Occupation
type: AnnotationProperty
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25193
synonyms: EMPJOB Job
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The principal activity that a person does to earn money.
synonyms: Employee Job
synonyms: Job
chinese label: 职业
type: Class
subclass of: Basic information of patient

Vitamin A
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: Ledovit A
synonyms: Idrurto A
synonyms: VITAMIN A
synonyms: Avitol
synonyms: Biosterol
synonyms: Anti-Infective vitamin
is defined by: Definition: A group of organic food substances found in animals and plants in small quantities. They must be supplied in diet or dietary supplement and are essential for normal metabolism.|CRCH Definition: A class of micronutrients that regulate and support chemical reactions in the body. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Sources of vitamins are plant and animal food products and dietary supplements. Some vitamins are made in the human body from food products. Vitamins are either fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) or water-soluble (can dissolve in water). Excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissue, but excess water-soluble vitamins are removed in the urine. Examples are vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E.
synonyms: Retinol, all trans-
synonyms: Del-Vi-A
synonyms: Rinocusi Vitaminico
synonyms: 3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol
synonyms: Biovit-A
synonyms: Arovit
synonyms: Antixerophthalmic Vitamin
synonyms: Vitamin A USP
synonyms: Vitamin A Compound
synonyms: Ophthalamin
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C938
synonyms: Vitaminum A
synonyms: Anti-Infective Vitamin
synonyms: Aquasol A
synonyms: A 313
synonyms: Axerophthol
synonyms: Axerol
synonyms: Vitamin A1
synonyms: Vitamin A
synonyms: Micelle A
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Lard Factor
synonyms: Pedi-Vit-A
synonyms: Antixerophthalmic vitamin
synonyms: Lard-Factor
synonyms: Axerophtholum
synonyms: Del-VI-A
synonyms: Ido A 50
synonyms: Avibon
chinese label: 维他命A
synonyms: Vogan
synonyms: vitamin A
synonyms: Vitaminoftalmina
synonyms: Vitamin A Alcohol
synonyms: Mulsal A Megadosis
synonyms: Oleovitamin A

AGA2
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/100188771/
preferred name: AGA2 Alopecia, androgenetic, 2
reference: Location: Xq11-q12

AGA3
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/207/
reference: Location: 20p11.22
preferred name: AGA3 Alopecia, androgenetic, 3

AKT1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/207/
synonyms: AKT; PKBRAC; CWS6; PRKBA; PKB-ALPHA; RAC-ALPHA
reference: Location: 14q32.33
preferred name: AKT1 AKT serine/threonine kinase 1
is defined by: The serine-threonine protein kinase encoded by the AKT1 gene is catalytically inactive in serum-starved primary and immortalized fibroblasts. AKT1 and the related AKT2 are activated by platelet-derived growth factor. The activation is rapid and specific, and it is abrogated by mutations in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1. It was shown that the activation occurs through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In the developing nervous system AKT is a critical mediator of growth factor-induced neuronal survival. Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating the serine/threonine kinase AKT1, which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of the apoptotic machinery. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the Proteus syndrome. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

ALP
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
chinese label: 碱性磷酸酶
synonyms: ALP
synonyms: PLAP
synonyms: PLAP-1
synonyms: PALP
synonyms: ALPP wt Allele
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C107553
synonyms: Alkaline Phosphatase, Placental (Regan Isozyme) Gene/
is defined by: Human ALPP wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2q37 and is approximately 4 kb in length. This allele, which encodes alkaline phosphatase, placental type protein, is involved in placental alkaline phosphatase activity.
synonyms: Alkaline Phosphatase, Placental wt Allele/
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

ALT
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
chinese label: 丙氨酸氨基转移酶
synonyms: alanine transferase
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Activity measured as a test of liver function, human Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminases (Alanine Aminotransferase Family) are pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in cellular nitrogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and liver gluconeogenesis. Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminases mediate conversion of major intermediate metabolites, catalyzing reversible transamination between alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. (NCI)
synonyms: SGPT(ALT)
synonyms: SGPT
synonyms: ALT
synonyms: serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25293

AR
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
synonyms: KD; AIS; AR8; TFM; DHTR; SBMA; HYSP1; NR3C4; SMAX1; HUMARA
is defined by: The androgen receptor gene is more than 90 kb long and codes for a protein that has 3 major functional domains: the N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, and androgen-binding domain. The protein functions as a steroid-hormone activated transcription factor. Upon binding the hormone ligand, the receptor dissociates from accessory proteins, translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and then stimulates transcription of androgen responsive genes. This gene contains 2 polymorphic trinucleotide repeat segments that encode polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts in the N-terminal transactivation domain of its protein. Expansion of the polyglutamine tract from the normal 9-34 repeats to the pathogenic 38-62 repeats causes spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, also known as Kennedy's disease). Mutations in this gene are also associated with complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/367/
preferred name: AR androgen receptor

AST
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
synonyms: SGOT(AST)
synonyms: AST
synonyms: aspartate transaminase
synonyms: SGOT
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25202
chinese label: 天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶
is defined by: Activity measured as a test of liver function, 46/47-kDa homodimeric human Aspartate Aminotransferases (Class-I Pyridoxal-Phosphate-Dependent Aminotransferase Family) are pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and in the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. (NCI)
synonyms: serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

ATM
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/472/
synonyms: AT1; ATA; ATC; ATD; ATE; ATDC; TEL1; TELO1
is defined by: The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. This protein is an important cell cycle checkpoint kinase that phosphorylates; thus, it functions as a regulator of a wide variety of downstream proteins, including tumor suppressor proteins p53 and BRCA1, checkpoint kinase CHK2, checkpoint proteins RAD17 and RAD9, and DNA repair protein NBS1. This protein and the closely related kinase ATR are thought to be master controllers of cell cycle checkpoint signaling pathways that are required for cell response to DNA damage and for genome stability. Mutations in this gene are associated with ataxia telangiectasia, an autosomal recessive disorder. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]
URL: ATM
preferred name: ATM ATM serine/threonine kinase
reference: Location: 11q22.3; Sequence: Chromosome: 11; NC_000011.10 (108222484..108369099)

Abarelix
type: Class
subclass of: Luteinising-hormone-releasing hormone antagonists
is defined by: A synthetic decapeptide and antagonist of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Abarelix directly and competitively binds to and blocks the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor in the anterior pituitary gland, thereby inhibiting the secretion and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the release of testosterone. As a result, this may relieve symptoms associated with prostate hypertrophy or prostate cancer, since testosterone is required to sustain prostate growth./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used to reduce the amount of testosterone made in patients with advanced symptomatic prostate cancer for which no other treatment options are available. It belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists.
synonyms: abarelix/
synonyms: Abarelix
chinese label: 阿巴瑞克
synonyms: R-3827
synonyms: PPI-149
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C2015
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: ABARELIX
synonyms: Plenaxis

Abiraterone
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal drugs targeting the endocrine pathways in the pre-docetaxel space
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Abiraterone
synonyms: 17-(3-Pyridyl)androsta-5,16-dien-3beta-ol
chinese label: 阿比特龙
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C77333
synonyms: CB 7598
is defined by: A steroidal compound with antiandrogen activity. Abiraterone inhibits the enzymatic activity of steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase (17alpha-hydrolase/C17,20 lyase complex; CYP17A1), a member of the cytochrome p450 family that catalyzes the 17alpha-hydroxylation of steroid intermediates involved in testosterone synthesis. Administration of this agent may suppress testosterone production by both the testes and the adrenals to castrate-range levels.
synonyms: ABIRATERONE

Abiraterone Acetate
type: Class
subclass of: New compounds (for the castrate resistant status only)
chinese label: 阿比特龙
synonyms: Zytiga
synonyms: Androsta-5,16-dien-3-ol, 17-(3-pyridinyl)-, acetate (ester), (3beta)-
synonyms: CB7630
synonyms: Abiraterone Acetate
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C68845
synonyms: 17-(3-Pyridyl)-5,16-androstadien-3beta-acetate
is defined by: An orally active acetate sester form of the steroidal compound abiraterone with antiandrogen activity. Abiraterone inhibits the enzymatic activity of steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase (17alpha-hydrolase/C17,20 lyase complex), a member of the cytochrome p450 family that catalyzes the 17alpha-hydroxylation of steroid intermediates involved in testosterone synthesis. Administration of this agent may suppress testosterone production by both the testes and the adrenals to castrate-range levels./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance being studied in the treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer. It blocks tissues from making androgens (male hormones), such as testosterone. This may cause the death of cancer cells that need androgens to grow. It is a type of anti-androgen.
synonyms: abiraterone acetate
synonyms: ABIRATERONE ACETATE

Abiraterone acetate
type: Class
subclass of: Salvage treatment after first-line docetaxel
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C68845
is defined by: An orally active acetate sester form of the steroidal compound abiraterone with antiandrogen activity. Abiraterone inhibits the enzymatic activity of steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase (17alpha-hydrolase/C17,20 lyase complex), a member of the cytochrome p450 family that catalyzes the 17alpha-hydroxylation of steroid intermediates involved in testosterone synthesis. Administration of this agent may suppress testosterone production by both the testes and the adrenals to castrate-range levels./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance being studied in the treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer. It blocks tissues from making androgens (male hormones), such as testosterone. This may cause the death of cancer cells that need androgens to grow. It is a type of anti-androgen.
chinese label: 醋酸阿比特龙酯
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Flare-up phenomenon
type: Class
subclass of: Luteinising-hormone-releasing hormone agonists
is defined by: The ‘flare phenomenon’ might lead to detrimental effects such as increased bone pain, acute bladder outlet obstruction, obstructive renal failure, spinal cord compression, and cardiovascular death due to hypercoagulation status. Clinical flare needs to be distinguished from the biochemical flare and even from asymptomatic radiographic evidence of progression. Patients at risk are usually those with high-volume, symptomatic, bony disease. Concomitant therapy with an anti-androgen decreases the incidence of clinical flare, but does not completely suppress the risk.Some testosterone mini-flares have also been observed with the LHRH agonists. The clinical impact might be associated with a negative impact on OS (see Section 6.6.3.1).
chinese label: 爆发现象

Acne
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
synonyms: Acne Vulgaris
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C27195
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 痤疮
is defined by: An inflammatory process of the sebaceous glands which is characterized by comedones, nodules, papules and/or pustules on the skin. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A disorder of the skin in which oil glands and hair glands become inflamed. NICHD Definition: An inflammatory process of the sebaceous glands which is characterized by comedones, nodules, papules and/or pustules on the skin.
synonyms: Acne
synonyms: acne

Acrylamide
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
synonyms: 2-Propenamide
synonyms: Vinyl Amide
synonyms: ACRYLAMIDE
synonyms: Propenoic Acid Amide
chinese label: 丙烯酰胺
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Ethylene Carboxamide
is defined by: A colorless, odorless, crystalline amide that polymerizes rapidly and can form as a byproduct during the heating of starch-rich foods to high temperatures. Acrylamide is used in the production of polymers mainly in the water treatment industry, pulp and paper industry and textile treatment industry and is used as a laboratory reagent. The polymer is nontoxic, but exposure to the monomer can cause central and peripheral nervous system damage resulting in hallucinations, drowsiness and numbness in the hands and legs. Acrylamide is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05)
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C44329
synonyms: Acrylamide

Active surveillance
type: Class
subclass of: Deferred treatment
synonyms: observation
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15722
chinese label: 主动监测
synonyms: expectant management
synonyms: active surveillance
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Active Surveillance
synonyms: Patient Observation
is defined by: Closely watching a patient's condition but not giving treatment unless there are changes in test results. Active surveillance avoids problems that may be caused by treatments such as radiation or surgery. It is used to find early signs that the condition is getting worse. During active surveillance, patients will be given certain exams and tests done on a regular schedule. It is sometimes used in prostate cancer.
synonyms: deferred therapy
synonyms: watchful waiting
synonyms: Observation
synonyms: Watchful Waiting

Active surveillance and watchful waiting
type: Class
subclass of: Post-treatment quality of life in patients with localised prostate cancer
chinese label: 主动监视和等待观察
is defined by: "Although active surveillance (AS) and watchful waiting (WW) avoids treatment-related side effects, they carry an increased risk of psychological distress, which significantly affects HRQoL. Risk factors for not doing well on AS include: patient perception that the physician is making most of the decisions, poor physical health,high anxiety, high PSA, lack of a partner, mental impairment, recent diagnosis of PCa, and lower number of core samples taken at diagnostic biopsy. These factors are significantly associated with low HRQoL. Anxiety and distress remained low during the first 9 months of AS."

Food additives
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
is defined by: Role of food additives in cancer causation or prevention and in general health.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Nutrition, Food Additives
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15235
chinese label: 添加剂

Adjuvant post-operative external irradiation after RP
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
chinese label: RP术后辅助外照射

Adriamycin
type: Class
subclass of: Chemotherapy
synonyms: ADM
synonyms: 9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-, hydrochloride, (8S-cis)- (9CI)
synonyms: Rubex
synonyms: 14-Hydroxydaunorubicin Hydrochloride
synonyms: 5,12-Naphthacenedione, 10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,
synonyms: DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE
synonyms: Adriamycin hydrochloride
synonyms: Adriblastine
synonyms: Adriamycin Hydrochloride
synonyms: L-Lyxo-hexopyranoside,
synonyms: droxy-8-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-,hydrochloride, (8S-cis)-(9CI)
synonyms: Doxorubicin Hydrochloride
synonyms: Doxorubicin hydrochloride
synonyms: FI-106
synonyms: Adriblastina
synonyms: ADRIAMYCIN, HYDROCHLORIDE
synonyms: 3b-glycol-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-, hydrochloride/ Rubex
synonyms: doxorubicin hydrochloride
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Doxolem
synonyms: FI 106
synonyms: Doxorubicin.HCl/Doxorubin
synonyms: Adrimedac
synonyms: Adriamycin RDF
synonyms: hydroxydaunorubicin
synonyms: y-alpha-, hydrochloride
synonyms: 5,12-Naphthacenedione,
synonyms: Farmiblastina
synonyms: Adriamycine
synonyms: Adriamycin
synonyms: 3-Hydroxyacetyldaunorubicin Hydrochloride
synonyms: Adriacin
chinese label: 阿霉素
synonyms: Chloridrato de Doxorrubicina
is defined by: The hydrochloride salt of doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic with antineoplastic activity. Doxorubicin, isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius, is the hydroxylated congener of daunorubicin. Doxorubicin intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis. Additionally, doxorubicin inhibits topoisomerase II which results in an increased and stabilized cleavable enzyme-DNA linked complex during DNA replication and subsequently prevents the ligation of the nucleotide strand after double-strand breakage. Doxorubicin also forms oxygen free radicals resulting in cytotoxicity secondary to lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids; the formation of oxygen free radicals also contributes to the toxicity of the anthracycline antibiotics, namely the cardiac and cutaneous vascular effects./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that is used to treat many types of cancer and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Adriamycin PFS comes from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius. It damages DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of anthracycline antitumor antibiotic.
synonyms: DOX
synonyms: Adriamycin PFS
synonyms: 10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1326
synonyms: DOXO-CELL

Advanced prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Specific aspects of PCa treatment in older men
chinese label: 晚期的前列腺癌

Age
type: Class
subclass of: Basic information of patient
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25150
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Age
chinese label: 年龄
is defined by: How long something has existed; elapsed time since birth.

Age-adjusted PSA
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C20120
is defined by: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level defined according to specific age groups or ranges, which takes into account the natural increase of PSA levels with increased age.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Age-Adjusted PSA
chinese label: 年龄调整的PSA
synonyms: Age-Adjusted Prostate-Specific Antigen Measurement

Agent orange
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
chinese label: 落叶剂
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C33901
is defined by: Code name for a synthetic defoliant developed for military use. Agent Orange is a mixture of two chemicals, 2,4, dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). The toxicity of Agent Orange is due to by-products from metabolic processes upon intake. The toxic by products are dioxin derivatives, which have been linked to the wasting syndrome, gastric ulcer, cancer, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, vascular lesions, teratogenicity, and impaired reproductive performance. (NCI04)
synonyms: 2,4,D/2,4,5,T
synonyms: Agent Orange
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Air pollution
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
synonyms: Contaminated air
synonyms: Air pollution (event)
reference: BioPortal cui:C0001873
chinese label: 环境污染
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/102413006
is defined by: Air pollution is defined as a phenomenon harmful to the ecological system and the normal conditions of human existence and development when some substances in the atmosphere exceed a certain concentration
synonyms: Polluted air

Alcohol
type: Class
subclass of: Habits and behaviors
synonyms: Ethanol
synonyms: ALCOHOL
synonyms: Methylcarbinol
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C2190
chinese label: 酒精
synonyms: Absolute Ethanol
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A volatile liquid prepared by fermentation of certain carbohydrates. Alcohol acts as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, a diuretic, and a disinfectant. Although the exact mechanism of CNS depression is unknown, alcohol may act by inhibiting the opening of calcium channels, mediated by the binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) to GABA-A receptors, or through inhibitory actions at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. Alcohol inhibits the production of antidiuretic hormone, thereby producing diuresis that may lead to dehydration. This agent kills organisms by denaturing their proteins./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A chemical substance found in beer, wine, and liquor, and some medicines, mouthwashes, household products, and essential oils (scented liquid taken from plants). Alcohol contains a carbon atom attached to a hydroxyl group (a molecule made of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom).
synonyms: Alcohol/alcohol
synonyms: ETHANOLEthyl Alcohol
synonyms: Absolute ethanol

Alpha-linolenic acid
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: Fatty Acid cis, cis, cis 18:3 n-3
chinese label: α-亚麻酸
is defined by: An essential fatty acid belonging to the omega-3 fatty acids group. It is highly concentrated in certain plant oils and has been reported to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin resulting in reduced inflammation and prevention of certain chronic diseases. CRCH Definition: Polyunsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons and 3 double bonds at the 3rd, 6th, and 9th carbons from the methyl end."
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C997
synonyms: Alpha-Linolenic Acid
synonyms: .alpha.-Linolenic acid
synonyms: LINOLENIC ACID
synonyms: ALA
synonyms: Linolenic Acid
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Alpha-tocopherol
type: Class
subclass of: Food additives
synonyms: ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL
synonyms: 3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
chinese label: α-生育酚
is defined by: The orally bioavailable alpha form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, with potent antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. Upon administration, alpha-tocopherol neutralizes free radicals, thereby protecting tissues and organs from oxidative damage. Alpha-tocopherol gets incorporated into biological membranes, prevents protein oxidation and inhibits lipid peroxidation, thereby maintaining cell membrane integrity and protecting the cell against damage. In addition, alpha-tocopherol inhibits the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC-mediated pathways. Alpha-tocopherol also modulates the expression of various genes, plays a key role in neurological function, inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances vasodilation. Compared with other forms of tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form and is the form that is preferentially absorbed and retained in the body. CRCH Definition: Tocopherol with three methyl groups on its chromanol ring."
synonyms: Alpha-tocopherol
synonyms: Alpha-Tocopherol
synonyms: 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C74960
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Androgen deprivation in CRPC
type: Class
subclass of: Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma
chinese label: CRPC雄激素阻断

Antiandrogen Therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Localised prostate cancer
synonyms: antiandrogen therapy
synonyms: Antiandrogen Therapy
is defined by: A therapeutic regimen that utilizes pharmaceuticals to reduce serum levels of male sex hormones./NCI-GLOSS Definition: Treatment with drugs used to block production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones.
synonyms: Anti-androgen Treatment
synonyms: Androgen Deprivation Therapy
synonyms: Hormone Deprivation Therapy
synonyms: Antiandrogen Treatment
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15481
synonyms: Anti-androgen Therapy
chinese label: 雄激素阻断治疗
synonyms: ADT
synonyms: Hormone-Deprivation Therapy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Androgen receptor
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
synonyms: Dihydrotestosterone Receptor
is defined by: Definition: Androgen receptor (919 aa, ~99 kDa) is encoded by the human AR gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of steroid-dependent gene transcription.
synonyms: NR3C4;Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 4
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Androgen Receptor;AR;DHTR;
chinese label: 雄激素受体
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17063

Anti-androgens
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal therapy
is defined by: These oral compounds are classified according to their chemical structure as:|• steroidal, e.g. cyproterone acetate (CPA), megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate;|• non-steroidal or pure, e.g. nilutamide, flutamide and bicalutamide.Both classes compete with androgens at the receptor level. This is the sole action of non-steroidal antiandrogens that leads to an unchanged or slightly elevated testosterone level. Conversely, steroidal|antiandrogens have progestational properties leading to a central inhibition by crossing the blood-brain barrier
chinese label: 抗雄激素

Anti-inflammatory
type: Class
subclass of: Drug and operation
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C28347
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 消炎药
synonyms: anti-inflammatory
is defined by: NCI-GLOSS Definition: Having to do with reducing inflammation.
synonyms: Anti-inflammatory

Antibiotics prior to biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate biopsy
chinese label: 活检前抗生素

Anticoagulants
type: Class
subclass of: Drug and operation
synonyms: blood thinner
synonyms: Anticoagulant Agent
synonyms: Anticoagulant Drugs
synonyms: Anticoagulants
chinese label: 抗凝剂
synonyms: anticoagulant
synonyms: Anticoagulation Therapy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C263
is defined by: Any agent capable of preventing blood clot formation. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance that is used to prevent and treat blood clots in blood vessels and the heart"
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Antidiabetic
type: Class
subclass of: Drug and operation
is defined by: Any substance used to reduce hyperglycemia or treat disorders associated with diabetes. Based on their mechanism of action, this class of agents can be classified to the following groups: directly acting insulomimetics, which activates insulin receptors; indirectly acting insulinomimetics, which increase insulin release such as sulfonylureas or which potentiate the effect of insulin such as metformin; those act directly on the metabolism of glucose such as inhibitors of glucosidases and inhibitors of aldose reductase.
synonyms: Anti-diabetic Agent
synonyms: Anti-diabetics
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C29711
chinese label: 康糖尿病药物
synonyms: Antidiabetic Agent
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Antihypertensive
type: Class
subclass of: Drug and operation
synonyms: Hypotensives
chinese label: 抗高血压药
synonyms: Hypotensive Agents
synonyms: Antihypertensive Drugs
synonyms: Antihypertensives
synonyms: Hypotensive Drugs
synonyms: Antihypertensive Agent
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C270
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Any substance used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Antihypertensive agents include diuretics, alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents.

Arsenic
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
synonyms: ARSENIC
synonyms: Arsenic
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: An element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 74.92. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A poisonous chemical used to kill weeds and pests. Also used in cancer therapy.
synonyms: As
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C28131
chinese label: 砷
synonyms: arsenic

Asbestos insulation
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
PMID: 29253374
chinese label: 石棉绝缘
is defined by: some houses were insulated by blowing crushed, loose-fill asbestos (largely amosite with some crocidolite) into roof spaces. Over time, asbestos fibres migrated to other areas such as wall cavities, subfloor spaces, cupboards, heating and cooling ducts and vents, living areas, and bedrooms.

Aspirin
type: Class
subclass of: Drug and operation
synonyms: Measurin
synonyms: Extren
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: ASPIRIN
synonyms: Aspergum
chinese label: 阿司匹林
synonyms: Acetylsalicylic acid
synonyms: Ecotrin
is defined by: An orally administered non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent. Acetylsalicylic acid binds to and acetylates serine residues in cyclooxygenases, resulting in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin, platelet aggregation, and inflammation. This agent exhibits analgesic, antipyretic, and anticoagulant properties. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention."
synonyms: Aspirin
synonyms: Entericin
synonyms: 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic Acid
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C287
synonyms: aspirin
synonyms: Acetylsalicylic Acid
synonyms: Empirin
synonyms: ASA

Assessing treatment outcome in CRPC
type: Class
subclass of: Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma
chinese label: CRPC治疗结果的评估

Assessment of local recurrences
type: Class
subclass of: Assessment of metastases
chinese label: 局部复发的评估

Assessment of metastases
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrence after treatment with curative intent
chinese label: 转移评估

Atopy
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
synonyms: Atopic Allergy
synonyms: Atopy
chinese label: 特应性
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C41366
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A genetic predisposition to form IgE antibodies in response to exposure to allergens and therefore, for the development of immediate (type I) hypersensitivity and atopic conditions, such as allergic rhinitis; bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Mutations of specific alleles on the long arm of chromosome 5 have been associated with higher levels of IL-4 and IgE and are known as IL-4 promoter polymorphisms.

Vitamin B
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: B Vitamin Family
synonyms: B Vitamin
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C45812
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A class of nutrients that are in the water-soluble B-vitamin family. B vitamins include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin (nicotinic acid), niacinamide (nicotinamide), the vitamin B6 group (including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine), biotin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, and possibly para-aminobenzoic.
synonyms: B Vitamins

BARD1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
reference: Location: 2q35; Sequence: Chromosome: 2; NC_000002.12 (214725645..214809711, complement)
preferred name: BARD1 BRCA1 associated RING domain 1
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/580/
is defined by: This gene encodes a protein which interacts with the N-terminal region of BRCA1. In addition to its ability to bind BRCA1 in vivo and in vitro, it shares homology with the 2 most conserved regions of BRCA1: the N-terminal RING motif and the C-terminal BRCT domain. The RING motif is a cysteine-rich sequence found in a variety of proteins that regulate cell growth, including the products of tumor suppressor genes and dominant protooncogenes. This protein also contains 3 tandem ankyrin repeats. The BARD1/BRCA1 interaction is disrupted by tumorigenic amino acid substitutions in BRCA1, implying that the formation of a stable complex between these proteins may be an essential aspect of BRCA1 tumor suppression. This protein may be the target of oncogenic mutations in breast or ovarian cancer. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

BIL
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
URL: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RS_0000107
synonyms: RGD
chinese label: 胆红素

Body mass index
type: Class
subclass of: Physical examination
synonyms: Quetelet Index
synonyms: BMI
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Body Mass Index
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16358
is defined by: A general indicator of the body fat an individual is carrying based upon the ratio of weight to height.

BRCA1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: This gene encodes a protein which interacts with the N-terminal region of BRCA1. In addition to its ability to bind BRCA1 in vivo and in vitro, it shares homology with the 2 most conserved regions of BRCA1: the N-terminal RING motif and the C-terminal BRCT domain. The RING motif is a cysteine-rich sequence found in a variety of proteins that regulate cell growth, including the products of tumor suppressor genes and dominant protooncogenes. This protein also contains 3 tandem ankyrin repeats. The BARD1/BRCA1 interaction is disrupted by tumorigenic amino acid substitutions in BRCA1, implying that the formation of a stable complex between these proteins may be an essential aspect of BRCA1 tumor suppression. This protein may be the target of oncogenic mutations in breast or ovarian cancer. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/580/
preferred name: BARD1 BRCA1 associated RING domain 1
reference: Location: 2q35; Sequence: Chromosome: 2; NC_000002.12 (214725645..214809711, complement)

BRCA2
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: BRCA2 BRCA2, DNA repair associated
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/675/
is defined by: Inherited mutations in BRCA1 and this gene, BRCA2, confer increased lifetime risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer. Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in maintenance of genome stability, specifically the homologous recombination pathway for double-strand DNA repair. The BRCA2 protein contains several copies of a 70 aa motif called the BRC motif, and these motifs mediate binding to the RAD51 recombinase which functions in DNA repair. BRCA2 is considered a tumor suppressor gene, as tumors with BRCA2 mutations generally exhibit loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the wild-type allele. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]
synonyms: FAD; FACD; FAD1; GLM3; BRCC2; FANCD; PNCA2; FANCD1; XRCC11; BROVCA2
reference: Location: 13q13.1; Sequence: Chromosome: 13; NC_000013.11 (32315480..32399672)

BRIP1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: BRIP1 BRCA1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/83990/
is defined by: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RecQ DEAH helicase family and interacts with the BRCT repeats of breast cancer, type 1 (BRCA1). The bound complex is important in the normal double-strand break repair function of breast cancer, type 1 (BRCA1). This gene may be a target of germline cancer-inducing mutations. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
synonyms: OF; BACH1; FANCJ
reference: Location: 17q23.2; Sequence: Chromosome: 17; NC_000017.11 (61679186..61864120, complement)

BUN
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A quantitative measurement of the amount of urea nitrogen present in a serum sample.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C61019
synonyms: BUN
chinese label: 尿素氮
synonyms: Blood Urea Nitrogen Measurement
preferred name: Blood Urea Nitrogen Measurement

Baldness
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
synonyms: Alopecia (disorder)
chinese label: 秃顶
synonyms: Bald
reference: BioPortal cui:C0002170
synonyms: Baldness
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/56317004
is defined by: A hypotrichosis that is characterized by a loss of hair from the head or body. (|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia, http://www.omim.org/entry/109200?search=109200&highlight=109200)
synonyms: Hair loss disorder

Baseline biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate biopsy
chinese label: 基线活检

Baseline screening using the G8 screening tool
type: Class
subclass of: Evaluation of life expectancy, comorbidity and health status
chinese label: 使用G8筛选工具进行基线筛查
is defined by: The International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) Prostate Cancer Working Group (PCWG) recommends that treatment for senior adults should be based on systematic evaluation of health status. The G8 (Geriatric 8) health status screening tool is described in Table 6.7.2, the Karnofsky and ECOG Scores in Table 6.7.3.

