.alpha.-Linolenic acid ALA Alpha-Linolenic Acid Fatty Acid cis, cis, cis 18:3 n-3 LINOLENIC ACID Linolenic Acid
An essential fatty acid belonging to the omega-3 fatty acids group. It is highly concentrated in certain plant oils and has been reported to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin resulting in reduced inflammation and prevention of certain chronic diseases._ CRCH Definition: Polyunsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons and 3 double bonds at the 3rd, 6th, and 9th carbons from the methyl end."
Acquired Immune Deficiency Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, AIDS AIDS AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from the acquired deficiency of cellular immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is characterized by the reduction of the Helper T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes. Symptoms include generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea. Patients with AIDS are especially susceptible to opportunistic infections (usually pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, tuberculosis, candida infections, and cryptococcosis), and the development of malignant neoplasms (usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma). The human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles, or transfusion of contaminated blood.
(all-Z)-5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic Acid All-cis-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid Arachidonate Arachidonic Acid ARACHIDONIC ACID Fatty Acid 20:4 n-6
An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.(ChemID Plus)
4-Hydroxyacetanilide Acetaminophen acetaminophen ACETAMINOPHEN APAP N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide Paracetamol Tylenol
A p-aminophenol derivative with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Although the exact mechanism through which acetaminophen exert its effects has yet to be fully determined, acetaminophen may inhibit the nitric oxide (NO) pathway mediated by a variety of neurotransmitter receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and substance P, resulting in elevation of the pain threshold. The antipyretic activity may result from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and release in the central nervous system (CNS) and prostaglandin-mediated effects on the heat-regulating center in the anterior hypothalamus.
Definition: An inflammatory process of the sebaceous glands which is characterized by comedones, nodules, papules and/or pustules on the skin. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A disorder of the skin in which oil glands and hair glands become inflamed. NICHD Definition: An inflammatory process of the sebaceous glands which is characterized by comedones, nodules, papules and/or pustules on the skin.
2-Propenamide ACRYLAMIDE Acrylamide Ethylene Carboxamide Propenoic Acid Amide Vinyl Amide
A colorless, odorless, crystalline amide that polymerizes rapidly and can form as a byproduct during the heating of starch-rich foods to high temperatures. Acrylamide is used in the production of polymers mainly in the water treatment industry, pulp and paper industry and textile treatment industry and is used as a laboratory reagent. The polymer is nontoxic, but exposure to the monomer can cause central and peripheral nervous system damage resulting in hallucinations, drowsiness and numbness in the hands and legs. Acrylamide is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05)
Nasal Sprays aerosol container, aerosol can, aerosol bomb, spray can spray paint
A dispenser that holds a substance under pressure and that can release it as a fine spray (usually by means of a propellant gas)
How long something has existed; elapsed time since birth.
Code name for a synthetic defoliant developed for military use. Agent Orange is a mixture of two chemicals, 2,4, dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). The toxicity of Agent Orange is due to by-products from metabolic processes upon intake. The toxic by products are dioxin derivatives, which have been linked to the wasting syndrome, gastric ulcer, cancer, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, vascular lesions, teratogenicity, and impaired reproductive performance. (NCI04)
Polluted air Contaminated air Air pollution (event)
Air pollution is defined as a phenomenon harmful to the ecological system and the normal conditions of human existence and development when some substances in the atmosphere exceed a certain concentration
Absolute ethanol Absolute Ethanol Alcohol alcohol ALCOHOL Ethanol ETHANOL Ethyl Alcohol Methylcarbinol
Consumption of liquids containing ethanol, including the behaviors associated with drinking the alcohol.
Widespread carotenoid, e.g. in carrots and palm oil. Has vitamin A activity but less than that of b-Carotene Apha-carotene is one of the primary isomer of carotene. plasma levels of alpha-carotene is positively associated with the detection rate of (theaflatoxin B1)AFB1-DNA adducts in a dose-dependent manner, whereas plasma lycopene level was inversely related to the presence of the adducts in urine.(PMID: 9214602). alpha-Carotene is found in many foods, some of which are cloves, shallot, cumin, and potato.
The orally bioavailable alpha form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, with potent antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. Upon administration, alpha-tocopherol neutralizes free radicals, thereby protecting tissues and organs from oxidative damage. Alpha-tocopherol gets incorporated into biological membranes, prevents protein oxidation and inhibits lipid peroxidation, thereby maintaining cell membrane integrity and protecting the cell against damage. In addition, alpha-tocopherol inhibits the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC-mediated pathways. Alpha-tocopherol also modulates the expression of various genes, plays a key role in neurological function, inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances vasodilation. Compared with other forms of tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form and is the form that is preferentially absorbed and retained in the body. CRCH Definition: Tocopherol with three methyl groups on its chromanol ring.
aa Amino Acid amino acid AMINO ACIDS Amino Acids
Any organic compounds containing amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups. In biochemistry, used to refer to the twenty-plus L-alpha-amino acids found in proteins.
analgesic Analgesic Agent Analgesic Drugs Analgesics Anodynes Antinociceptive Agents Pain-relief Medication
Compounds that alleviate pain without loss of consciousness. Analgesics act by various mechanisms including binding with opioid receptors and decreasing inflammation. Choice of analgesic may be determined by the type of pain. These compounds include opioid, non-opioid and adjuvant analgesic agents.
Androgen Receptor;AR;DHTR; Dihydrotestosterone Receptor; NR3C4;Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 4
Androgen receptor (919 aa, ~99 kDa) is encoded by the human AR gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of steroid-dependent gene transcription.
Anti-Inflammatories Anti-Inflammatory Agent Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Antiinflammatories Antiinflammatory Agents Antiinflammatory Drugs
Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation.
Anticoagulant Anticoagulant Agent Anticoagulant Drugs Anticoagulants Anticoagulation Therapy blood thinner
Any agent capable of preventing blood clot formation. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance that is used to prevent and treat blood clots in blood vessels and the heart
Anti-diabetic Agent Anti-diabetics Antidiabetic Agent
Any substance used to reduce hyperglycemia or treat disorders associated with diabetes. Based on their mechanism of action, this class of agents can be classified to the following groups: directly acting insulomimetics, which activates insulin receptors; indirectly acting insulinomimetics, which increase insulin release such as sulfonylureas or which potentiate the effect of insulin such as metformin; those act directly on the metabolism of glucose such as inhibitors of glucosidases and inhibitors of aldose reductase.
Antihypertensive Agent Antihypertensive Drugs Antihypertensives Hypotensive Agents Hypotensive Drugs Hypotensives
Any substance used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Antihypertensive agents include diuretics, alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents.
A very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar
Some houses were insulated by blowing crushed, loose-fill asbestos (largely amosite with some crocidolite) into roof spaces. Over time, asbestos fibres migrated to other areas such as wall cavities, subfloor spaces, cupboards, heating and cooling ducts and vents, living areas, and bedrooms.
2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic Acid Acetylsalicylic Acid Acetylsalicylic acid ASA Aspergum Aspirin aspirin ASPIRIN Ecotrin Empirin Entericin Extren Measurin
"An orally administered non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent. Acetylsalicylic acid binds to and acetylates serine residues in cyclooxygenases, resulting in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin, platelet aggregation, and inflammation. This agent exhibits analgesic, antipyretic, and anticoagulant properties. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention."
A genetic predisposition to form IgE antibodies in response to exposure to allergens and therefore, for the development of immediate (type I) hypersensitivity and atopic conditions, such as allergic rhinitis; bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Mutations of specific alleles on the long arm of chromosome 5 have been associated with higher levels of IL-4 and IgE and are known as IL-4 promoter polymorphisms.
Drugs for treating benign prostatic hypertrophy
Hair loss disorder Bald Alopecia (disorder) Baldness
"A hypotrichosis that is characterized by a loss of hair from the head or body. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia, http://www.omim.org/entry/109200?search=109200&highlight=109200)"
Barium Enema barium enema Barium Enema Injection Lower Gastrointestinal Series lower GI series Lower GI Series
Injection of a barium-containing contrast medium through the anus and into the lower gastrointestinal tract so that X-rays can be taken in order to identify lesions and other abnormal growths.
Barium Swallow barium swallow Contrast Esophagraphy Esophagography
The process of obtaining contrast esophagrams.
the hair growing on the lower part of a man's face
Benign Hyperplasia of Prostate Benign Hyperplasia of the Prostate Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia benign prostatic hyperplasia Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - BPH Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH
A non-cancerous nodular enlargement of the prostate gland. It is characterized by the presence of epithelial cell nodules, and stromal nodules containing fibrous and smooth muscle elements. It is the most common urologic disorder in men, causing blockage of urine flow.
.BETA.-CAROTENE .beta.-Carotene 3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,18-bis(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaene beta carotene Beta Carotene beta-Carotene Beta-carotene Beta-Carotene CAROTENE, BETA Lumitene Solatene β-Carotene
A naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (NCI04) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. The body can make vitamin A from beta carotene. Beta carotene is being studied in the prevention of some types of cancer. It is a type of antioxidant. CRCH Definition: Carotenoid consisting of a cyclic structure on each end with additional double bonds at the number 5 and 5' carbon atoms of the cyclic structures.
A liquid that is suitable for human consumption.
A class of compounds found in food believed to have biological activity in the human body.
4'-Methylgenistein 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone Biochanin A biochanin A BIOCHANIN A Genistein 4-Methylether Prunetin
An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones (estrogen-like substances made by some plants) are being studied to see if they help prevent cancer.
Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.
The first weight of a newborn obtained after birth.
Bisphenol A (BPA), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, is one of the most utilized industrial chemicals worldwide, with the ability to interfere with/or mimic estrogenic hormones with associated biological responses.BPA is a synthetic phenol extensively used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins.
Black tea is an infusion of dried leaves from plants of the Theaceae family. Due to the alkaloid caffeine, its main effect is stimulation. Black teas also contain other phytochemicals such as flavonoid and flavonoid-related compounds with strong antioxidant effects. They also attenuate atherosclerotic inflammation, reduce thrombosis, promote normal endothelial function, and block expression of cellular adhesion molecules. Black tea may reduce the risk of cancer, heart diseases, infectious diseases, and degenerative diseases. (NCI04)
Glucose (a type of sugar) found in the blood.
URL https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=ncit&code=C74949
Lipid LIPID Lipid Measurement Total Lipid
A quantitative measurement of the amount of lipids (cholesterol, lipoproteins, and triglycerides) present in a sample.
The pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels.
The amount of an individual's total body mass that is fat, expressed as a percent.
BMI; Body Mass Index; body mass index; Quetelet Index;
A general indicator of the body fat an individual is carrying based upon the ratio of weight to height. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A measure that relates body weight to height. BMI is sometimes used to measure total body fat and whether a person is a healthy weight. Excess body fat is linked to an increased risk of some diseases including heart disease and some cancers.
