aid or rest for >= 500 meters; up and about some 12 hours a day despite relatively severe disability consisting of one FS grade 4 (others 0 or 1) or combinations of lesser grades exceeding limits of previous steps
ambulatory without aid or rest for >= 300 meters; up and about much of the day, characterised by relatively severe disability usually consisting of one FS grade 4 and combination of lesser grades exceeding limits of previous steps
ambulatory without aid or rest for >= 200 meters (usual FS equivalents include at least one FS grade 5, or combinations of lesser grades usually exceeding specifications for step 4.5)
ambulatory without aid or rest >= 100 meters
unilateral assistance (cane or crutch) required to walk at least 100 meters with or without resting
constant bilateral assistance (canes or crutches) required to walk at least 20 meters without resting
unable to walk 5 meters even with aid, essentially restricted to wheelchair; wheels self and transfers alone; up and about in wheelchair some 12 hours a day
unable to take more than a few steps; restricted to wheelchair; may need some help in transferring and in wheeling self
essentially restricted to bed or chair or perambulated in wheelchair, but out of bed most of day; retains many self-care functions; generally has effective use of arms
essentially restricted to bed much of the day; has some effective use of arm(s) retains some self-care functions
helpless bed patient; can communicate and eat
totally helpless bed patient; unable to communicate effectively or eat/swallow
Davies, A.D.M. (1968). The influence of age on Trail Making Test performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 95–98.
Michel Kalafat, Laurence Hugonot-Diener, Jean Poitrenaud, Standardisation et étalonnage français du "Mini Mental State" (MMS) version GRECO Revue de Neuropsychologie, 2003, Vol. 13, no 2, pp 209-236
Osterrieth, P. A. (1944). Le test de copie d'une figure complexe (contribution à l'étude de la perception et de la mémoire). Archives de psychologie (Neuchâtel), 119-120.
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