Basic information of patient
type: Class
subclass of: Epidemiological aspects of prostate cancer
is defined by: A file containing demographic, medical, and treatment information pertaining to an individual patient.
synonyms: Patient File
synonyms: patient file
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/LNC/52460-3
synonyms: Patient information
reference: bioportal cui:C2598117
chinese label: 患者基本信息

Beta-carotene
type: Class
subclass of: Food additives
synonyms: beta-Carotene
synonyms: Solatene
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: beta carotene
synonyms: Beta-carotene
is defined by: A naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (NCI04) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. The body can make vitamin A from beta carotene. Beta carotene is being studied in the prevention of some types of cancer. It is a type of antioxidant. CRCH Definition: Carotenoid consisting of a cyclic structure on each end with additional double bonds at the number 5 and 5' carbon atoms of the cyclic structures.
chinese label: β-胡萝卜素
synonyms: Lumitene
synonyms: Beta-Carotene
synonyms: .BETA.-CAROTENE
synonyms: 3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,18-bis(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaene
synonyms: .beta.-Carotene
synonyms: Beta Carotene
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1016
synonyms: CAROTENE, BETA

Beta-carotene
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: Beta-carotene
synonyms: Solatene
is defined by: A naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (NCI04) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. The body can make vitamin A from beta carotene. Beta carotene is being studied in the prevention of some types of cancer. It is a type of antioxidant. CRCH Definition: Carotenoid consisting of a cyclic structure on each end with additional double bonds at the number 5 and 5' carbon atoms of the cyclic structures.
synonyms: beta carotene
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Lumitene
synonyms: Beta-Carotene
chinese label: β-葫萝卜素
synonyms: beta-Carotene
synonyms: beta.-Carotene
synonyms: 3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,18-bis(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaene
synonyms: CAROTENE, BETA
synonyms: Beta Carotene
synonyms: BETA.-CAROTENE
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1016

Bicalutamide
type: Class
subclass of: Non-steroidal anti-androgens
synonyms: Bicalutamide
synonyms: ICI 176,334
synonyms: N-[4-Cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]3-3[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide
synonyms: 4-Cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-N-(3-p-fluorophenylsulfonyl-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionyl)aniline
synonyms: (+/-)-N-[4-Cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Casodex
synonyms: BICALUTAMIDE
is defined by: A synthetic, nonsteroidal antiandrogen. Bicalutamide competitively binds to cytosolic androgen receptors in target tissues, thereby inhibiting the receptor binding of androgens. This agent does not bind to most mutated forms of androgen receptors. (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiandrogens.
chinese label: 比卡鲁胺
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1599
synonyms: ICI 176334
synonyms: 4'-Cyano-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifuloro-3-[(p-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-methyl-m-lactotoluidide

Biopsy complications
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate biopsy
chinese label: 活检并发症

Birth
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
chinese label: 出生
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The event of being born GAIA Definition: The birth of an offspring, which breathes or shows evidence of life, or is born without signs of life at an estimated gestation of 24 weeks or more (as defined by Preterm Birth guidelines: http:www.brightoncollaboration.org)."
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25155
synonyms: Delivery
synonyms: Birth
synonyms: Born

Birth height
type: Class
subclass of: Birth
chinese label: 出生身高
is defined by: Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at its birth. The average birth weight in babies of European heritage is 3.5 kilograms (7.7 lb), though the range of normal is between 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb) and 5 kilograms (11 lb) (all but 5% of newborns will fall into this range).

Birth size
type: Class
subclass of: Birth
PMID: 25084297
is defined by: Compared with BWs between 3000 and 3500 g (reference), the fully adjusted odds ratios (OR, 95% CI) were 0.55 (0.33-0.91) for <3000 g, 0.86 (0.61-1.22) for 3500-4000 g and 0.98 (0.64-1.50) for >4000 g. Among men with aggressive tumours, the reduction in risk for those with BWs <3000 g (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.72) was stronger than the rate of risk for PRCA overall.
chinese label: 出生体量标准

Bisphenol A
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
is defined by: Bisphenol A (BPA), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, is one of the most utilized industrial chemicals worldwide, with the ability to interfere with/or mimic estrogenic hormones with associated biological responses.BPA is a synthetic phenol extensively used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins.
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/411437004
chinese label: 双酚A
synonyms: Bisphenol A (product)
reference: BioPortal cui:C0053800

Bisphosphonates
type: Class
subclass of: Painful bone metastases
chinese label: 双膦酸盐
is defined by: Bisphosphonates have been used to inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in CRPC and have proven to be highly effective in reducing bone pain. 643 patients who had CRPC [862] with bone metastases were randomised to receive zoledronic acid, 4 or 8 mg every 3 weeks for 15 consecutive months, or placebo. At 15 and 24 months of follow-up, patients treated with 4 mg zoledronic acid had fewer skeletal-related events(SREs) compared to the placebo group (44% vs. 33%, P = 0.021) and fewer pathological fractures (13.1% vs.22.1%, P = 0.015). Furthermore, the time to first SRE was longer in the zoledronic acid group, thus improving|QoL.|Patients were initially randomised to 4 or 8 mg of zoledronic acid, but the 8 mg dosage|was later modified to 4 mg due to toxicity. The toxicity (e.g., jaw necrosis) of these drugs,especially aminobisphosphonate, must always be kept in mind. Patients should have a dental examination before starting bisphosphonate therapy. The risk of jaw necrosis is increased by a history of trauma, dental|surgery or dental infection, as well as long-term intravenous bisphosphonate administration.No survival benefit has been seen in any prospective trial with bisphosphonates.

Black tea
type: Class
subclass of: Tea or polyphenols
chinese label: 红茶
synonyms: Black Tea
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C29871
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Tea, Black Extract
is defined by: Black tea is an infusion of dried leaves from plants of the Theaceae family. Due to the alkaloid caffeine, its main effect is stimulation. Black teas also contain other phytochemicals such as flavonoid and flavonoid-related compounds with strong antioxidant effects. They also attenuate atherosclerotic inflammation, reduce thrombosis, promote normal endothelial function, and block expression of cellular adhesion molecules. Black tea may reduce the risk of cancer, heart diseases, infectious diseases, and degenerative diseases. (NCI04)

Blood biochemical tests
type: Class
subclass of: Lab test
synonyms: Biochemical
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25434
chinese label: 血液生化检验

Blood pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical diagnosis
synonyms: BP
synonyms: Blood Pressure
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C54706
chinese label: 血压

Body mass index
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
synonyms: BMI
synonyms: Quetelet Index
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16358
synonyms: body mass index
chinese label: 身体质量指数
is defined by: A general indicator of the body fat an individual is carrying based upon the ratio of weight to height. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A measure that relates body weight to height. BMI is sometimes used to measure total body fat and whether a person is a healthy weight. Excess body fat is linked to an increased risk of some diseases including heart disease and some cancers.
synonyms: Body Mass Index
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Body weight
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
synonyms: BW
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 体重
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C81328
is defined by: The weight of a subject.
synonyms: Body Weight

Bone Pain
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom of prostate cancer
chinese label: 骨痛
is defined by: Painful sensation in the bones.
synonyms: Bone Pain
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Bone pain (diffuse not joint pain or arthritis)
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C38644
synonyms: Bone pain

Bone scan
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination
is defined by: A nuclear imaging method used to evaluate pathological bone metabolism.
chinese label: 骨扫描
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17646
synonyms: Bone Scan

Bone scan and abdominopelvic computed tomography
type: Class
subclass of: Assessment of metastases
chinese label: 骨扫描与腹腔骨盆计算机断层扫描
is defined by: The standard workup to detect PCa metastases usually includes bone scan and abdominopelvic CT. However,because biochemical failure after RP or radiation therapy precedes clinical metastases by 7-8 years on average, the diagnostic yield of usual imaging techniques is poor in asymptomatic patients . In men with PSA-only relapse after RP, the probability of a positive bone scan is < 5%, when the PSA level is < 7 ng/mL. A PSA doubling time (PSA-DT) < 6 months or a PSA velocity > 0.5 ng/mL/month are predictors of positive bone scan.

Bone targeted therapies in metastatic CRPC
type: Class
subclass of: Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma
chinese label: 转移CRPC的骨靶向治疗

Brachytherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Internal Radiation Therapy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15195
is defined by: A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive material is placed inside the body, into a tumor or body cavity./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor./CDISC Definition: A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive material is placed inside the body, into a tumor or body cavity.
synonyms: internal radiation
synonyms: Radiation Brachytherapy
synonyms: Internal Radiation Brachytherapy
synonyms: brachytherapy
synonyms: Brachytherapy
chinese label: 近距离放射治疗
synonyms: BRACHYTHERAPY
synonyms: radiation brachytherapy
synonyms: Internal Radiation

Broccoli
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
chinese label: 西兰花
synonyms: BROCCOLI
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C71997
synonyms: Broccoli
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Brugada-like electrocardiogram
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
PMID: 26291591
synonyms: Electrocardiography
synonyms: EKG
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Electrocardiogram
synonyms: ECG
is defined by: The Brugada electrocardiogram pattern is characterized by coved-type ST-elevation (>2 mm) in the right precordial leads. We report the case of a 62-year-old man, with bipolar disorder, admitted to the emergency department because of dyspnea and chest discomfort. The patient was on treatment with pregabalin and quetiapine. Unexpectedly, electrocardiogram at admission showed diffuse ST-elevation, more evident in inferior leads, where a Brugada-like pattern was present. The patient underwent coronary angiography with a diagnosis of suspected acute coronary syndrome. Coronary angiography, however, showed mild coronary artery disease not requiring coronary angioplasty. Echocardiography did not reveal left ventricular dysfunction or pericardial effusion. Troponin levels remained normal over serial controls. Eventually, chest radiography showed lung opacities and consolidation suggestive for pneumonia. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first cases showing a transient Brugada-like electrocardiogram pattern in inferior leads, probably amplified by the administration of pregabalin and quetiapine.
chinese label: 布鲁嘎哒样心电图
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C38053
synonyms: electrocardiogram

Vitamin C
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: vitamin C
synonyms: Vitamin C
chinese label: 维他命C
is defined by: NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin C helps fight infections, heal wounds, and keep tissues healthy. It is an antioxidant that helps prevent cell damage caused by free radicals (highly reactive chemicals). Vitamin C is found in all fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, strawberries, cantaloupe, green peppers, tomatoes, broccoli, leafy greens, and potatoes. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Vitamin C is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. CRCH Definition: Class of water-soluble antioxidant vitamins which are cofactors in the biosynthesis of collagen, carnitine, and neurotransmitters, and can quench a variety of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. (DRI)
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C68507
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

C-peptide
type: Class
subclass of: Unclear type
is defined by: C peptide (31 aa, ~3 kDa) is encoded by the human INS gene. This protein is involved in both signal transduction and the modulation of blood flow. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance made by the pancreas. C-peptide and insulin are both part of a larger molecule that gets split apart before being released into the blood. Abnormal blood levels of C-peptide may occur in certain diseases, such as diabetes or cancer."
chinese label: C肽
synonyms: C-Peptide
synonyms: C Peptide
synonyms: connecting peptide
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C94608
synonyms: C-peptide
synonyms: Human Proinsulin C-Peptide
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

CA
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
synonyms: Calcium
chinese label: 钙
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C331
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: An element with atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40.08.
synonyms: Ca

CASP8
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: CASP8 caspase 8
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/841/
synonyms: CAP4; MACH; MCH5; FLICE; ALPS2B; Casp-8
is defined by: This gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes composed of a prodomain, a large protease subunit, and a small protease subunit. Activation of caspases requires proteolytic processing at conserved internal aspartic residues to generate a heterodimeric enzyme consisting of the large and small subunits. This protein is involved in the programmed cell death induced by Fas and various apoptotic stimuli. The N-terminal FADD-like death effector domain of this protein suggests that it may interact with Fas-interacting protein FADD. This protein was detected in the insoluble fraction of the affected brain region from Huntington disease patients but not in those from normal controls, which implicated the role in neurodegenerative diseases. Many alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described, although not all variants have had their full-length sequences determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
reference: Location: 2q33.1; Sequence: Chromosome: 2; NC_000002.12 (201233443..201287711)

CD82
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: This metastasis suppressor gene product is a membrane glycoprotein that is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily. Expression of this gene has been shown to be downregulated in tumor progression of human cancers and can be activated by p53 through a consensus binding sequence in the promoter. Its expression and that of p53 are strongly correlated, and the loss of expression of these two proteins is associated with poor survival for prostate cancer patients. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
reference: Location: 11p11.2; Sequence: Chromosome: 11; NC_000011.10 (44565591..44620363)
synonyms: R2; 4F9; C33; IA4; ST6; GR15; KAI1; SAR2; TSPAN27
preferred name: CD82 CD82 molecule
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/3732/

CDH1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: This gene encodes a classical cadherin of the cadherin superfamily. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate the mature glycoprotein. This calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion protein is comprised of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Mutations in this gene are correlated with gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid and ovarian cancer. Loss of function of this gene is thought to contribute to cancer progression by increasing proliferation, invasion, and/or metastasis. The ectodomain of this protein mediates bacterial adhesion to mammalian cells and the cytoplasmic domain is required for internalization. This gene is present in a gene cluster with other members of the cadherin family on chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]
preferred name: CDH1 cadherin 1
reference: Location: 16q22.1; Sequence: Chromosome: 16; NC_000016.10 (68737290..68835542)
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/999/
synonyms: UVO; CDHE; ECAD; LCAM; Arc-1; BCDS1; CD324

CHEK2
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/11200/
is defined by: In response to DNA damage and replication blocks, cell cycle progression is halted through the control of critical cell cycle regulators. The protein encoded by this gene is a cell cycle checkpoint regulator and putative tumor suppressor. It contains a forkhead-associated protein interaction domain essential for activation in response to DNA damage and is rapidly phosphorylated in response to replication blocks and DNA damage. When activated, the encoded protein is known to inhibit CDC25C phosphatase, preventing entry into mitosis, and has been shown to stabilize the tumor suppressor protein p53, leading to cell cycle arrest in G1. In addition, this protein interacts with and phosphorylates BRCA1, allowing BRCA1 to restore survival after DNA damage. Mutations in this gene have been linked with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a highly penetrant familial cancer phenotype usually associated with inherited mutations in TP53. Also, mutations in this gene are thought to confer a predisposition to sarcomas, breast cancer, and brain tumors. This nuclear protein is a member of the CDS1 subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]
synonyms: CDS1; CHK2; LFS2; RAD53; hCds1; HuCds1; PP1425
preferred name: CHEK2 checkpoint kinase 2
reference: Location: 22q12.1; Sequence: Chromosome: 22; NC_000022.11 (28687743..28741866, complement)

CHO
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17421
chinese label: 胆固醇
synonyms: CHO Cells
synonyms: CHO
is defined by: The parental CHO cell line initiated from a biopsy of an ovary of an adult Chinese hamster.

CNV
type: Class
subclass of: Genetic and epigenetic of prostate cancer
synonyms: Copy Number Alteration
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: CNV
synonyms: copy number variant
synonyms: CAN
synonyms: Copy Number Polymorphism
is defined by: Variation in the number of copies of a particular sequence within the genetic material of an individual. Large-scale copy number polymorphisms are common and widely distributed in the human genome
synonyms: Copy Number Variation
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C40207
synonyms: CNP

CRE
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
synonyms: Cyclic AMP Response Element
synonyms: cAMP Response Element
synonyms: CRE
is defined by: A promoter sequence which interacts with CRE binding proteins to modulate gene expression in response to the level of cAMP in the cell.
chinese label: 肌酐
preferred name: Cyclic AMP Response Element
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C13661

Cabazitaxel
type: Class
subclass of: Chemotherapy
synonyms: 1-hydroxy-7beta,10beta-dimethoxy-9-oxo-5beta,20-epoxytax-11-ene-2alpha,4,13alpha-triyl 4-acetate 2-benzoate/
synonyms: Taxoid XRP6258
synonyms: cabazitaxel
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A semi-synthetic derivative of the natural taxoid 10-deacetylbaccatin III with potential antineoplastic activity. Cabazitaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin, resulting in the inhibition of microtubule depolymerization and cell division, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Unlike other taxane compounds, this agent is a poor substrate for the membrane-associated, multidrug resistance (MDR), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump and may be useful for treating multidrug-resistant tumors. In addition, cabazitaxel penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB)./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used with prednisone to treat hormone-resistant prostate cancer that has spread and that had been treated with docetaxel. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Cabazitaxel blocks cell growth by stopping cell division and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antimitotic agent.
synonyms: taxoid XRP6258
synonyms: CABAZITAXEL
synonyms: 13-[(2R,3S)-3-{[(tertbutoxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate]
synonyms: XRP-6258
synonyms: RPR-116258A
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C66937
synonyms: Cabazitaxel
chinese label: 卡巴他赛
synonyms: Jevtana

Cabazitaxel
type: Class
subclass of: Salvage treatment after first-line docetaxel
chinese label: 卡巴他赛
is defined by: A semi-synthetic derivative of the natural taxoid 10-deacetylbaccatin III with potential antineoplastic activity. Cabazitaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin, resulting in the inhibition of microtubule depolymerization and cell division, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Unlike other taxane compounds, this agent is a poor substrate for the membrane-associated, multidrug resistance (MDR), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump and may be useful for treating multidrug-resistant tumors. In addition, cabazitaxel penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB)./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used with prednisone to treat hormone-resistant prostate cancer that has spread and that had been treated with docetaxel. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Cabazitaxel blocks cell growth by stopping cell division and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antimitotic agent.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C66937
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Calcium
type: Class
subclass of: Mineral
synonyms: Calcium
chinese label: 钙
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: CALCIUM
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C331
synonyms: Ca
synonyms: calcium
is defined by: An element with atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40.08. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A mineral needed for healthy teeth, bones, and other body tissues. It is the most common mineral in the body. A deposit of calcium in body tissues, such as breast tissue, may be a sign of disease.
synonyms: Calcium (NOS)

Carbohydrate
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
synonyms: carbohydrate
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A class of hydrocarbons with an empirical formula of Cm(H20)n (where m and n may be equal) and includes monomers, polymers and derivatives of aldoses, ketoses, saccharides, and alditols. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A sugar molecule. Carbohydrates can be small and simple (for example, glucose) or they can be large and complex (for example, polysaccharides such as starch, chitin or cellulose)."
synonyms: Carbohydrate
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C344
synonyms: Carbohydrates
chinese label: 碳水化合物

Cardiorespiratory fitness
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
preferred name: Cardiorespiratory fitness
synonyms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The ability of the heart and lungs to deliver blood and oxygen to the tissues during aerobic activity. It is a general measure of the relative conditioning of the heart and respiratory system.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C88164
chinese label: 心肺功能适应性

Cardiovascular morbidity
type: Class
subclass of: Other systemic side-effects of androgen-deprivation therapy
chinese label: 心血管疾病发病率
is defined by: Cardiovascular mortality is now the most common cause of death in PCa patients, even exceeding PCa mortality. Several studies showed that ADT, even after only 6 months, was associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and myocardial infarction. The RTOG 92-02 and 94-08 confirmed an increased cardiovascular risk, unrelated to the duration of ADT and not accompanied by an overall increased cardiovascular mortality. No increase in cardiovascular mortality has been reported in a systematic meta-analysis of trials RTOG 8531, 8610, 9202, EORTC 30891 or EORTC 22863. However,an increase in cardiovascular mortality has been reported in patients suffering from previous congestiveheart failure or myocardial infarction in a retrospective database analysis or presenting with a metabolic syndrome.

Carotenoid
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin A
synonyms: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C351
synonyms: Carotenoids (NOS)
chinese label: 类胡萝卜素
is defined by: A class of hydrocarbons (carotenes) and their oxygenated derivatives which exhibit chemopreventive properties. Carotenoids are pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. CRCH Definition: Class of compounds usually consisting of a hydrocarbon chain of 40 carbons, nine conjugated double bonds, and one or two cyclic structures at the ends of the conjugated chain. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A yellow, red, or orange substance found mostly in plants, including carrots, sweet potatoes, dark green leafy vegetables, and many fruits, grains, and oils. Some carotenoids are changed into vitamin A in the body and some are being studied in the prevention of cancer. A carotenoid is a type of antioxidant and a type of provitamin."
synonyms: Carotenoids
synonyms: carotenoid
synonyms: Carotenoid

Castration
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal therapy
synonyms: castration
synonyms: surgical castration
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Surgical Castration
chinese label: 去势治疗
is defined by: Surgical removal of the ovaries or testes./NCI-GLOSS Definition: Surgical removal of the testicles (orchiectomy) or ovaries (oophorectomy) to stop the production of sex hormones. Decreasing the levels of hormones may stop the growth of certain cancers.
synonyms: Castration
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15198

Castration level of Testosterone
type: Class
subclass of: Testosterone-lowering therapy (castration)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Castration Levels of Testosterone
is defined by: A finding of low concentrations of testosterone in a subject's serum that results from the use of surgical or chemical castration procedures.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C129259
chinese label: 去势水平

Chemotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Therapeutic aspects of prostate cancer
synonyms: Chemotherapy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15632
is defined by: The use of synthetic or naturally-occurring chemicals for the treatment of diseases./NCI-GLOSS Definition: Treatment with anticancer drugs./CTEP Definition: Non-systemic chemotherapy treatment (e.g., intra-peritoneal, intra-cavitary, intra-thecal), or chemotherapy not described by Chemotherapy Single Agent Systemic or Multi-Agent Systemic.
synonyms: Chemo
synonyms: chemotherapy
chinese label: 化疗
synonyms: Chemotherapy (NOS)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Chemotherapy, Cancer, General

Chest radiography
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination
synonyms: chest x-ray
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Chest Radiography
synonyms: Chest X-ray
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C38103
is defined by: An x-ray examination of the chest.
chinese label: 胸部X线摄影

Chlordecone
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
chinese label: 氯癸酮
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C44352
synonyms: Decachloroketone
is defined by: A very stable, colorless, odorless, synthetic chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon that is a degradation product of Mirex. Chlordecone has been used as an insecticide on bananas, non-bearing citrus trees, tobacco, lawns and flowers. Exposure to this substance causes neurological symptoms, such as tremors and slurred speech. Chlordecone is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Compound 1189
synonyms: Decachlorooctahydro-kepone-2-one
synonyms: Decachlorotetracyclodecanone
synonyms: Decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta(cd)-pentalen-2-one/
synonyms: CHLORDECONE
synonyms: Chlordecone
synonyms: Kepone
synonyms: GC-1189

Cholesterol
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: Cholesterol
synonyms: (3beta)-Cholest-5-en-3-ol
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C369
synonyms: cholesterol
synonyms: (-)-Cholesterol
chinese label: 胆固醇
synonyms: CHOLESTEROL
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: 5-cholesten-3B-ol
is defined by: An animal sterol found in the body tissues (and blood plasma) of vertebrates. It can be found in large concentrations within the liver, spinal cord, and brain. Cholesterol is an important component of the membranes of cells, providing stability. It is the major precursor for the synthesis of vitamin D, of the various steroid hormones, including cortisol, cortisone, and aldosterone in the adrenal glands, and of the sex hormones progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone. Cholesterol also has an important role for the brain synapses as well as in the immune system. In conditions featuring elevated low density lipoproteins (LDL), cholesterol often forms plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. CRCH Definition: Lipid composed of 27 carbon atoms which form three fused cycloheane (6-carbon) rings, a cyclopentane (5-carbon ring) and a side chain of 8 carbon atoms. (Ensminger et al). NCI-GLOSS Definition: A waxy, fat-like substance made in the liver, and found in the blood and in all cells of the body. Cholesterol is important for good health and is needed for making cell walls, tissues, hormones, vitamin D, and bile acid. Cholesterol also comes from eating foods taken from animals such as egg yolks, meat, and whole-milk dairy products. Too much cholesterol in the blood may build up in blood vessel walls, block blood flow to tissues and organs, and increase the risk of developing heart disease and stroke."

Choline
type: Class
subclass of: Food additives
synonyms: 2-hydroxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: CRCH Definition: Water-soluble vitamin that is a precursor for acetylcholine, phospholipids, and the methyl donor betaine. (DRI) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Choline helps cells make membranes, make a neurotransmitter (a chemical that helps nerve cells communicate with other cells), and remove fat from the liver. It is found in whole milk, beef liver, eggs, soy foods, and peanuts. Choline is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough choline can cause diseases of the heart and blood vessels and damage to the liver. A form of choline is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer and to reduce pain and fever. Choline is also being studied together with vitamin B12 in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
synonyms: CHOLINE
synonyms: 2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium
chinese label: 胆碱
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C61674
synonyms: choline

Cimetidine
type: Class
subclass of: Drug and operation
synonyms: Cimetidine
is defined by: A histamine H(2)-receptor antagonist. Enhancing anti-tumor cell-mediated responses, cimetidine blocks histamine's ability to stimulate suppressor T lymphocyte activity and to inhibit natural killer (NK) cell activity and interleukin-2 production. Cimetidine also may inhibit tumor growth by suppressing histamine's growth-factor activity and blocking histamine-induced stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic growth factor. (NCI04) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug usually used to treat stomach ulcers and heartburn. It is also commonly used in a regimen to prevent allergic reactions."
synonyms: Guanidine, N''-Cyano-N-Methyl-N'-(2-(((5-Methyl-1H-Imidazol-4-yl)Methyl)Thio)Ethyl)-
synonyms: cimetidine
synonyms: N-Cyano-N'-methyl-N''-[2-[[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]thio]ethyl]guanidine
synonyms: CIMETIDINE
chinese label: 西咪替丁（抗消化性溃疡的药）
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C374
synonyms: Tagamet

Cisplatin
type: Class
subclass of: Chemotherapy
synonyms: Cisplatyl
is defined by: An alkylating-like inorganic platinum agent (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) with antineoplastic activity. Cisplatin forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links. These cross-links result in apoptosis and cell growth inhibition./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used to treat many types of cancer. Cisplatin contains the metal platinum. It kills cancer cells by damaging their DNA and stopping them from dividing. Cisplatin is a type of alkylating agent.
synonyms: Platinol- AQ
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C376
synonyms: cisplatin
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Lederplatin
synonyms: Briplatin
synonyms: Citoplatino
synonyms: Cysplatyna
synonyms: Cismaplat
synonyms: Platamine
synonyms: CISPLATIN
synonyms: Metaplatin
synonyms: Cis-platinum II Diamine Dichloride
synonyms: Blastolem
synonyms: Peyrone's Salt
synonyms: Cisplatinum
synonyms: Cisplatin
synonyms: (SP-4-2)-Diamminedichloroplatinum
synonyms: Abiplatin
synonyms: Cis-dichloroammine Platinum (II)
synonyms: Cisplatina
synonyms: Plastistil
synonyms: Peyrone's Chloride
synonyms: Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum
synonyms: Cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum
synonyms: Cis-platinous Diamine Dichloride
synonyms: Neoplatin
synonyms: Citosin
synonyms: CDDP
synonyms: Platinex
synonyms: Platosin
chinese label: 顺铂
synonyms: Cis-platinum II
synonyms: Platiblastin
synonyms: Placis
synonyms: Cis-platinum
synonyms: Platinol
synonyms: Cis-diamminedichloro Platinum (II)

Clinical diagnosis
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnostic aspects of prostate cancer
synonyms: Clinical Diagnosis
chinese label: 临床诊断
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15607
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A diagnosis made from a study of the signs and symptoms of a disease.

Coffee
type: Class
subclass of: Habits and behaviors
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C73380
synonyms: COFFEE
synonyms: Coffee Flavor
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A characteristic of a medicinal product, specifying that its most predominant agreeable savor detected by the unified sensation of taste and olfactory receptors resembles coffee.

Cognitive Impairment
type: Class
subclass of: Evaluation of life expectancy, comorbidity and health status
chinese label: 认知损害
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C116921
synonyms: Cognitive Impairment
is defined by: Diminished mental function./NICHD Definition: Diminished mental function.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Combination therapies
type: Class
subclass of: Metastatic Prostate Cancer
chinese label: 联合疗法

Common complications due to bone metastases
type: Class
subclass of: Bone targeted therapies in metastatic CRPC
chinese label: 骨转移常见并发症
is defined by: Common complications due to bone metastases include bone pain, vertebral collapse or deformity, pathological fractures and spinal cord compression. Cementation is an effective treatment for painful spinal fracture, whatever its origin, clearly improving both pain and QoL. However, it is still important to offer standard palliative surgery, which can be effective for managing osteoblastic metastases. Impending spinal cord compression is an emergency. It must be recognised early and patients should be educated to recognise the warning signs. Once suspected, high-dose corticosteroids must be given and MRI performed as soon as possible. A systematic neurosurgery consultation should be planned to discuss a possible decompression, followed by external beam irradiation. Otherwise, external beam radiotherapy, with or without systemic therapy, is the treatment of choice.

Comorbidity
type: Class
subclass of: Evaluation of life expectancy, comorbidity and health status
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16457
synonyms: Comorbidity
chinese label: 共病
is defined by: The coexistence of two or more disease processes./NCI-GLOSS Definition: The condition of having two or more diseases at the same time.
synonyms: comorbidity

Complete blood count
type: Class
subclass of: Lab test
synonyms: Full Blood Count
synonyms: CBC
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: blood cell count
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C28133
chinese label: 血常规
synonyms: Blood Cell Count
synonyms: complete blood count
is defined by: The determination of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a blood sample.
synonyms: FBC
synonyms: Complete Blood Count

Complications of radical prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Surgery
chinese label: 根治性前列腺切除术的并发症

Complications of cryosurgery for primary treatment of PCa
type: Class
subclass of: Cryosurgery
chinese label: 前列腺癌冷冻手术并发症
is defined by: Erectile dysfunction occurs in about 80% of patients and this remains a consistent complication of the CSAP procedure, independent of the generation of the system used. The complication rates described in third-generation cryosurgery include tissue sloughing in about 3%, incontinence in 4.4%, pelvic pain in 1.4% and urinary retention in about 2%. The development of fistula is usually rare, being < 0.2% in modern series. About 5% of all patients require transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for subvesical obstruction.

Complications of high-intensity focused ultrasound
type: Class
subclass of: Post-treatment quality of life in patients with localised prostate cancer
chinese label: 高强度聚焦超声的并发症
is defined by: Urinary retention appears to be one of the most common side-effects of HIFU, developing in almost allpatients, with the mean interval of catheterization via a suprapubic tube varying between 12 and 35 days. Grade I and II urinary stress incontinence occurs in about 12% of patients. Subsequent TURP or bladder neck incision to treat subvesical obstruction is common, and is sometimes even performed at the time of HIFU. Post-operative impotence occurs in 55-70% of patients.Elterman et al. have treated 95 patients with clinically organ-confined PCa using the Sonablate 500 device(SonaCare Medical, Charlotte, NC, USA) and have evaluated the type and frequency of treatment-associated complications. With a minimum follow-up of six months, 17% (7/41) of the men had significant incontinence,and 2%developed significant erectile dysfunction. Early and late subvesical obstruction necessitating surgical treatment occurred in 17 (17.9%) and 20 (21.1%) patients, respectively.Moderate to severe stress urinary incontinence was rare, occurring in fewer than 6.4% of men, and decreased in more recent treatment to 3.1% . Acute urinary retention was seen in 7.6% of men. Even in more recent treatment, the rate of urethral-rectal fistula was 0.7%.

Continuous hormonal therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration

Continuous hormonal therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration
chinese label: 持续性内分泌治疗

Contraindications for various therapies
type: Class
subclass of: Metastatic Prostate Cancer
chinese label: 各种疗法禁忌症

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy
synonyms: Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 超声造影引导前列腺穿刺活检
is defined by: A radiologic technique that employs contrast agents to enable a more precise needle placement during a biopsy of the prostate.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C116511

Core Biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate biopsy
synonyms: Core Biopsy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 组织芯活检
synonyms: core needle biopsy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15680
is defined by: The removal of a tissue sample using a needle with a relatively large diameter, for microscopic examination.