A trivalent metalloid element; occurs both in a hard black crystal and in the form of a yellow or brown powder
Broccoli is an edible green plant in the cabbage family whose large flowering head is eaten as a vegetable. The word broccoli comes from the Italian plural of broccolo, which means "the flowering crest of a cabbage", and is the diminutive form of brocco, meaning "small nail" or "sprout". Broccoli is often boiled or steamed but may be eaten raw. Broccoli is classified in the Italica cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea.
Brugada-like ECG ECG EKG Electrocardiogram electrocardiogram Electrocardiography
The Brugada electrocardiogram pattern is characterized by coved-type ST-elevation (>2 mm) in the right precordial leads. We report the case of a 62-year-old man, with bipolar disorder, admitted to the emergency department because of dyspnea and chest discomfort. The patient was on treatment with pregabalin and quetiapine. Unexpectedly, electrocardiogram at admission showed diffuse ST-elevation, more evident in inferior leads, where a Brugada-like pattern was present. The patient underwent coronary angiography with a diagnosis of suspected acute coronary syndrome. Coronary angiography, however, showed mild coronary artery disease not requiring coronary angioplasty. Echocardiography did not reveal left ventricular dysfunction or pericardial effusion. Troponin levels remained normal over serial controls. Eventually, chest radiography showed lung opacities and consolidation suggestive for pneumonia. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first cases showing a transient Brugada-like electrocardiogram pattern in inferior leads, probably amplified by the administration of pregabalin and quetiapine.
C Peptide C-peptide C-Peptide connecting peptide Human Proinsulin C-Peptide Proinsulin C-Peptide
C peptide (31 aa, ~3 kDa) is encoded by the human INS gene. This protein is involved in both signal transduction and the modulation of blood flow. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance made by the pancreas. C-peptide and insulin are both part of a larger molecule that gets split apart before being released into the blood. Abnormal blood levels of C-peptide may occur in certain diseases, such as diabetes or cancer.
Ca CALCIUM Calcium calcium Calcium (NOS)
An element with atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40.08. A mineral needed for healthy teeth, bones, and other body tissues. It is the most common mineral in the body. A deposit of calcium in body tissues, such as breast tissue, may be a sign of disease.
A steroid derivative that is the simplest sterol, characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and saturated bonds throughout the sterol structure, with the exception of the 5-6 double bond in the B ring.
A class of hydrocarbons with an empirical formula of Cm(H20)n (where m and n may be equal) and includes monomers, polymers and derivatives of aldoses, ketoses, saccharides, and alditols. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A sugar molecule. Carbohydrates can be small and simple (for example, glucose) or they can be large and complex (for example, polysaccharides such as starch, chitin or cellulose)."
The ability of the heart and lungs to deliver blood and oxygen to the tissues during aerobic activity. It is a general measure of the relative conditioning of the heart and respiratory system.
Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Cardiovascular Disorder Disorder of Cardiovascular System
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the heart or the vessels (arteries, veins and lymph vessels). Representative examples of non-neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocarditis and hypertension. Representative examples of neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocardial myxoma and angiosarcoma.
The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall.
Carotenoid Carotenoid Carotenoids Carotenoids (NOS)
A class of hydrocarbons (carotenes) and their oxygenated derivatives which exhibit chemopreventive properties. Carotenoids are pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. CRCH Definition: Class of compounds usually consisting of a hydrocarbon chain of 40 carbons, nine conjugated double bonds, and one or two cyclic structures at the ends of the conjugated chain. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A yellow, red, or orange substance found mostly in plants, including carrots, sweet potatoes, dark green leafy vegetables, and many fruits, grains, and oils. Some carotenoids are changed into vitamin A in the body and some are being studied in the prevention of cancer. A carotenoid is a type of antioxidant and a type of provitamin.
CHLORDECONE Chlordecone Compound 1189 Decachloroketone Decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta(cd)-pentalen-2-one Decachlorooctahydro-kepone-2-one Decachlorotetracyclodecanone GC-1189 Kepone
A very stable, colorless, odorless, synthetic chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon that is a degradation product of Mirex. Chlordecone has been used as an insecticide on bananas, non-bearing citrus trees, tobacco, lawns and flowers. Exposure to this substance causes neurological symptoms, such as tremors and slurred speech. Chlordecone is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05)
(-)-Cholesterol (3beta)-Cholest-5-en-3-ol 5-cholesten-3B-ol Cholesterol CHOLESTEROL cholesterol
An animal sterol found in the body tissues (and blood plasma) of vertebrates. It can be found in large concentrations within the liver, spinal cord, and brain. Cholesterol is an important component of the membranes of cells, providing stability. It is the major precursor for the synthesis of vitamin D, of the various steroid hormones, including cortisol, cortisone, and aldosterone in the adrenal glands, and of the sex hormones progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone. Cholesterol also has an important role for the brain synapses as well as in the immune system. In conditions featuring elevated low density lipoproteins (LDL), cholesterol often forms plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. CRCH Definition: Lipid composed of 27 carbon atoms which form three fused cycloheane (6-carbon) rings, a cyclopentane (5-carbon ring) and a side chain of 8 carbon atoms. (Ensminger et al). NCI-GLOSS Definition: A waxy, fat-like substance made in the liver, and found in the blood and in all cells of the body. Cholesterol is important for good health and is needed for making cell walls, tissues, hormones, vitamin D, and bile acid. Cholesterol also comes from eating foods taken from animals such as egg yolks, meat, and whole-milk dairy products. Too much cholesterol in the blood may build up in blood vessel walls, block blood flow to tissues and organs, and increase the risk of developing heart disease and stroke.
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium 2-hydroxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium CHOLINE choline Choline Vitamin J
CRCH Definition: Water-soluble vitamin that is a precursor for acetylcholine, phospholipids, and the methyl donor betaine. (DRI) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Choline helps cells make membranes, make a neurotransmitter (a chemical that helps nerve cells communicate with other cells), and remove fat from the liver. It is found in whole milk, beef liver, eggs, soy foods, and peanuts. Choline is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough choline can cause diseases of the heart and blood vessels and damage to the liver. A form of choline is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer and to reduce pain and fever. Choline is also being studied together with vitamin B12 in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (2322 aa, ~251 kDa) is encoded by the human CSPG4 gene. This protein plays a role in both cell motility and cell communication.
Cimetidine CIMETIDINE cimetidine Guanidine, N''-Cyano-N-Methyl-N'-(2-(((5-Methyl-1H-Imidazol-4-yl)Methyl)Thio)Ethyl)- N-Cyano-N'-methyl-N''-[2-[[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]thio]ethyl]guanidine Tagamet
A histamine H(2)-receptor antagonist. Enhancing anti-tumor cell-mediated responses, cimetidine blocks histamine's ability to stimulate suppressor T lymphocyte activity and to inhibit natural killer (NK) cell activity and interleukin-2 production. Cimetidine also may inhibit tumor growth by suppressing histamine's growth-factor activity and blocking histamine-induced stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic growth factor. (NCI04) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug usually used to treat stomach ulcers and heartburn. It is also commonly used in a regimen to prevent allergic reactions."
Circulatory system disease Circulatory system Disorder Circulatory system Disorders
Surgical removal of the penile foreskin.
A dependent continuant which is either disease or phenotypic abnormality.
a quinone derivative, present in biological cells, that functions as an electron carrier in the electron transport chainAlso called: ubiquinone
A dietary supplement containing coffee, with potential gastrointestinal (GI) tract stimulating activity. Following consumption of the dietary supplement, the coffee may both stimulate peristalsis and may increase bowel movement. The supplement also may also stimulate the central nervous system, suppress appetite and cause weight loss.
Colorectal cancer in parents or siblings
A preparation (a sauce or relish or spice) to enhance flavor or enjoyment
the practice of preventing a woman from becoming pregnant; the methods of doing this
Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to fatty deposits inside the arterial walls. The diagnostic criteria may include documented history of any of the following: documented coronary artery stenosis greater than or equal to 50% (by cardiac catheterization or other modality of direct imaging of the coronary arteries); previous coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); previous myocardial infarction. (ACC)
Cytokine Expression Profile; Cytokine Profile
The identification and quantitation of all of the cytokines expressed in a biological sample.
5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)oxolane-2,3,4-trione Dehydroascorbic Acid DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID Docosahexaenoic Acid Fatty Acid 22:6 DHAA DHA L-threo-hexo-2,3-diulosono-1,4-lactone Oxidized Ascorbic Acid
A polyunsaturated very long-chain fatty acid with a 22-carbon backbone and 6 double bonds. Four separate isomers can be called by this name.
4',7-Dihydroxyisoflavone 7-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one daidzein Daidzein DAIDZEIN
An isoflavone extract from soy, which is an inactive analog of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. It has antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties. (NCI)
Food made from the milk of some mammals, most commonly cows, goats and sheep.
.DELTA.-TOCOPHEROL 2,8-dimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol [2R-[2R*(4R*,8R*)]]-3,4-Dihydro-2,8-dimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol Delta-Tocopherol Delta-tocopherol
The orally bioavailable delta form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, mostly found in soybean and corn oils, with potential antioxidant activity. Although the exact mechanism of action of this tocopherol has yet to be fully identified, delta-tocopherol appears to have the ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby protecting cells against oxidative damage.
Demographic Factor Demographic Factors Demographics Demography Population Studies / Demography
The statistical characterization of human populations or segments of human populations (e.g., characterization by age, sex, race, or income).
Diabetes diabetes Diabetes Mellitus diabetes mellitus DM
A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood and the kidneys make a large amount of urine. This disease occurs when the body does not make enough insulin or does not use it the way it should. NICHD Definition: A metabolic condition, characterized by hyperglycemia, caused by insufficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas and/or decreased insulin action in target tissues."
DIABP Diastolic Blood Pressure Diastolic Pressure
The minimum pressure exerted into the systemic arterial circulation during cardiac ventricular relaxation and filling.
Diesel exposure DRRI-2 - F: Exposed to Diesel/Fuel on Skin DRRI1-F: Exposed to Diesel/Fuel on Skin DRRI1F08
Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory-2 (DRRI-2) Either in preparation for or during my deployment: I was exposed to diesel or other petrochemical fuel on my skin.
The Western-style diet is characterized by its highly processed and refined foods and high contents of sugars, salt, and fat and protein from red meat. It has been recognized as the major contributor to metabolic disturbances and the development of obesity-related diseases including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
The exposure to potentially harmful factors such as trace heavy metals, chemicals, radiation, or toxins due to FOOD CONTAMINATION including DRINKING WATER contamination.
Ost-diagnostic fat intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered between 1997 and 2001 (11). Men were asked to report their usual intake of 61 foods and beverages over the previous year in nine frequency categories ranging from never or <1/month to 6+/day. A common portion size was specified for each food item (e.g. 1 ounce of nuts). Nutrient data came from the US Department of Agriculture. Intakes of each of the fats of interest were calculated by multiplying the amount of each type of fat in the specified portion size of a food item by the frequency of intake of that food item and summing across all foods. To calculate animal fat, total fat in the specified portion size of each food item from animal sources was multiplied by the frequency of intake for each item and summed across all food items. To calculate vegetable fat, total fat in the specified portion size of food items from vegetable sources was multipled by the frequency of intake of each item and summed across all food items. For food items with both animal and vegetable components (e.g., mashed potatoes, pizza, etc.), the fat content from animal and vegetable sources was determined based on a standard recipe. We multiplied intake of each of the fats (g/d) by 9 kcal and divided by total calories per day to calculate the percent of daily calories from each of the fats of interest.