Coronary artery disease
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
synonyms: coronary artery disease
synonyms: coronary heart disease
preferred name: Coronary artery disease
synonyms: CAD
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Coronary Disease
synonyms: Coronary Artery Disease
chinese label: 冠状动脉疾病
is defined by: Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to fatty deposits inside the arterial walls. The diagnostic criteria may include documented history of any of the following: documented coronary artery stenosis greater than or equal to 50% (by cardiac catheterization or other modality of direct imaging of the coronary arteries); previous coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); previous myocardial infarction. (ACC)
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C26732

Coronary heart disease
type: Class
subclass of: Personal medical history
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 冠心病
synonyms: Coronary Disease
synonyms: CAD
is defined by: Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to fatty deposits inside the arterial walls.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C26732
synonyms: Coronary Artery Disease
synonyms: coronary artery disease
synonyms: coronary heart disease

Cryosurgery
type: Class
subclass of: Options other than surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of localised prostate cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: cryosurgical ablation
synonyms: Cryosurgery
chinese label: 冷冻手术
synonyms: cryosurgery
synonyms: CRYOABLATION/
synonyms: Cryoablation
is defined by: The use of extreme cold to damage or destroy a body part, pathway, or function. The procedure is performed using small cryogenic probes during surgery, and has recently been applied to solitary sporadic renal tumor lesions./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A procedure in which tissue is frozen to destroy abnormal cells. Liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide is used to freeze the tissue./CDISC Definition: Removal, separation, detachment, extirpation or eradication of a body part, pathway or function by freezing. (NCI)
synonyms: cryoablation
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15215

Cryotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Therapeutic aspects of prostate cancer
synonyms: Cryotherapy
is defined by: The therapeutic use of cold or refrigeration in medicine.
chinese label: 冷冻疗法
synonyms: cryotherapy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C40030
synonyms: CRYOTHERAPY
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Cytokine expression profile
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
synonyms: Cytokine Profile
chinese label: 细胞因子
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C129886
is defined by: The identification and quantitation of all of the cytokines expressed in a biological sample.
synonyms: Cytokine Expression Profile

Vitamin D
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: Vitamin-D
synonyms: vitamin D
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A family of lipo-soluble steroids important to the absorption, metabolism, and function of calcium and phosphorus and the growth and development of bone and tooth enamel. Found naturally in animal tissues, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin when ultraviolet light activates cholesterol conversion into vitamin D3. Ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol (plant vitamin D) forms ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). (NCI04) CRCH Definition: A class of fat-soluble vitamins that are seco-sterol precursors to the active hormone, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin D helps the body use calcium and phosphorus to make strong bones and teeth. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in fatty fish, egg yolks, and dairy products. Skin exposed to sunshine can also make vitamin D. Not enough vitamin D can cause a bone disease called rickets. It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer."
synonyms: D Vitamin
synonyms: Vitamin D
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C941
synonyms: Vitamin D Compound
chinese label: 维他命D
synonyms: 3-[2-[7a-methyl-1-(1,4,5-trimethylhex-2-enyl)-1,2,3,3a,5,6,7,7a-octahydroinden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexan-1-ol

Diastolic blood pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Blood pressure
synonyms: Diastolic Pressure
chinese label: 舒张压
is defined by: The minimum pressure exerted into the systemic arterial circulation during cardiac ventricular relaxation and filling.
synonyms: DIABP
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Diastolic Blood Pressure
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25299

Deferred treatment
type: Class
subclass of: Therapeutic aspects of prostate cancer
chinese label: 延期治疗

Deferred treatment
type: Class
subclass of: Localised prostate cancer
is defined by: Many men with localised PCa will not benefit from definitive treatment, and ~45% of men with PSAdetected|PCa are candidates for deferred management. In men with comorbidity and limited life|expectancy, treatment of localised PCa may be deferred to avoid loss of quality of life (QoL). There are two|distinct strategies for conservative management that aim to reduce overtreatment: active surveillance and|watchful waiting.
chinese label: 延期治疗

Deficient nucleotide excision repair capacity
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
chinese label: 缺陷核苷酸切除修复能力

Degarelix
type: Class
subclass of: Luteinising-hormone-releasing hormone antagonists
synonyms: DEGARELIX
is defined by: A long-acting, synthetic peptide with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonistic properties. Degarelix targets and blocks GnRH receptors located on the surfaces of gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary, thereby reducing secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) by pituitary gonadotroph cells and so decreasing testosterone production by interstitial (Leydig) cells in the testes./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that is used to treat advanced prostate cancer and is also being studied in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Degarelix binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the pituitary gland. This causes the body to stop making testosterone, which prostate cancer needs to grow. Degarelix is a type of GnRH antagonist.
synonyms: Degarelix
synonyms: Firmagon
synonyms: degarelix
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48385
synonyms: N-acetyl-3-(naphtalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl-4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl-L-seryl-4-((((4S)-2,6-dioxohexahydropyrimidin-4-yl)carbonyl)amino)-L-phenylalanyl-4-(carbamoylamino)-D-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-N6-(1-methylethyl)-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-D-alaninamide
synonyms: FE200486
chinese label: 地加瑞克
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Degarelix
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration
synonyms: Degarelix
synonyms: FE200486
synonyms: DEGARELIX
is defined by: A long-acting, synthetic peptide with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonistic properties. Degarelix targets and blocks GnRH receptors located on the surfaces of gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary, thereby reducing secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) by pituitary gonadotroph cells and so decreasing testosterone production by interstitial (Leydig) cells in the testes./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that is used to treat advanced prostate cancer and is also being studied in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Degarelix binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the pituitary gland. This causes the body to stop making testosterone, which prostate cancer needs to grow. Degarelix is a type of GnRH antagonist.
synonyms: N-acetyl-3-(naphtalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl-4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl-L-seryl-4-((((4S)-2,6-dioxohexahydropyrimidin-4-yl)carbonyl)amino)-L-phenylalanyl-4-(carbamoylamino)-D-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-N6-(1-methylethyl)-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-D-alaninamide
synonyms: Firmagon
chinese label: 地加瑞克
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48385
synonyms: degarelix

Demographic characteristics
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
synonyms: Population Studies / Demography
chinese label: 个人背景特征
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C16495
synonyms: Demographic Factor
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The statistical characterization of human populations or segments of human populations (e.g., characterization by age, sex, race, or income).
synonyms: Demographic Factors
synonyms: Demographics
synonyms: Demography

Diabetes
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
preferred name: Diabetes mellitus
is defined by: A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood and the kidneys make a large amount of urine. This disease occurs when the body does not make enough insulin or does not use it the way it should. NICHD Definition: A metabolic condition, characterized by hyperglycemia, caused by insufficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas and/or decreased insulin action in target tissues."
synonyms: Diabetes Mellitus
synonyms: diabetes mellitus
synonyms: DM
synonyms: diabetes
synonyms: Diabetes
chinese label: 糖尿病
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C2985

Diabetes mellitus
type: Class
subclass of: Personal medical history
is defined by: A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization.
synonyms: DM
synonyms: Diabetes
chinese label: 糖尿病
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: diabetes
synonyms: Diabetes Mellitus
synonyms: diabetes mellitus
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C2985

Diagnostic aspects of prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate cancer
reference: DIAG
synonyms: Diagnostic
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 前列腺癌的诊断
is defined by: Characteristic or indicative of a condition.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C25482

Diagnostic transurethral resection of the prostate
type: Class
subclass of: Transurethral Biopsy

Diesel exposure
type: Class
subclass of: Social factors
PMID: 9988091
chinese label: 柴油机曝露
is defined by: A job-exposure matrix was used for assigning exposure. For the calculation of dose-years, the duration of contact with specific substances was weighted by the intensity and probability of exposure according to a job-exposure matrix. The analysis of dose-years yielded a statistically significant association between occupational exposure to diesel fuel or fumes and prostate cancer (odds ratio 3.7, 95% confidence interval 1.4-9.8, for subjects exposed to more than 25 dose-years in a comparison with subjects never exposed).
preferred name: Diesel exposure

Diet style
type: Class
subclass of: Habits and behaviors
PMID: 21880837
chinese label: 饮食方式
is defined by: The Western-style diet is characterized by its highly processed and refined foods and high contents of sugars, salt, and fat and protein from red meat. It has been recognized as the major contributor to metabolic disturbances and the development of obesity-related diseases including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

Dietary inflammatory index
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
PMID: 27242333
is defined by: The centered percentile score for each food parameter for each individual was then multiplied by the respective food parameter effect score (inflammatory potential for each food parameter), which was derived through a review of the literature, in order to obtain a food parameter-specific DII score for an individual. The overall DII score was calculated, for each participant, as a linear combination of all of the food parameter-specific DII scores,12 as follows: DII=b1×n1 + b2×n2……….b31×n31, where b refers to the literature-derived inflammatory effects score for each of the evaluable food parameters and n refers to the food parameter-specific centered percentiles, which were derived from the current case–control study dietary data. A description of the validation work, including both dietary recalls and a structured questionnaire similar to a FFQ, also is available.11 The methodology is depicted in Supporting Information Appendix.
chinese label: 饮食炎症指数

Diseases
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
synonyms: Disease
synonyms: Other Disease
synonyms: Disease or Disorder, Non-Neoplastic
synonyms: Diseases and Disorders
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C2991
synonyms: Disorder
synonyms: disorder
is defined by: Any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. The term is often used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function.|CDISC-GLOSS Definition: Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a part, organ, or system of the body as manifested by characteristic symptoms and signs. [Dorland's Medical Dictionary]|NCI-GLOSS Definition: In medicine, a health problem with certain characteristics or symptoms.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
preferred name: Disease or disorder
synonyms: Disease or Disorde
synonyms: condition
synonyms: disease
synonyms: Diseases
synonyms: Disorders

Docetaxel
type: Class
subclass of: Chemotherapy
synonyms: docetaxel
chinese label: 多西他赛
synonyms: [2aR-[2a alphaa,4beta,4a beta,6beta,9alpha,(alphaR*,betaS*),-11alpha,12alpha,12a alpha,12b alpha]]-beta-[[(1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl]-amino]-alpha-hydroxybenzemepropanoic Acid 12b-(Acetyloxy)-12(benzyloxy)-2a,3,4,4a,5,6,8,10,11,12,12a,12b-dodecahydeo-4,-6,11-trihydroxy-4a,8,13,13-tetramethyl-5-oxo-7,11-methano-1H-cyclodeca[3,4]benz[1,2-b]oxet-9-yl Ester
is defined by: A semi-synthetic, second-generation taxane derived from a compound found in the European yew tree, Taxus baccata. Docetaxel displays potent and broad antineoplastic properties; it binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell- cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and displays immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory properties by inducing various mediators of the inflammatory response. Docetaxel has been studied for use as a radiation-sensitizing agent. (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used together with other drugs to treat certain types of breast cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, and certain types of head and neck cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Docetaxel is a type of mitotic inhibitor.
synonyms: Taxotere
synonyms: Taxotere Injection Concentrate
synonyms: Docetaxel
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1526
synonyms: Docecad
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: DOCETAXEL
synonyms: N-Debenzoyl-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-10-deacetyltaxol

Docetaxel regimen
type: Class
subclass of: Non-hormonal therapy
is defined by: A significant improvement in median survival of 2-2.5 months occurred with docetaxel-based chemotherapy|compared to mitoxantrone + prednisone therapy. The standard for first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy|is docetaxel using the same regimen as in the TAX 327 trial, that is, 75 mg/m2 3 weekly combined with|prednisone 5 mg BID, up to 10 cycles, and palliation is the main target.|The patients considered for docetaxel represent a heterogeneous population. Several poor|prognostic factors have been described, such as a PSA level > 114 ng/mL, PSA-DT < 55 days, or the presence|of visceral metastases. A better risk group definition has recently been presented, based on the TAX|327 study cohort. The predictive factors were visceral metastases, pain, anaemia (Hb < 13 g/dL), bone scan|progression, and prior estramustine before docetaxel. Patients were categorised into three risk groups: low risk|(0 or 1 factor), intermediate (2 factors) and high risk (3 or 4 factors), leading to three different lengths of median|OS: 25.7, 18.7 and 12.8 months, respectively. In addition, two independent studies have suggested that|improved survival can be predicted by C-reactive protein (CRP) levels < 8 mg/L (HR, 2.96). Age by|itself is not a contraindication to docetaxel.
chinese label: 多西他赛方案

Dose Escalation
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A stepwise increase in the amount of a therapeutic or investigational agent given to an individual.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C107213
chinese label: 剂量递增
synonyms: Dose-Escalation
synonyms: Dose Escalation

Drug and operation
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Medicine
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C459
synonyms: Medication
synonyms: Drug
chinese label: 药物或手术
synonyms: drug product
synonyms: medication
synonyms: Drug Product
is defined by: A drug product that contains one or more active and/or inactive ingredients; it is intended to treat, prevent or alleviate the symptoms of disease. This term does not refer to the individual ingredients that make up the product.

Vitamin E
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A natural fat-soluble antioxidant with potential chemopreventive activity. Also known as tocopherol, vitamin E ameliorates free-radical damage to biological membranes, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within membrane phospholipids and within circulating lipoproteins. Peroxyl radicals react 1000-fold faster with vitamin E than with PUFA. In the case of oxygen free radical-mediated tumorigenesis, vitamin E may be chemopreventive. (NCI04) CRCH Definition: A fat-soluble vitamin which is primarily a chain-breaking antioxidant that prevents the propagation of lipid peroxidation. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin E helps prevent cell damage caused by free radicals (highly reactive chemicals). It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in seeds, nuts, leafy vegetables, and vegetable oils. Not enough vitamin E can result in infertility (the inability to produce children). It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Vitamin E is a type of antioxidant."
synonyms: 3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
synonyms: 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol
synonyms: Vitamin E Compound
synonyms: Vitamin E
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C942
synonyms: E Vitamin
chinese label: 维他命E
synonyms: 5,7,8-Trimethyltocol
synonyms: vitamin E

EHBP1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
synonyms: HPC12; NACSIN
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/23301/
preferred name: EHBP1 EH domain binding protein 1
reference: Location: 2p15; Sequence: Chromosome: 2; NC_000002.12 (62673851..63046487)
is defined by: This gene encodes an Eps15 homology domain binding protein. The encoded protein may play a role in endocytic trafficking. A single nucleotide polymorphism in this gene is associated with an aggressive form of prostate cancer. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

ELAC2
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: ELAC2 elaC ribonuclease Z 2
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/60528/
reference: Location: 17p12; Sequence: Chromosome: 17; NC_000017.11 (12991612..13018064, complement)
is defined by: The protein encoded by this gene has a C-terminal domain with tRNA 3′ processing endoribonuclease activity, which catalyzes the removal of the 3' trailer from precursor tRNAs. The protein also interacts with activated Smad family member 2 (Smad2) and its nuclear partner forkhead box H1 (also known as FAST-1), and reduced expression can suppress transforming growth factor-beta induced growth arrest. Mutations in this gene result in an increased risk of prostate cancer. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]
synonyms: ELC2; HPC2; COXPD17

EPHB2
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: EPHB2 EPH receptor B2
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/2048/
synonyms: DRT; EK5; ERK; CAPB; Hek5; PCBC; EPHT3; Tyro5
reference: Location: 1p36.12; Sequence: Chromosome: 1; NC_000001.11 (22710770..22921500)
is defined by: This gene encodes a member of the Eph receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinase transmembrane glycoproteins. These receptors are composed of an N-terminal glycosylated ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane region and an intracellular kinase domain. They bind ligands called ephrins and are involved in diverse cellular processes including motility, division, and differentiation. A distinguishing characteristic of Eph-ephrin signaling is that both receptors and ligands are competent to transduce a signaling cascade, resulting in bidirectional signaling. This protein belongs to a subgroup of the Eph receptors called EphB. Proteins of this subgroup are distinguished from other members of the family by sequence homology and preferential binding affinity for membrane-bound ephrin-B ligands. Allelic variants are associated with prostate and brain cancer susceptibility. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2015]

ESR1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: ESR1 estrogen receptor 1
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/2099/
is defined by: This gene encodes an estrogen receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription. The protein localizes to the nucleus where it may form a homodimer or a heterodimer with estrogen receptor 2. Estrogen and its receptors are essential for sexual development and reproductive function, but also play a role in other tissues such as bone. Estrogen receptors are also involved in pathological processes including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis. Alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing result in dozens of transcript variants, but the full-length nature of many of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]
reference: Location: 6q25.1-q25.2; Sequence: Chromosome: 6; NC_000006.12 (151654148..152129604)
synonyms: ER; ESR; Era; ESRA; ESTRR; NR3A1

Education
type: Class
subclass of: Social factors
chinese label: 教育
synonyms: Education
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16529
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The activities of educating or instructing or teaching; activities that impart knowledge or skill.

Education level
type: Class
subclass of: Basic information of patient
synonyms: Education
synonyms: Level of Education Attained
synonyms: Educational Level
chinese label: 教育程度
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17953
synonyms: Education Level Completed
is defined by: An indication of the years of schooling completed in graded public, private, or parochial schools, and in colleges, universities, or professional schools.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Educational Attainment
synonyms: EDULEVEL

Endocrine
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C41064
chinese label: 内分泌
synonyms: Endocrine
synonyms: endocrine
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Collective designation for those tissues capable of secreting hormones. NCI-GLOSS Definition: Refers to tissue that makes and releases hormones that travel in the bloodstream and control the actions of other cells or organs. Some examples of endocrine tissues are the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands."

Environment
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
chinese label: 环境
synonyms: Environment
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16551
is defined by: The totality of surrounding conditions.
synonyms: Environmental
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Environmental exposure
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16552
chinese label: 环境暴露
is defined by: Exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical or biological agents via the environment.
synonyms: Environmental Exposure

Enzalutamide
type: Class
subclass of: New compounds (for the castrate resistant status only)
is defined by: An orally bioavailable, organic, non-steroidal small molecule targeting the androgen receptor (AR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Through a mechanism that is reported to be different from other approved AR antagonists, enzalutamide inhibits the activity of prostate cancer cell ARs, which may result in a reduction in prostate cancer cell proliferation and, correspondingly, a reduction in the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. AR over-expression in prostate cancer represents a key mechanism associated with prostate cancer hormone resistance.
synonyms: ENZALUTAMIDE
synonyms: methyl-
synonyms: Xtandi
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C71744
synonyms: Benzamide
synonyms: ASP9785
synonyms: 4-(3-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)-2-fluoro-N-
synonyms: MDV3100
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 安扎鲁胺
synonyms: Enzalutamide

Enzalutamide
type: Class
subclass of: Salvage treatment after first-line docetaxel
is defined by: An orally bioavailable, organic, non-steroidal small molecule targeting the androgen receptor (AR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Through a mechanism that is reported to be different from other approved AR antagonists, enzalutamide inhibits the activity of prostate cancer cell ARs, which may result in a reduction in prostate cancer cell proliferation and, correspondingly, a reduction in the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. AR over-expression in prostate cancer represents a key mechanism associated with prostate cancer hormone resistance.
chinese label: 安扎鲁胺
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C71744

Enzalutamide
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal drugs targeting the endocrine pathways in the pre-docetaxel space
synonyms: ENZALUTAMIDE
is defined by: An orally bioavailable, organic, non-steroidal small molecule targeting the androgen receptor (AR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Through a mechanism that is reported to be different from other approved AR antagonists, enzalutamide inhibits the activity of prostate cancer cell ARs, which may result in a reduction in prostate cancer cell proliferation and, correspondingly, a reduction in the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. AR over-expression in prostate cancer represents a key mechanism associated with prostate cancer hormone resistance.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C71744
synonyms: MDV3100
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: ASP9785
synonyms: Enzalutamide
synonyms: Xtandi
chinese label: 安扎鲁胺
synonyms: Benzamide, 4-(3-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)-2-fluoro-N-methyl-

Epidemiological aspects of prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate cancer
synonyms: Epidemiological
synonyms: Epidemiology
synonyms: Epidemiologic
chinese label: 前列腺癌流行病学
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The study of the causes, incidence and distribution of disease in the population and its application for prevention or control.
synonyms: epidemiology
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C16556

Erectile dysfunction
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C3133
synonyms: impotent/Impotent
synonyms: erectile dysfunction
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Erectile Dysfunction
is defined by: Persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or to maintain an erection during sexual activity. NCI-GLOSS Definition: An inability to have an erection of the penis adequate for sexual intercourse. CTCAE Definition: A disorder characterized by the persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or to maintain an erection during sexual activity."
synonyms: Erectile dysfunction
synonyms: Impotence/impotence
chinese label: 勃起功能障碍

Estimated volume
type: Class
subclass of: Digital rectal examination
chinese label: 估算体积

Estramustine
type: Class
subclass of: Chemotherapy
synonyms: estramustine
synonyms: estradiol 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate
synonyms: ESTRAMUSTINE
synonyms: RO 21-8837
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 雌二醇氮芥
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C479
synonyms: Leo 275
synonyms: estra-1,3,5(10)triene-317beta-diol 3-[N,N-bis-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate]
synonyms: Estradiol 3-[bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate]
is defined by: A synthetic molecule combining estradiol and nornitrogen mustard through a carbamate link. Estramustine and its major metabolite estramustine bind to microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule dynamics and leading to anaphase arrest in a dose-dependent fashion. This agent also exhibits anti-androgenic effects. (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A combination of the hormone estradiol (an estrogen) and nitrogen mustard (an anticancer drug). Used in the palliative therapy of prostate cancer.
synonyms: 17beta-(estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol 3-(bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate))
synonyms: Estramustine

Evaluating health status in senior adults
type: Class
subclass of: Management of prostate cancer in older men
chinese label: 老年人健康状况评价
is defined by: With a median age at diagnosis of 68 years, PCa is generally a disease of men aged > 70 years. In the USA, the increase in men aged > 65 years will result in an estimated 70% increase in annual diagnosis of PCa by 2030. A similar increase is expected in Europe. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database shows that 71% of PCa-related deaths occur in men aged > 75 years, probably due to the higher incidence of advanced/metastatic disease. Despite the high incidence and mortality rates in senior adults, they may be undertreated in the USA and Europe. In the USA, only 41% of patients aged > 75 years with intermediate- and high-risk disease receive curative treatment compared to 88% aged 65-74. Two large studies showed that PCa-specific mortality was low for localised low- and intermediate-risk PCa, irrespective of age. In contrast, cancer-related mortality of up to 64% was found for high-risk PCa.

Extended template biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate biopsy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Biopsy of the prostate that extends beyond the standard 10 to 12 cores.
synonyms: Extended Template Biopsy
synonyms: Extended Template Prostate Biopsy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C113105
chinese label: 扩展模板活组织检查

Extented lymph node dissection
type: Class
subclass of: Extented pelvic lymph node dissection (eLND)
chinese label: 扩大淋巴结切除术

External-beam radiotherapy and low-dose rate brachytherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Post-treatment quality of life in patients with localised prostate cancer
is defined by: EBRT and I-125 low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy may cause urinary, sexual- and bowel dysfunction. Both methods can result in irritative voiding symptoms, such as urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence, that negatively affect overall urinary function and HRQoL [639]. In the radiotherapy group, urinary incontinence was reported to be at its worst by 2 months after surgery, but the effects of EBRT on urinary symptoms had resolved at 12 months and improved over baseline at 24 months [639]. Patients in the LDR brachytherapy group reported significant detriments in urinary irritation or obstruction and incontinence. At 1-2 years after LDR brachytherapy, incontinence was reported by 4-6% of patients. Eighteen percent of the LDR brachytherapy group and 11% of the EBRT group reported distress from overall urinary symptoms at 1 year.
chinese label: 体外放射治疗与低剂量率近距离放射治疗

External beam radiation therapy (EBRT)
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15751
synonyms: EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION THERAPY
synonyms: Definitive Radiation Therapy
synonyms: external radiation
synonyms: EBRT
synonyms: External Beam Radiotherapy
synonyms: external-beam radiation
is defined by: Radiation therapy in which high-energy beams are delivered to the tumor from outside of the body. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A type of radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer from outside of the body./CDISC Definition: A type of radiation therapy in which high-energy beams are delivered to the tumor from outside of the body.
synonyms: External Radiation Therapy
synonyms: External Beam Radiation Therapy
chinese label: 体外放射治疗（EBRT）
synonyms: External Beam RT

External Beam Radiation Therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Localised prostate cancer
chinese label: 体外放射治疗
synonyms: External Beam Radiotherapy
synonyms: External Beam RT
synonyms: External Beam Radiation Therapy
is defined by: Radiation therapy in which high-energy beams are delivered to the tumor from outside of the body./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A type of radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer from outside of the body./CDISC Definition: A type of radiation therapy in which high-energy beams are delivered to the tumor from outside of the body.
synonyms: Definitive Radiation Therapy
synonyms: External Radiation Therapy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION THERAPY
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15751
synonyms: EBRT
synonyms: external-beam radiation
synonyms: external radiation

Family medical history
type: Class
subclass of: Demographic characteristics
synonyms: Family History of
is defined by: NCI-GLOSS Definition: A record of the relationships among family members along with their medical histories. This includes current and past illnesses. A family history may show a pattern of certain diseases in a family.
synonyms: Epidemiology, Family Medical History
synonyms: family medical history
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C17726
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Family Medical History
synonyms: Family History
synonyms: family history
chinese label: 家族病史

Farming
type: Class
subclass of: Social factors
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C97632
synonyms: Farming, Fishing, and Forestry
chinese label: 农事
synonyms: Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
is defined by: A class of professional or vocational positions of employment that involve farming, fishing or forestry.

Fatty acid
type: Class
subclass of: Dietary fat intake
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C492
synonyms: Fatty Acids
synonyms: Fatty Acid
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: fatty acid
is defined by: Monobasic, aliphatic acids with varying chain lengths between 6 and 30. Fatty acids are a major constituent in all fats and can be either saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are synthesized by the body, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids are not and must be obtained in the diet. (NCI) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development."
chinese label: 脂肪酸

Dietary fat intake
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
is defined by: ost-diagnostic fat intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered between 1997 and 2001 (11). Men were asked to report their usual intake of 61 foods and beverages over the previous year in nine frequency categories ranging from never or <1/month to 6+/day. A common portion size was specified for each food item (e.g. 1 ounce of nuts). Nutrient data came from the US Department of Agriculture. Intakes of each of the fats of interest were calculated by multiplying the amount of each type of fat in the specified portion size of a food item by the frequency of intake of that food item and summing across all foods. To calculate animal fat, total fat in the specified portion size of each food item from animal sources was multiplied by the frequency of intake for each item and summed across all food items. To calculate vegetable fat, total fat in the specified portion size of food items from vegetable sources was multipled by the frequency of intake of each item and summed across all food items. For food items with both animal and vegetable components (e.g., mashed potatoes, pizza, etc.), the fat content from animal and vegetable sources was determined based on a standard recipe. We multiplied intake of each of the fats (g/d) by 9 kcal and divided by total calories per day to calculate the percent of daily calories from each of the fats of interest.
chinese label: 脂肪摄取量
synonyms: Dietary fat intake (observable entity)
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/162513004
reference: BioPortal cui:C0425440

Fatigue
type: Class
subclass of: Other systemic side-effects of androgen-deprivation therapy
synonyms: fatigue
chinese label: 疲劳
synonyms: Lack of Energy
synonyms: FATIGUE
synonyms: Fatigue
is defined by: Overall tiredness and lack of energy./CTCAE Definition: A disorder characterized by a state of generalized weakness with a pronounced inability to summon sufficient energy to accomplish daily activities./NICHD Definition: Overall tiredness and lack of energy./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A condition marked by extreme tiredness and inability to function due lack of energy. Fatigue may be acute or chronic./CDISC Definition: Unusual tiredness and inability to perform usual activities.

Fiber
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
is defined by: FDA Definition: An elongated, tapering, generally thick-walled sclerenchyma cell of vascular plants; its walls may or may not be lignified
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C1502
synonyms: Fiber;
synonyms: Fibra
chinese label: 纤维

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Needle Biopsy of Prostate
chinese label: 细针抽吸活检
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15361
is defined by: The removal of tissue specimens or fluid from the living body with a thin needle.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

First-line hormonal treatment
type: Class
subclass of: Contraindications for various therapies
chinese label: 一线激素治疗
is defined by: Primary ADT is the standard of care. There is no level 1 evidence to choose between an LHRH analogueor antagonist, except in patients with an impending spinal cord compression. In these patients, the choice forfirst-line treatment is between bilateral orchidectomy and an LHRH antagonist.

Fish
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C14207
is defined by: A grouping of jawed and jawless vertebrate animals usually having fins and a covering of scales or plates, breathing by means of gills, and living almost entirely in the water. CDISC Definition: Any jawed or jawless organisms in the phylum Chordata including the jawless fish, armored fish, cartilaginous fish, ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish"
synonyms: Fish (NOS)
synonyms: fish;
synonyms: FISH;

Achievement of castration levels
type: Class
subclass of: Luteinising-hormone-releasing hormone agonists
chinese label: 去势水平的实现
is defined by: Chronic exposure to LHRH agonists results in the down-regulation of LHRH-receptors, suppressing LH and FSH secretion and therefore testosterone production. The castration level is usually obtained within 2-4 weeks. However, about 10% of treated patients fail to achieve castration levels, which rise to 15% if the castration threshold is defined as 1 nmol/l. Although there is no formal direct comparison between the various compounds, they are considered to be equally active [548] and comparable to orchiectomy.

Flutamide
type: Class
subclass of: Non-steroidal anti-androgens
synonyms: Oncosal
synonyms: Flutamin
synonyms: Flutamide
synonyms: Propanamide, 2-Methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-
synonyms: Flugerel
synonyms: FLUT
chinese label: 氟他胺
synonyms: Flutamex
synonyms: Flutan
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C509
synonyms: Flutaplex
synonyms: Prostica
synonyms: flutamide
synonyms: Flutabene
synonyms: Prostogenat
synonyms: FLUTAMIDE
synonyms: Fluken
synonyms: Flulem
synonyms: Tafenil
synonyms: Fugerel
synonyms: Flucinome
is defined by: A toluidine derivative and a nonsteroidal antiandrogen that is structurally related to bicalutamide and nilutamide. Flutamide and its more potent active metabolite 2-hydroxyflutamide competitively block dihydrotestosterone binding at androgen receptors, forming inactive complexes which cannot translocate into the cell nucleus. Formation of inactive receptors inhibits androgen-dependent DNA and protein synthesis, resulting in tumor cell growth arrest or transient tumor regression. (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: An anticancer drug that is a type of antiandrogen.
synonyms: Sch 13521
synonyms: Flucinom
synonyms: Niftolide
synonyms: Grisetin
synonyms: 2-Methyl-N-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanamide
synonyms: Testotard
synonyms: Profamid
synonyms: SCH 13521
synonyms: Prostacur
synonyms: Flutacan
synonyms: Fluta-Gry
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Focal therapy of PCa
type: Class
subclass of: Options other than surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of localised prostate cancer
chinese label: Focal therapy of prostate cancer
is defined by: During the past two decades, there has been a trend towards earlier diagnosis of PCa as a result of greater public and professional awareness, leading to the adoption of both formal and informal screening strategies. The effect of this has been to identify men at an earlier stage with smaller tumours that occupy only 5-10% of the prostate volume, with a greater propensity for unifocal or unilateral disease. Most focal therapies to date have been achieved with ablative technologies: cryotherapy, HIFU or photodynamic therapy, electroporation, focal radiotherapy by brachytherapy, or CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System technology (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA). The main purpose of focal therapy is to limit treatment toxicity in patients that could benefit from local disease control.

Folate
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: 2-[4-[(2-amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]aminopentanedioic acid;
synonyms: Vitamin B-11
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: folate
synonyms: Folate
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1444
chinese label: 叶酸
is defined by: A cofactor for 1-carbon transfer involved with DNA synthesis. CRCH Definition: Class of water-soluble vitamins that are coenzymes in single-carbon transfers in the metabolism of nucleic and amino acids. (DRI)"

Foods
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
chinese label: 食物
is defined by: Any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth.

Free PSA to total PSA ratio measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The determination of the ratio of free prostate specific antigen as compared to the total prostate specific antigen present in a sample. The measurement may be expressed as a ratio or percentage.
synonyms: PSAFPSAT
synonyms: PSA, Free/PSA
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C132384
chinese label: 游离PSA与总PSA比值
synonyms: Free PSA to Total PSA Ratio Measurement

Free prostate specific antigen measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: PSAF
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C132383
is defined by: The determination of the amount of free prostate specific antigen in a biological sample.
synonyms: Free Prostate Specific Antigen Measurement
chinese label: 游离前列腺特异性抗原测定
synonyms: Prostate Specific Antigen, Free

Urinary frequency
type: Class
subclass of: Storage symptoms
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C26906
synonyms: Urinary Frequency
chinese label: 尿频
is defined by: Urination at short intervals; it may result from increased urine formation, decreased bladder capacity, or lower urinary tract irritation.
synonyms: Urinary
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Frequency

Fruit
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
is defined by: A structure consisting of the fertilized and mature ovules ("seeds") and the ovary wall, which may be fleshy (as in the apple) or dry and hard (as in a maple fruit.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C71972
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: FRUIT, UNSPECIFIED
chinese label: 水果
synonyms: Fructus/Fruit

Gene
type: Class
subclass of: Genetic and epigenetic of prostate cancer
is defined by: In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life.
chinese label: 基因

Genetic and epigenetic of prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Epidemiological aspects of prostate cancer
chinese label: 遗传和表观遗传
is defined by: Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence.

Gleason Score for Prostate Cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Pathology of prostate needle biopsies
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C28084
synonyms: Gleason Score for Prostate Cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Gleason score
chinese label: 格里森评分
is defined by: The score derived from universally embraced prostate cancer grading system developed by Dr. Donald F. Gleason in 1977. The system provides a reproducible description of the glandular architecture of prostate tissue to which a pathologist assigns a score depending primarily on the microscopic patterns of cancerous glands and cell morphology. The system correlates well with behavior at the extremes: Gleason 1+1 tumors are the most well differentiated, slowly growing and rarely spread; Gleason 4+5 tumors are the most poorly differentiated, often widely metastatic at the time of diagnosis. In the commoner intermediate grade tumors, however, behavior is extremely variable.
synonyms: Gleason Sum

Glucosinolate
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Glucosinolate
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C112047
is defined by: A class of organic compounds that are derived from a glucose that has been modified by an amino acid. These compounds are anionic sulfur-containing glucosides, produced as secondary metabolites by plants of the order Brassicales, which includes cruciferous vegetables. Glucosinolates can be toxic if ingested at high doses but lower doses are under investigation as potential tumor inhibitors.
chinese label: 硫代葡萄糖苷
synonyms: Glucosinolates

Goserelin
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration
synonyms: ICI-118630
synonyms: GOSERELIN
synonyms: 6-[O-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-D-serine]-10-deglycinamide Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Factor (Pig) 2-(aminocarbonyl)hydrazide
chinese label: 戈舍瑞林
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A synthetic decapeptide analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) with antineoplastic activity. Goserelin binds to and activates pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Prolonged administration of goserelin inhibits the secretion of pituitary gonadotropin, thereby decreasing levels of testosterone (in males) and estradiol (in females). Administration of this agent in a depot formulation may result in the regression of sex hormone-sensitive tumors and a reduction in sex organ size and function. (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Goserelin is used to block hormone production in the ovaries or testicles.
synonyms: goserelin
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1374
synonyms: Goserelin

Green tea
type: Class
subclass of: Tea or polyphenols
is defined by: Tea derived from the dried leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis with potential antioxidant, chemopreventive, and lipid-lowering activities. Green tea contains polyphenols that are believed to be responsible for its chemopreventive effect. The polyphenol fraction contains mainly Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and other catechins, such as epicatechin (EC), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin gallate (ECG). Green tea polyphenols act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers and may affect enzymes involved in cellular replication and tumor angiogenesis by modulating angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
chinese label: 绿茶
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C67048
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Green Tea

Greenness
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
is defined by: The fact of being environmentally or ecologically conscious; commitment to environmental conservation.
URL: http://www.yourdictionary.com/greenness
chinese label: 绿色环境

HIP1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
reference: Location: 7q11.23; Sequence: Chromosome: 7; NC_000007.14 (75533298..75738976, complement)
synonyms: SHON; HIP-I; ILWEQ; SHONbeta; SHONgamma
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/3092/
preferred name: HIP1 huntingtin interacting protein 1
is defined by: The product of this gene is a membrane-associated protein that functions in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and protein trafficking within the cell. The encoded protein binds to the huntingtin protein in the brain; this interaction is lost in Huntington's disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

HMMR
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: The protein encoded by this gene is involved in cell motility. It is expressed in breast tissue and together with other proteins, it forms a complex with BRCA1 and BRCA2, thus is potentially associated with higher risk of breast cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/3161/
preferred name: HMMR hyaluronan mediated motility receptor
synonyms: CD168; IHABP; RHAMM
reference: Location: 5q34; Sequence: Chromosome: 5; NC_000005.10 (163460511..163491945)

HPC10
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: Genome-wide association and replication studies identify four variants associated with prostate cancer susceptibility.|Genome-wide association study identifies a second prostate cancer susceptibility variant at 8q24.
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/100188834/
reference: Location: 8q24
preferred name: HPC10 Prostate cancer, hereditary, 10

HPC14
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/100188867/
preferred name: HPC14 Prostate cancer, hereditary, 14
reference: Location: 11q13
is defined by: Genome-wide association and replication studies identify four variants associated with prostate cancer susceptibility.|Multiple loci identified in a genome-wide association study of prostate cancer.|Multiple newly identified loci associated with prostate cancer susceptibility.

HPC15
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
reference: Location: 19q13.4
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/100188868/
preferred name: HPC15 Prostate cancer, hereditary, 15

HPC3
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: HPC3 Prostate cancer, hereditary, 3
synonyms: HPC20
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/408259/
reference: Location: 20q13
is defined by: Evidence for a prostate cancer-susceptibility locus on chromosome 20.|Predicting prostate cancer risk through incorporation of prostate cancer gene 3.|Utility of incorporating genetic variants for the early detection of prostate cancer.

HPC4
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/408260/
preferred name: HPC4 Prostate cancer, hereditary, 4
synonyms: HPC7
is defined by: Identification of a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 7q11-21 in Jewish families.
reference: Location: 7p11-q21

HPC5
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/619402/
preferred name: HPC5 prostate cancer, hereditary, 5
is defined by: Hereditary prostate cancer in Finland: fine-mapping validates 3p26 as a major predisposition locus.

HPC6
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: HPC6 Prostate cancer, susceptibility to
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/100188789/
reference: Location: 22q12.3

HPC7
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: HPC7 Prostate cancer, hereditary, 7
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/100188809/
reference: Location: 15q12

HPC9
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/100188826/
reference: Location: 17q21-q22
preferred name: HPC9 Prostate cancer, hereditary, 9

HPCQTL19
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: HPCQTL19 Prostate cancer aggressiveness quantitative trait locus on chromosome 19
reference: Location: 19q
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/347747/
is defined by: Confirmation of linkage of prostate cancer aggressiveness with chromosome 19q.

HPCX
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/9566/
preferred name: HPCX hereditary prostate cancer, X-linked
reference: Location: Xq27-q28
is defined by: A haplotype at chromosome Xq27.2 confers susceptibility to prostate cancer.|Genetic linkage analysis of prostate cancer families to Xq27-28.|Evidence for a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on the X chromosome.|Contribution of HPC1 (RNASEL) and HPCX variants to prostate cancer in a founder population.

HPCX2
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/100188769/
reference: Location: Xp11.22
preferred name: HPCX2 Prostate cancer, hereditary, X-linked 2

Hardness
type: Class
subclass of: Digital rectal examination
synonyms: Hardness
chinese label: 硬结
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C134264
is defined by: The determination of the breaking point and structural integrity of a material.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Hb
type: Class
subclass of: Complete blood count
synonyms: Hb
synonyms: Hgb
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16676
synonyms: Hemoglobin
preferred name: Hemoglobin
is defined by: The red respiratory protein of erythrocytes, consisting of approximately 3.8% heme and 96.2% globin (64.5 KD), which as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues where the oxygen is readily released and HbO2 becomes Hb.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 血红蛋白测定

Height
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
is defined by: The vertical measurement or distance from the base to the top of an object; the vertical dimension of extension. DICOM Definition: Vertical measurement value. CDISC Definition: The vertical measurement or distance from the base to the top of an object; the vertical dimension of extension. (NCI)"
synonyms: Height
synonyms: HEIGHT
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25347

Hematuria
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom of prostate cancer
synonyms: Hematuria
is defined by: Blood in the urine.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C3090
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 血尿

Urinary hesitancy
type: Class
subclass of: Voiding symptoms
synonyms: Urinary Hesitancy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 排尿等待
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C123246
is defined by: Difficulty in initiating urination.

Heterocyclic aromatic amines
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
synonyms: HCA;
synonyms: HAA;
is defined by: Exhibiting a cyclic structure containing at least one amino (NH2) group, some Heterocyclic Amines are carcinogenic chemicals formed from cooking meat such as beef, pork, fowl, and fish when amino acids and creatine (found in muscle) react at high temperatures. About 17 identified heterocyclic amines that result from cooking meat may increase human cancer risk. Because of the high temperatures used, frying, broiling, and barbecuing produce the largest amounts of heterocyclic amines. (NCI04) NCI-GLOSS Definition: A chemical that is formed when meat, poultry, or fish is cooked at high temperatures, such as frying, broiling, and barbecuing. Heterocyclic amines are carcinogens (substances that may cause cancer)."
synonyms: Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine;
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines
synonyms: heterocyclic amine;
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1926
chinese label: 杂环芳胺
synonyms: Heterocyclic Amines;

High-Dose Rate Brachytherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Brachytherapy
synonyms: HIGH-DOSE RATE BRACHYTHERAPY
is defined by: Internal radiation treatment that targets a cancerous tissue with accurate, high doses of radiation through the use of inserted temporary implants./CDISC Definition: A type of brachytherapy that targets a cancerous tissue with high doses of radiation through the use of inserted temporary implants.
synonyms: High-Dose Rate Brachytherapy
chinese label: 高剂量率近距离放射治疗
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15651
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

High-risk prostate cancer EBRT
type: Class
subclass of: External beam radiation therapy (EBRT)
chinese label: 高风险前列腺癌EBRT

Histopathology of radical prostatectomy specimens
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical diagnosis
chinese label: 根治性前列腺切除标本的病理检查

Hormonal
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
synonyms: Hormonal
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 激素
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25528
is defined by: Relating to hormones.

Hormonal therapy
type: Class
equivalent class: Hormonal therapy
subclass of: Post-treatment quality of life in patients with localised prostate cancer

Hormonal drugs targeting the endocrine pathways in the pre-docetaxel space
type: Class
subclass of: Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma
chinese label: 激素类药物在前多西他赛空间靶向内分泌通路

Hormonal therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Therapeutic aspects of prostate cancer
is defined by: Various treatment modalities that produce the desired therapeutic effect by means of change of hormone/hormones level./CTEP Definition: Cancer therapy, which incorporates hormonal manipulation (e.g., tamoxifen, androgen deprivation)./NCI-GLOSS Definition: Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. For certain conditions (such as diabetes or menopause), hormones are given to adjust low hormone levels. To slow or stop the growth of certain cancers (such as prostate and breast cancer), synthetic hormones or other drugs may be given to block the body's natural hormones. Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the gland that makes a certain hormone.
synonyms: Hormonal Therapy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: endocrine therapy
synonyms: Chemotherapy-Hormones
synonyms: Endocrine Therapy
synonyms: hormone therapy
chinese label: 激素疗法
synonyms: Steroids
synonyms: Hormone Therapy
synonyms: Hormonal therapy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15445
synonyms: hormonal therapy
synonyms: hormone treatment

Hormonal therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrences
chinese label: 激素疗法

Hormonal treatment combined with chemotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Contraindications for various therapies
chinese label: 激素联合化疗
is defined by: "Two large RCT were conducted, one is fully published, the second one just presented recently, but representing a cohort twice as large. They both compared ADT alone as standard with AT combined with upfront Docetaxel. They came to different findings regarding survival benefit and it is not possible to make a clear recommendation at the present time."

Hormone-sensitive metastatic PCa
type: Class
subclass of: Advanced prostate cancer
chinese label: 激素敏感转移性前列腺癌
is defined by: ADT is the first-line treatment in hormone-sensitive metastatic PCa. The SIOG PCWG recommends evaluation of baseline bone mineral density and prevention of osteoporosis by calcium and vitamin D supplements. Routine bisphosphonates or denosumab to prevent skeletal complications in ADT is not recommended, unlessthere is a risk of fracture, or castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) with skeletal metastasis.

Hot flushes
type: Class
subclass of: Side-effects of hormonal therapy
synonyms: Hot flashes/flushes
chinese label: 热潮红
synonyms: Hot Flashes or Flushes, CTCAE

Hyperlipemia
type: Class
subclass of: Personal medical history
is defined by: Elevated levels of lipids in the blood.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Hyperlipidemia
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C34707
chinese label: 高血脂症

Hyperparathyroidism
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
synonyms: Hyperparathyroidism
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48259
synonyms: hyperparathyroidism
preferred name: Hyperparathyroidism
chinese label: 甲状旁腺功能亢进
is defined by: Hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands resulting in the overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It may be primary or secondary; primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia. It is associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Signs and symptoms include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, depression, bone pain, osteoporosis, cystic bone lesions, and kidney stones. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by the chronic stimulation of the parathyroid glands in patients with chronic renal failure, rickets, and malabsorption syndromes. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A condition in which the parathyroid gland (one of four pea-sized organs found on the thyroid) makes too much parathyroid hormone. This causes a loss of calcium from the bones and an increased level of calcium in the blood. Symptoms include bone pain and kidney problems. CTCAE Definition: A disorder characterized by an increase in production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands. This results in hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood). NICHD Definition: Elevated concentration of parathyroid hormone. Causes include conditions originating within the parathyroid glands (primary), in response to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (secondary), and renal disease (tertiary). Characteristics may include polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, lethargy, cognitive dysfunction, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, and bone demineralization or reduced bone mineral density."

Hypertension
type: Class
subclass of: Personal medical history
chinese label: 高血压
synonyms: High blood pressure
synonyms: Pressure, High Blood
synonyms: Blood Pressure, High
synonyms: Vascular Hypertensive Disorder
synonyms: HTN
synonyms: Blood Pressure, Increased
synonyms: Hypertension
synonyms: high blood pressure
synonyms: Increased Blood Pressure
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: hypertension
synonyms: High Blood Pressure
is defined by: Blood pressure that is abnormally high.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C3117

IGF1 gene
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
is defined by: This gene is involved in cellular communication, growth and proliferation. It also plays a role in the regulation of muscular and skeletal development.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C24485
synonyms: Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (Somatomedin C) Gene
chinese label: 胰岛素样生长因子-1
synonyms: IGF1;IGF1 Gene

IgE
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
is defined by: An immunoglobulin isotype (subclass). This isotype has the unique ability to bind with high affinity to IgE receptors (FceRI) on mast cells and basophils and induce degranulation and cytokine production by these cells when they are crosslinked by antigen. In addition to a central role in atopy and allergic responses, it has been speculated that IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, by its release of mediators that increase vascular permeability, has an important role in the initiation of immune response in general.
synonyms: IgE
synonyms: Immunoglobulin E
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C567
chinese label: 免疫球抗体e

Imaging examination
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical diagnosis
is defined by: Any of a number of technologies that permits the visualization and acquisition of images into a physical or electronic record.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C18843
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Imaging Technology
synonyms: Imaging Technologie
chinese label: 影像学检查
synonyms: Imaging

Imaging examination results
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination
chinese label: 影像学检查结果

Immediate post-operative external irradiation after RP
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
chinese label: RP术后即刻外照射

Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Combination therapies
chinese label: 直接与延迟雄激素阻断治疗
is defined by: There is no discussion regarding the introduction of IAD in symptomatic patients. However, there is still controversy concerning the best time to introduce hormonal therapy in asymptomatic metastatic patients due to the lack of properly conducted RCTs. These are underpowered trials with heterogeneous patient enrolment(i.e. locally advanced, M1a, M1b status) and variations in ADT modalities and follow-up schedules.ADT was shown to be the most cost-effective therapy if started at the time the patient developed symptomatic metastases. The Cochrane Library review extracted four good-quality RCTs: VACURG I and II trials, the MRC trial, and the ECOG 7887 study. These studies were all conducted in the pre-PSA era and included patientswith advanced PCa, who had received early vs. deferred ADT, either as primary therapy or adjuvant to radical prostatectomy. The Cochrane review found that the M1a/b population showed no improvement in OS,although early ADT significantly reduced disease progression and complication rates due to progression. Based on a systematic review of the literature, the ASCO guidelines on initial hormonal treatment for androgen-sensitive, metastatic, recurrent or progressive PCa concluded it was not possible to makea recommendation on when to start hormonal therapy in advanced asymptomatic PCa. The ESMOguidelines do not make any statement .

Independent daily activities
type: Class
subclass of: Evaluation of life expectancy, comorbidity and health status
chinese label: 独立日常活动
is defined by: The level of dependence in daily activities influences survival in senior adults. The Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale rates accomplishment of basic activities of daily living, while the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale rates activities requiring higher cognition and judgement.

Infections
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
PMID: 27147719
preferred name: Infections
chinese label: 感染性疾病
is defined by: Infectious complications following prostate biopsy can range from those confined to the genitourinary tract (urinary tract infection [UTI], epididymitis, prostatitis) to sepsis.Escherichia coli is the most common organism isolated from patients presenting with post-TRUS biopsy sepsis, causing 75% to 90% of associated infections

Infertility
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
synonyms: infertility
chinese label: 不育的
synonyms: Sterile
synonyms: Infertile
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Inability to conceive for at least one year after trying and having unprotected sex. Causes of female infertility include endometriosis, fallopian tubes obstruction, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Causes of male infertility include abnormal sperm production or function, blockage of the epididymis, blockage of the ejaculatory ducts, hypospadias, exposure to pesticides, and health related issues.
synonyms: infertile
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C3836
synonyms: Fertility Disorders
synonyms: Infertility
synonyms: sterile
synonyms: Sterility

Intermediate-risk prostate cancer EBRT
type: Class
subclass of: External beam radiation therapy (EBRT)
chinese label: 中度风险前列腺癌EBRT

Intermittency
type: Class
subclass of: Voiding symptoms
chinese label: 间断性排尿
is defined by: Stopping and starting at intervals.

Intermittent hormonal therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration
chinese label: 间歇性内分泌治疗

Iron
type: Class
subclass of: Mineral
synonyms: Niferex
synonyms: Iron
synonyms: IRON
chinese label: 铁
is defined by: An element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. NCI-GLOSS Definition: An important mineral the body needs to make hemoglobin, a substance in the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Iron is also an important part of many other proteins and enzymes needed by the body for normal growth and development. It is found in red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, and foods with iron added, such as cereal."
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C598
synonyms: iron

Isoflavone
type: Class
subclass of: Soybean
chinese label: 异黄酮
synonyms: Isoflavones
is defined by: A class of polyphenolic compounds derived from the Fabaceae family with potential phytoestrogenic, cholesterol-reducing, chemotherapeutic and antioxidant activity. In isoflavones the phenyl group on the benzopyran ring is in position 3 relative to the oxygen of the ring. Most isoflavones for human consumption and that are currently studied are derived from soy beans. NCI-GLOSS Definition: An estrogen-like substance made by some plants, including the soy plant. Soy isoflavones are being studied in the prevention of cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density)."
synonyms: isoflavone
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C599
synonyms: Soy Isoflavones
synonyms: Isoflavone
synonyms: 3-phenylchromone
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: ISOFLAVONE

Job
type: Class
subclass of: Social factors
is defined by: The principal activity that a person does to earn money. CDISC Definition: A code specifying the job performed by the employee for the employer. For example, accountant, programmer analyst, patient care associate, staff nurse, etc.
synonyms: Occupation
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25193
synonyms: OCCUPATION
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: EMPJOB
synonyms: Employee Job
chinese label: 职业
synonyms: Job
preferred name: Occupation

Vitamin K
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: vitamin K
synonyms: Vitamin K
chinese label: 维他命K
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C943
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: 2-methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione
is defined by: The term ""vitamin K"" refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins. CRCH Definition: Fat soluble vitamin that is a coenzyme during the synthesis of the biologically active form of a number of proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone metabolism. Vitamin K's structure typically consists of a methylated naphthoquinone ring from which one or more unsaturated aliphatic side chains are attached at the 3-position of the ring. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin K helps to form blood clots (a mass that forms when blood platelets, proteins, and cells stick together) and maintain strong bones. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in green leafy vegetables, broccoli, liver, and vegetable oils. Vitamin K is also made by bacteria that live in the large intestine. Not enough vitamin K can lead to bleeding and bruising."

KLF6
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: This gene encodes a member of the Kruppel-like family of transcription factors. The zinc finger protein is a transcriptional activator, and functions as a tumor suppressor. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, some of which are implicated in carcinogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, May 2009]
preferred name: KLF6 Kruppel like factor 6
reference: Location: 10p15.2; Sequence: Chromosome: 10; NC_000010.11 (3775996..3785281, complement)
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/1316/
synonyms: GBF; ZF9; BCD1; CBA1; CPBP; PAC1; ST12; COPEB

KRAS
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/3845/
reference: Location: 12p12.1; Sequence: Chromosome: 12; NC_000012.12 (25204789..25251003, complement)
preferred name: KRAS KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase
is defined by: This gene, a Kirsten ras oncogene homolog from the mammalian ras gene family, encodes a protein that is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. A single amino acid substitution is responsible for an activating mutation. The transforming protein that results is implicated in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma. Alternative splicing leads to variants encoding two isoforms that differ in the C-terminal region. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
synonyms: NS; NS3; CFC2; RALD; K-Ras; KRAS1; KRAS2; RASK2; KI-RAS; C-K-RAS; K-RAS2A; K-RAS2B; K-RAS4A; K-RAS4B; c-Ki-ras2

LDH
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25184
synonyms: L-Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase
synonyms: NAD-Lactate Dehydrogenase
synonyms: Lactate Dehydrogenase
synonyms: LDH
chinese label: 血清乳酸脱氢酶
is defined by: A family of homotetrameric cytoplasmic enzymes involved in the conversion of L-lactate and NAD to pyruvate and NADH in the final step of anaerobic glycolysis. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.
synonyms: EC 1.1.1.27/L-(+)-Lactate Dehydrogenase
synonyms: lactic acid dehydrogenase
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Lab test
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical diagnosis
reference: BioPortal cui:C0022885
chinese label: 实验室检查
is defined by: A procedure, usually conducted in a laboratory, that is intended to detect, identify, or quantify one or more significant substances, evaluate organ functions, or establish the nature of a condition or disease. Laboratory tests range from quite simple to extremely sophisticated. In modern medical practice they are commonly used to help establish or confirm a diagnosis and often aid in the management of disease.
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10059950

Lactose intolerance
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
synonyms: Lactose Intolerance
chinese label: 乳糖不耐受
is defined by: Inability to fully digest and absorb lactose due to limited or no lactase activity in the small intestine. Congenital intolerance is inherited following an autosomal recessive pattern but is rare. It is more often due to a gradual decline of lactase production in adulthood following the ingestion of fewer lactose-containing foods or secondary to an intestinal mucosal brush-border injury. Prevalence is highest among Asians, Native Americans and Africans. Clinical signs include abdominal cramping, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea following the dietary intake of lactose. NCI-GLOSS Definition: The inability to digest or absorb lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products."
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C3154
synonyms: lactose Intolerance

Late fetal death
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
is defined by: Death of a fetus at 16 weeks, 0 days to 19 weeks, 6 days of gestation.
synonyms: Late Fetal Death
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C112863
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 晚期死胎

Lead metal
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Lead Metal
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C44396
synonyms: LEAD
synonyms: Lead
synonyms: Pb
synonyms: Metallic Lead
is defined by: An element with atomic symbol Pb, atomic number 82, and atomic weight 207.2.
chinese label: 铅

Leisure time
type: Class
subclass of: Habits and behaviors
is defined by: Time used for ease and relaxation.
synonyms: Leisure Time
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C86566
chinese label: 休闲
synonyms: Leisure
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Leptin
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
synonyms: Leptin
synonyms: Obese Protein
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C46081
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Obesity Factor
chinese label: 瘦蛋白
is defined by: Leptin (167 aa, ~16 kDa) is encoded by the human LEP gene. This protein is secreted by adipocytes and plays a role in the regulation of both appetite and body fat stores.

Leuprorelin
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration
chinese label: 亮丙瑞林
synonyms: NCI Thesaurus Code:C62042
is defined by: A synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Leuprolide binds to and activates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Continuous, prolonged administration of leuprolide in males results in pituitary GnRH receptor desensitization and inhibition of pituitary secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to a significant decline in testosterone production; in females, prolonged administration results in a decrease in estradiol production. This agent reduces testosterone production to castration levels and may inhibit androgen receptor-positive tumor progression./NCI-GLOSS Definition: The active ingredient in a drug used to treat symptoms of advanced prostate cancer. It is also used to treat early puberty in children and certain gynecologic conditions. It is being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Leuprolide blocks the body from making testosterone (a male hormone) and estradiol (a female hormone). It may stop the growth of prostate cancer cells that need testosterone to grow. It is a type of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Lifestyles of prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Epidemiological aspects of prostate cancer

Local anaesthesia prior to biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate biopsy
chinese label: 活检前局部麻醉

Local recurrence after radiation therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Assessment of local recurrences
chinese label: 放疗后局部复发
is defined by: In patients with biochemical failure after radiation therapy, the biopsy status is a major predictor of outcome,provided the biopsies are obtained 18-24 months after treatment. Given the morbidity of local salvage options,it is thus necessary to obtain histological proof of the local recurrence before treating the patient .TRUS is not reliable in depicting local recurrences after radiation therapy. In contrast, mpMRI has yielded excellent results and can be used for biopsy targeting and guiding local salvage treatment.Detection of recurrent cancer is also feasible with Choline and Acetate PET/CT, but PET/CT has poorer spatial resolution than MRI.

Local recurrence after radical prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Assessment of local recurrences
is defined by: The precise localisation of the local recurrence by imaging techniques is needed only if histological proof of the recurrence is mandatory before salvage treatment and/or if this localisation could change treatment planning. Transrectal ultrasound is neither sensitive nor specific in detecting local recurrences after RP. Even with TRUS guidance, the sensitivity of anastomotic biopsies remains low: 40-71% for PSA levels > 1 ng/mL and 14-45% for PSA levels < 1 ng/mL. As a consequence, salvage radiation therapy is usually decided on the basis of the BCR, without histological proof of the local recurrence. The dose delivered to the prostatic bed also tends to be uniform as it has not been demonstrated that a focal dose escalation at the site of recurrence improves the outcome. Thus, most patients undergo salvage radiation therapy without local imaging. Nonetheless, several studies have reported promising results in the detection of local recurrences using MRI, particularly dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI which showed sensitivities and specificities of 84-88% and 89-100%, respectively. However, the mean PSA level in these studies was 0.8-1.9 ng/mL, which is higher than the 0.5 ng/mL threshold usually used for salvage therapy. Recently, two studies evaluated mpMRI in patients with PSA level < 0.5 ng/mL. One found a sensitivity of only 13% in men with PSA level < 0.3 ng/mL , while the other reported a sensitivity of 86% in patients with PSA level < 0.4 ng/mL. Thus, it remains to be defined whether MRI is able to correctly detect local recurrences in patients with PSA level < 0.5 ng/mL in order to allow a stereotaxic boost to the recurrence site during salvage radiation therapy. Choline or Acetate PET/CT can also detect local recurrences, but are less sensitive than MRI.
chinese label: 前列腺癌根治术后局部复发

Localised prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Specific aspects of PCa treatment in older men
chinese label: 局部前列腺癌

Long-term complications after radiotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Most Common Complication After Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer
chinese label: 长期并发症

Long term complication of medication
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom of prostate cancer
chinese label: 药物长期并发症
URL: http://protegeuserexample#Long_term_complication_of_medication
is defined by: long-term complications of treatment

Long working hours
type: Class
subclass of: Social factors
PMID: 26889978
is defined by: Working longer than the maximum recommended hours is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the relationship of excess working hours with incident cancer is unclear. Working ⩾55 h per week was associated with 1.60-fold (95% confidence interval 1.12–2.29) increase in female breast cancer risk independently of age, socioeconomic position, shift- and night-time work and lifestyle factors, but this observation may have been influenced by residual confounding from parity.
chinese label: 长时间工作

Low-Dose Rate Brachytherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Brachytherapy
synonyms: LOW-DOSE RATE BRACHYTHERAPY
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C85254
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Internal radiation treatment that targets a cancerous tissue with low doses of radiation through the use of inserted temporary or permanent implants./CDISC Definition: A type of brachytherapy that targets a cancerous tissue with low doses of radiation through the use of inserted temporary or permanent implants.
synonyms: Low-Dose Rate Brachytherapy
chinese label: 低剂量率近距离放射治疗

Low-risk prostate cancer EBRT
type: Class
subclass of: External beam radiation therapy (EBRT)
chinese label: 低风险前列腺癌EBRT

Luteinising-hormone-releasing hormone agonists
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal therapy
is defined by: Long-acting LHRH agonists are currently the main forms of ADT. These synthetic analogues of LHRH, are delivered as depot injections on a 1-, 2-, 3-, 6-monthly, or yearly basis. After the first injection, they stimulate pituitary LHRH receptors, inducing a transient rise in LH and FSH leading to the ‘testosterone surge’ or ‘flareup’ phenomenon, which begins 2-3 days later and lasts for about 1 week. The different products have practical differences that need to be considered in everyday practice, including the storage temperature, whether a drug is ready for immediate use or requires reconstitution, and whether a drug is given by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.
chinese label: 促黄体激素释放激素激动剂

Luteinising-hormone-releasing hormone antagonists
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal therapy
chinese label: 促黄体激素释放激素拮抗剂
is defined by: LHRH antagonists bind immediately and competitively to LHRH receptors in the pituitary gland. The effect is a rapid decrease in LH, FSH and testosterone levels without any flare. The practical shortcoming of these compounds is the lack of a long-acting depot formulation.