Digital Rectal Examination digital rectal examination DRE Digital rectal exams Digital rectal exam
An examination that checks for abnormalities of organs or other structures in the pelvis and lower abdomen. During a digital rectal exam, a health professional inserts a lubricated, gloved finger of one hand into the rectum and may use the other hand to press on the lower abdomen or pelvic area.
Condition Disease disease Disease or Disorder Disease or Disorder, Non-Neoplastic Diseases Diseases and Disorders Disorder disorder Disorders Other Disease
Any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. The term is often used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function. CDISC-GLOSS Definition: Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a part, organ, or system of the body as manifested by characteristic symptoms and signs. [Dorland's Medical Dictionary] NCI-GLOSS Definition: In medicine, a health problem with certain characteristics or symptoms
Drug Drug Product drug product Medication medication Medicine
A drug product that contains one or more active and/or inactive ingredients; it is intended to treat, prevent or alleviate the symptoms of disease. This term does not refer to the individual ingredients that make up the product.
Organic Pigments; Pigments, Organic; Pigments, Inorganic; Inorganic Pigments; Tissue Stains; Stains, Tissue; Stains; Dyes
A usually soluble substance for staining or coloring e.g. fabrics or hair
A lipoprotein metabolism disorder characterized by decreased levels of high-density lipoproteins, or elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and/or triglycerides.
All cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid Eicosapentaenoic Acid EPA Fatty Acid 20:5 Icosapentaenoic Acid IPA Timnodonic Acid
An essential, polyunsaturated, 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may activate caspase 3, resulting in apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. In addition, this agent may inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and prostaglandin-mediated inflammatory processes.
The activities of educating or instructing or teaching; activities that impart knowledge or skill.
Years of education Education Education Level Education Level Completed Educational Years of education Attainment Educational Level EDULEVEL Level of Education Attained
An indication of the years of schooling completed in graded public, private, or parochial schools, and in colleges, universities, or professional schools.
Animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. The concept is differentiated from OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.
ECG EKG Electrocardiogram electrocardiogram
Definition:A record of the electrical activity of the heart. ACC/AHA Definition: The record produced by the variations in electrical potential caused by electrical activity of the heart muscle and detected at the body surface, as a method for studying the action of the heart muscle. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A line graph that shows changes in the electrical activity of the heart over time. It is made by an instrument called an electrocardiograph. The graph can show that there are abnormal conditions, such as blocked arteries, changes in electrolytes (particles with electrical charges), and changes in the way electrical currents pass through the heart tissue.
Disorder of Endocrine System Endocrine Disease Endocrine Disorder Endocrine System Disorder Endocrinopathy Thyroid or other glandular disorders
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the endocrine system. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and adrenal gland insufficiency. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinoid tumor, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma.
Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.
Dihydro-3,4-bis((3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-2(3H)-Furanone 2,3-Bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone
Enterolactone is the major human metabolite of dietary sesamin (lignan from sesame seeds). A phytoestrogen, it shows an inverse correlation with risk of breast cancer in one study.
A thermosetting resin; used chiefly in strong adhesives and coatings and laminates
A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.
Erectile Dysfunction Erectile dysfunction erectile dysfunction Impotence/impotence impotent/Impotent ED
Persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or to maintain an erection during sexual activity. NCI-GLOSS Definition: An inability to have an erection of the penis adequate for sexual intercourse. CTCAE Definition: A disorder characterized by the persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or to maintain an erection during sexual activity."
(17beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol 17 Beta-Estradiol 17-beta-Estradiol Estradiol estradiol
Epidemiology, Family Medical History family history Family History Family History of family medical history Family Medical History
NCI-GLOSS Definition: A record of the relationships among family members along with their medical histories. This includes current and past illnesses. A family history may show a pattern of certain diseases in a family.
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
A class of professional or vocational positions of employment that involve farming, fishing or forestry.
Food, Fast Fast Food Food, Convenience Convenience Foods Foods, Convenience Foods, Fast Convenience Food Ready-Prepared Foods Meals, Ready To Eat Ready-To-Eat Meal Ready-To-Eat Meals Food, Ready-Prepared Ready-Prepared Food Ready To Eat Meals Meal, Ready-To-Eat Foods, Ready-Prepared Ready Prepared Foods Meals, Ready-To-Eat
Inexpensive food (hamburgers or chicken or milkshakes) prepared and served quickly
The weight of the body fat associated with either a particular body part or the whole body.
Fats and oils (substance); Dietary fats and oils
Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.
Monobasic, aliphatic acids with varying chain lengths between 6 and 30. Fatty acids are a major constituent in all fats and can be either saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are synthesized by the body, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids are not and must be obtained in the diet. (NCI) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development.
Any substance such as manure or a mixture of nitrates used to make soil more fertile
An elongated, tapering, generally thick-walled sclerenchyma cell of vascular plants; its walls may or may not be lignified
Fibrates; 2-Phenoxy Isobutyric Acids; 2 Phenoxy Isobutyric Acids; Isobutyric Acids, 2-Phenoxy; 2 Phenoxy 2 Methylpropionic Acid Derivatives; Acid Derivatives, Fibric; 2-Phenoxy-2-Methylpropionic Acid Derivatives; Methyl-2-Phenoxypropanoic Acid Derivatives; Fibric Acid Derivatives; Methyl 2 Phenoxypropanoic Acid Derivatives
Compounds that either share the structure of fibric acid in their molecular arrangement or are considered variants of the fibric acid structure.
Film-developing fluids Film-developing fluid
(5alpha,17beta)-N-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-3-oxo-4-azaandrost-1-ene-17-carboxamide Chibro-Proscar Finasteride FINASTERIDE finasteride Finastid MK 906 Pro-Cure Propecia Propeshia Proscar Prostide Urprosan
A synthetic 4-azasteroid compound. Finasteride competitively binds to and inhibits steroid type II 5-alpha-reductase in the prostate gland, liver, and skin, thereby interfering with the enzymatic conversion of testosterone to 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and reducing serum DHT levels. The reduction in serum DHT levels results in diminished stimulation of androgen receptors in the nuclei of prostate cells and, so, diminished prostate cell proliferation.
A grouping of jawed and jawless vertebrate animals usually having fins and a covering of scales or plates, breathing by means of gills, and living almost entirely in the water. CDISC Definition: Any jawed or jawless organisms in the phylum Chordata including the jawless fish, armored fish, cartilaginous fish, ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish
2-Phenyl-Benzopyran; 2 Phenyl 2-Phenyl-Benzopyran 2-Phenyl-Chromene 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 3-Hydroxyflavone Flavonoid flavonoid Flavonol Flavonols
One of a number of chemical compounds found in certain fruits, vegetables and seeds with antioxidant properties and potential antineoplastic properties. As polyphenolic, soluble plant pigments, flavonoids are usually subdivided into 5 subgroups flavonols, flavones, flavonones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins. Although not considered essential nutrients, some flavonoids may be beneficial to health by strengthening and protecting blood vessels and connective tissue and acting as anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, and antiviral agents. As antioxidants, some flavonoids may protect lipids from oxidative damage or retard the formation of cataracts. (NCI04)
2-[4-[(2-amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]aminopentanedioic acid; Folate folate Vitamin B-11
Definition:A cofactor for 1-carbon transfer involved with DNA synthesis. CRCH Definition:Class of water-soluble vitamins that are coenzymes in single-carbon transfers in the metabolism of nucleic and amino acids. (DRI)
Additives, Food; Food Additive; Additive, Food
Substances used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed including ANTIOXIDANTS; FOOD PRESERVATIVES; FOOD COLORING AGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; EXCIPIENTS and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are used as PHARMACEUTIC AIDS.
Any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth.
A structure consisting of the fertilized and mature ovules ("seeds") and the ovary wall, which may be fleshy (as in the apple) or dry and hard (as in a maple fruit.
Any substance or physical agent that inhibits development and kills fungus spores and mycelium. In the United States, fungicides are governed by the 1972 federal Environmental Protection and Control Act. They must be registered with the Environmental Protection Agency and must conform to specifications. They must control the disease without injuring the plant and must leave no poisonous residue on edible crops. Antifungal drugs are approved by the FDA. (NCI)
γ-tocopherol GAMMA.-TOCOPHEROL 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol Gamma-Tocopherol Gamma-tocopherol
The orally bioavailable gamma form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, found in certain nuts and seeds, with potential antioxidant activity. Although the exact mechanism of action of this tocopherol has yet to be fully identified, gamma-tocopherol appears to have the ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby protecting against oxidative damage.
Garlic Pills Allium sativum Oil Garlic Oil GARLIC OIL
The oil extracted from the cloves of Allium sativum. Garlic oil is used as a flavoring and is also reported to treat high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diseases of the circulatory system.
4',5, 7-Trihydroxyisoflavone 4',5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one Genestein Genistein GENISTEIN genistein Genisteol Prunetol
A soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with antineoplastic activity. Genistein binds to and inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase, thereby disrupting signal transduction and inducing cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits topoisomerase-II, leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest. Genistein exhibits antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive activities. (NCI04)
Herpes simplex infection of the genitals, most commonly caused by the herpes simplex-2 virus.
Condyloma Condyloma Condyloma Acuminata Condyloma Acuminatum Genital Wart genital wart Genital Warts Venereal Wart
A sexually transmitted papillary growth caused by the human papillomavirus. It usually arises in the skin and mucous membranes of the perianal region and external genitalia.
Genitourinary System Infection Genitourinary infection
An acute or chronic infectious process affecting any part of the genitourinary system.
The gestational age of the subject at birth.
Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba ginkgo biloba GINKGO BILOBA WHOLE maidenhair tree Salisburia ginkgo
A tree native to China. Substances taken from the leaves and seeds have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Maidenhair tree has been studied in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer disease, dementia, certain blood vessel diseases, and memory loss. It may cause bleeding or high blood pressure when used with certain drugs.
The aromatic root of the perennial herb Panax quinquefolius, native to eastern North America. American ginseng, used in Chinese traditional medicine and available as a nutritional supplement, is classified as an adaptogenic herb with multiple effects, many of which are regulatory in nature. It contains a complex mixture of saponin glycosides, also known as ginsenosides or panaxosides. Although the mechanism of action is unclear, this agent is reported to enhance the immune system and reduce fatigue.
A class of organic compounds that are derived from a glucose that has been modified by an amino acid. These compounds are anionic sulfur-containing glucosides, produced as secondary metabolites by plants of the order Brassicales, which includes cruciferous vegetables. Glucosinolates can be toxic if ingested at high doses but lower doses are under investigation as potential tumor inhibitors.
Glutathione GLUTATHIONE glutathione Glutham GSH N-(N-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine Reduced Glutathione
A tripeptide comprised of three amino acids (cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine) present in most mammalian tissue. Glutathione acts as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger and a detoxifying agent. Glutathione is also important as a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, in the uptake of amino acids, and in the synthesis of leukotrienes. As a substrate for glutathione S-transferase, this agent reacts with a number of harmful chemical species, such as halides, epoxides and free radicals, to form harmless inactive products. In erythrocytes, these reactions prevent oxidative damage through the reduction of methemoglobin and peroxides. Glutathione is also involved in the formation and maintenance of disulfide bonds in proteins and in the transport of amino acids across cell membranes.
A common sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. Infected individuals may be asymptomatic. Symptoms in males include burning sensation during urination, discharge from the penis, and painful swelling of the testes. Symptoms in females include painful urination, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding between periods. If untreated, the infection may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease
The traditional unit of mass derived from the weight of a grain and equal to one seven-thousandth of a pound, or 1/480 troy ounce, or 64.79891 milligrams. The original English grain unit based on the mass of a ripe grain barleycorn was larger the corresponding grain units of France and other European nations which were based on the weight of the smaller wheat grain.
The oil extracted from the seeds of grapes. Grape seed oil is used in cooking and cosmetics and for medicinal purposes.
Tea derived from the dried leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis with potential antioxidant, chemopreventive, and lipid-lowering activities. Green tea contains polyphenols that are believed to be responsible for its chemopreventive effect. The polyphenol fraction contains mainly Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and other catechins, such as epicatechin (EC), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin gallate (ECG). Green tea polyphenols act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers and may affect enzymes involved in cellular replication and tumor angiogenesis by modulating angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
The fact of being environmentally or ecologically conscious; commitment to environmental conservation.
Accelerated Growth Growth spurt Growth Accelerated
A finding indicating a faster than normal rate of development.
HHV-8 HHV8 Human Herpesvirus 8 HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8 human herpesvirus 8 Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus KSHV Virus-HHV8
A gammaherpesvirus that contributes to the development of Kaposi sarcoma
HIV HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus human immunodeficiency virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Virus (HIV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus-HIV
The virus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS. HIV-1 is classified as a lentivirus, a subtype of retroviruses.
16 HPV Genotype 16 HPV-16 Human Papillomavirus 16 Human Papillomavirus Genotype 16 Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Human Papillomavirus-16
A virus comprised of a protein coat (capsid) surrounding a circular, double-stranded DNA organized into coding and non-coding regions, which can induce skin and mucosal epithelial lesions. Human papillomavirus-16 (HPV16) has been directly linked to cervical cancer and is significantly associated with invasiveness. Progression from low- to high-grade neoplasia is often associated with the integration of the HPV16 genome into the host chromosome.
Synonyms & Abbreviations: (see Synonym Details) Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 HHV-2 HSV-2 Human Herpesvirus 2 HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 2
A species of enveloped and spherical viruses with a capsid with T=16 icosahedral symmetry and surrounded by amorphous tegument, in the Herpesviridae family and Simplexvirus genus. The genome is composed of monopartite, linear double-stranded DNA. Human herpesvirus 2 is found in humans and causes genital herpes in the form of watery blisters. Human herpesvirus 2 is transmitted mainly via direct sexual contact.
Basic Behavioral Studies in Cancer-Related Behaviors Habit and behavior Habits and behaviors
Basic behavioral studies designed to strengthen the understanding of the determinants and processes that influence cancer-related risk behaviors.
Hair Coat Color;Hair Color;Hair colour; Color, Hair; Hair Colors; Colors, Hair
Hazardous Wastes; Waste, Hazardous; Wastes, Hazardous
Waste products which threaten life, health, or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed.
Birth Head Circumference Head Circumference at Birth Head Circumference at Initial Disposition
A circumferential measurement of the head at the widest point, which is traditionally above the eyebrows.
Health food Health product Health products
Any natural or prepared food popularly believed to promote good health
The vertical measurement or distance from the base to the top of an object; the vertical dimension of extension.
Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of small vesicles in clusters.
HAA; HCA; heterocyclic amine; Heterocyclic Amines; Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine; Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines
Exhibiting a cyclic structure containing at least one amino (NH2) group, some Heterocyclic Amines are carcinogenic chemicals formed from cooking meat such as beef, pork, fowl, and fish when amino acids and creatine (found in muscle) react at high temperatures. About 17 identified heterocyclic amines that result from cooking meat may increase human cancer risk. Because of the high temperatures used, frying, broiling, and barbecuing produce the largest amounts of heterocyclic amines. (NCI04) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A chemical that is formed when meat, poultry, or fish is cooked at high temperatures, such as frying, broiling, and barbecuing. Heterocyclic amines are carcinogens (substances that may cause cancer).
High Density Lipoproteins; Lipoproteins, Heavy; alpha Lipoproteins; Heavy Lipoproteins; High-Density Lipoproteins; alpha-Lipoproteins; Lipoproteins, High-Density; HDL Lipoproteins; alpha-1 Lipoprotein
The smallest and densest lipoproteins, containing a high proportion of protein. They are synthesized in the liver as empty proteins and they pick up cholesterol and increase in size as they circulate through the bloodstream. Because HDL can remove cholesterol from the arteries, and transport it back to the liver for excretion, they are seen as "good" lipoproteins.
A circumferential measurement of the largest part of the hip
2-Amino-4-Mercapto-Butanoic Acid 2-Amino-4-Mercapto-Butyric acid 2-Amino-4-Mercaptobutyric Acid 2-Amino-4-Sulfanylbutanoic Acid Butanoic Acid, 2-Amino-4-Mercapto- Butyric Acid, 2-Amino-4-Mercapto- Hcy Homo-Cys Homocysteine
An amino acid derivative and homolog of cysteine containing an additional methylene bridge. Homocysteine is a product of methionine metabolism and elevated plasma levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer disease and several metabolic diseases.
Hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands resulting in the overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It may be primary or secondary; primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia. It is associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Signs and symptoms include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, depression, bone pain, osteoporosis, cystic bone lesions, and kidney stones. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by the chronic stimulation of the parathyroid glands in patients with chronic renal failure, rickets, and malabsorption syndromes. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A condition in which the parathyroid gland (one of four pea-sized organs found on the thyroid) makes too much parathyroid hormone. This causes a loss of calcium from the bones and an increased level of calcium in the blood. Symptoms include bone pain and kidney problems. CTCAE Definition: A disorder characterized by an increase in production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands. This results in hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood). NICHD Definition: Elevated concentration of parathyroid hormone. Causes include conditions originating within the parathyroid glands (primary), in response to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (secondary), and renal disease (tertiary). Characteristics may include polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, lethargy, cognitive dysfunction, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, and bone demineralization or reduced bone mineral density.
Grenz Rays; Rays, Grenz; X-Ray; X-Radiation; Rays, Roentgen; X Radiation; Xray; Radiation, X; Roentgen Rays; X-Radiations; X Rays; Xrays
Ionizing electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength that is shorter than ultraviolet radiation and longer than gamma radiation.
(.+ -.)-p-Isobutylhydratropic acid Advil Benzeneacetic Acid, Alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)- Ibuprofen ibuprofen IBUPROFEN Motrin p-Isobutylhydratropic acid p-Isobutylhydratropic Acid
A propionic acid derivate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Ibuprofen inhibits the activity of cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This leads to decreased prostaglandin synthesis, by prostaglandin synthase, the main physiologic effect of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen also causes a decrease in the formation of thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation. (NCI05)
Immune Function Test Immune Function Testing
The use of a variety of different tests, including blood count and chemistry, urinalysis, and imaging to establish the status of an individual's immune system function.
Disorder of Immune System Immune Disorder Immune disorder, NOS Immune Disorders Immune Dysfunction Immune System Disorder Unspecified Immune System Problem
An immunoglobulin isotype (subclass). This isotype has the unique ability to bind with high affinity to IgE receptors (FceRI) on mast cells and basophils and induce degranulation and cytokine production by these cells when they are crosslinked by antigen. In addition to a central role in atopy and allergic responses, it has been speculated that IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, by its release of mediators that increase vascular permeability, has an important role in the initiation of immune response in general.
The financial gain (earned or unearned) accruing over a given period of time
Fertility Disorders; infertile Infertile Infertility infertility sterile Sterile Sterility
Inability to conceive for at least one year after trying and having unprotected sex. Causes of female infertility include endometriosis, fallopian tubes obstruction, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Causes of male infertility include abnormal sperm production or function, blockage of the epididymis, blockage of the ejaculatory ducts, hypospadias, exposure to pesticides, and health related issues.
Insecticide ; Insecticides insect powder
Bound to IGFBPs in the circulation, Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs, Somatomedins) are a family of extracellular signaling peptides (potential autocrine ligands) involved in mediation of growth hormone action, stimulation of insulin action, and growth and development. The three main somatomedins are Somatomedin C (IGF1), Somatomedin A (IGF2), and Somatomedin B. Single chain IGFs I and II share about 47% amino acid homology with insulin (INS) and 31% with relaxin.
IGF I IGF-1 IGF-I IGF1 Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Mechano Growth Factor MGF Somatomedin C Somatomedin-C
Insulin-like growth factor I (195 aa, ~22 kDa) is encoded by the human IGF1 gene. This protein may be involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism.
IGF-2 IGF-II IGF2 Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Somatomedin A Somatomedin-A
Insulin-like growth factor II (180 aa, ~20 kDa) is encoded by the human IGF2 gene. This protein plays a role in cellular growth, development, and mitogenesis.
IBP-2 IBP2 IGF Binding Protein 2 IGF-Binding Protein 2 IGF-BP53 IGFBP-2 IGFBP2 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (36kD) Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2, 36kDa Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 2
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (325 aa, ~35 kDa) is encoded by the human IGFBP2 gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of plasma half-life for and signaling by insulin-like growth factors.
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2
Acid Stable Subunit of The 140 k IGF Complex Binding Protein 29 Binding Protein 53 Growth Hormone-Dependent Binding Protein IBP-3 IGF Binding Protein 3 IGF-Binding Protein 3 IGFBP-3 IGFBP3 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (291 aa, ~32 kDa) is encoded by the human IGFBP3 gene. This protein plays a role in insulin-like growth factor signaling, apoptosis promotion, and cell proliferation inhibition.
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3
An arrangement with a company in which you pay them regular amounts of money and they agree to pay the costs, for example, if you die or are ill/sick, or if you lose or damage sth
Intravenous Pyelography intravenous pyelography Intravenous Urography IVP
The creation of an image of the kidneys and urinary system using an intravenously administered contrast medium. By taking several X-rays over a short period of time, it is possible to check for the proper functioning of both kidneys and the urinary system.
Dietary Iodine I Iodine Molecular Iodine
Form of the element iodine found in foods.