Lycopene
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: Lycopene
synonyms: psi,psi-Carotene
synonyms: lycopene
chinese label: 番茄红素
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: all-trans-Lycopene
synonyms: Lyc-O-Mato
synonyms: LYCOPENE
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C2226
is defined by: A linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet. (NCI04) CRCH Definition: Carotenoid which is a terpene assembled from 8 isoprene units. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. It is an antioxidant and may help prevent some types of cancer."
synonyms: 2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-tridecaene

Lymph node irradiation
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer
chinese label: 淋巴结照射

M-staging
type: Class
subclass of: TNM prostate tumor staging
is defined by: A system for clinicopathologic evaluation of tumors based on the extent of tumor involvement at the primary site (T, followed by a number indicating size and depth of invasion), and lymph node involvement (N) and metastasis (M) each followed by a number starting at 0 for no evident metastasis; numbers used depend on the organ involved and influence the prognosis and choice of treatment.

M0
type: Class
subclass of: M-staging
synonyms: M0 Distant Metastasis Finding
synonyms: M0 Metastasis Finding
synonyms: M0 Stage Finding
is defined by: A distant metastasis TNM finding indicating that there is no evidence of distant metastasis.
synonyms: M0 Stage
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: M0/M0 Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: M0 TNM Finding
synonyms: M0 Distant Metastasis Stage Finding
synonyms: M0 Metastasis Stage
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48699
synonyms: Metastasis Stage M0

M1
type: Class
subclass of: M-staging
synonyms: M1 Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: M1 Distant Metastasis Stage Finding
synonyms: M1
synonyms: M1 Stage Finding
synonyms: M1 TNM Finding
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
PMID: Metastasis Stage M1
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48700
is defined by: A clinical and/or pathologic distant metastasis TNM finding indicating the spread of cancer to distant anatomic sites.
synonyms: M1 Metastasis Stage
synonyms: M1 Stage
synonyms: M1 Metastasis Finding
synonyms: M1 Distant Metastasis Finding

M1a
type: Class
subclass of: M1
synonyms: Metastasis Stage M1a
synonyms: M1a Stage Finding
is defined by: A TNM finding indicating the spread of cancer to distant anatomic sites. The definition of M1a TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for colorectal cancer it refers to metastasis confined to one organ or site (e.g., liver, lung, ovary, nonregional node); for prostate cancer it refers to metastasis to non-regional lymph node(s); for bone cancer it refers to metastasis to the lung.
synonyms: M1a TNM Finding
synonyms: M1a Stage
synonyms: M1a Metastasis Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48701
synonyms: M1a Distant Metastasis Stage Finding
synonyms: M1a Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: M1a
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: M1a Distant Metastasis Finding
synonyms: M1a Metastasis Stage

M1b
type: Class
subclass of: M1
synonyms: M1b Distant Metastasis Finding
synonyms: M1b Stage
synonyms: Metastasis Stage M1b
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48702
is defined by: A TNM finding indicating the spread of cancer to distant anatomic sites. The definition of M1b TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for colorectal cancer it refers to metastases in more than one organ/site or the peritoneum; for prostate cancer it refers to metastasis to bone(s); for bone cancer it refers to metastasis to distant sites other than lung.
synonyms: M1b Cancer Stage Finding
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: M1b Distant Metastasis Stage Finding
synonyms: M1b TNM Finding
synonyms: M1b Metastasis Stage
synonyms: M1b Stage Finding
synonyms: M1b
synonyms: M1b Metastasis Finding

M1c
type: Class
subclass of: M1
synonyms: M1c
synonyms: M1c Metastasis Finding
is defined by: A TNM finding indicating the spread of cancer to distant anatomic sites. The definition of M1c TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for prostate cancer it refers to metastasis to anatomic site(s) other than bone, with or without bone disease; for retinoblastoma it refers to central nervous system metastasis; for melanoma of the uvea it refers to distant metastasis, with the largest diameter of the largest metastasis measuring 8.0 cm or more.
synonyms: M1c Metastasis Stage
synonyms: Metastasis Stage M1c
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48703
synonyms: M1c Stage Finding
synonyms: M1c Distant Metastasis Finding
synonyms: M1c Stage
synonyms: M1c Distant Metastasis Stage Finding
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: M1c TNM Finding
synonyms: M1c Cancer Stage Finding

MAD1L1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: MAD1L1 is a component of the mitotic spindle-assembly checkpoint that prevents the onset of anaphase until all chromosome are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. MAD1L1 functions as a homodimer and interacts with MAD2L1. MAD1L1 may play a role in cell cycle control and tumor suppression. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]
reference: Location: 7p22.3; Sequence: Chromosome: 7; NC_000007.14 (1815792..2232971, complement)
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/8379/
synonyms: MAD1; PIG9; TP53I9; TXBP181
preferred name: MAD1L1 mitotic arrest deficient 1 like 1

MSMB
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
synonyms: MSP; PSP; IGBF; MSPB; PN44; PRPS; HPC13; PSP57; PSP94; PSP-94
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/4477/
reference: Location: 10q11.22; Sequence: Chromosome: 10; NC_000010.11 (46033305..46046269, complement)
preferred name: MSMB microseminoprotein beta
is defined by: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunoglobulin binding factor family. It is synthesized by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland and secreted into the seminal plasma. This protein has inhibin-like activity. It may have a role as an autocrine paracrine factor in uterine, breast and other female reproductive tissues. The expression of the encoded protein is found to be decreased in prostate cancer. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms are described for this gene. The use of alternate polyadenylation sites has been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

MSR1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: This gene encodes the class A macrophage scavenger receptors, which include three different types (1, 2, 3) generated by alternative splicing of this gene. These receptors or isoforms are macrophage-specific trimeric integral membrane glycoproteins and have been implicated in many macrophage-associated physiological and pathological processes including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and host defense. The isoforms type 1 and type 2 are functional receptors and are able to mediate the endocytosis of modified low density lipoproteins (LDLs). The isoform type 3 does not internalize modified LDL (acetyl-LDL) despite having the domain shown to mediate this function in the types 1 and 2 isoforms. It has an altered intracellular processing and is trapped within the endoplasmic reticulum, making it unable to perform endocytosis. The isoform type 3 can inhibit the function of isoforms type 1 and type 2 when co-expressed, indicating a dominant negative effect and suggesting a mechanism for regulation of scavenger receptor activity in macrophages. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
preferred name: MSR1 macrophage scavenger receptor 1
reference: Location: 8p22; Sequence: Chromosome: 8; NC_000008.11 (16107878..16192791, complement)
synonyms: SRA; SR-A; CD204; SR-AI; phSR1; phSR2; SCARA1; SR-AII; SR-AIII
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/4481/

MXI1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
reference: Location: 10q25.2; Sequence: Chromosome: 10; NC_000010.11 (110207605..110287365)
preferred name: MXI1 MAX interactor 1, dimerization protein
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/4601/
is defined by: Expression of the c-myc gene, which produces an oncogenic transcription factor, is tightly regulated in normal cells but is frequently deregulated in human cancers. The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional repressor thought to negatively regulate MYC function, and is therefore a potential tumor suppressor. This protein inhibits the transcriptional activity of MYC by competing for MAX, another basic helix-loop-helix protein that binds to MYC and is required for its function. Defects in this gene are frequently found in patients with prostate tumors. Three alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described. Additional alternatively spliced transcripts may exist but the products of these transcripts have not been verified experimentally. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
synonyms: MXI; MAD2; MXD2; bHLHc11

Malnutrition
type: Class
subclass of: Evaluation of life expectancy, comorbidity and health status
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C3669
synonyms: malnourished
synonyms: Malnutrition
chinese label: 营养不良
synonyms: malnutrition
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Inadequate nutrition resulting from poor diet, malabsorption, or abnormal nutrient distribution./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A condition caused by not getting enough calories or the right amount of key nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, that are needed for health. Malnutrition may occur when there is a lack of nutrients in the diet or when the body cannot absorb nutrients from food. Cancer and cancer treatment may cause malnutrition.

Management of PSA failures after radiation therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrence after treatment with curative intent
chinese label: 放射治疗后PSA失败的处理
is defined by: Therapeutic options in these patients are ADT or local procedures such as SRP, cryotherapy, interstitial brachytherapy and high-intensity focused US . As a general rule, strong recommendations regarding the choice of any of these techniques cannot be made as the available evidence for these treatment options is of (very) low quality.

Management of prostate cancer in older men
type: Class
subclass of: Other treatment
chinese label: 老年男性前列腺癌的治疗

Marital status
type: Class
subclass of: Basic information of patient
chinese label: 婚姻状态
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25188
synonyms: MaritalStatusUB92
synonyms: MARISTAT
is defined by: A demographic parameter indicating a person's current conjugal status.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Marital Status
synonyms: Marital or partnership status

Meat
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
is defined by: The flesh of animals used as food.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C126482
chinese label: 肉类
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Meat

Medical castration
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal therapy

Medical castration
type: Class
subclass of: Castration
synonyms: Medical Castration
is defined by: Refers to the use of drugs to suppress the function of the ovaries or testicles.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15743
chinese label: 药物去势
synonyms: medical castration
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Megestrol Acetate
type: Class
subclass of: Steroidal anti-androgens
synonyms: Ovaban
synonyms: Alpha-acetoxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-
synonyms: 6-Methyl-6-dehydro-17.alpha.-acetoxyprogesterone
synonyms: BDH-1298
synonyms: (9beta,10alpha)-17-(Acetyloxy)-6-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione17
synonyms: 6-Dehydro-6-methyl-17 alpha-acetoxyprogesterone
synonyms: SC-10363
synonyms: Megestat
chinese label: 醋酸甲地孕酮
is defined by: The acetate salt form of megestrol, a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring female sex hormone progesterone with potential anti-estrogenic and antineoplastic activity. Mimicking the action of progesterone, megestrol acetate binds to and activates nuclear progesterone receptors in the reproductive system, and causes the ligand-receptor complex to be translocated to the nucleus where it binds to and promotes expression of target genes. This leads to an alteration in protein synthesis, which modulates cell growth of reproductive tissues. Due to the negative feedback mechanism seen with progesterone, megestrol also blocks luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary gland, thereby leading to an inhibition of ovulation and an alteration in the cervical mucus and endometrium. Furthermore, without stimulation of LH, estrogen release from the ovaries is stopped, hence impedes the growth of estrogen-sensitive tumor cells./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used to block estrogen and suppress the effects of estrogen and androgens. It is used to treat breast and endometrial cancer, and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It is also used to improve appetite in patients with cancer. Megace belongs to the group of hormones called progestins.
synonyms: dione acetate17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione Acetate
synonyms: Megace
synonyms: Niagestin
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1156
synonyms: Megestil
synonyms: Pallace
synonyms: 17.alpha.-Acetoxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione
synonyms: 6-Dehydro-6-methyl-17.alpha.-acetoxyprogesterone
synonyms: Maygace
synonyms: Megestrol Acetate
synonyms: 6-Methyl-delta-4,6-pregnadien-17 alpha-ol-3,20-dione Acetate
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: MEGESTROL ACETATE
synonyms: BDH 1298

Metabolic effects
type: Class
subclass of: Other systemic side-effects of androgen-deprivation therapy
is defined by: Lipid alterations are common and may occur as early as the first 3 months of treatment. ADT also decreases insulin sensitivity and increases fasting plasma insulin levels, which is a marker of insulin resistance.Once again, exercise is strongly recommended for its protective effect. In diabetic patients, metformin appears to be an attractive option for protection against metabolic effects, but there is insufficient data to recommend its use in non-diabetic patients.
chinese label: 代谢影响

Metabolic syndrome
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C84442
is defined by: A combination of medical conditions that, when present, increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. It includes the following medical conditions: increased blood pressure, central obesity, abnormal cholesterol levels, and elevated fasting glucose. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A condition is marked by extra fat around the abdomen, high levels of blood glucose (sugar) when not eating, high levels of triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood, low levels of high-density lipoproteins (a type of protein that carries fats) in the blood, and high blood pressure. People with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of diabetes mellitus and diseases of the heart and blood vessels."
synonyms: Metabolic Syndrome X
synonyms: Metabolic Syndrome
synonyms: metabolic syndrome
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: metabolic syndrome X
chinese label: 代谢综合症

Metastatic CRPC
type: Class
subclass of: Advanced prostate cancer
chinese label: 转移性耐去势的前列腺癌
is defined by: In metastatic CRPC, docetaxel is standard in fit and vulnerable older men, with comparable response and tolerance to younger patients. Tolerability has not been specifically studied in frail older men. In elderly and frail patients, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prophylaxis should be considered. Cabazitaxel, abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, and sipuleucel-T increase survival in chemotherapytreated and chemotherapy-naïve senior adults. Palliative treatment includes surgery, radiopharmaceuticals, EBRT, and medical treatment for pain and symptoms.

Metastatic Prostate Cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Therapeutic aspects of prostate cancer
synonyms: Prostate Cancer Metastatic
synonyms: Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C8946
synonyms: Prostate Carcinoma Metastatic
is defined by: A carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland and has spread to other anatomic sites.
chinese label: 转移性前列腺癌
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Metformin
type: Class
subclass of: Drug and operation
synonyms: "1,1-Dimethylbiguanide
is defined by: An agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Metformin is associated with a very low incidence of lactic acidosis. This agent helps reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and is not associated with weight gain, and prevents the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Metformin is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. NCI-GLOSS Definition: The active ingredient in a drug used to treat diabetes mellitus (a condition in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood). It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. It decreases the amount of glucose (a type of sugar) released into the bloodstream from the liver and increases the body's use of the glucose. Metformin is a type of antidiabetic agent."
synonyms: Metformin
synonyms: metformin
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C61612
synonyms: N,N-Dimethylimidodicarbonimidic Diamide"
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: METFORMIN

Micronutrients
type: Class
subclass of: Mineral
chinese label: 微量营养物
synonyms: Trace Element Nutrition
synonyms: Micronutrients
is defined by: Role of trace elements in cancer causation or prevention and in general health
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Nutrition, Trace Elements
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15605
synonyms: Trace Nutrients
preferred name: Nutrition, Trace Elements

Micturition arduous
type: Class
subclass of: Voiding symptoms
chinese label: 排尿费力
is defined by: The discharge of urine from the bladder; urine from the kidneys is passed in spurts every few seconds along the ureters to the bladder, where it collects and later is passed to the outside via the urethra.

Migrant
type: Class
subclass of: Demographic characteristics
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
preferred name: Migrant farm worker
chinese label: 迁移
synonyms: Migratory Farm Worker
is defined by: A worker who travels from place to place as an agricultural worker, ususally moving to participate in harvest activities.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C85877
synonyms: Migrant Farm Worker

Cow milk
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
is defined by: A body substance containing proteins, fats, lactose, and various vitamins and minerals produced by the mammary glands of mature female bovines.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C66153
synonyms: Cow Milk
chinese label: 奶类
synonyms: COW MILK
synonyms: Milk
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Mineral
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
chinese label: 矿物质
synonyms: Mineral
is defined by: A solid, homogeneous, inorganic substance occurring in nature and having a definite chemical composition. NCI-GLOSS Definition: In medicine, a mineral is a nutrient that is needed in small amounts to keep the body healthy. Mineral nutrients include the elements calcium, magnesium, and iron."
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C656
synonyms: mineral
synonyms: Minerals

Minimally invasive therapies
type: Class
subclass of: Localised prostate cancer
is defined by: Minimally invasive energy-ablative therapies are being developed rapidly, but there is still a lack of evidence to support their use.
chinese label: 微创治疗

Mitoxantrone
type: Class
subclass of: Chemotherapy
synonyms: mitoxantrone
synonyms: MITOXANTRONE
is defined by: An anthracenedione antibiotic with antineoplastic activity. Mitoxantrone intercalates into and crosslinks DNA, thereby disrupting DNA and RNA replication. This agent also binds to topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA strand breaks and inhibition of DNA repair. Mitoxantrone is less cardiotoxic compared to doxorubicin./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used to treat advanced prostate cancer that does not respond to hormones, adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, and advanced or chronic multiple sclerosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other cancers. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Mitozantrone
synonyms: 1,4-Dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9, 10-anthroquinone
synonyms: Dihydroxyanthracenedione
synonyms: Mitoxantrone
synonyms: 1,3-Dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9, 10-anthracenedione
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C62050

Morbidity
type: Class
subclass of: Salvage cryoablation of the prostate
chinese label: 发病率

Most Common Complication After Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C124808
synonyms: After radiotherapy, the most common complication is
chinese label: 前列腺癌放疗后最常见并发症
synonyms: Most Common Complication After Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer
is defined by: A question about an individual's knowledge of the most common complication after radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Multivitamin
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
synonyms: Vitamin Supplements (NOS)
chinese label: 多种维生素剂
is defined by: A dietary supplement containing all or most of the vitamins that may not be readily available in the diet. Vitamins may be classified according to their solubility either in lipids (vitamins A, D, E, K, F) or in water (vitamins C, B-complex). Present in minute amounts in various foods, vitamins are essential to maintaining normal metabolism and biochemical functions. (NCI04)
synonyms: Multivitamin
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1654
synonyms: Geritol
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Mx
type: Class
subclass of: M-staging
synonyms: /MX/
synonyms: MX Distant Metastasis Stage Finding/
synonyms: MX Stage
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48704
synonyms: MX Metastasis Finding/
synonyms: MX TNM Finding
synonyms: Metastasis Stage MX
synonyms: MX Metastasis Stage/
synonyms: /MX Stage Finding/
synonyms: MX Distant Metastasis Finding/
synonyms: MX Cancer Stage Finding /
is defined by: A distant metastasis TNM finding indicating that the status of distant metastasis cannot be assessed.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

N-staging
type: Class
subclass of: TNM prostate tumor staging
is defined by: A system for clinicopathologic evaluation of tumors based on the extent of tumor involvement at the primary site (T, followed by a number indicating size and depth of invasion), and lymph node involvement (N) and metastasis (M) each followed by a number starting at 0 for no evident metastasis; numbers used depend on the organ involved and influence the prognosis and choice of treatment.

N0
type: Class
subclass of: N-staging
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48705
synonyms: N0 Stage
synonyms: N0 Stage Finding
synonyms: Lymph Node Stage N0
synonyms: N0 Node Stage
synonyms: N0 Regional Lymph Node Stage Finding
synonyms: N0 Lymph Node Finding
synonyms: N0 Regional Lymph Nodes Finding
synonyms: N0 Node Finding
synonyms: N0 Lymph Node Stage
synonyms: Node Stage N0
is defined by: A regional lymph node TNM finding indicating that there is no evidence of regional lymph node metastasis.
synonyms: N0 Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: N0 TNM Finding
synonyms: N0

N1
type: Class
subclass of: N-staging
synonyms: N1 Node Finding
is defined by: A general term that refers to a TNM finding of cancer metastases usually in a limited number of regional lymph nodes. The definition of N1 TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for breast cancer it refers to micrometastases or metastases in 1-3 axillary lymph nodes; for cutaneous melanoma it refers to metastasis in 1 regional lymph node; for colorectal cancer it refers to metastases in 1-3 regional lymph nodes; and for bladder cancer it refers to metastasis in 1 regional lymph node in the true pelvis.
synonyms: N1 Lymph Node Stage
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48706
synonyms: N1 Node Stage
synonyms: N1 Stage
synonyms: N1 Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: N1 Regional Lymph Node Stage Finding
synonyms: N1
synonyms: N1 Stage Finding
synonyms: N1 TNM Finding
synonyms: Node Stage N1
synonyms: N1 Lymph Node Finding
synonyms: N1 Regional Lymph Nodes Finding
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Lymph Node Stage N1

NQO2
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
reference: Location: 6p25.2; Sequence: Chromosome: 6; NC_000006.12 (2999816..3019876)
synonyms: QR2; DHQV; DIA6; NMOR2
preferred name: NQO2 N-ribosyldihydronicotinamide:quinone reductase 2
is defined by: This gene encodes a member of the thioredoxin family of enzymes. It is a cytosolic and ubiquitously expressed flavoprotein that catalyzes the two-electron reduction of quinone substrates and uses dihydronicotinamide riboside as a reducing coenzyme. Mutations in this gene have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases and several cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/4835/

Nationality
type: Class
subclass of: Basic information of patient
chinese label: 国籍
URL: http://www.semanticweb.org/ethnicityOntology#Nationality
is defined by: Nationality is a legal relationship between an individual person and a state.
synonyms: Nationality

Natural history of biochemical failure
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrence after treatment with curative intent
is defined by: Once a PSA relapse has been diagnosed, it is important to determine whether the recurrence has developed at local or distant sites. The risk of subsequent metastases and PCSM may be predicted by the initial clinical factors (e.g. T-category, PSA, biopsy Gleason score). If the patient has undergone RP, the pathological outcomes of the surgery (e.g. pathologic T-category and prostatectomy Gleason score, nodal and margin status) may provide further information. Beyond pre- and posttreatment clinico-pathological factors, PSA kinetics (PSA doubling-time (PSA-DT) and interval to PSA failure) may be used to estimate the risk of metastases and subsequent PCSM.
chinese label: 生化失败的自然史

Needle Biopsy of Prostate
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate biopsy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C51694
chinese label: 前列腺针吸活检
synonyms: Needle Biopsy of Prostate
is defined by: Removal of tissue from the prostate for microscopic examination, using a needle.

Neoadjuvant and adjuvant hormonal therapy and radical prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Other surgery
is defined by: Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) is defined as therapy given before definitive local curative treatment.|Since PCa is an androgen-dependent tumour, NHT is an appealing concept. A recent review and meta-analysis|studied the role of NHT and prostatectomy. NHT significantly reduced positive margin rates (RR = 0.49|p < 0.00001), extra-prostatic extension (RR = 1.63; p < 0.0001) and lymph node invasion (RR = 0.49; 0.42-0.56;|p < 0.02). However, this was not associated with improved OS or disease-free survival (DFS).|Regarding adjuvant HT, a Cochrane review has been published: the pooled data showed a|non-significant 5-year OS benefit (OR: 1.50 [95% CI: 0.79-2.84]) and no 10-year OS benefit (with again a trend|favouring the adjuvant approach). The pooled data for DFS gave an overall OR of 3.73 (95% CI: 2.3-6.03). The|overall effect estimate was highly significant (p < 0.00001) in favour of the HT arm. The Early Prostate Cancer|Trialists’ Group (EPC) trial using bicalutamide 150 mg daily could not be included in the Cochrane review|due to missing information. After a median follow-up of 7.2 years, there was a significant improvement in|objective PFS that was only significant in the locally advanced disease group (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61-0.91).|There was an OS decrease trend in the localised disease group (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.99-1.37). No OS benefit|was observed in both localised and locally advanced groups.|The main limitations of the above data are the mixing of pN0 and pN1 populations. For pN+ patients, 2 RCT are|available and drive the main conclusion of the Cochrane review, even if non RCT suggest that the benefit might|not be so large in all patients. Regarding pN0 / N0 stages, the only RCT is the EPC project. Using|more conventional HT, a large retrospective data base with a median follow up of 10 years suggests that|adjuvant HT might be linked to an increased specific, but not OS benefit.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Other radiotherapy
chinese label: 新辅助化疗加放疗
is defined by: The GETUG 12 trial investigated the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel on the PFS in a|cohort of 413 high-risk patients, defined as having one or more of the following criteria: T3-4, Gleason score|> 8, PSA > 20 ng/mL, pN+. Patients were randomly assigned to either goserelin 10.8 mg every 3 months for 3|years, + four cycles of docetaxel, 70 mg/m2 every 3 weeks, + estramustine 10 mg/kg/dL on days 1-5 (arm 1) or|to goserelin alone (arm 2). Local therapy was administered at 3 months and consisted of radiotherapy in 358|patients (87%). Toxicity included grade 3-4 neutropenia (27%) with neutropenic fever in 2%, but no toxicityrelated|death and no secondary leukaemia. A PSA response (PSA < 0.2 ng/mL after 3 months of treatment)|was obtained in 34% in the ADT+DE arm and 15% in the ADT arm. With a median follow-up period of 4.6|years, the 4-year PFS was 85% in arm 1 vs. 81% in arm 2 (p = 0.26), but the data need to mature.

Neoadjuvant or adjuvant hormone therapy plus radiotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Other radiotherapy
chinese label: 新辅助或辅助激素治疗加放疗
is defined by: The combination of radiotherapy with LHRH ADT has definitively proven its superiority compared with|radiotherapy alone followed by deferred ADT on relapse, as shown by phase III randomised trials (Table 7.3.3). These trials included high risk prostate cancer patients, mostly by virtue of locally advanced (T3-T4 N0-X)disease, though with a wide range of clinical risk factors, such as PSA level or Gleason grade (high risk localised, T1-2, N0-X prostate cancer). The most powerful conclusion from these studies comes from the EORTC 22863 trial, which is the basis for the combination of radiotherapy and ADT in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer as standard practice today.

Nerve-Sparing Surgery
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
chinese label: 保留神经手术
is defined by: Any surgery that attempts to preserve nerve function near the surgery site.
synonyms: Nerve-Sparing Surgery
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C113420

Neutering
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
is defined by: Neutering, from the Latin neuter, is the removal of an animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part. "Neutering" is often used incorrectly to refer only to male animals, but the term actually applies to both sexes. The male-specific term is castration, while spaying is usually reserved for female animals. Colloquially, both terms are often referred to as fixing. In male horses, castrating is referred to as gelding. Modern veterinary practice tends to use the term de-sexing.
chinese label: 阉割

Night shift worker
type: Class
subclass of: Social factors
is defined by: A group of workers who work a shift during the night in an industry or occupation where a day shift or a back shift is also worked.
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/276066009
chinese label: 夜班工作
synonyms: Night shift worker (finding)

Nilutamide
type: Class
subclass of: Non-steroidal anti-androgens
synonyms: nilutamide
synonyms: Anandron
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1173
chinese label: 尼鲁米特
synonyms: RU-23908
synonyms: Nilutamide
synonyms: 1-(3'-Trifluoromethyl-4'-nitrophenyl)-4,4-dimethylimidazoline-3,5-dione
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: NILUTAMIDE
synonyms: 5,5-Dimethyl-3-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoro-methyl)phenyl]-2,4-imidazolidinedione
is defined by: A synthetic, nonsteroidal agent with antiandrogenic properties. Nilutamide preferentially binds to androgen receptors and blocks androgen receptor activation by testosterone and other androgens; this agent may inhibit androgen-dependent growth of normal and neoplastic prostate cells. (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that blocks the effects of male hormones in the body. It is a type of antiandrogen.
synonyms: Nilandron

Nocturia
type: Class
subclass of: Storage symptoms
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C82673
chinese label: 夜尿增多
is defined by: Frequent episodes of urination during the night.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Nocturia

Non-hormonal therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma
chinese label: 非激素疗法

Non-metastatic bone fractures
type: Class
subclass of: Other systemic side-effects of androgen-deprivation therapy
chinese label: 非转移性骨折
is defined by: Due to increased bone turnover and decreased BMD in a time-dependent manner, ADT use is linked to an increased risk of fracture (up to 45% relative risk with long-term ADT). Hip fractures in men are associated with a significant risk of death. A precise evaluation of BMD should be performed by dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) before starting long-term ADT. An initial low BMD (T-score < -2.5 or < -1, with other risk factors) indicates a high risk of subsequent non-metastatic fracture. The WHO FRAX tool (http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX) should be used to evaluate individual risk. Obesity (increase in body fat mass by up to 10%) and sarcopenia (decrease in lean tissue mass by up to 3%) are common and occur during the first year of ADT. Both changes increase the fracture risk.

Non-steroidal anti-androgens
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-androgens
chinese label: 非甾体类抗雄激素
is defined by: Non-steroidal anti-androgens monotherapy have been promoted on the basis of improved quality of life (QoL) and compliance compared to castration. They do not suppress testosterone secretion and it is claimed that libido, overall physical performance and bone mineral density (BMD) are preserved. Non-androgen pharmacological side-effects differ, with bicalutamide showing a more favourable safety and tolerability profile than nilutamide and flutamide. All three agents share a common liver toxicity (occasionally fatal) and liver enzymes must be monitored regularly.

Nx
type: Class
subclass of: N-staging
synonyms: NX Node Stage
is defined by: A regional lymph node TNM finding indicating that the status of regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed.
synonyms: NX Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: NX Lymph Node Stage
synonyms: NX Stage
synonyms: NX Stage Finding
synonyms: NX TNM Finding
synonyms: NX
synonyms: NX Node Finding
synonyms: NX Regional Lymph Nodes Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48718
synonyms: Lymph Node Stage NX
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Node Stage NX
synonyms: NX Lymph Node Finding
synonyms: NX Regional Lymph Node Stage Finding

Obesity
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
synonyms: Obesity
is defined by: Having a high amount of body fat (body mass index [BMI] of 30 or more). CTCAE Definition: A disorder characterized by having a high amount of body fat. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A condition marked by an abnormally high, unhealthy amount of body fat.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C3283
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: obesity
chinese label: 肥胖症

Observation
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrence after treatment with curative intent
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: OBSERVATION
synonyms: Observational
synonyms: Observation
is defined by: Watching something and taking note of what happens./CDISC Definition: Watching something and taking note of what happens.
chinese label: 观察
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25598

Observation
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrences
chinese label: 观察

Oestrogens
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal therapy
synonyms: Oestrogens
synonyms: Therapeutic Estrogen
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C483
is defined by: A class of natural or synthetic hormones that binds to a cytoplasmic receptor and initiates translocation of the hormone-receptor complex to the nucleus of target cells of tissues rich in estrogen receptors, including the endometrium, myometrium, oviduct, vagina, fallopian tube, cervix, brain, liver, placenta, ovarian cells, Leydigs cells, kidney, prostate, pancreas, heart, and skin. (NCI)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 雌激素

Oncological outcomes
type: Class
subclass of: Salvage cryoablation of the prostate
chinese label: 肿瘤预后

Open Prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Prostatectomy
synonyms: Open Prostatectomy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 开放性前列腺根治术
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C92983
synonyms: open prostatectomy
is defined by: An operation to remove part or all of the prostate gland through an incision in the lower abdomen or perineum (the area between the anus and scrotum). An open prostatectomy may be done to remove an enlarged prostate gland in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or as a treatment for prostate cancer.

Options other than surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of localised prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Other treatment
chinese label: 局部前列腺癌除手术和放疗以外的其他初级治疗选择
is defined by: Besides radical prostatectomy (RP), external-beam radiation and brachytherapy, other modalities have emerged as therapeutic options in patients with clinically localised PCa. In this chapter, we will consider both whole gland and focal treatment, looking particularly at high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryosurgery (CSAP) as sufficient data are available to form the basis of some initial judgements on these latest additions to the management of PCa. Other options - such as photodynamic therapy, radiofrequency ablation and electroporation, among others - are considered to be in the early phases of evaluation and will therefore not be discussed in this edition of the guidelines. Both HIFU and CSAP have been developed as minimally invasive procedures with the aim of equivalent oncological safety with reduced toxicity.

Osteoporosis
type: Class
subclass of: Personal medical history
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Osteoporosis
is defined by: A condition of reduced bone mass, with decreased cortical thickness and a decrease in the number and size of the trabeculae of cancellous bone (but normal chemical composition), resulting in increased fracture incidence.
synonyms: osteoporosis
chinese label: 骨质疏松
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C3298

Other chemotherapy drugs
type: Class
subclass of: Chemotherapy
chinese label: 其他化疗药物

Other radionuclide techniques
type: Class
subclass of: Assessment of metastases
is defined by: "A 111In-capromab pendetide scan (ProstaScint™) yielded disappointing results in patients with biochemical failure after RP or radiation therapy. Its use is therefore not recommended.18F-Fluoride PET and PET/CT have a higher sensitivity than bone scan in detecting bone metastases. However, 18F-Fluoride is limited by a relative lack of specificity and by the fact that it does not assess soft-tissue metastases."

Other radiotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
chinese label: 其他放射治疗

Other surgery
type: Class
subclass of: Surgery
chinese label: 其他手术

Other symptoms
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom of prostate cancer
chinese label: 其他症状
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C105783
is defined by: A question about whether an individual has or had other symptoms.
synonyms: Have you experienced other symptoms
synonyms: Have Other Symptoms
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Other systemic side-effects of androgen-deprivation therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Side-effects of hormonal therapy
is defined by: They are frequent and may lead to significantly increased morbidity or even mortality.
chinese label: 雄激素阻断治疗的其他系统性副作用

Other treatment
type: Class
subclass of: Therapeutic aspects of prostate cancer
chinese label: 其他治疗方式

Other vitamin
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
chinese label: 其他维他命
is defined by: A group of organic food substances found in animals and plants in small quantities. They must be supplied in diet or dietary supplement and are essential for normal metabolism. CRCH Definition: A class of micronutrients that regulate and support chemical reactions in the body. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Sources of vitamins are plant and animal food products and dietary supplements. Some vitamins are made in the human body from food products. Vitamins are either fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) or water-soluble (can dissolve in water). Excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissue, but excess water-soluble vitamins are removed in the urine. Examples are vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C944

Oxidative stress
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17741
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Oxidative Stress
chinese label: 氧化应激
synonyms: oxidative Stress
is defined by: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products. The damage to biological tissues is caused by superoxide and other free radicals generated by many factors, including exposure to alcohol, medications, trauma, cold, toxins, and radiation or by antimicrobial cellular immunity, metabolic abnormality, or ""normal"" aging; not synonymous with hypoxia or hyperoxia. Oxidative stress promotes a range of degenerative disorders, including cancer, diabetes, premature aging, Alzheimer's, and many others. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A condition in which antioxidant levels are lower than normal. Antioxidant levels are usually measured in blood plasma."

PALB2
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
synonyms: FANCN; PNCA3
reference: Location: 16p12.2; Sequence: Chromosome: 16; NC_000016.10 (23603162..23641357, complement)
is defined by: This gene encodes a protein that may function in tumor suppression. This protein binds to and colocalizes with the breast cancer 2 early onset protein (BRCA2) in nuclear foci and likely permits the stable intranuclear localization and accumulation of BRCA2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/79728/
preferred name: PALB2 partner and localizer of BRCA2

PCAP
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/7834/
is defined by: PCAP is the major known prostate cancer predisposing locus in families from south and west Europe.|Predisposing gene for early-onset prostate cancer, localized on chromosome 1q42.2-43.|CGI-55 interacts with nuclear proteins and co-localizes to p80-coilin positive-coiled bodies in the nucleus.
reference: Location: 1q42.2-q43
preferred name: PCAP predisposing for prostate cancer
synonyms: HPC2; HPC8

PHB
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
synonyms: PHB1; HEL-215; HEL-S-54e
preferred name: PHB prohibitin
reference: Location: 17q21.33; Sequence: Chromosome: 17; NC_000017.11 (49404048..49414905, complement)
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/5245/
is defined by: This gene is evolutionarily conserved, and its product is proposed to play a role in human cellular senescence and tumor suppression. Antiproliferative activity is reported to be localized to the 3' UTR, which is proposed to function as a trans-acting regulatory RNA. Several pseudogenes of this gene have been identified. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

PIK3CA
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: PIK3CA phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha
synonyms: MCM; CWS5; MCAP; PI3K; CLOVE; MCMTC; PI3K-alpha; p110-alpha
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/5290/
is defined by: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is composed of an 85 kDa regulatory subunit and a 110 kDa catalytic subunit. The protein encoded by this gene represents the catalytic subunit, which uses ATP to phosphorylate PtdIns, PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2. This gene has been found to be oncogenic and has been implicated in cervical cancers. A pseudogene of this gene has been defined on chromosome 22. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]
reference: Location: 3q26.32; Sequence: Chromosome: 3; NC_000003.12 (179148114..179240093)

PLT
type: Class
subclass of: Complete blood count
synonyms: platelet
synonyms: Platelets
is defined by: An irregular, disc-shaped element in the blood that assists in blood clotting. Platelets are not blood cells, they are fragments of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Platelet
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C12520
synonyms: Deetjen Body
synonyms: thrombocyte
synonyms: Blood Platelet
synonyms: Reticuloendothelial System, Platelets
preferred name: Platelet
synonyms: Thrombocytes
synonyms: Bizzozero Corpuscle
chinese label: 血小板计数
synonyms: Thrombocyte
synonyms: PLATELET

PPM1D
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: PPM1D protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1D
synonyms: WIP1; IDDGIP; PP2C-DELTA
is defined by: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the PP2C family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases. PP2C family members are known to be negative regulators of cell stress response pathways. The expression of this gene is induced in a p53-dependent manner in response to various environmental stresses. While being induced by tumor suppressor protein TP53/p53, this phosphatase negatively regulates the activity of p38 MAP kinase, MAPK/p38, through which it reduces the phosphorylation of p53, and in turn suppresses p53-mediated transcription and apoptosis. This phosphatase thus mediates a feedback regulation of p38-p53 signaling that contributes to growth inhibition and the suppression of stress induced apoptosis. This gene is located in a chromosomal region known to be amplified in breast cancer. The amplification of this gene has been detected in both breast cancer cell line and primary breast tumors, which suggests a role of this gene in cancer development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
reference: Location: 17q23.2; Sequence: Chromosome: 17; NC_000017.11 (60600183..60666280)
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/8493/

PSA velocity
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C20119
is defined by: A measurement of how fast PSA levels in the blood increase over time. A high PSA velocity may be a sign of prostate cancer and may help find fast-growing prostate cancers.
synonyms: PSA velocity
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: PSA Velocity
synonyms: Prostate Specific Antigen Velocity
chinese label: PSA速率

PSA doubling time
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C143149
synonyms: PSADT
is defined by: The number of months observed or calculated for PSA to increase two-fold.
synonyms: PSA Doubling Time
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: PSA倍增时间
synonyms: PSA-DT
synonyms: Prostate Specific Antigen Doubling Time

PTEN
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/5728/
reference: Location: 10q23.31; Sequence: Chromosome: 10; NC_000010.11 (87863438..87971930)
is defined by: This gene was identified as a tumor suppressor that is mutated in a large number of cancers at high frequency. The protein encoded by this gene is a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase. It contains a tensin like domain as well as a catalytic domain similar to that of the dual specificity protein tyrosine phosphatases. Unlike most of the protein tyrosine phosphatases, this protein preferentially dephosphorylates phosphoinositide substrates. It negatively regulates intracellular levels of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate in cells and functions as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating AKT/PKB signaling pathway. The use of a non-canonical (CUG) upstream initiation site produces a longer isoform that initiates translation with a leucine, and is thought to be preferentially associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane. This longer isoform may help regulate energy metabolism in the mitochondria. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 9. Alternative splicing and the use of multiple translation start codons results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2015]
synonyms: BZS; DEC; CWS1; GLM2; MHAM; TEP1; MMAC1; PTEN1; 10q23del; PTENbeta

Painful bone metastases
type: Class
subclass of: Bone targeted therapies in metastatic CRPC
chinese label: 骨转移性疼痛
is defined by: Most patients with CRPC have painful bone metastases. External beam radiotherapy is highly effective ,even as a single fraction.

Pathology of prostate needle biopsies
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical diagnosis
chinese label: 前列腺穿刺活检病理

Patient selection for focal therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Focal therapy of PCa
is defined by: The primary objective of treatment must be the eradication of measurable and biologically aggressive disease with minimal toxicity. However, although treatment is usually intended to be a single session, patients should know that further treatment might be necessary in the future. Standardised follow-up schedules and retreatment indications are currently non-existent.
chinese label: 重点治疗法病人的选择

Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
synonyms: pelvic lymphadenectomy
is defined by: Surgical removal of one or more pelvic lymph nodes.
synonyms: Excision Pelvic Lymph Nodes
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C51896
synonyms: Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
synonyms: Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
chinese label: 盆腔淋巴结切除术
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Pelvic node sampling
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
chinese label: 盆腔淋巴结取样

Percent free prostate-specific antigen
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
synonyms: Percent Free Prostate-Specific Antigen
chinese label: 游离前列腺特异性抗原百分率
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: free PSA
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C20042
is defined by: PSA circulates in the blood in two forms: free or attached to a protein molecule. With benign prostate conditions, there is more free PSA, while cancer produces more of the attached form. A more accurate predictor of cancer than either a patient's age or his total PSA level. (from Cancer Information Service)

Personal medical history
type: Class
subclass of: Epidemiological aspects of prostate cancer
is defined by: A record of a patient's background regarding health and the occurrence of disease events of the individual. In addition, personal medical history may be a variable in epidemiologic studies.
synonyms: personal medical history
synonyms: personal history
synonyms: Past Medical History
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C18772
synonyms: PMH
synonyms: Personal History
synonyms: personal health record
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Medical History
synonyms: History
synonyms: Personal Medical History
chinese label: 个人病史

Pesticide
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
synonyms: Pesticide
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Pesticides
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C737
is defined by: Any agent used to control, repel, or kill unwanted organisms./NCI-GLOSS Definition: Any substance that is used to kill insects and other pests.
synonyms: pesticide
chinese label: 杀虫剂

Photodynamic Therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Options other than surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of localised prostate cancer
chinese label: 光动力疗法
synonyms: PDT
synonyms: Photodynamic Therapy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15300
synonyms: photodynamic therapy
synonyms: Photoradiation Therapy
is defined by: Use of light activated drugs (photosensitizing agents) to kill cancer cells./NCI-GLOSS Definition: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These activated drugs may kill cancer cells.

Physical activity
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
synonyms: Physical Activity
chinese label: 体力活动
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17708
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Any form of exercise or movement. Physical activity may include planned activity such as walking, running, basketball, or other sports. Physical activity may also include other daily activities such as household chores, yard work, walking the dog, etc.

Physical examination
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical diagnosis
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 体格检查
synonyms: Assessment
synonyms: physical examination
is defined by: A systemic evaluation of the body and its functions using visual inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. The purpose is to determine the presence or absence of physical signs of disease or abnormality for an individual's health assessment.
synonyms: PHYSICAL EXAM
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C20989
synonyms: Physical Assessment

Phytooestrogen
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
PMID: 27723080
chinese label: 植物雌激素
is defined by: Hytoestrogens are plant‐derived dietary compounds, found in a wide variety of foods, especially in soy. They represent a diverse group of naturally occurring chemicals with structural similarity to 17‐β‐oestradiol (E2), the primary female sex hormone

Pizza
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
is defined by: Pizza is a traditional Italian dish consisting of a yeasted flatbread typically topped with tomato sauce and cheese and baked in an oven. It can also be topped with additional vegetables, meats, and condiments, and can be made without cheese.
chinese label: 披萨
reference: BioPortal cui:C0453577
synonyms: Pizza (substance)
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/227757007

Plant
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
is defined by: Any living organism that typically synthesizes its food from inorganic substances, possesses cellulose cell walls, responds slowly and often permanently to a stimulus, lacks specialized sense organs and nervous system, and has no powers of locomotion. (EPA Terminology Reference System)
chinese label: 植物
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C14258
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: viridiplantae
synonyms: plant;
synonyms: Plants,general;
synonyms: plants;

Plasma enterolactone
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
PMID: 28884432
is defined by: Enterolactone (ENL) is an enterolignan, which in humans is formed in the gut from various dietary lignans through the action of colonic bacteria, and is later detectable in the circulation， Lignans constitutes, besides isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein, which are mainly found in soy products) and coumestans (mainly found in sprouts), one of the three main classes of phytoestrogens (PE), non-steroidal plant-based substances with estrogenic properties
chinese label: 血浆肠内酯

Polyphenols
type: Class
subclass of: Tea or polyphenols
synonyms: Green Tea Extract
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: green tea extract
synonyms: Green Tea Polyphenols
chinese label: 多酚类化合物
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C2694
synonyms: Tea, Green, Polyphenols
is defined by: A defined, decaffeinated green tea polyphenol mixture isolated from Camellia sinensis, a plant native to Asia, with antiviral and antioxidant activities and potential chemopreventive activity. Green tea extract contains antioxidant compounds, including flavonoids, vitamins and polyphenols such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which may have antineoplastic properties. Consumption of green tea extract may confer chemopreventive protection against various cancers including those of the prostate, stomach, and esophagus./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance that is being studied in the prevention of cancer. It is made from decaffeinated green tea, and contains chemicals called catechins, which are antioxidants.
synonyms: Tea, Green Extract

Pomegranate
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
synonyms: Pomegranate
synonyms: pomegranate
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C73929
is defined by: NCI-GLOSS Definition: A subtropical shrub or tree. Juice from the fruit may contain substances that decrease or slow the rise of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. It is being studied for its ability to delay or prevent recurrent prostate cancer. The scientific name is Punica granatum.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: POMEGRANATE
chinese label: 石榴

Post-radical prostatectomy biochemical recurrence
type: Class
subclass of: Natural history of biochemical failure
is defined by: According to Pound et al., not all patients with BCF after RP develop clinical recurrence. The authors evaluated the follow-up data for 1,997 patients after RP, and only 34% of those with BCF subsequently had a clinical recurrence. These data were confirmed by Boorjian et al. in a study including approximately 2,400 patients; only a minority of those with BCF after RP developed a clinically evident recurrence (22.9%) and only a few died of PCa (5.8%) . Overall, these studies demonstrated a general trend among men with PSA-only recurrence after RP (i.e. 7-40% of relapsing men): for every 100 men treated with RP, approximately 15-30 will develop BCR and 2-6 of those will die of PCa.
chinese label: 前列腺癌根治术后生化复发

Post-radiotherapy biochemical recurrence
type: Class
subclass of: Natural history of biochemical failure
chinese label: 放疗后生化复发
is defined by: Similar to patients experiencing PSA-recurrence after RP, patients with a PSA-rise following RT can be subdivided into prognostic categories. A high-risk subgroup with elevated risk of metastases and PCSM are those patients with a PSA-DT < 3 months, time to biochemical progression < 3 years, biopsy Gleason score 8-10 and clinical stage cT3b-T4. Conversely, patients at low risk of metastases and PCSM are those with a PSA-DT > 15 months, biopsy Gleason score < 7, clinical stage < cT3a and time to biochemical progression> 3 years. Zumsteg et al. have designed a risk score to further subdivide patients who develop PSA recurrence following RT. Those with either 0, 1 or > 2 high-risk factors (PSA-DT < 3 months, time to biochemical progression < 3 years, biopsy Gleason score 8-10 and clinical stage cT3b-T4) have an increased risk of developing metastases and PCSM.Again, the choice of local salvage treatment (salvage RP, salvage cryo, salvage HIFU, salvage brachytherapy)should be guided by the life expectancy and oncological risk profile of each patient, together with the patient’s expectations.

Post-treatment quality of life in patients with localised prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Other treatment
is defined by: Increased life expectancy in PCa makes post-treatment QoL a key issue. Health-related QoL (HRQoL) refers to the impact of disease and treatment on well-being and physical, emotional and social functioning, including daily functioning. HRQoL is rated by patients, and is important because physicians often underestimate the impact of disease and treatment on patients. PCa-specific HRQoL refers to the disease-specific outcome of PCa, including urinary, bowel and sexual functioning. General HRQoL refers to well-being, vitality, fatigue, pain, general health status, global QoL, and life satisfaction. HRQoL is measured using standardised questionnaires, which provide an objective assessment of general and disease-specific domains. Comparison of the most common contemporary therapies for localised PCa is necessary to inform patients about treatment options and address patient preferences for the various possible outcomes. There is still limited objective data about HRQoL in PCa treatment.
chinese label: 局部前列腺癌患者的治疗后生活质量

Postvoiding symptoms
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom of prostate cancer
chinese label: 排尿后症状

Potential other benefits of intermittent androgen deprivation
type: Class
subclass of: Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation therapy (IAD)
is defined by: The optimal thresholds at which ADT must be stopped or resumed are empirical. Nevertheless, several points are clear. • IAD is based on intermittent castration. Therefore, only drugs leading to castration are suitable for use in IAD. • Most published experiences are based on CAB, which is considered as standard treatment. An LHRH antagonist might be a valid alternative, without any significant benefits. • The induction cycle must last 9 months at the most, otherwise testosterone recovery is unlikely. • The treatment is stopped only if patients have fulfilled all the following criteria: - well-informed and compliant patient; - no clinical progression; - clear PSA response, empirically defined as a PSA < 4 ng/mL in metastatic disease. • Strict follow-up is mandatory, with clinical examination every 3-6 months. The more advanced the disease, the closer the follow-up. The same laboratory should be used to measure the PSA level. • Treatment is resumed when the patient reaches either a clinical progression, or a PSA above a predetermined, empirically fixed, threshold: usually 10-20 ng/mL in metastatic cases. • The same treatment is used for at least 3-6 months. • Subsequent cycles of treatment are based on the same rules until the first sign is seen of a castrateresistant status. • The best population for IAD has still to be fully characterised. However, the most important factor seems to be the patient’s response to the first cycle of IAD, e.g. the PSA level response.IAD might be an option in metastatic situations after a standardised induction period, even if the benefits are fewer compared to those with less advanced situations.
chinese label: 间歇性雄激素阻断治疗的潜在其他益处

Practical aspects for intermittent androgen deprivation
type: Class
subclass of: Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation therapy (IAD)
chinese label: 间歇性雄激素阻断治疗的实用性
is defined by: The optimal thresholds at which ADT must be stopped or resumed are empirical. Nevertheless, several points are clear. • IAD is based on intermittent castration. Therefore, only drugs leading to castration are suitable for use in IAD. • Most published experiences are based on CAB, which is considered as standard treatment. An LHRH antagonist might be a valid alternative, without any significant benefits. • The induction cycle must last 9 months at the most, otherwise testosterone recovery is unlikely. • The treatment is stopped only if patients have fulfilled all the following criteria: - well-informed and compliant patient; - no clinical progression; - clear PSA response, empirically defined as a PSA < 4 ng/mL in metastatic disease. • Strict follow-up is mandatory, with clinical examination every 3-6 months. The more advanced the disease, the closer the follow-up. The same laboratory should be used to measure the PSA level. • Treatment is resumed when the patient reaches either a clinical progression, or a PSA above a predetermined, empirically fixed, threshold: usually 10-20 ng/mL in metastatic cases. • The same treatment is used for at least 3-6 months. • Subsequent cycles of treatment are based on the same rules until the first sign is seen of a castrateresistant status. • The best population for IAD has still to be fully characterised. However, the most important factor seems to be the patient’s response to the first cycle of IAD, e.g. the PSA level response.IAD might be an option in metastatic situations after a standardised induction period, even if the benefits are fewer compared to those with less advanced situations.

Pre-therapeutic assessment of patients
type: Class
subclass of: Focal therapy of PCa
chinese label: 患者的治疗前评估
is defined by: The high number of random and systematic errors associated with TRUS-guided random biopsy regimens means that this procedure is not sufficiently accurate for selecting candidates for focal therapy. Perineal biopsy or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be useful tools. For characterizing men considering focal therapy, transperineal prostate biopsy using a template-guided approach is recommended. When used with a 5 mm sampling frame, this approach can rule in or out PCa foci with volumes of 0.5 mL and 0.2 mL with 90% certainty. Thus, the exact anatomical localization of the index lesion - defined as the biologically most aggressive - can be accurately determined.

Prednisone
type: Class
subclass of: Chemotherapy
synonyms: Deltison/Deltra
synonyms: Panafcort
synonyms: Prednilonga
synonyms: Promifen
synonyms: SK-Prednisone
synonyms: Delta 1-Cortisone
synonyms: Decortisyl
synonyms: Predicorten
synonyms: Prednitone
synonyms: Lisacort
synonyms: Sk-Prednisone
synonyms: delta.1-Cortisone
synonyms: Paracort
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione
synonyms: Meticorten
synonyms: Meprosona-F
synonyms: Prednidib
synonyms: Prednicen-M
synonyms: Deltacortisone
synonyms: Liquid Pred
synonyms: Prednisone
synonyms: Adasone
synonyms: Deltadehydrocortisone
synonyms: 1,2-Dehydrocortisone
synonyms: PRED
synonyms: Deltasone
synonyms: DeCortin
synonyms: Decorton
synonyms: Predeltin
synonyms: Predicor
synonyms: Prednicort
synonyms: 1, 2-Dehydrocortisone
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C770
synonyms: Metacortandracin
synonyms: Cortancyl/Dacortin
is defined by: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, prednisone enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis in sensitive tumor cell populations./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used to lessen inflammation and lower the body's immune response. It is used with other drugs to treat leukemia and lymphoma and other types of cancer. It is also used alone or with other drugs to prevent or treat many other conditions. These include conditions related to cancer, such as anemia (a low level of red blood cells), allergic reactions, and loss of appetite. Prednisone is a type of therapeutic glucocorticoid.
synonyms: Servisone
synonyms: PREDNISONE
synonyms: Econosone
synonyms: Delta-Dome
synonyms: Prednisonum
synonyms: Orasone
synonyms: Deltacortene
synonyms: Predniment
synonyms: Sterapred
synonyms: Ofisolona
synonyms: Panasol-S

Preserved foods
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
PMID: 15208621
is defined by: Preserved foods have been found in some studies to be associated with increased cancer risks. The total amount of preserved food consumed was positively associated with cancer risk, the adjusted odds ratio being 7.05 (95% CI: 3.12-15.90) for the highest relative to the lowest quartile of intake. In particular, the consumption of pickled vegetables, fermented soy products, salted fish and preserved meats was associated with a significant increase in prostate cancer risk, all with a significant dose-response relationship.
chinese label: 腌制食品

Primary gleason pattern
type: Class
subclass of: Gleason Score for Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Primary Gleason Pattern
synonyms: GLEASON PRIMARY SCORE
chinese label: 主要分级区
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The most prevalent Gleason pattern in a prostate biopsy or prostatectomy specimen. The Gleason score is defined by adding the most prevalent (primary) and second most prevalent (secondary) patterns.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48603

Pro
type: Class
subclass of: Urinalysis
is defined by: A group of complex organic macromolecules composed of one or more chains (linear polymers) of alpha-L-amino acids linked by peptide bonds and ranging in size from a few thousand to over 1 million Daltons. Proteins are fundamental genetically encoded components of living cells with specific structures and functions dictated by amino acid sequence.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
preferred name: Protein
synonyms: Protein
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17021
chinese label: 尿蛋白

Processing of radical prostatectomy specimens
type: Class
subclass of: Histopathology of radical prostatectomy specimens
chinese label: 根治性前列腺切除术标本处理

Prognostic factors
type: Class
subclass of: Contraindications for various therapies
chinese label: 预后因素

Prostate-specific antigen
type: Class
subclass of: Lab test
synonyms: Antigen, Prostate-Specific
synonyms: Prostate-Specific Antigen
synonyms: Semenogelase
synonyms: Gamma-Seminoprotein
synonyms: Kallikrein-3
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: KLK3
synonyms: P-30 Antigen
is defined by: Prostate-specific antigen (261 aa, ~29 kDa) is encoded by the human KLK3 gene. This protein plays a role in both proteolysis and seminal fluid liquefaction.
synonyms: EC 3.4.21.77
synonyms: PSA
chinese label: 前列腺特异性抗原
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17525
synonyms: Prostate Specific Antigen Preproprotein
synonyms: Prostate Specific Antigen
synonyms: prostate-specific antigen
synonyms: Seminin

Prostate Cancer by AJCC v6 Stage
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnostic aspects of prostate cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C90521
synonyms: Prostate Cancer by AJCC v6 Stage
is defined by: A term that refers to the staging of prostate carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th edition.

Prostate Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnostic aspects of prostate cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A term that refers to the staging of prostate cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the prostate gland. It does not apply to sarcomas, urothelial cell carcinomas, and urothelial carcinoma of bladder involving prostate. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
synonyms: Prostate Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140163
synonyms: Prostate Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

Prostate saturation biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Transperineal biopsy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Prostate Saturation Biopsy
synonyms: Extensive Prostate Biopsy
synonyms: Transperineal Template-Guided Stereotactic Saturation Prostate Biopsy
is defined by: Transperineal prostate biopsy that removes more than 20 cores. This is typically reserved for high-risk patients.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C113288
synonyms: Prostate Saturation Needle Biopsy
synonyms: Saturation Biopsy

Prostate specific antigen density
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
is defined by: The ratio of serum prostate specific antigen to prostate volume.
chinese label: 前列腺特异性抗原密度
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C143161
synonyms: PSA Density
synonyms: Prostate Specific Antigen Density
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Prostate specific antigen mRNA measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
synonyms: PSAMRNA
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C132385
is defined by: The determination of the amount of prostate specific antigen mRNA in a biological sample.
synonyms: Prostate Specific Antigen mRNA
chinese label: 前列腺特异性抗原mRNA测定
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Prostate Specific Antigen mRNA Measurement

Prostate biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical diagnosis
chinese label: 前列腺穿刺活检
synonyms: Biopsy of Prostate
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C51701
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Prostate Biopsy
synonyms: Prostatic Biopsy
is defined by: Removal of tissue from the prostate for microscopic examination.

Prostate cancer
type: Class
chinese label: 前列腺癌
synonyms: prostate cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Carcinoma of the Prostate
synonyms: Cancer of Prostate
synonyms: Prostate Cancer
is defined by: One of the most common malignant tumors afflicting men. The majority of carcinomas arise in the peripheral zone and a minority occur in the central or the transitional zone of the prostate gland. Grossly, prostatic carcinomas appear as ill-defined yellow areas of discoloration in the prostate gland lobes. Adenocarcinomas represent the overwhelming majority of prostatic carcinomas. Prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) serum test is widely used as a screening test for the early detection of prostatic carcinoma. Treatment options include radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, androgen ablation and cryotherapy. Watchful waiting or surveillance alone is an option for older patients with low-grade or low-stage disease. -- 2002
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C4863
synonyms: Carcinoma of Prostate
synonyms: Prostate Carcinoma
synonyms: Cancer of the Prostate
synonyms: Prostate cancer, NOS

Prostate cancer volume
type: Class
subclass of: Histopathology of radical prostatectomy specimens
chinese label: 前列腺癌体积

Prostate mobility
type: Class
subclass of: Digital rectal examination
chinese label: 前列腺活动度

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
synonyms: PIN
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A neoplastic proliferation of the epithelial cells that line the acini and the ducts of the prostate gland. The neoplastic epithelial cells are confined within the acini and the ducts and they do not invade the surrounding prostatic stroma. Morphologically, it is classified as low or high grade. NCI-GLOSS Definition: Noncancerous growth of cells lining the internal and external surfaces of the prostate gland. Having high-grade PIN may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer."
preferred name: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
synonyms: PIN - Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C4064
chinese label: 前列腺上皮内瘤变
synonyms: Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
synonyms: Prostate intraepithelial neopl.
synonyms: prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
synonyms: Prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)

Prostatitis
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
is defined by: An infectious or non-infectious inflammatory process affecting the prostate gland. NICHD Definition: An inflammatory process affecting the prostate gland. NCI-GLOSS Definition: Inflammation of the prostate gland."
chinese label: 前列腺炎
preferred name: Prostatitis
synonyms: Prostatitis
synonyms: prostatitis
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C26866

Proton beam therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
is defined by: In theory, proton beams are an attractive alternative to photon-beam radiotherapy for PCa, as they|deposit almost all their radiation dose at the end of the particle’s path in tissue (the Bragg peak), in contrast to|photons, which deposit radiation along their path. There is also a very sharp fall-off for proton beams beyond|their deposition depth, meaning that critical normal tissues beyond this depth could be effectively spared. In|contrast, photon beams continue to deposit energy until they leave the body, including an exit dose.|Two recent planning studies comparing conformal proton therapy with IMRT have yielded|conflicting results; one study suggested that the two are equivalent in terms of rectal dose sparing, but that|IMRT is actually superior in terms of bladder sparing; the other study suggested a clearer advantage for|protons.|One randomised trial on dose escalation (70.2 vs. 79.2 Gy) has incorporated protons for the boost|doses of either 19.8 or 28.8 Gy. This trial shows improved outcome with the higher dose, but it cannot be used|as evidence for the superiority of proton therapy per se. Thus, unequivocal information that shows an|advantage of protons over IMRT photon therapy is still not available.|Studies from the SEER database, and from Harvard, describing toxicity and patient|reported outcomes, respectively, do not point to an inherent superiority for protons - indeed, in terms of longer|term GI toxicity, proton therapy might even be inferior to IMRT.|A retrospective 2:1 matched-control analysis of 27,647 US Medicare patients compared 314|men receiving proton therapy with 628 men who had IMRT. Despite the considerably higher costs for proton|therapy, there was some improvement in GU-tract toxicity after 6 months, but not after 12 months, and not at|the GI tract.|A randomised trial comparing equivalent doses of proton-beam therapy with IMRT is needed|to compare the efficacy of protons vs. photons; a study of this type is under consideration by the RTO…
chinese label: 质子束治疗

Psychological stress
type: Class
subclass of: Social factors
is defined by: A disorder characterized by two or more episodes in which the patient's mood and activity levels are significantly disturbed, this disturbance consisting on some occasions of an elevation of mood and increased energy and activity (hypomania or mania) and on others of a lowering of mood and decreased energy and activity (depression). Repeated episodes of hypomania or mania only are classified as bipolar. http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F30.8
reference: BioPortal cui:C0038435
chinese label: 精神上的压力
synonyms: Stress (finding)
synonyms: Psychological stress
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/73595000
preferred name: Stress
synonyms: State of stress

RAD51
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
synonyms: RECA; BRCC5; FANCR; MRMV2; HRAD51; RAD51A; HsRad51; HsT16930
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/5888/
preferred name: RAD51 RAD51 recombinase
reference: Location: 15q15.1; Sequence: Chromosome: 15; NC_000015.10 (40694774..40732340)
is defined by: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAD51 protein family. RAD51 family members are highly similar to bacterial RecA and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51, and are known to be involved in the homologous recombination and repair of DNA. This protein can interact with the ssDNA-binding protein RPA and RAD52, and it is thought to play roles in homologous pairing and strand transfer of DNA. This protein is also found to interact with BRCA1 and BRCA2, which may be important for the cellular response to DNA damage. BRCA2 is shown to regulate both the intracellular localization and DNA-binding ability of this protein. Loss of these controls following BRCA2 inactivation may be a key event leading to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

RAD54L
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the DEAD-like helicase superfamily, and shares similarity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad54, a protein known to be involved in the homologous recombination and repair of DNA. This protein has been shown to play a role in homologous recombination related repair of DNA double-strand breaks. The binding of this protein to double-strand DNA induces a DNA topological change, which is thought to facilitate homologous DNA paring, and stimulate DNA recombination. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]
preferred name: RAD54L RAD54 like
synonyms: HR54; hHR54; RAD54A; hRAD54
reference: Location: 1p34.1; Sequence: Chromosome: 1; NC_000001.11 (46247695..46278477)
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/8438/

RANK ligand inhibitors
type: Class
subclass of: Painful bone metastases
chinese label: RANK配体抑制剂
is defined by: Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor|κB ligand), a key mediator of osteoclast formation, function, and survival. In M0 CRPC, denosumab has been|associated with increased bone-metastasis-free survival compared to placebo (median benefit: 4.2 months,|HR: 0.85, P = 0.028). However, this benefit did not translate into a survival difference (43.9 compared|to 44.8 months, respectively). The practical impact of this finding remains under discussion. The efficacy and|safety of denosumab (n = 950) compared with zoledronic acid (n = 951) in patients with metastatic CRPC|was assessed in a phase III trial. Denosumab was superior to zoledronic acid in delaying or preventing SREs,|as shown by time to first on-study SRE (pathological fracture, radiation or surgery to bone, or spinal cord|compression) of 20.7 vs. 17.1 months, respectively (HR 0.82; P = 0.008). Both urinary NTX and BAP were|significantly suppressed in the denosumab arm compared with the zoledronic acid arm (p < 0.0001 for both).|However, these positive findings were not associated with any survival benefit.