Ionizing Radiations; Radiations, Ionizing; Ionizing Radiation
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION or particle radiation (high energy ELEMENTARY PARTICLES) capable of directly or indirectly producing IONS in its passage through matter. The wavelengths of ionizing electromagnetic radiation are equal to or smaller than those of short (far) ultraviolet radiation and include gamma and X-rays.
An element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. NCI-GLOSS Definition: An important mineral the body needs to make hemoglobin, a substance in the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Iron is also an important part of many other proteins and enzymes needed by the body for normal growth and development. It is found in red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, and foods with iron added, such as cereal.
3-phenylchromone Isoflavone ISOFLAVONE isoflavone Isoflavones Soy Isoflavones
A class of polyphenolic compounds derived from the Fabaceae family with potential phytoestrogenic, cholesterol-reducing, chemotherapeutic and antioxidant activity. In isoflavones the phenyl group on the benzopyran ring is in position 3 relative to the oxygen of the ring. Most isoflavones for human consumption and that are currently studied are derived from soy beans. NCI-GLOSS Definition: An estrogen-like substance made by some plants, including the soy plant. Soy isoflavones are being studied in the prevention of cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density).
"catsup ketchup cetchup tomato ketchup"
Benzeneacetic Acid, 3-benzoyl-alpha-methyl- Capisten Ketoprofen KETOPROFEN Orudis Oruvail
A propionic acid derivate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Ketoprofen inhibits the activity of the enzymes cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis, by prostaglandin synthase, is responsible for the therapeutic effects of ibuprofen. Ketoprofen also causes a decrease in the formation of thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation.
A polyunsaturated essential fatty acid found mostly in plant oils. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes.
"Inability to fully digest and absorb lactose due to limited or no lactase activity in the small intestine. Congenital intolerance is inherited following an autosomal recessive pattern but is rare. It is more often due to a gradual decline of lactase production in adulthood following the ingestion of fewer lactose-containing foods or secondary to an intestinal mucosal brush-border injury. Prevalence is highest among Asians, Native Americans and Africans. Clinical signs include abdominal cramping, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea following the dietary intake of lactose. NCI-GLOSS Definition: The inability to digest or absorb lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products."
The flesh of a young domestic sheep eaten as food
Lariciresinol may be used as a reference compound in the purification, identification and analysis of lignan phytoestrogens and lignan glycosides.
An element with atomic symbol Pb, atomic number 82, and atomic weight 207.2.
Guibourtia; Euchresta; Stryphnodendron; Copaifera; Clathrotropis; Family, Pea; Pea Families; Pea Family; Leguminosae; Families, Pea; Legumes; Legume; Tachigalia; Afzelia; Delonix; Baptisia; Amorpha; Andira; Pithecolobium; Pithecellobium; Ceratonia; Callerya; Machaerium; Colophospermum
The fruit or seed of any of various bean or pea plants consisting of a case that splits along both sides when ripe and having the seeds attach to one side of the case
Leptin (167 aa, ~16 kDa) is encoded by the human LEP gene. This protein is secreted by adipocytes and plays a role in the regulation of both appetite and body fat stores.
A member of a group of substances found in plants that have shown estrogenic and anticancer effects. Lignans have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems.
A class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and play important roles in living organisms: these roles include functioning as energy storage molecules, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and constituting important signaling molecules. Lipids can be subdivided into 2 groups: fatty acids and glycerides.
Living environment Living arrangement Living Arrangements
A description of a personal residence and the relationship between the occupants that reside there.
Working longer than the maximum recommended hours is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the relationship of excess working hours with incident cancer is unclear. Working ⩾55 h per week was associated with 1.60-fold (95% confidence interval 1.12–2.29) increase in female breast cancer risk independently of age, socioeconomic position, shift- and night-time work and lifestyle factors, but this observation may have been influenced by residual confounding from parity.
LDL-2; Low-Density Lipoprotein 2; Low Density Lipoprotein 2; LDL(2); LDL2; Low Density Lipoprotein 1; LDL-1; LDL(1); LDL1; Low-Density Lipoprotein 1; Lipoproteins, Low-Density; beta-Lipoproteins; Low Density Lipoproteins; Low-Density Lipoproteins; beta Lipoproteins; LDL Lipoproteins
A lipoprotein that carries cholesterol around the body, for use by various cells. LDL transports cholesterol to the arteries and increased levels are associated with atherosclerosis, and thus myocardial infarctions and strokes. This is why cholesterol inside LDL lipoproteins is called bad cholesterol.
(3R,3'R,6'R)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3'-diol 4-[18-(4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohex-2-enyl)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohex-3-en-1-ol Adaptinol All-Trans-Lutein Leutin LUT Lutein LUTEIN Xanthophyll Xanthophylls
Lutein (LOO-teen) is a oxygenated carotenoid found in vegetables and fruits. lutein is found in the macula of the eye, where it is believed to act as a yellow filter. Lutein acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells against the damaging effects of free radicals.
2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-tridecaene all-trans-Lycopene Lyc-O-Mato Lycopene lycopene LYCOPENE psi,psi-Carotene
A linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet. (NCI04) CRCH Definition: Carotenoid which is a terpene assembled from 8 isoprene units. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. It is an antioxidant and may help prevent some types of cancer.
Dietary Magnesium MAGNESIUM Magnesium Mg
Forms of the element magnesium found in foods.
"margarine margarin oleo oleomargarine marge"
A butterlike product made of refined vegetable oils, sometimes blended with animal fats, and emulsified usually with water or milk. It is used as a butter substitute. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
MARISTAT Marital or partnership status Marital Status MaritalStatusUB92
A demographic parameter indicating a person's current conjugal status.
A lignan which is structurally similar to secoisolariciresinol with an additional lactone involving the gamma-gamma' carbons; plant lignan that is a dietary precursor to the mammalian lignan enterodiol.
Metabolic Disease Metabolic Disorder metabolic disorder
A congenital (due to inherited enzyme abnormality) or acquired (due to failure of a metabolic important organ) disorder resulting from an abnormal metabolic process.
Metabolic Marker Metabolic factor Metabolic factors
Specific metabolic changes that characterize an organism's state of health or disease, or response to a particular therapeutic intervention, and helps make diagnosis more accurate or enable physicians to make diagnosis before symptoms appear and to track disease progression.
Metabolic Syndrome metabolic syndrome metabolic syndrome X Metabolic Syndrome X
A combination of medical conditions that, when present, increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. It includes the following medical conditions: increased blood pressure, central obesity, abnormal cholesterol levels, and elevated fasting glucose. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A condition is marked by extra fat around the abdomen, high levels of blood glucose (sugar) when not eating, high levels of triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood, low levels of high-density lipoproteins (a type of protein that carries fats) in the blood, and high blood pressure. People with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of diabetes mellitus and diseases of the heart and blood vessels."
Electropositive chemical elements characterised by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals.
1,1-Dimethylbiguanide Metformin metformin METFORMIN N,N-Dimethylimidodicarbonimidic Diamide
An agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Metformin is associated with a very low incidence of lactic acidosis. This agent helps reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and is not associated with weight gain, and prevents the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Metformin is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. NCI-GLOSS Definition: The active ingredient in a drug used to treat diabetes mellitus (a condition in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood). It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. It decreases the amount of glucose (a type of sugar) released into the bloodstream from the liver and increases the body's use of the glucose. Metformin is a type of antidiabetic agent."
FDB Code:019871/NCI Thesaurus Code:C29600
(S)-2-Amino-4-(methyl-sulfanyl)butanoic acid L-Methionine Met Methionine METHIONINE
One of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Methionine is required for growth and tissue repair. A sulphur-containing amino acid, methionine improves the tone and pliability of skin, hair, and strengthens nails. Involved in many detoxifying processes, sulphur provided by methionine protects cells from pollutants, slows cell aging, and is essential for absorption and bio-availability of selenium and zinc. Methionine chelates heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, aiding their excretion. It also acts as a lipotropic agent and prevents excess fat buildup in the liver. (NCI04)
traveler who moves from one region or country to another
army training that young people must do in some countries
A body substance containing proteins, fats, lactose, and various vitamins and minerals produced by the mammary glands of mature female bovines.
A solid, homogeneous, inorganic substance occurring in nature and having a definite chemical composition. NCI-GLOSS Definition: In medicine, a mineral is a nutrient that is needed in small amounts to keep the body healthy. Mineral nutrients include the elements calcium, magnesium, and iron.
Study of monosaturated fats in relation to cancer.
Geritol Multivitamin Vitamin Supplements (NOS)
A dietary supplement containing all or most of the vitamins that may not be readily available in the diet. Vitamins may be classified according to their solubility either in lipids (vitamins A, D, E, K, F) or in water (vitamins C, B-complex). Present in minute amounts in various foods, vitamins are essential to maintaining normal metabolism and biochemical functions. (NCI04)
The status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization
The natural physical world including plants and animals and landscapes etc.
A male individual who has had his testicles removed.
3-Pyridinecarboxylic Acid Niacin NIACIN niacin Nicotinamide nicotinic acid Nicotinic Acid Nicotinic acid Nicotinic Acid Amide Vitamin B-3 vitamin B3 Vitamin B3
A water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C.
A group of workers who work a shift during the night in an industry or occupation where a day shift or a back shift is also worked
NO2 - Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
Found in the atmosphere as a key ingredient in photochemical formation of smog and acid rain, Nitrogen Dioxide is a poisonous gas that forms during combustion. Toxic at high concentrations, it reacts with moisture in the air to form nitric acid, highly corrosive and hazardous to plants and animals. (NCI04)
Number of Children Number of Children in Household
A demographics parameter useful for identifying socio-economic groups.
Noises; Pollution, Noise; Noise Pollution Data Noise Noise Signal Noise
Any part of a signal that is not the true or original signal but is introduced by the communication mechanism.
Nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Nonaspirin NSAID
Nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Botanically, a type of single-seeded fruit in which the pericarp enclosing the seed is a hard woody shell. In common usage the term is used loosely for any hard, oil-rich kernel. Of those commonly eaten, only hazel, filbert, and chestnut are strictly nuts. Walnuts, pecans, almonds, and coconuts are really drupes. Brazil nuts, pistachios, macadamias, and cashews are really seeds with a hard shell derived from the testa rather than the pericarp.
Having a high amount of body fat (body mass index [BMI] of 30 or more). CTCAE Definition: A disorder characterized by having a high amount of body fat. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A condition marked by an abnormally high, unhealthy amount of body fat.
EMPJOB Employee Job Job Occupation OCCUPATION
The principal activity that a person does to earn money. CDISC Definition: A code specifying the job performed by the employee for the employer. For example, accountant, programmer analyst, patient care associate, staff nurse, etc.
Occupational Exposure OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
The exposure to potentially harmful agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
Inflammation of one or both testes due to viral or bacterial infections. Signs and symptoms include enlargement or tenderness of the affected testis, inguinal lymphadenopathy, blood in the semen, and pain during urination, intercourse, or ejaculation.