RB1CC1
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
reference: Location: 8q11.23; Sequence: Chromosome: 8; NC_000008.11 (52622458..52714466, complement)
synonyms: CC1; ATG17; FIP200; PPP1R131
is defined by: The protein encoded by this gene interacts with signaling pathways to coordinately regulate cell growth, cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and cell migration. This tumor suppressor also enhances retinoblastoma 1 gene expression in cancer cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]
preferred name: RB1CC1 RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/9821/

RBC
type: Class
subclass of: Urinalysis
synonyms: Red Blood Corpuscule
synonyms: Red Cell
synonyms: Reticuloendothelial System, Erythrocytes
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: red blood cell
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C12521
synonyms: Blood Corpuscles
synonyms: RBC
is defined by: Cell specialized for oxygen transport, having a high concentration of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm and little else; biconcave, anucleate discs, 7nm diameter in mammals.
synonyms: Erythrocytic
synonyms: Normocyte
synonyms: Erythrocyte
chinese label: 尿红细胞
synonyms: Blood Erythrocyte

RNA
type: Class
subclass of: Genetic and epigenetic of prostate cancer
synonyms: ribonucleic acid
synonyms: Ribonucleic Acid
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
preferred name: Ribonucleic Acid
synonyms: Ribonucleic acid
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C812
is defined by: Definition: Single-stranded long chain of nucleotides containing ribose. It is the end product of DNA transcription by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It is essential in protein synthesis. CDISC Definition: Single-stranded long chain of nucleotides containing ribose. It is the end product of DNA transcription by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It is essential in protein synthesis. NCI-GLOSS Definition: One of two types of nucleic acid made by cells. Ribonucleic acid contains information that has been copied from DNA (the other type of nucleic acid). Cells make several different forms of ribonucleic acid, and each form has a specific job in the cell. Many forms of ribonucleic acid have functions related to making proteins. Ribonucleic acid is also the genetic material of some viruses instead of DNA. Ribonucleic acid can be made in the laboratory and used in research studies.
synonyms: RNA

RNASEL
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/6041/
preferred name: RNASEL ribonuclease L
reference: Location: 1q25.3; Sequence: Chromosome: 1; NC_000001.11 (182573634..182589285, complement)
synonyms: RNS4; PRCA1
is defined by: This gene encodes a component of the interferon-regulated 2-5A system that functions in the antiviral and antiproliferative roles of interferons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with predisposition to prostate cancer and this gene is a candidate for the hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) allele. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Ra-233
type: Class
subclass of: Radionuclide
synonyms: 2,2',2",2"'-[(4-Piperidinopyrimido[5,4-d-]pyrimidine-2,6-diyl)dinitrilo]tetraethanol/2,2',2",2"'-[[4-(1-Piperidinyl)pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyl]dinitrilo]tetrakisethanol
is defined by: A derivative of dipyridamole that is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, with potential antiplatelet activity. Mopidamol inhibits the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases; thus, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent processes are potentiated. This leads to the induction of prostacyclin synthesis, the inhibition of thromboxane B2 synthesis and prevention of platelet activation and aggregation.
synonyms: Mopidamol
synonyms: RA-233
synonyms: 2,6-Bis(diethanolamino)-4-piperidino-pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine
synonyms: MOPIDAMOL
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C668
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Rapenton
chinese label: 镭-223

Race
type: Class
subclass of: Basic information of patient
chinese label: 民族
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17049
synonyms: Racial Group
is defined by: An arbitrary classification of a taxonomic group that is a division of a species.

Racial differences
type: Class
subclass of: Demographic characteristics
PMID: 28718431
preferred name: Racial differences
is defined by: Race refers to a population with common genetic and phenotypic features that separates them from other populations.Ethnicity pertains to the different cultural, socioeconomic, religious properties, including customs, language, diet and cultural identity
chinese label: 种族差异

Radical laparoscopic prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Prostatectomy
chinese label: 腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术

Radical Perineal Prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
synonyms: radical perineal prostatectomy
synonyms: Radical Perineal Prostatectomy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C94451
is defined by: Surgery to remove all of the prostate through an incision between the scrotum and the anus. Nearby lymph nodes are sometimes removed through a separate incision in the wall of the abdomen.
chinese label: 会阴前列腺根治术

Radical prostatectomy
type: Class
equivalent class: Radical Prostatectomy
subclass of: Post-treatment quality of life in patients with localised prostate cancer

Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Open Prostatectomy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C51884
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Surgery to remove all of the prostate and nearby lymph nodes through an incision in the wall of the abdomen.
chinese label: 耻骨后前列腺癌根治术
synonyms: "Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy "
synonyms: RRP
synonyms: radical retropubic prostatectomy

Radical Cystoprostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Prostatectomy
is defined by: The simultaneous surgical resection of the urinary bladder and prostate gland with pelvic lymphadenectomy.
synonyms: Cystoprostatectomy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C51899
chinese label: 膀胱前列腺根治术
synonyms: Radical Cystoprostatectomy
synonyms: cystoprostatectomy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Radical cystoprostatourethrectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Cystoprostatectomy
chinese label: 根治性膀胱前列腺切除术

Radical Prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Surgery
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15399
synonyms: Prostatovesiculectomy
is defined by: The surgical removal of all of the prostate as well as some surrounding tissue, including lymph nodes.
synonyms: radical prostatectomy
synonyms: Radical Prostatectomy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 根治性前列腺切除术

Radical prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Localised prostate cancer
is defined by: The surgical removal of all of the prostate as well as some surrounding tissue, including lymph nodes./NCI-GLOSS Definition: Surgery to remove the entire prostate. The two types of radical prostatectomy are retropubic prostatectomy (surgery through an incision in the wall of the abdomen) and perineal prostatectomy (surgery through an incision between the scrotum and the anus).
chinese label: 前列腺癌根治术

Radical prostatectomy specimen report
type: Class
subclass of: Histopathology of radical prostatectomy specimens
chinese label: 根治性前列腺切除术标本报告

Radical prostatectomy without pelvic node excision
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
chinese label: 无盆腔淋巴结切除的前列腺根治切除术

Radiofrequency ablation and electroporation
type: Class
subclass of: Options other than surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of localised prostate cancer
chinese label: 射频消融与电穿孔

Radionuclide
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
chinese label: 放射性核素

Radiotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrences
chinese label: 放射治疗科

Radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
chinese label: 局部前列腺癌的放射治疗

Radiotherapy toxicity
type: Class
subclass of: External-beam radiotherapy and low-dose rate brachytherapy
is defined by: Patients must be informed about acute and late genitourinary or gastrointestinal toxicity and the impact of irradiation on erectile function. In contemporary practice, the NCIC toxicity grading system is increasingly used, but most studies have used the RTOG scales, which are described in Tables 6.8.1 and 6.8.2. Risk factors for acute or late gastrointestinal toxicities after RT include advanced age, preexisting diabetes mellitus,haemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease, a history of prior abdominal surgery, larger rectal volume and the concomitant use of androgen deprivation. Pre-treatment genitourinary complaints, prior transurethral resection of the prostate and the presence of acute genitourinary toxicity are suggested as contributing to long-term urinary morbidity.
chinese label: 放射治疗的毒性反应

Radium 223
type: Class
subclass of: Painful bone metastases
chinese label: 镭223
is defined by: The only bone-specific drug that is associated with a survival benefit is alpharadin, a radium 223 a-emitter. In a large phase III trial (ALSYMPCA), 921 patients with symptomatic CRPC, who failed or were unfit for docetaxel therapy, were randomised to six injections of 50 kBq/kg alpharadin or placebo. The primary end-point was OS. Alpharadin significantly improved OS by 3.6 months (HR = 0.70; p < 0.001). It was also associated with prolonged time to first skeletal event, improvement in pain scores and improvement in QoL. The associated toxicity was minimal, especially haematologic toxicity, and did not differ significantly from that in the placebo arm.

Repeat biopsy after previously negative biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Needle Biopsy of Prostate
chinese label: 上次阴性活检后重复活检

Results of modern cryosurgery for PCa
type: Class
subclass of: Cryosurgery
chinese label: 现代前列腺癌冷冻手术疗效
is defined by: The therapeutic results of cryotherapy have improved over time with the introduction of enhanced techniques such as gas-driven probes and transperineal probe placement, as used in third-generation cryosurgery. An objective assessment of PSA outcome is not easily performed because some institutions use PSA values < 0.1 ng/mL as an indicator of therapeutic success, whereas others use the old American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) criteria, which require three initial consecutive increases in PSA level. With regard to second-generation CSAP, if a PSA nadir < 0.5 ng/mL is used, BDFS at five years is 60% and 36% for low-risk and high-risk patients, respectively.

Rice consumption
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
PMID: 26219234
synonyms: STARCH, RICE
synonyms: Starch, Rice
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C80780
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Information on rice consumption was first assessed in 1980 in NHS participants using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ), and repeated in 1984, 1986, and every 4 years thereafter. Similar SFFQs were administered every 4 years for NHS II participants during 1991 through 2009 and for HPFS participants during 1986 through 2008. In each SFFQ, we asked the participants how often, on average over the past year, they consumed a specified portion size of each food, with nine possible frequency choices ranging from “almost never” to “6 or more times per day”. For white rice and brown rice, we used 1 cup as the serving unit. The total rice intake was calculated as the sum of white rice and brown rice. In the current study, we categorized participants’ rice intake into 4 categories (< 1 serving per week, 1 serving per week, 2-4 servings per week and ≥ 5 servings per week). The reproducibility and validity of these SFFQs have been evaluated in detail elsewhere16-19. Assessments of white rice and brown rice consumption were moderately correlated with diet record assessments. For example, the corrected Pearson correlation coefficients between these 2 assessments were 0.53 for white rice and 0.41 for brown rice in the HPFS
chinese label: 大米的消费

Robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Prostatectomy
chinese label: 机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术

Systolic blood pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Blood pressure
synonyms: Systolic Blood Pressure
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25298
synonyms: SYSBP
is defined by: The maximum pressure exerted into the systemic arterial circulation during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
chinese label: 收缩压
synonyms: Systolic Pressure
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

SLC22A18
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: This gene is one of several tumor-suppressing subtransferable fragments located in the imprinted gene domain of 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian, and breast cancer. This gene is imprinted, with preferential expression from the maternal allele. Mutations in this gene have been found in Wilms' tumor and lung cancer. This protein may act as a transporter of organic cations, and have a role in the transport of chloroquine and quinidine-related compounds in kidney. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/5002/
preferred name: SLC22A18 solute carrier family 22 member 18
synonyms: HET; ITM; BWR1A; IMPT1; TSSC5; ORCTL2; BWSCR1A; SLC22A1L; p45-BWR1A
reference: Location: 11p15.4; Sequence: Chromosome: 11; NC_000011.10 (2899721..2925246)

SNP
type: Class
subclass of: Genetic and epigenetic of prostate cancer
synonyms: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
preferred name: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
synonyms: SNP
is defined by: Definition: A variation of a single nucleotide at a specific location of the genome due to base substitution, present at an appreciable frequency between individuals of a single interbreeding population. NCI-GLOSS Definition: DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) in the genome sequence is altered; usually present in at least 1% of the population; pronounced snip.
synonyms: single nucleotide polymorphism
synonyms: Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
synonyms: Polymorphism, Single Base

Salvage brachytherapy for radiotherapy failure
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrence after treatment with curative intent
is defined by: Following local recurrence after previous definitive RT there is no indication for external beam salvage RT as the total dose is limited and therefore the chance of cure is low. For carefully selected patients with primary localised PCa and histologically proven local recurrence, high- or low-dose rate (H/LDR) brachytherapy remain effective treatment options with an acceptable toxicity profile. However, the published series are relatively small, therefore this treatment should be offered in experienced centres only. Fifty-two patients were treated at the Scripps Clinic with HDR-brachytherapy over a period of nine years. With a median followup of 60 months the 5-year biochemical control was 51% and only 2% grade 3 GU toxicities were reported.Comparable with these data, 42 patients were treated in a phase-II-trial at MSCCC in New York. Ofnote, the median pre-treatment dose was 81 Gy given with IMRT and the prescription HDR-dose of 32 Gy was delivered in four fractions over 30 hours. The biochemical relapse-free survival after 5 years was 69%(median follow-up 36 months). Grade 2 late side effects were seen in 15% and one patient developed Grade 3 incontinence. However, older data with higher rates of side effects have been reported.
chinese label: 放射治疗失败的挽救性近距离放射治疗

Salvage cryoablation of the prostate
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrence after treatment with curative intent
chinese label: 前列腺的挽救性冷冻消融

Salvage cystoprostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Cystoprostatectomy
chinese label: 挽救性膀胱前列腺切除术

Salvage cystoprostatourethrectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Radical Cystoprostatectomy
chinese label: 根治性膀胱前列腺切除术

Salvage treatment after first-line docetaxel
type: Class
subclass of: Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma
chinese label: 一线多西他赛后补救治疗
is defined by: All patients who receive docetaxel-based chemotherapy for CRPC will progress, thus, there have been many clinical trials investigating the role of salvage chemotherapy. Several groups have used second-line intermittent docetaxel re-treatment in patients who had clearly responded to first-line docetaxel. In general, a PSA response can be achieved in about 60% of patients with a median time to progression of about 6 months, while treatment-associated toxicity is minimal and similar to that of first-line docetaxel.

Prostate saturation biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Needle Biopsy of Prostate
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C113288
synonyms: Saturation BiopsyTransperineal Template-Guided Stereotactic Saturation Prostate Biopsy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 前列腺饱和活检
synonyms: Extensive Prostate Biopsy
synonyms: Prostate Saturation Biopsy
synonyms: Prostate Saturation Needle Biopsy
chinese label: 饱和活检
is defined by: Transperineal prostate biopsy that removes more than 20 cores. This is typically reserved for high-risk patients.

Scanning Proton Beam Therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Proton beam therapy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C104941
synonyms: Scanning Proton Beam Therapy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Proton beam radiation therapy in which magnets deflect and steer the proton beam. (Adapted from medicalphysicsweb)
chinese label: 扫描质子束治疗

Scattering Proton Beam Therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Proton beam therapy
is defined by: Proton beam radiation therapy in which the proton beam is spread by placing scattering material in the path of the protons. (Adapted from medicalphysicsweb)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Scattering Proton Beam Therapy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C104942
chinese label: 散射质子束治疗

Screening for prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnostic aspects of prostate cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: early detection of prostate cancer
synonyms: Screening for Prostate Cancer
chinese label: 前列腺癌的筛查
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15550
synonyms: prostate cancer early detection
synonyms: prostate cancer screening

Season
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C94729
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Season
is defined by: Any of the four periods into which the year is divided by the equinoxes and solstices.
chinese label: 季节

Secondary gleason pattern
type: Class
subclass of: Gleason Score for Prostate Cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The second most prevalent Gleason pattern in a prostate biopsy or prostatectomy specimen. The Gleason score is defined by adding the most prevalent (primary) and second most prevalent (secondary) patterns.
chinese label: 次要分级区
synonyms: GLEASON SECONDARY SCORE
synonyms: Secondary Gleason Pattern
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48604

Selenium
type: Class
subclass of: Mineral
is defined by: A nonmetallic chemical element found in trace amounts in human body. Selenium primarily occurs in vivo as selenocompounds, mostly selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (enzymes responsible for detoxification). Alone or in combination with Vitamin E, selenocompounds act as antioxidants. These agents scavenge free radicals; prevent blood clots by inhibiting platelet aggregation; strengthen the immune system; and have been shown, in some instances, to inhibit chromosomal damage and mutations. Exhibiting chemopreventive activity, selenocompounds also inhibit the induction of protein kinase C. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A mineral that is needed by the body to stay healthy. It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Selenium is a type of antioxidant."
synonyms: selenium
synonyms: Se
synonyms: Selenium
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C825
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: SELENIUM
chinese label: 硒

Seminal vesicle biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Needle Biopsy of Prostate
chinese label: 精囊活检
is defined by: The removal of tissue from the seminal vesicles for the purpose of microscopic evaluation.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Seminal Vesicle Biopsy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C94512

Serum retinol
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin A
PMID: 26125200
is defined by: a biomarker of vitamin A to reflect body stores
chinese label: 血清视黄醇

Sex behavior
type: Class
subclass of: Habits and behaviors
synonyms: Sexually
synonyms: Sexual Behavior
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Sexual
chinese label: 性行为
is defined by: A form of physical intimacy that can be directed to reproduction (one possible goal of sexual intercourse) and/or to enjoying the body of someone else; activities associated with sexual intercourse.
synonyms: Sex Behavio
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17127
synonyms: Sex

Sexual function
type: Class
subclass of: Side-effects of hormonal therapy
chinese label: 性功能
is defined by: The bodily processes that include arousal, erection, orgasm, and ejaculation.

Short-term complications after radiotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Most Common Complication After Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer
chinese label: 短期并发症

Side-effects of hormonal therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal therapy

Side effects of percutaneous irradiation and brachytherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Brachytherapy
is defined by: Radiotherapy affects erectile function to a lesser degree than surgery, according to retrospective surveys of patients. A meta-analysis has shown that the 1-year probability rates for maintaining erectile function were 0.76 after brachytherapy, 0.60 after brachytherapy + external irradiation, 0.55 after external irradiation,0.34 after nerve-sparing RP, and 0.25 after standard RP. When studies with more than 2 years of follow-up were selected (i.e. excluding brachytherapy), the rates became 0.60, 0.52, 0.25, and 0.25, respectively, with a greater spread between the radiation techniques and surgical approaches
chinese label: 经皮照射与近距离放射治疗的副作用

Sipuleucel-T
type: Class
subclass of: Chemotherapy
synonyms: APC8015 Vaccine
synonyms: PA2024 (PAP/GM-CSF)-Loaded Dendritic Cell Vaccine/
synonyms: sipuleucel-T
synonyms: APC8015
synonyms: Provenge
synonyms: SIPULEUCEL-T
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1985
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Sipuleucel-T
is defined by: A cell-based vaccine composed of autologous antigen-presenting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (enriched for a dendritic cell fraction) that have been exposed to a recombinant protein consisting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fused to prostatic-acid phosphatase (PAP), a protein expressed by prostate cancer cells. Upon administration, the vaccine may stimulate an antitumor T-cell response against tumor cells expressing PAP. (NCI05)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread. It is made from immune system cells collected from a patient with prostate cancer. The cells are treated with a protein that is made by combining a protein found on prostate cancer cells with a growth factor. When the cells are injected back into the patient, they may stimulate T cells to kill prostate cancer cells. Provenge is a type of vaccine and a type of cellular adoptive immunotherapy.

Sleep
type: Class
subclass of: Habits and behaviors
chinese label: 睡眠
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Sleep
is defined by: A natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C73425

Social factors
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
synonyms: SUPPER
synonyms: Supplemental Qualifiers for Environmental and Social Factors
chinese label: 社会因素
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C147210
is defined by: A dataset containing supplemental information, specifically non-standard variables, to parent records in the environmental and social factors domain. CDISC Definition: A dataset used to represent non-standard variables and their association to parent records in the Environmental and Social Factors domain."
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
preferred name: Environmental and Social Factors Supplemental Qualifiers Dataset
synonyms: Environmental and Social Factors Supplemental Qualifiers Dataset

Soybean
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
synonyms: Soybean;
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C72010
is defined by: NCI-GLOSS Definition: A product from a plant of Asian origin that produces beans used in many food products. Soybean contains isoflavones (estrogen-like substances) that are being studied for the prevention of cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Soybean in the diet may lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease
synonyms: Glycine max;
synonyms: soy;
synonyms: soya;
chinese label: 大豆
synonyms: SOYBEAN;
synonyms: soybean
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Specific aspects of PCa treatment in older men
type: Class
subclass of: Management of prostate cancer in older men
chinese label: 老年男性前列腺癌治疗的特殊方面

Split urinary stream
type: Class
subclass of: Voiding symptoms
chinese label: 尿线分叉
synonyms: Forked stream
is defined by: The technical name for a urine stream that splits is Split Stream Urination. Split stream urination is a condition that is very common in males than it is in females. It is characterized by urine splitting into two or more different directions during the act of urinating.
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/RCD/XM08n
reference: BioPortal cui:C0232855

St-89
type: Class
subclass of: Radionuclide
chinese label: 锶-89

Stage IIA Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Stage II Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage IIA Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage IIA Prostate Cancer
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140166
synonyms: Stage IIA Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
is defined by: Stage IIA includes: (cT1a-c, cT2a, N0, M0, PSA equal or more than 10 and less than 20, Grade Group 1); (cT2b-c, N0, M0, PSA less than 20, Grade Group 1). cT1a: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is an incidental histologic finding in 5% or less of tissue resected. cT1b: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is an incidental histologic finding in more than 5% of tissue resected. cT1c: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is identified by needle biopsy found in one or both sides, but not palpable. cT2a: Prostate cancer in which the tumor involves one-half of one side or less. cT2b: Prostate cancer in which the tumor involves more than one-half of one side but not both sides. cT2c: Prostate cancer in which the tumor involves both sides. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. Grade Group 1: Gleason Score 6 or less, Gleason Pattern 3 or less+3. (AJCC 8th ed.)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Stage IIB Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Stage II Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage IIB Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140167
is defined by: Stage IIB includes: T1-2, N0, M0, PSA less than 20, Grade Group 2. T1: Prostate cancer with clinically inapparent tumor that is not palpable. T2: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is palpable and confined within the prostate. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. Grade Group 2: Gleason Score 7, Gleason Pattern 3+4. (AJCC 8th ed.)
synonyms: Stage IIB Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Stage IIB Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IIC Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Stage II Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140168
is defined by: Stage IIC includes: (T1-2, N0, M0, PSA less than 20, Grade Group 3); (T1-2, N0, M0, PSA less than 20, Grade Group 4). T1: Prostate cancer with clinically inapparent tumor that is not palpable. T2: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is palpable and confined within the prostate. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. Grade Group 3: Gleason Score 7, Gleason Pattern 4+3. Grade Group 4: Gleason Score 8, Gleason Pattern 4+4. (AJCC 8th ed.)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage IIC Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage IIC Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage IIC Prostate Cancer

Stage IIIA Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Stage III Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage IIIA Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140170
synonyms: Stage IIIA Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Stage IIIA Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
is defined by: Stage IIIA includes: T1-2, N0, M0, PSA 20 or more, Grade Group 1-4; T1: Prostate cancer with clinically inapparent tumor that is not palpable. T2: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is palpable and confined within the prostate. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. Grade Group 1: Gleason Score 6 or less, Gleason Pattern 3 or less+3. Grade Group 2: Gleason Score 7, Gleason Pattern 3+4. Grade Group 3: Gleason Score 7, Gleason Pattern 4+3. Grade Group 4: Gleason Score 8, Gleason Pattern 4+4. (AJCC 8th ed.)

Stage IIIB Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Stage III Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage IIIB Prostate Cancer
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140171
synonyms: Stage IIIB Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8
is defined by: Stage IIIB includes: T3-4, N0, M0, PSA: Any, Grade Group 1-4; T3: Prostate cancer with extraprostatic tumor that is not fixed or does not invade adjacent structures. T4: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is fixed or invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles such as external sphincter, rectum, bladder, levator muscles, and/or pelvic wall. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. Grade Group 1: Gleason Score 6 or less, Gleason Pattern 3 or less+3. Grade Group 2: Gleason Score 7, Gleason Pattern 3+4. Grade Group 3: Gleason Score 7, Gleason Pattern 4+3. Grade Group 4: Gleason Score 8, Gleason Pattern 4+4. (AJCC 8th ed.)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage IIIB Prostate Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIIC Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Stage III Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage IIIC Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Stage IIIC includes: Any T, N0, M0, PSA: Any, Grade Group 5. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. Grade Group 5: Gleason Score 9 or 10, Gleason Pattern 4+5, or 5+4, or 5+5. (AJCC 8th ed.)
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140172
synonyms: Stage IIIC Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage IIIC Prostate Cancer

Stage III Prostate Cancer AJCC v6
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate Cancer by AJCC v6 Stage
synonyms: Stage III Prostate Cancer
is defined by: Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0, Any G. T3: Tumor extends through the prostatic capsule. T3a: Extracapsular extension (unilateral or bilateral). T3b: Tumor invades seminal vesicle(s). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
synonyms: Cancer of Prostate Stage III AJCC v6
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: /Cancer of the Prostate Stage III AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage III Prostate Cancer AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage III Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v6
synonyms: Prostate Cancer Stage III AJCC v6
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C7551
synonyms: Stage III Prostatic Carcinoma AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage III Cancer of Prostate AJCC v6
synonyms: Prostate Carcinoma Stage III AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage III Prostatic Cancer AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage III Cancer of the Prostate AJCC v6

Stage III Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140169
is defined by: Stage III includes: IIIA: T1-2, N0, M0, PSA 20 or more, Grade Group 1-4; IIIB: T3-4, N0, M0, PSA: Any, Grade Group 1-4; IIIC: Any T, N0, M0, PSA: Any, Grade Group 5. T1: Prostate cancer with clinically inapparent tumor that is not palpable. T2: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is palpable and confined within the prostate. T3: Prostate cancer with extraprostatic tumor that is not fixed or does not invade adjacent structures. T4: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is fixed or invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles such as external sphincter, rectum, bladder, levator muscles, and/or pelvic wall. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. Grade Group 1: Gleason Score 6 or less, Gleason Pattern 3 or less+3. Grade Group 2: Gleason Score 7, Gleason Pattern 3+4. Grade Group 3: Gleason Score 7, Gleason Pattern 4+3. Grade Group 4: Gleason Score 8, Gleason Pattern 4+4. Grade Group 5: Gleason Score 9 or 10, Gleason Pattern 4+5, or 5+4, or 5+5. (AJCC 8th ed.)
synonyms: Stage III Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Stage III Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage III Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage II Prostate Cancer AJCC v6
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate Cancer by AJCC v6 Stage
synonyms: Stage II Prostatic Cancer AJCC v6
synonyms: Prostate Carcinoma Stage II AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage II Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v6
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C7553
is defined by: Stage II includes: (T1a, N0, M0, G2, 3-4); (T1b, N0, M0, Any G); (T1c, N0, M0, Any G); (T1, N0, M0, Any G); (T2, N0, M0, Any G). T1: Clinically inapparent tumor neither palpable nor visible by imaging. T1a: Tumor incidental histologic finding in 5% of tissue resected. T1c: Tumor identified by needle biopsy (e.g. because of elevated PSA). T2: Tumor confined with in the prostate. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Moderately differentiated (moderate anaplasia) (Gleason 5-6). G 3-4: Poorly differentiated/undifferentiated (marked anaplasia) (Gleason 7-10). (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
synonyms: Stage II Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Stage II Prostate Cancer AJCC v6
synonyms: Prostate Cancer Stage II AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage II Cancer of Prostate AJCC v6
synonyms: Cancer of Prostate Stage II AJCC v6
synonyms: Cancer of the Prostate Stage II AJCC v6
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage II Cancer of the Prostate AJCC v6

Stage II Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
synonyms: Stage II Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage II Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140165
is defined by: Stage II includes: IIA: (cT1a-c, cT2a, N0, M0, PSA equal or more than 10 and less than 20, Grade Group 1); (cT2b-c, N0, M0, PSA less than 20, Grade Group 1); IIB: T1-2, N0, M0, PSA less than 20, Grade Group 2; IIC: (T1-2, N0, M0, PSA less than 20, Grade Group 3); (T1-2, N0, M0, PSA less than 20, Grade Group 4). cT1a: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is an incidental histologic finding in 5% or less of tissue resected. cT1b: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is an incidental histologic finding in more than 5% of tissue resected. cT1c: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is identified by needle biopsy found in one or both sides, but not palpable. cT2a: Prostate cancer in which the tumor involves one-half of one side or less. cT2b: Prostate cancer in which the tumor involves more than one-half of one side but not both sides. cT2c: Prostate cancer in which the tumor involves both sides. T1: Prostate cancer with clinically inapparent tumor that is not palpable. T2: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is palpable and confined within the prostate. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. Grade Group 1: Gleason Score 6 or less, Gleason Pattern 3 or less+3. Grade Group 2: Gleason Score 7, Gleason Pattern 3+4. Grade Group 3: Gleason Score 7, Gleason Pattern 4+3. Grade Group 4: Gleason Score 8, Gleason Pattern 4+4. (AJCC 8th ed.)
synonyms: Stage II Prostate Cancer

Stage IVA Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Stage IV Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
is defined by: Stage IVA includes: Any T, N1, M0, PSA: Any, Grade Group: Any. N1: Prostate cancer with metastases in regional node(s). M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
synonyms: Stage IVA Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage IVA Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140174
synonyms: Stage IVA Prostate Cancer