A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products. The damage to biological tissues is caused by superoxide and other free radicals generated by many factors, including exposure to alcohol, medications, trauma, cold, toxins, and radiation or by antimicrobial cellular immunity, metabolic abnormality, or ""normal"" aging; not synonymous with hypoxia or hyperoxia. Oxidative stress promotes a range of degenerative disorders, including cancer, diabetes, premature aging, Alzheimer's, and many others. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A condition in which antioxidant levels are lower than normal. Antioxidant levels are usually measured in blood plasma.
Chlorinated Biphenyls Chlorinated Biphenylsl Chlorobiphenyls PCB PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyl
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are a family of more than 200 chemical compounds (congeners) with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl and a general structure of C12H10-xClx. PCBs were commercially produced as complex mixtures of congeners at different degrees of chlorination for a variety of applications. Their use was based on their chemical stability, and desirable physical properties. According to WHO, several congeners are now considered to be "dioxin-like" because of their toxicity and certain features of their structure similar to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. PCBs are not readily biodegradable, their use declined and was essentially terminated because of environmental concerns. USA stopped producing PCBs in 1977. (NCI)
Antigen, Prostate-Specific EC 3.4.21.77 Gamma-Seminoprotein Kallikrein-3 KLK3 P-30 Antigen Prostate Specific Antigen Prostate Specific Antigen Preproprotein Prostate-Specific Antigen prostate-specific antigen PSA Semenogelase Seminin
Prostate-specific antigen (261 aa, ~29 kDa) is encoded by the human KLK3 gene. This protein plays a role in both proteolysis and seminal fluid liquefaction.
Fatty Acid, Total Polyunsaturated Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids PUFA
A fatty acid containing more than one double bond (C=C). The essential fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that contain 2 or more cis double bonds. Dietary intake of some PUFAs may have beneficial effects on blood pressure, serum lipds, and inflammation. Some PUFAs, such as omega-3 PUFAs, may have antineoplastic or chemopreventive activities.
Pancreatic cancer in parents or siblings
Parathormone parathormone parathyrin Parathyrin Parathyroid Hormone parathyroid hormone Parathyroid Hormone 1 Prepro-PTH Preproparathyroid Hormone PTH
Parathyroid hormone (115 aa, ~13 kDa) is encoded by the human PTH gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of calcium ion and phosphate concentration in the blood.
Health belief: perceived resources (observable entity)
Refers to chemical substances synthesized by humans that can persist in the environment, accumulate through the biological food chain (web), and cause harmful effects on human health. It has four characteristics: high toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation, and long-distance migration. For humans at the top of the biological chain, these toxicity are more than 70,000 times larger than the original.
The various aspects of a person's character that combine to make them different from other people
Any agent used to control, repel, or kill unwanted organisms. NCI-GLOSS Definition: Any substance that is used to kill insects and other pests.
Dietary Phosphorus P Phosphorus PHOSPHORUS
Forms of the element phosphorus found in foods.
Assessment assessment General Examination Physical Physical Assessment Physical Exam PHYSICAL EXAM Physical Examination PHYSICAL EXAMINATION physical examination
A systemic evaluation of the body and its functions using visual inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. The purpose is to determine the presence or absence of physical signs of disease or abnormality for an individual's health assessment.
Any form of exercise or movement. Physical activity may include planned activity such as walking, running, basketball, or other sports. Physical activity may also include other daily activities such as household chores, yard work, walking the dog, etc.
The scientific study of an organism's vital functions, including growth and development, the absorption and processing of nutrients, the synthesis and distribution of proteins and other organic molecules, and the functioning of different tissues, organs, and other anatomic structures. Physiology studies the normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of animals and plants.
Estrogen-Like Plant Extracts; Estrogen Like Plant Extracts; Plant Extracts, Estrogen-Like; Extracts, Estrogen-Like Plant; Plant Estrogen; Phyto-Estrogen; Plant Estrogens; Phytoestrogen; Estrogens, Plant; Phyto Estrogen; Estrogen, Plant
Compounds from plant sources with estrogen-like activities
Pinoresinol is present in a number of plants including medical plants like Sambucus williamsii, Eucommia ulmoides (duzhong), Styrax sp, Forsythia suspensa, and in extra virgin olive oil. The genus Sambucus is widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and has been used in traditional medicine as an analgesic, antivirus, antiinflammatory, homoeostatic, and diuretic drugs which act on bruises, fractures, and edema. Pinoresinol displays potent antifungal properties by causing damage to the fungal plasma membrane. It exerts anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibition of TNF- α production (presumably through inhibition of NF- κB and AP-1).
Pizza is a traditional Italian dish consisting of a yeasted flatbread typically topped with tomato sauce and cheese and baked in an oven. It can also be topped with additional vegetables, meats, and condiments, and can be made without cheese.
Disc Weight Trimmed Placental Mass Trimmed Placental Weight
The weight of the trimmed placenta to the nearest gram, with membranes severed at the disc edge and the umbilical cord cut to within 1 cm of insertion, after draining the blood from the specimen.
Plant growth regulator Hormones, Plant Growth Regulators, Plant Phytohormones Regulators, Plant Growth Plant Hormones
Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.
Enterolactone (ENL) is an enterolignan, which in humans is formed in the gut from various dietary lignans through the action of colonic bacteria, and is later detectable in the circulation， Lignans constitutes, besides isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein, which are mainly found in soy products) and coumestans (mainly found in sprouts), one of the three main classes of phytoestrogens (PE), non-steroidal plant-based substances with estrogenic properties
Various high-molecular-weight thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers that are capable of being molded, extruded, drawn, or otherwise shaped and then hardened into a form. It is solid in its finished state.
Heptaglutamyl folic acid is a naturally occurring form of folate. In contrast to synthetic folic acid, natural food folates are predominantly polyglutamates with a variable number of glutamate residues.
A substance that is found in many plants and gives some flowers, fruits, and vegetables their color. Polyphenols have antioxidant activity.
A type of fat found, for example, in seeds and vegetable oils, which does not encourage the harmful development of cholesterol
NCI-GLOSS Definition: A subtropical shrub or tree. Juice from the fruit may contain substances that decrease or slow the rise of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. It is being studied for its ability to delay or prevent recurrent prostate cancer. The scientific name is Punica granatum.
Forms of the element potassium found in foods.
Preserved foods have been found in some studies to be associated with increased cancer risks. The total amount of preserved food consumed was positively associated with cancer risk, the adjusted odds ratio being 7.05 (95% CI: 3.12-15.90) for the highest relative to the lowest quartile of intake. In particular, the consumption of pickled vegetables, fermented soy products, salted fish and preserved meats was associated with a significant increase in prostate cancer risk, all with a significant dose-response relationship.
Problem with Urination The absence of voiding symptoms
A question about whether an individual has or had a problem with urination.
Cancer of Prostate Cancer of the Prostate Carcinoma of Prostate Carcinoma of the Prostate Prostate Cancer prostate cancer Prostate cancer, NOS Prostate Carcinoma
One of the most common malignant tumors afflicting men. The majority of carcinomas arise in the peripheral zone and a minority occur in the central or the transitional zone of the prostate gland. Grossly, prostatic carcinomas appear as ill-defined yellow areas of discoloration in the prostate gland lobes. Adenocarcinomas represent the overwhelming majority of prostatic carcinomas. Prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) serum test is widely used as a screening test for the early detection of prostatic carcinoma. Treatment options include radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, androgen ablation and cryotherapy. Watchful waiting or surveillance alone is an option for older patients with low-grade or low-stage disease. -- 2002
Lifestyles of prostate cancer Lifestyle and related factors affecting the occurrence of prostate cancer Prostate cancer lifestyle Lifestyles related to prostate cancer Lifestyle and related factors related to the occurrence of prostate cancer
All potential lifestyle and related factors affecting the occurrence of prostate cancer, including diets, behavior habits, environment, body condition and other related aspects.
PIN PIN - Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Prostate intraepithelial neopl. Prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
"A neoplastic proliferation of the epithelial cells that line the acini and the ducts of the prostate gland. The neoplastic epithelial cells are confined within the acini and the ducts and they do not invade the surrounding prostatic stroma. Morphologically, it is classified as low or high grade. NCI-GLOSS Definition: Noncancerous growth of cells lining the internal and external surfaces of the prostate gland. Having high-grade PIN may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer."
An infectious or non-infectious inflammatory process affecting the prostate gland. NICHD Definition: An inflammatory process affecting the prostate gland. NCI-GLOSS Definition: Inflammation of the prostate gland.
Protein (substance) Gene Products, Protein Protein Gene Products Gene Proteins
A group of complex organic macromolecules composed of one or more chains (linear polymers) of alpha-L-amino acids linked by peptide bonds and ranging in size from a few thousand to over 1 million Daltons. Proteins are fundamental genetically encoded components of living cells with specific structures and functions dictated by amino acid sequence
The stage in life when sex glands become functional. It is characterized by the development of secondary sex characteristics, reproductive functions, and growth spurts
Quantification of the onset of puberty in human males and females through a series of proxy measurements such as genital enlargement (males) or breast development (females). These characteristics are assessed based on pre-defined scales either through self-reporting or through assessment by a medical professional.
The rhythmic wave within the arteries occurring with each contraction of the left ventricle
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-chromen-4-one 3,3',4',5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone C.I. Natural Yellow 10 Quercetin QUERCETIN
A polyphenolic flavonoid with potential chemopreventive activity. Quercetin, ubiquitous in plant food sources and a major bioflavonoid in the human diet, may produce antiproliferative effects resulting from the modulation of either EGFR or estrogen-receptor mediated signal transduction pathways. Although the mechanism of action of action is not fully known, the following effects have been described with this agent in vitro: decreased expression of mutant p53 protein and p21-ras oncogene, induction of cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and inhibition of heat shock protein synthesis. This compound also demonstrates synergy and reversal of the multidrug resistance phenotype, when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, in vitro. Quercetin also produces anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy effects mediated through the inhibition of the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, thereby preventing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Race Racial difference Racial differences
People who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock
Emission or propagation of acoustic waves (SOUND), ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY waves (such as LIGHT; RADIO WAVES; GAMMA RAYS; or X-RAYS), or a stream of subatomic particles (such as ELECTRONS; NEUTRONS; PROTONS; or ALPHA PARTICLES).
Radiographic Exam Radiographic Examination Radiography RADIOGRAPHY
A radiographic procedure using the emission of penetrating energy waves to form an image of the structure penetrated by the radiation.
Red Meat Consumption Beef; Pork; Red Meats;Meat, Red; Meats, Red
Meat such as beef, pork, or lamb which contains more MYOGLOBIN than POULTRY or SEAFOOD.A risk factor for colorectal, stomach, and pancreatic cancer.
A region is a large area of land that is different from other areas of land, for example because it is one of the different parts of a country with its own customs and characteristics, or because it has a particular geographical feature.
Disorder of Reproductive System Genital Disorders Reproductive System Disease Reproductive System Disorder
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the male or female genital system. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include infection, testicular torsion, endometriosis, and adenomyosis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include germ cell tumors, carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
Characteristics, Residence; Residence Characteristic; Characteristic, Residence; Communities; Community; Domicile; Domiciles; Birth Place; Place of Birth; Residential Selection; Residential Selections; Selections, Residential; Selection, Residential; Neighborhood; Neighborhoods; Arrangement, Living; Living Arrangement; Arrangements, Living; Living Arrangements
Vitamin A1 3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6, 6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol 3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol All Trans Retinol RETINOL retinol Retinol
The fat soluble vitamin retinol. Vitamin A binds to and activates retinoid receptors (RARs), thereby inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis of some cancer cell types and inhibiting carcinogenesis. Vitamin A plays an essential role in many physiologic processes, including proper functioning of the retina, growth and differentiation of target tissues, proper functioning of the reproductive organs, and modulation of immune function.
6,7-Dimethyl-9-D-ribitylisoalloxazine Lactoflavin RIBOFLAVIN Riboflavin riboflavin Riboflavine vitamin B2 Vitamin B2
An essential human nutrient that is a heat-stable and water-soluble flavin belonging to the vitamin B family. Riboflavin is a precursor of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes are of vital importance in normal tissue respiration, pyridoxine activation, tryptophan to niacin conversion, fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, and glutathione reductase mediated detoxification. Riboflavin may also be involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. This vitamin is essential for healthy skin, nails, and hair.
Information on rice consumption was first assessed in 1980 in NHS participants using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ), and repeated in 1984, 1986, and every 4 years thereafter. Similar SFFQs were administered every 4 years for NHS II participants during 1991 through 2009 and for HPFS participants during 1986 through 2008. In each SFFQ, we asked the participants how often, on average over the past year, they consumed a specified portion size of each food, with nine possible frequency choices ranging from “almost never” to “6 or more times per day”. For white rice and brown rice, we used 1 cup as the serving unit. The total rice intake was calculated as the sum of white rice and brown rice. In the current study, we categorized participants’ rice intake into 4 categories (< 1 serving per week, 1 serving per week, 2-4 servings per week and ≥ 5 servings per week). The reproducibility and validity of these SFFQs have been evaluated in detail elsewhere16-19. Assessments of white rice and brown rice consumption were moderately correlated with diet record assessments. For example, the corrected Pearson correlation coefficients between these 2 assessments were 0.53 for white rice and 0.41 for brown rice in the HPFS
Disease (VD), Venereal Sexually Transmitted Disease Sexually Transmitted Disorder Sexually Transmitted Infection STD STI VD VD, Venereal Disease Venereal Disease Venereal Disease (VD)
A disorder acquired through sexual contact.
a type of single-bond animal or vegetable fat, as that found in butter, meat, egg yolks, and coconut or palm oil, that in humans tends to increase cholesterol levels in the blood
Chamaerops serrulata Corypha repens Saw Palmetto saw palmetto Serenoa repens SERENOA REPENS WHOLE
A small hardy fan palm, endemic to coastal plains from South Carolina to southeastern Louisiana including the Florida peninsula, whose stem usually remains below ground or runs just along the surface. In some cases, it develops an erect or arching trunk that may lift the whorl of leaves 2-8 ft (0.6-2.4 m) above ground. The palmate leaves are 2-3 ft (0.6-0.9 m) across and green or bluish green. The cluster of leaves gets about 4-6 ft (1.2-1.8 m) high with a similar spread. In the wild, saw palmetto often grows in clumps 20 ft (6 m) or more in diameter. Drugs extracted from its berries have been used to treat, prostrate swelling, bladder infections and urinary tract infections.
Any of the four periods into which the year is divided by the equinoxes and solstices.
SDG Secoisolariciresinol Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside
A diarylbutane lignan in which two coniferylalcohols are connected by a beta-beta' bond; a dietary precursor to the mammalian lignan enterodiol.
Sedentary Sedentary Behavior Sedentary Lifestyle
A type of lifestyle that lacks physical exercise, characterized by sitting, reading, watching television or using a computer for much of the day without vigorous physical exertion.
A nonmetallic chemical element found in trace amounts in human body. Selenium primarily occurs in vivo as selenocompounds, mostly selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (enzymes responsible for detoxification). Alone or in combination with Vitamin E, selenocompounds act as antioxidants. These agents scavenge free radicals; prevent blood clots by inhibiting platelet aggregation; strengthen the immune system; and have been shown, in some instances, to inhibit chromosomal damage and mutations. Exhibiting chemopreventive activity, selenocompounds also inhibit the induction of protein kinase C. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A mineral that is needed by the body to stay healthy. It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Selenium is a type of antioxidant.
Serum Creatinine Measurement Serum creatinine
The amount of creatinine present in a sample of serum.
Sex Sex Behavior Sexual Sexual Behavior Sexually
A form of physical intimacy that can be directed to reproduction (one possible goal of sexual intercourse) and/or to enjoying the body of someone else; activities associated with sexual intercourse.
Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum MOLLUSCA or the subphylum CRUSTACEA, and used as food.
Skin Pigmentation;Pigmentation, Skin; Skin Color; Tones, Skin; Colors, Skin; Skin Tones; Skin Colors; Skin Pigmentations; Skin Tone; Pigmentations, Skin; Tone, Skin; Color, Skin
Cutaneous Disorder Disorder of Skin Skin Diseases and Manifestations Skin Disorder Skin Disorders
Any deviation from the normal structure or function of the skin or subcutaneous tissue that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs.
A natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended.
An individual who currently, or recently, smokes cigarettes regularly.
Environmental and Social Factors Supplemental Qualifiers Dataset SUPPER Supplemental Qualifiers for Environmental and Social Factors
A dataset containing supplemental information, specifically non-standard variables, to parent records in the environmental and social factors domain. CDISC Definition: A dataset used to represent non-standard variables and their association to parent records in the Environmental and Social Factors domain.
Forms of the element sodium found in foods.
Liquid food especially of meat or fish or vegetable stock often containing pieces of solid food
Glycine max; soy; soya; Soybean; SOYBEAN; soybean
NCI-GLOSS Definition: A product from a plant of Asian origin that produces beans used in many food products. Soybean contains isoflavones (estrogen-like substances) that are being studied for the prevention of cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Soybean in the diet may lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoenzymeA Reductase Inhibitors hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor statin Statin
"Any substance that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase acts to lower plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. NCI-GLOSS Definition: Any of a group of drugs that lower the amount of cholesterol and certain fats in the blood. Statins inhibit a key enzyme that helps make cholesterol. Statin drugs are being studied in the prevention and treatment of cancer."
Estrogen Receptor-Like Subfamily Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Steroid Hormone Receptor Steroid Hormones, Receptor Steroid Hormones, Receptors
Steroid hormone receptors are proteins found in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of eukaryotic cells which bind to and regulate the transcription of DNA under the regulation of steroid hormones. These proteins are the first receptors assigned to the steroid/thyroid/retinoid nuclear receptor superfamily, a group of transcription factors whose activity is regulated by small lipid-soluble molecules.
A steroid derivative characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and unsaturated bonds in position 5-6 of the B ring, and position 22-23 in the alkyl substituent. Stigmasterol is found in the fats and oils of soybean, calabar bean and rape seed, as well as several other vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk.
Psychological stress State of stress Stress (finding)
(psychology) A state of mental or emotional strain or suspense
synonyms coping skills Coping Skills Stress and Coping
Use of conscious or unconscious strategies or mechanisms in adapting to stress.
A naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates. As the aglycone metabolite of glucosinolate glucoraphanin (sulforaphane glucosinolate), sulforaphane acts as an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes. This agent displays anticarcinogenic properties due to its ability to induce phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, thereby providing protection against certain carcinogens and toxic, reactive oxygen species. Broccoli sprouts contain large amounts of sulforaphane, which is also found in other cruciferous vegetables including cabbage and kale. (NCI04)
Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Agent Sulphonylurea Antidiabetic Agent
Sulfonamide urea derivatives with antihyperglycemic activity. Sulphonylurea antidiabetic agents bind to sulfonylurea receptor type 1 (SUR1), the subunit of ATP-sensitive inwardly-rectifier potassium (IKATP) channels on the membranes of pancreatic beta cells, thereby blocking the inward current flow (influx) of positively charged K+ ions into the cell. This results in tonic membrane depolarization, and induces a calcium ion influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels; increased intracellular calcium ion levels trigger exocytosis of insulin-containing granules. This eventually induces secretion of insulin. The IKATP channels found in pancreatic islets are complexes of four IKATP 6.2 and four SUR1 subunits. In addition, some sulfonylureas of larger molecular size may increase the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin mediated through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma).
The exposure to incident light from the sun
The branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures.
A contagious bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It is a sexually transmitted disorder, although it can also be transmitted from the mother to the fetus in utero. Typically, it is initially manifested with a single sore which heals without treatment. If the infection is left untreated, the initial stage is followed by skin rash and mucous membrane lesions. A late stage follows, which is characterized by damage of the internal organs, including the nervous system.
SYSBP Systolic Blood Pressure systolic bp Systolic Pressure systolic_bp
The maximum pressure exerted into the systemic arterial circulation during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
The infusion of leaves of CAMELLIA SINENSIS (formerly Thea sinensis) as a beverage, the familiar Asian tea, which contains CATECHIN (especially epigallocatechin gallate) and CAFFEINE.
NCI-GLOSS Definition: A hormone made mainly in the testes (part of the male reproductive system). It is needed to develop and maintain male sex characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle growth. Testosterone may also be made in the laboratory and is used to treat certain medical conditions.
Formate Tetrahydrofolate Ligase Ligase, Formate-Tetrahydrofolate Tetrahydrofolate Formylase Formylase, Tetrahydrofolate
Compounds based on 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate.
2-[3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-1-thia-3-azoniacyclopenta-2,4-dien-5-yl]ethanol Aneurin Thiamin Vitamin B1
Water-soluble vitamin that is a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids. (DRI)
Any antidiabetic agent with the glitazone (thiazolidinedione) base structure with antihyperglycemic activity. Glitazone antidiabetic agents selectively bind to and stimulate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. This results in the selective transcription of a number of insulin-sensitive genes involved in glucose metabolism. This eventually enhances insulin sensitivity, reduces insulin resistance and decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis. PPARs function as transcription factors that regulate expressions of genes involved in cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, protein), as well as tumorigenesis; PPARgamma is expressed at high levels in adipose tissue.
Thyreotrophic Hormone Thyreotropin Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyrotropic Hormone Thyrotropin TSH
A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland.
L-3,5,5'-tetraiodothyronine T4 thyroxin thyroxine Thyroxine
A hormone synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland containing four iodine atoms and is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) in the body, influencing metabolism and organ function.
Lycopene is a carotenoid that is present in tomatoes, processed tomato products and other fruits. It is one of the most potent antioxidants among dietary carotenoids. Dietary intake of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene has been shown to be associated with a decreased risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Dietary Fat Dietary Lipid Total Dietary Fat Total Dietary Lipid
A class of food constituents, also known as fats and oils, that serve as a source of energy and essential fatty acids in animals. The major components of lipids are fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, steroids (cholesterol), and lipoproteins.
Total vegetables and fruits Total vegetable and fruit
The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds; A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.
A class of dietary fatty acids containing at least one double bond in the trans formation.
Prostate Transurethral Resection Transurethral Prostatectomy Transurethral Prostatic Resection Transurethral Resection of Prostate transurethral resection of the prostate Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Prostate tissue removal via a cystoscope
Fats composed of three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule.
Radiation, UV Sun/Ultra-Violet Rays ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet Radiation UV UV radiation UV Radiation
The invisible ultraviolet spectrum makes up one specific portion of sunlight. This unique portion accounts for three percent of all solar radiation reaching the earth. UV radiation causes many health problems. NCI-GLOSS Definition: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB. Ultraviolet radiation also comes from sun lamps and tanning beds. It can cause skin damage, premature aging, melanoma, and other types of skin cancer. It can also cause problems with the eyes and the immune system. Skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that protect the skin from both kinds of ultraviolet radiation. In medicine, ultraviolet radiation also comes from special lamps or a laser and is used to treat certain skin conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and skin tumors of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Urinary estrogen metabolites Urinary estrogen metabolite
The two main pathways for metabolism of estrogens are 16α-hydroxylation and 2-hydroxylation. The major estrogen metabolites excreted in urine are the parent estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2), 2-hydroxy products [2-hydroxyesterone (2-OHE1), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), 2-methoxyesterone (2-MeOE1)] and 16α-hydroxy products [estriol (E3) and 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1)]
Disorder of Urinary System Urinary System Disorder Urinary Tract Disease urinary tract disorder Urinary Tract Disorder Urologic Disorder Urological Disorders
Disorders of any part of the urologic system.
Surgical removal of part or all of the vas deferens. NCI-GLOSS Definition: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles.
A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.
Intra-Abdominal Fat; Abdominal Visceral Fats; Visceral Adipose Tissue; Fats, Abdominal Visceral; Fats, Visceral; Fat, Abdominal Visceral; Visceral Fats;
Fatty tissue inside the ABDOMINAL CAVITY, including visceral fat and retroperitoneal fat. It is the most metabolically active fat in the body and easily accessible for LIPOLYSIS. Increased visceral fat is associated with metabolic complications of OBESITY.
NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin A helps in vision, bone growth, reproduction, growth of epithelium (cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body), and fighting infections. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils). Vitamin A is found in liver, egg yolks, and whole milk dairy products from animals and in fish oils. It can also be made in the body from a substance found in some fruits and vegetables, such as cantaloupes, carrots, spinach, and sweet potatoes. Vitamin A is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. CRCH Definition: Fat-soluble vitamin consisting of 20 carbons with a methyl-substituted cyclic ring on one end of a hydrocarbon chain with 4 double bonds and either a hydroxyl, aldehyde, or carboxylic acid group on the other end.
3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol A 313 Anti-Infective Vitamin Anti-Infective vitamin Antixerophthalmic Vitamin Antixerophthalmic vitamin Aquasol A Arovit Avibon Avitol Axerol Axerophthol Axerophtholum Biosterol Biovit-A Del-VI-A Del-Vi-A Ido A 50 Idrurto A Lard Factor Lard-Factor Ledovit A Micelle A Mulsal A Megadosis Oleovitamin A Ophthalamin Pedi-Vit-A Retinol, all trans- Rinocusi Vitaminico Vitamin A VITAMIN A vitamin A Vitamin A Alcohol Vitamin A Compound Vitamin A USP Vitamin A1 Vitaminoftalmina Vitaminum A Vogan
A class of nutrients that are in the water-soluble B-vitamin family. B vitamins include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin (nicotinic acid), niacinamide (nicotinamide), the vitamin B6 group (including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine), biotin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, and possibly para-aminobenzoic.
Cobalamin; Cobalamins; Eritron; Cyanocobalamin; B12, Vitamin; B 12, Vitamin; Vitamin B12
A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.
VIT B6 Vitamin B 6 Vitamin B-6 Vitamin B6 vitamin B6
A group of water-soluble vitamins essential for metabolism and normal physiological functions. B6 vitamins, including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, are converted in vivo to pyridoxal phosphate, a cofactor necessary for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, and sphingolipids. More than 100 enzymes involved in protein metabolism require vitamin B6 as a cofactor. Vitamin B6 is essential to red blood cell, nervous system, and immune systems functions and helps maintain normal blood glucose levels. Vitamin B6 is found in a wide variety of foods including cereals, beans, meat, poultry, fish, and some fruits and vegetables. (NCI04)
NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin C helps fight infections, heal wounds, and keep tissues healthy. It is an antioxidant that helps prevent cell damage caused by free radicals (highly reactive chemicals). Vitamin C is found in all fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, strawberries, cantaloupe, green peppers, tomatoes, broccoli, leafy greens, and potatoes. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Vitamin C is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. CRCH Definition: Class of water-soluble antioxidant vitamins which are cofactors in the biosynthesis of collagen, carnitine, and neurotransmitters, and can quench a variety of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. (DRI)
3-[2-[7a-methyl-1-(1,4,5-trimethylhex-2-enyl)-1,2,3,3a,5,6,7,7a-octahydroinden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexan-1-ol D Vitamin vitamin D Vitamin D Vitamin D Compound Vitamin-D
Definition: A family of lipo-soluble steroids important to the absorption, metabolism, and function of calcium and phosphorus and the growth and development of bone and tooth enamel. Found naturally in animal tissues, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin when ultraviolet light activates cholesterol conversion into vitamin D3. Ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol (plant vitamin D) forms ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). (NCI04) CRCH Definition: A class of fat-soluble vitamins that are seco-sterol precursors to the active hormone, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin D helps the body use calcium and phosphorus to make strong bones and teeth. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in fatty fish, egg yolks, and dairy products. Skin exposed to sunshine can also make vitamin D. Not enough vitamin D can cause a bone disease called rickets. It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer.
2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol 3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol 5,7,8-Trimethyltocol E Vitamin vitamin E Vitamin E Vitamin E Compound
Definition: A natural fat-soluble antioxidant with potential chemopreventive activity. Also known as tocopherol, vitamin E ameliorates free-radical damage to biological membranes, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within membrane phospholipids and within circulating lipoproteins. Peroxyl radicals react 1000-fold faster with vitamin E than with PUFA. In the case of oxygen free radical-mediated tumorigenesis, vitamin E may be chemopreventive. (NCI04) CRCH Definition: A fat-soluble vitamin which is primarily a chain-breaking antioxidant that prevents the propagation of lipid peroxidation. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin E helps prevent cell damage caused by free radicals (highly reactive chemicals). It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in seeds, nuts, leafy vegetables, and vegetable oils. Not enough vitamin E can result in infertility (the inability to produce children). It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Vitamin E is a type of antioxidant.
2-methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione Vitamin K vitamin K
The term "vitamin K" refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins. CRCH Definition: Fat soluble vitamin that is a coenzyme during the synthesis of the biologically active form of a number of proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone metabolism. Vitamin K's structure typically consists of a methylated naphthoquinone ring from which one or more unsaturated aliphatic side chains are attached at the 3-position of the ring. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin K helps to form blood clots (a mass that forms when blood platelets, proteins, and cells stick together) and maintain strong bones. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in green leafy vegetables, broccoli, liver, and vegetable oils. Vitamin K is also made by bacteria that live in the large intestine. Not enough vitamin K can lead to bleeding and bruising.
Waist to Hip Ratio Waist-Hip Ratio WAISTHIP
The ratio of the abdominal circumference at the navel to maximum hip and buttocks circumference; looks at the proportion of fat stored on the body around the waist and hip. Carrying extra weight around the waist is a greater health risk than carrying extra weight around the hips or thighs. CDISC Definition: A relative measurement (ratio) of the waist circumference to the hip circumference.
1-(4'-Hydroxy-3'-coumarinyl)-1-phenyl-3-butanone 3-(.alpha.-Acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin 3-(.alpha.-Phenyl-.beta.-acetylethyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin 3-(Alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin 3-Alpha-phenyl-beta-acetylethyl-4-hydroxycoumarin 4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one Athrombin-K Co-Rax Compound 42 Rodex WARF Compound 42 WARF compound 42 Warfarin warfarin WARFARIN
A synthetic anticoagulant. Warfarin inhibits the regeneration of vitamin K1 epoxide and so the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, which include Factors II, VII, IX and X, and the anticoagulant proteins C and S. This inhibition results in a sequential depression of Factors VII, IX, X and II activities. Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the post ribosomal synthesis of the vitamin K dependent clotting factors. The vitamin promotes the biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in these proteins which are essential for biological activity. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that prevents blood from clotting. It belongs to the family of drugs called anticoagulants (blood thinners).
Questions asking about the drinking water source and use of water filtration systems in the respondent’s home.
Sanderdust Sawdust Wood Dust Wood Flour Wood Meal
A light- to dark-colored granular solid mixture that is generated when timber is processed, such as when it is chipped, sawed, turned, drilled or sanded. The chemical composition of wood dust depends on the species of tree and consists mainly of cellulose, polyoses and lignin, with a large and variable number of substances with lower relative molecular mass. Wood dust is not typically produced for specific uses. However, it is used commercially for wood composts. The primary routes of potential human exposure to wood dust are inhalation and dermal contact. It is known to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05)
Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc.
An element with atomic symbol Zn, atomic number 30, and atomic weight 65.39.
β-cryptoxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). β-cryptoxanthin can be found in a number of food items such as pistachio, rose hip, java plum, and white cabbage, which makes β-cryptoxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. β-cryptoxanthin is a natural carotenoid pigment. It has been isolated from a variety of sources including the petals and flowers of plants in the genus Physalis, orange rind, papaya, egg yolk, butter, apples, and bovine blood serum .
Beta-sitosterol is a naturally occurring compound found in plants and in various fruits and nuts.
n-3 Fatty Acid Omega 3 Fatty Acid Omega-3 Fatty Acid omega-3 fatty acid OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS Omega-3 Fatty Acids Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Omega-3 PUFA omega-3-Fatty Acids
Any fatty acid that contains an unsaturated bond originating from the 3rd carbon from the methyl end. Omega-3 fatty acids do not occur naturally with chain lengths shorter than 16 carbon units.
n-6 Fatty Acid Omega 6 Fatty Acid Omega-6 Fatty Acid OMEGA-6 FATTY ACIDS Omega-6 PUFAs
Essential fatty acids obtained from food sources that are necessary for normal biological functions, as well as growth and development.
Insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 IGF-I/IGFBP-3
Insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3
A pigmented liquid or mastic substance that is applied to an object and dries to form a solid thin film, which may color, protect or impart texture to the object's surface. Paints or dry painted surfaces may be toxic if they contain lead or volatile organic compounds (or VOCs).