Stage IVB Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Stage IV Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage IVB Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage IVB Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8
is defined by: Stage IVB includes: Any T, N0, M1, PSA: Any, Grade Group: Any. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. M1: Prostate cancer with distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage IVB Prostate Cancer
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140175

Stage IV Prostate Cancer AJCC v6
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate Cancer by AJCC v6 Stage
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C9075
synonyms: Stage IV Cancer of the Prostate AJCC v6
is defined by: Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1) (Any G). T4: Tumor is fixed or invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles: bladder neck, external sphincter, rectum, levator muscles, and/or pelvic wall. N1: Metastasis in regional lymph node(s). M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
synonyms: /Stage IV Prostate Cancer AJCC v6
synonyms: Cancer of the Prostate Stage IV AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage IV Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Cancer of Prostate Stage IV AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage IV Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v6
synonyms: /Prostate Carcinoma Stage IV AJCC v6
synonyms: Prostate Cancer Stage IV AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage IV Cancer of Prostate AJCC v6
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage IV Prostatic Cancer AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage IV Prostatic Carcinoma AJCC v6

Stage IV Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage IV Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8
is defined by: Stage IV includes: IVA: Any T, N1, M0, PSA: Any, Grade Group: Any; IVB: Any T, N0, M1, PSA: Any, Grade Group: Any. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. N1: Prostate cancer with metastases in regional node(s). M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. M1: Prostate cancer with distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
synonyms: Stage IV Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140173
synonyms: Stage IV Prostate Cancer

Stage I Prostate Cancer AJCC v6
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate Cancer by AJCC v6 Stage
synonyms: Stage I Prostatic Cancer AJCC v6
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C7555
synonyms: Stage I Cancer of Prostate AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage I Cancer of the Prostate AJCC v6
synonyms: Prostate Cancer Stage I AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage I Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Cancer of Prostate Stage I AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage I Prostatic Carcinoma AJCC v6
synonyms: Stage I Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v6
synonyms: Cancer of the Prostate Stage I AJCC v6
synonyms: Prostate Carcinoma Stage I AJCC v6
is defined by: Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0, G1. T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue. N0: No regional metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G1: Well differentiated (slight anaplasia) (Gleason 2-4). (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage I Prostate Cancer AJCC v6

Stage I Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Stage I Prostate Carcinoma AJCC v8
synonyms: Stage I Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Stage I Prostate Cancer AJCC v8
is defined by: Stage I includes: (cT1a-c, cT2a, N0, M0, PSA less than 10, Grade Group 1); (pT2, N0, M0, PSA less than 10, Grade Group 1). cT1a: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is an incidental histologic finding in 5% or less of tissue resected. cT1b: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is an incidental histologic finding in more than 5% of tissue resected. cT1c: Prostate cancer in which the tumor is identified by needle biopsy found in one or both sides, but not palpable. cT2a: Prostate cancer in which the tumor involves one-half of one side or less. pT2: Prostate cancer which is organ confined. N0: Prostate cancer with no positive regional nodes. M0: Prostate cancer without evidence of distant metastasis. Grade Group 1: Gleason Score 6 or less, Gleason Pattern 3 or less+3. (AJCC 8th ed.)
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C140164

Statin
type: Class
subclass of: Drug and operation
chinese label: 斯达汀
synonyms: Hydroxymethylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors
synonyms: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1655
is defined by: Any substance that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase acts to lower plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. NCI-GLOSS Definition: Any of a group of drugs that lower the amount of cholesterol and certain fats in the blood. Statins inhibit a key enzyme that helps make cholesterol. Statin drugs are being studied in the prevention and treatment of cancer."
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor statin
synonyms: HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor
synonyms: Statin

Steroid hormone receptor
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
synonyms: Steroid Hormones, Receptors
synonyms: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C18108
chinese label: 类固醇激素
is defined by: Steroid hormone receptors are proteins found in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of eukaryotic cells which bind to and regulate the transcription of DNA under the regulation of steroid hormones. These proteins are the first receptors assigned to the steroid/thyroid/retinoid nuclear receptor superfamily, a group of transcription factors whose activity is regulated by small lipid-soluble molecules.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Steroid Hormone Receptor
synonyms: Estrogen Receptor-Like Subfamily
synonyms: Steroid Hormones, Receptor

Steroidal anti-androgens
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-androgens
is defined by: These compounds are synthetic derivatives of hydroxyprogesterone. Their main pharmacological side-effects are secondary to castration, while gynaecomastia is quite rare. The non-pharmacological side effects are cardiovascular toxicity (4-40% for CPA) and hepatotoxicity.
chinese label: 甾体抗雄激素

Storage symptoms
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom of prostate cancer
URL: https://andrologyaustralia.org/your-health/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-luts-in-men/
is defined by: Storage symptoms may be due to an overactive bladder (OAB). OAB is when there is a feeling of urgency to urinate, usually with frequency and nocturia can happen with or without urge incontinence.
chinese label: 储尿期症状

Strategies to counteract the cardiotoxicity of oestrogen therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Oestrogens
is defined by: Two strategies have been attempted to neutralise oestrogen cardiotoxicity. Parenteral oestrogen (polyoestradiol phosphate) to avoid first-pass hepatic metabolism was as effective as CAB for survival, but with still more non-fatal cardiovascular events. The use of either warfarin sodium, 1 mg/day, or aspirin, 75-100 mg/day in combination with DES,1 mg/day or 3 mg/day, did not suppress the thromboembolic complications associated with DES. These results precluded oestrogen as a standard first-line treatment.
chinese label: 消除雌激素治疗心脏毒性的策略

Sulforaphane
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
synonyms: 1-Isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane
chinese label: 萝卜硫素
synonyms: Sulforaphane
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Sulforafan
synonyms: Sulfaforaphane
synonyms: 1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinyl-butane
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C1424
synonyms: (+/-)-Sulforaphane
is defined by: A naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates. As the aglycone metabolite of glucosinolate glucoraphanin (sulforaphane glucosinolate), sulforaphane acts as an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes. This agent displays anticarcinogenic properties due to its ability to induce phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, thereby providing protection against certain carcinogens and toxic, reactive oxygen species. Broccoli sprouts contain large amounts of sulforaphane, which is also found in other cruciferous vegetables including cabbage and kale. (NCI04)
synonyms: Sulphoraphane

Suprapubic Prostatectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Open Prostatectomy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 耻骨上前列腺切除术
synonyms: Suprapubic Prostatectomy
is defined by: Removal of prostate tissue following a midline abdominal incision from the umbilicus to the pubic area and a small incision of the lower anterior bladder wall.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C51589

Surgery
type: Class
subclass of: Therapeutic aspects of prostate cancer
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures.
chinese label: 外科手术
synonyms: Surgery
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17173

Surgical castration
type: Class
subclass of: Castration
chinese label: 手术去势
is defined by: Surgical removal of the ovaries or testes./NCI-GLOSS Definition: Surgical removal of the testicles (orchiectomy) or ovaries (oophorectomy) to stop the production of sex hormones. Decreasing the levels of hormones may stop the growth of certain cancers.
synonyms: Surgical Castration
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Castration
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15199
synonyms: castration
synonyms: surgical castration

Surgical margins status
type: Class
subclass of: Histopathology of radical prostatectomy specimens
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C123560
synonyms: Surgical Margins Status
chinese label: 手术切缘状态
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The determination of the presence of actual or potential neoplastic tissue which has been left outside the boundary of a resected specimen within the patient.
synonyms: SGMGSTAT/

Symptom of prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnostic aspects of prostate cancer
chinese label: 前列腺癌症状
URL: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SYMP_0000364
is defined by: Identifying prostate problems early is a way to reduce future prostate problems; symptoms include frequent urination, blood in urine, painful urination, dribbling urination, inability to urinate, painful ejaculation, and pain in back, hips, thighs, pelvis and/or rectum.

T-staging
type: Class
subclass of: TNM prostate tumor staging
chinese label: T分期

T0
type: Class
subclass of: T-staging
synonyms: T0 Tumor Stage
synonyms: T0 Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: Tumor Stage T0
synonyms: T0 TNM Finding
is defined by: A primary tumor TNM finding indicating that there is no evidence of primary tumor.
synonyms: T0 Stage
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T0 Stage Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48719
synonyms: T0 Tumor Finding
synonyms: T0 Primary Tumor Stage Finding
synonyms: T0 Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: T0

T1
type: Class
subclass of: T-staging
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T1 Primary Tumor Stage Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48720
synonyms: T1 Stage Finding
is defined by: A clinical and/or pathologic primary tumor TNM finding indicating that the cancer is limited to the site of growth.
synonyms: T1 Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: T1 Tumor Stage
synonyms: T1 Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: T1 Tumor Finding
synonyms: T1
synonyms: T1 TNM Finding
synonyms: T1 Stage
synonyms: Tumor Stage T1

T1a
type: Class
subclass of: T1
synonyms: Tumor Stage T1a
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48721
synonyms: T1a
synonyms: T1a Tumor Stage
synonyms: T1a Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: T1a Primary Tumor Stage Finding
is defined by: A general term that refers to a TNM finding of a primary tumor limited to the site of growth. The definition of T1a TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for breast cancer it refers to a primary tumor that is more than 0.1cm, but not more than 0.5 cm in greatest dimension; for kidney cancer it refers to a primary tumor that is 4 cm or less in greatest dimension; and for thyroid cancer it refers to a primary tumor that is 1 cm or less in greatest dimension.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T1a TNM Finding
synonyms: T1a Tumor Finding
synonyms: T1a Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: T1a Stage Finding
synonyms: T1a Stage

T1b
type: Class
subclass of: T1
synonyms: T1b Primary Tumor Stage Finding
synonyms: T1b Stage Finding
synonyms: T1b Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: T1b
synonyms: T1b TNM Finding
synonyms: T1b Stage
synonyms: Tumor Stage T1b
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48722
synonyms: T1b Tumor Stage
is defined by: A general term that refers to a TNM finding of a primary tumor limited to the site of growth. The definition of T1b TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for breast cancer it refers to a primary tumor that is more than 0.5 cm, but not more than 1.0 cm in greatest dimension; for kidney cancer it refers to a primary tumor that is more than 4 cm, but not more than 7 cm in greatest dimension; and for thyroid cancer it refers to a primary tumor that is more than 1 cm but not more than 2 cm in greatest dimension.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T1b Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: T1b Tumor Finding

T1c
type: Class
subclass of: T1
synonyms: T1c
synonyms: T1c Stage
synonyms: T1c Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: T1c Primary Tumor Stage Finding
synonyms: T1c Tumor Stage
synonyms: T1c Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: T1c TNM Finding
synonyms: Tumor Stage T1c
is defined by: A general term that refers to a TNM finding of a primary tumor limited to the site of growth. The definition of T1c TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for breast cancer it refers to a primary tumor that is more than 1.0 cm, but not more than 2.0 cm in greatest dimension; for uterine corpus cancer it refers to a primary tumor that invades one-half or more of the myometrium; and for melanoma of the iris it refers to a primary tumor limited to the iris with secondary glaucoma.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48723
synonyms: T1c Stage Finding
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T1c Tumor Finding

T2
type: Class
subclass of: T-staging
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48724
synonyms: T2 TNM Finding
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T2 Stage Finding
synonyms: T2 Tumor Finding
synonyms: T2 Primary Tumor Stage Finding
is defined by: A general term that refers to a TNM finding of primary tumor growth beyond the level of in situ cancer, minimal subepithelial invasion, or minimal greatest diameter. The definition of T2 TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for breast cancer it refers to primary tumor that is more than 2.0 cm, but not more than 5.0 cm in greatest dimension; for cutaneous melanoma it refers to primary tumor that is 1.01 to 2 mm in thickness, with or without ulceration; for colorectal cancer it refers to primary tumor with invasion into the muscularis propria; and for bladder cancer it refers to primary tumor with invasion into the muscle layer.
synonyms: T2
synonyms: Tumor Stage T2
synonyms: T2 Stage
synonyms: T2 Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: T2 Tumor Stage
synonyms: T2 Cancer Stage Finding

T2a
type: Class
subclass of: T2
synonyms: T2a Stage
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48725
synonyms: T2a TNM Finding
synonyms: T2a Stage Finding
synonyms: T2a Tumor Finding
synonyms: T2a Tumor Stage
synonyms: T2a
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T2a Primary Tumor Stage Finding
is defined by: A general term that refers to a TNM finding of a primary tumor growth beyond the level of in situ cancer, minimal subepithelial invasion, or minimal greatest diameter. The definition of T2a TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for kidney cancer it refers to a primary tumor that measures more than 7 cm but less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension, and is limited to the kidney; for bladder cancer it refers to a primary tumor that invades the superficial muscularis propria (inner half); for cervical cancer it refers to a primary tumor that invades beyond the uterus but not to the pelvic wall or to the lower third of vagina and there is no parametrial invasion.
synonyms: Tumor Stage T2a
synonyms: T2a Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: T2a Primary Tumor Finding

T2b
type: Class
subclass of: T2
synonyms: T2b TNM Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48726
synonyms: T2b Stage
synonyms: T2b Stage Finding
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T2b Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: T2b Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: Tumor Stage T2b
synonyms: T2b Tumor Finding
synonyms: T2b
synonyms: T2b Tumor Stage
synonyms: T2b Primary Tumor Stage Finding
is defined by: A general term that refers to a TNM finding of a primary tumor growth beyond the level of in situ cancer, minimal subepithelial invasion, or minimal greatest diameter. The definition of T2b TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for kidney cancer it refers to a primary tumor that measures more than 10 cm in greatest dimension, and is limited to the kidney; for bladder cancer it refers to a primary tumor that invades the deep muscularis propria (outer half); for cervical cancer it refers to a primary tumor that invades beyond the uterus but not to the pelvic wall or to the lower third of vagina and there is parametrial invasion.

T2c
type: Class
subclass of: T2
synonyms: T2c Primary Tumor Stage Finding
synonyms: Tumor Stage T2c
synonyms: T2c Stage
synonyms: T2c Cancer Stage Finding
is defined by: A general term that refers to a TNM finding of a primary tumor growth beyond the level of in situ cancer, minimal subepithelial invasion, or minimal greatest diameter. The definition of T2c TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for prostate cancer it refers to a primary tumor that involves both lobes of the prostate gland; for ovarian cancer it refers to a primary tumor that involves one or both ovaries with extension or implants on the uterus and/or fallopian tubes, or other pelvic tissues, with malignant cells in either ascites or peritoneal washings; for fallopian tube cancer it refers to a primary tumor with pelvic extension and malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48727
synonyms: T2c Stage Finding
synonyms: T2c Tumor Finding
synonyms: T2c TNM Finding
synonyms: T2c Tumor Stage
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T2c Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: T2c

T3
type: Class
subclass of: T-staging
synonyms: T3 TNM Finding
synonyms: T3 Primary Tumor Finding
is defined by: A clinical and/or pathologic primary tumor TNM finding usually indicating that the cancer is locally invasive, without infiltration of adjacent structures.
synonyms: Tumor Stage T3
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T3
synonyms: T3 Stage Finding
synonyms: T3 Stage
synonyms: T3 Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: T3 Primary Tumor Stage Finding
synonyms: T3 Tumor Finding
synonyms: T3 Tumor Stage
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48728

T3a
type: Class
subclass of: T3
synonyms: T3a Tumor Finding
is defined by: A general term that refers to a TNM finding of a primary tumor usually indicating that the cancer is locally invasive. The definition of T3a TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for kidney cancer it refers to a primary tumor that grossly extends into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle containing) branches or the tumor invades perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but does not extends beyond Gerota's fascia; for cervical cancer it refers to a primary tumor that involves the lower third of vagina, without extension to pelvic wall; for liver cancer it refers to the presence of multiple tumors measuring more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.
synonyms: T3a
synonyms: T3a Stage Finding
synonyms: T3a TNM Finding
synonyms: T3a Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: T3a Primary Tumor Stage Finding
synonyms: T3a Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: T3a Stage
synonyms: T3a Tumor Stage
synonyms: Tumor Stage T3a
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48729
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

T3b
type: Class
subclass of: T3
synonyms: T3b TNM Finding
synonyms: T3b Cancer Stage Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48730
is defined by: A general term that refers to a TNM finding of a primary tumor usually indicating that the cancer is locally invasive. The definition of T3b TNM finding depends on the specific type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for kidney cancer it refers to a primary tumor that grossly extends into the vena cava below the diaphragm; for cervical cancer it refers to a primary tumor that extends to the pelvic wall and/or causes hydronephrosis or nonfunctioning kidney; for liver cancer it refers to a single tumor or multiple tumors of any size involving a major branch of the portal vein or hepatic vein.
synonyms: T3b Primary Tumor Stage Finding
synonyms: T3b
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T3b Tumor Stage
synonyms: T3b Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: T3b Stage Finding
synonyms: Tumor Stage T3b
synonyms: T3b Stage
synonyms: T3b Tumor Finding

T4
type: Class
subclass of: T-staging
synonyms: T4 Stage Finding
synonyms: T4 TNM Finding
synonyms: T4
synonyms: T4 Tumor Finding
synonyms: T4 Tumor Stage
is defined by: A clinical and/or pathologic primary tumor TNM finding indicating direct invasion of adjacent structures by cancer.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48732
synonyms: Tumor Stage T4
synonyms: T4 Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: T4 Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: T4 Stage
synonyms: T4 Primary Tumor Stage Finding

TNM prostate tumor staging
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnostic aspects of prostate cancer
chinese label: 前列腺癌的TNM分期
reference: BioPortal cui:C0474935
synonyms: Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) Prostate tumor staging
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/254335008

TP
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C14530
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: TP Mouse
chinese label: 总蛋白
synonyms: TP

TP53
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
is defined by: This gene encodes a tumor suppressor protein containing transcriptional activation, DNA binding, and oligomerization domains. The encoded protein responds to diverse cellular stresses to regulate expression of target genes, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, DNA repair, or changes in metabolism. Mutations in this gene are associated with a variety of human cancers, including hereditary cancers such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Alternative splicing of this gene and the use of alternate promoters result in multiple transcript variants and isoforms. Additional isoforms have also been shown to result from the use of alternate translation initiation codons from identical transcript variants (PMIDs: 12032546, 20937277). [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]
synonyms: P53; BCC7; LFS1; TRP53
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/7157/
preferred name: TP53 tumor protein p53
reference: Location: 17p13.1; Sequence: Chromosome: 17; NC_000017.11 (7668402..7687550, complement)

TRIG
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
is defined by: A quantitative measurement of the amount of triglyceride present in a sample.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Triglyceride Measurement
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C64812
chinese label: 甘油三酯
synonyms: TRIG
synonyms: Triglycerides

TSG101
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
reference: Location: 11p15.1; Sequence: Chromosome: 11; NC_000011.10 (18480311..18526956, complement)
synonyms: TSG10; VPS23
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/7251/
preferred name: TSG101 tumor susceptibility 101
is defined by: The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a group of apparently inactive homologs of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. The gene product contains a coiled-coil domain that interacts with stathmin, a cytosolic phosphoprotein implicated in tumorigenesis. The protein may play a role in cell growth and differentiation and act as a negative growth regulator. In vitro steady-state expression of this tumor susceptibility gene appears to be important for maintenance of genomic stability and cell cycle regulation. Mutations and alternative splicing in this gene occur in high frequency in breast cancer and suggest that defects occur during breast cancer tumorigenesis and/or progression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Tenderness
type: Class
subclass of: Digital rectal examination
chinese label: 触痛
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Tenderness
is defined by: Discomfort elicited through touch or pressure.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C75540

Testosterone
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 睾酮
synonyms: (17Beta)-17-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one
synonyms: Testosterone;testosterone
is defined by: NCI-GLOSS Definition: A hormone made mainly in the testes (part of the male reproductive system). It is needed to develop and maintain male sex characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle growth. Testosterone may also be made in the laboratory and is used to treat certain medical conditions.
synonyms: Trans-Testosterone
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C2299
synonyms: Delta4-androsten-17beta-ol-3-one

Texture
type: Class
subclass of: Digital rectal examination
synonyms: Texture
is defined by: A measure of the variation of the intensity of a surface, quantifying properties such as smoothness, coarseness, regularity, and resiliency. The term is often used as a descriptor for the structure or organization of a tissue or organ. The three principal approaches used to describe texture are statistical, structural and spectral.
chinese label: 质地
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C41144

The absence of voiding symptoms
type: Class
subclass of: Diseases
PMID: 22540895
preferred name: The absence of voiding symptoms
chinese label: 排尿症状的缺乏
is defined by: There was one question on obstructive voiding symptoms: “Do you have voiding symptoms in terms of weak stream or difficulty emptying the bladder?” The answers were ranked on an ordinal scale from 1 to 3, i.e. 1 = no symptoms, 2 = minor/moderate symptoms and 3 = major/severe symptoms. Data were dichotomized so that men who answered “2” or “3” were regarded as having voiding symptoms while those who answered “1” were regarded as being asymptomatic. Biopsy findings were classified as “cancer” or “benign outcome”.

Therapeutic aspects of prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate cancer
chinese label: 前列腺癌的治疗
synonyms: Therapeutic Interventions
synonyms: Therapeutic Procedure
synonyms: Therapeutic Technique
synonyms: Treatment
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: An action or administration of therapeutic agents to produce an effect that is intended to alter or stop a pathologic process.
synonyms: therapy
synonyms: therapeutic intervention
synonyms: TREAT
synonyms: Therapeutic Method
synonyms: Therapy
synonyms: TX
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C49236

Tomato
type: Class
subclass of: Vitamin
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C72019
chinese label: 番茄
synonyms: TOMATO
is defined by: Lycopene is a carotenoid that is present in tomatoes, processed tomato products and other fruits. It is one of the most potent antioxidants among dietary carotenoids. Dietary intake of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene has been shown to be associated with a decreased risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
synonyms: Tomato

Total gleason score for prostate cancer
type: Class
subclass of: Gleason Score for Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Total Gleason Score for Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Total Gleason Score
is defined by: The value of the sum of the primary and secondary Gleason scores (range 2-10). If three patterns are identified, it is the sum of the primary pattern score and the score of the least well-differentiated pattern.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48602
chinese label: 前列腺癌总格里森评分
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: GLEASON TOTAL SUM

Total PSA
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: total PSA
synonyms: Total PSA
chinese label: 前列腺特异性抗原总和
is defined by: The total amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. It includes the amount of free PSA and the amount of PSA attached to other proteins.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C94597

Transabdominal ultrasound
type: Class
subclass of: Ultrasound approach
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C71375
synonyms: TUS
synonyms: abdominal ultrasound
is defined by: A method of ultrasound imaging in which the ultrasound probe is pressed against the skin of the abdomen in order to create an image of the abdominal organs.
chinese label: 经腹部超声检查
synonyms: Transabdominal Ultrasound
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Transition zone PSA density
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C20043
synonyms: Transition Zone PSA Density
chinese label: 过渡区PSA密度
synonyms: Transition Zone Prostate Specific Antigen Density
is defined by: The ratio of serum PSA to transition zone volume. Takes into account the size of the prostate in determining the significance of an elevated PSA level.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Transition zone biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Needle Biopsy of Prostate
chinese label: 过渡区活检

Transperineal biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Needle Biopsy of Prostate
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C93199
synonyms: Transperineal Biopsy
is defined by: A procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate for examination under a microscope. The sample is removed with a thin needle that is inserted through the skin between the scrotum and rectum and into the prostate.
chinese label: 经会阴活组织检查
synonyms: Transperineal Prostate Biopsy

Transrectal biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Needle Biopsy of Prostate
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C93200
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Transrectal Biopsy
is defined by: A procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate using a thin needle that is inserted through the rectum and into the prostate. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is usually used to guide the needle. The sample is examined under a microscope to see if it contains cancer.
chinese label: 经直肠穿刺活检
synonyms: Transrectal Prostate Biopsy

Transrectal ultrasonography guided biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Transrectal biopsy
is defined by: A procedure that uses transrectal ultrasound to image the prostate and guide the placement of a biopsy needles to obtain a tissue sample.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C143148
synonyms: TRUS Biopsy
chinese label: 经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检
synonyms: Transrectal Ultrasonography Guided Biopsy
synonyms: TRUS-Guided Biopsy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Transurethral Biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Needle Biopsy of Prostate
is defined by: A procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate for examination under a microscope. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the urethra into the prostate, and a small piece of tissue is removed with a cutting loop.
synonyms: Transurethral Prostate Biopsy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Transurethral Biopsy/
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C93198

Transurethral Electrovaporization of the Prostate
type: Class
subclass of: Transurethral Prostatic Resection
is defined by: Application of electrical energy to electrosurgically vaporize or remove the obstructive enlarged prostatic tissue. In electrosurgical vaporization, the electrode rapidly heats the tissue cells so that they turn into steam, leaving a space where the prostate tissue was previously present. (from Columbia University Department of Urology)
synonyms: TUVP
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 经尿道前列腺电汽化术
synonyms: Transurethral Electrovaporization of the Prostate
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16188

Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy of the Prostate
type: Class
subclass of: Surgery
synonyms: Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy of the Prostate
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C89823
synonyms: TUMT
chinese label: 经尿道前列腺微波热疗
is defined by: A procedure for treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy that uses microwave energy delivered through the urethra to destroy prostate tissue.

Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate
type: Class
subclass of: Surgery
synonyms: TUNA
synonyms: Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate
synonyms: transurethral radiofrequency ablation
chinese label: 经尿道前列腺针切除术
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C89821
is defined by: A procedure for treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy that uses low energy radio frequency energy delivered through the urethra to destroy prostate tissue./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A procedure that is used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). A small probe that gives off low-level radiofrequency energy is inserted through the urethra into the prostate. The energy from the probe heats and destroys the abnormal prostate tissue without damaging the urethra.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: transurethral needle ablation

Transurethral Prostatic Resection
type: Class
subclass of: Surgery
synonyms: Transurethral Resection of Prostate
synonyms: TURP
synonyms: transurethral resection of the prostate
synonyms: Prostate Transurethral Resection
synonyms: Transurethral Prostatectomy
chinese label: 经尿道前列腺切除术
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15343
synonyms: Transurethral Prostatic Resection
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
is defined by: Prostate tissue removal via a cystoscope./NCI-GLOSS Definition: Surgery to remove tissue from the prostate using an instrument inserted through the urethra.

Treatment of PSA-only recurrence after treatment with curative intent
type: Class
subclass of: Other treatment
is defined by: "Primary curative procedures such as RP, and RT are well-established therapeutic options in the management of localised PCa. Despite technical improvements, there is still a significant risk of cancer recurrence after therapy. Between 27% and 53% of all patients undergoing RP or RT develop PSA-recurrence. While a rising PSA level universally antedates metastatic progression and prostate-cancer-specific mortality (PCSM), physicians must inform the patient that the natural history of PSA-only recurrence may be prolonged and that a PSA rise is not a surrogate for these survival endpoints. Physicians treating patients with PSA-only recurrence face a difficult set of decisions in attempting to delay the onset of metastatic disease and death while avoiding over-treating patients whose disease may never affect their OS or QoL. It has to be emphasised that the treatment recommendations for these patients should be given after discussion with a multidisciplinary team."
chinese label: 根治性目的治疗后仅限PSA复发的治疗

Treatment of PSA-only recurrences
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrence after treatment with curative intent
is defined by: The timing and mode of treatment for PSA-only recurrences after RP or RT are still controversial.
chinese label: 仅限PSA复发治疗

Triptorelin
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration
synonyms: Decapeptyl/Detryptoreline
synonyms: 6-D-Tryptophanluteinizing Hormone-releasing Factor
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: TRIPTORELIN
synonyms: 6-D-Tryptophan-LH-RH
synonyms: Triptorelin
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1267
is defined by: A synthetic decapeptide agonist analog of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Possessing greater potency than endogenous LHRH, triptorelin reversibly represses gonadotropin secretion. After chronic, continuous administration, this agent effects sustained decreases in LH and FSH production and testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis. Serum testosterone concentrations may fall to levels typically observed in surgically castrated men. (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that is used to treat advanced prostate cancer, and is being studied in the treatment of breast cancer. It belongs to the family of hormonal drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs.
synonyms: AY-25650/CL-118,532
synonyms: triptorelin

Triptorelin
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration
synonyms: Detryptoreline
synonyms: triptorelin
synonyms: AY-25650
synonyms: 6-D-Tryptophan-LH-RH
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 曲普瑞林
synonyms: Decapeptyl
synonyms: Triptorelin
is defined by: A synthetic decapeptide agonist analog of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Possessing greater potency than endogenous LHRH, triptorelin reversibly represses gonadotropin secretion. After chronic, continuous administration, this agent effects sustained decreases in LH and FSH production and testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis. Serum testosterone concentrations may fall to levels typically observed in surgically castrated men. (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that is used to treat advanced prostate cancer, and is being studied in the treatment of breast cancer. It belongs to the family of hormonal drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs.
synonyms: 6-D-Tryptophanluteinizing Hormone-releasing Factor
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1267
synonyms: TRIPTORELIN
synonyms: CL-118,532

Tx
type: Class
subclass of: T-staging
synonyms: TX Primary Tumor Stage Finding/
synonyms: TX Cancer Stage Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48737
is defined by: A primary tumor TNM finding indicating that the status of the primary tumor cannot be assessed.
synonyms: TX Tumor Stage
synonyms: TX
synonyms: Tumor Stage TX
synonyms: TX Stage Finding
synonyms: TX Stage
synonyms: TX TNM Finding
synonyms: TX Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: TX Tumor Finding

UA
type: Class
subclass of: Blood biochemical tests
is defined by: A nitrogenous compound containing a carbonyl group attached to two amine groups with osmotic diuretic activity. In vivo, urea is formed in the liver via the urea cycle from ammonia and is the final end product of protein metabolism. Administration of urea elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, including the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and eye, into interstitial fluid and plasma, thereby decreasing pressure in those tissues and increasing urine outflow.
synonyms: Vanamide
synonyms: Elaqua XX
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C29531
synonyms: carbamide
synonyms: Lanaphilic
chinese label: 尿酸
synonyms: Urea
synonyms: Ureaphil
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Aqua Care
synonyms: Nutraplus

Ultrasound
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C64384
chinese label: 超声检查
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: High frequency sound, generally with a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz.
synonyms: Ultrasound

Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy

Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Needle Biopsy of Prostate
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsy
is defined by: A diagnostic procedure that uses an ultrasound image to guide the placement of a biopsy needle into the prostate to obtain a tissue sample.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C116510
chinese label: 超声引导细针穿刺抽吸活检

Ultrasound approach
type: Class
subclass of: Ultrasound
synonyms: ultrasonography
synonyms: Ultrasound
synonyms: US
synonyms: 2-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging
chinese label: 超声检查途径
synonyms: ultrasound
synonyms: 2D-US
is defined by: A technique in which high-frequency sound waves are bounced off internal organs and the echo pattern is converted into a 2 dimensional picture of the structures beneath the transducer.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Ultrasound Imaging
synonyms: Ultrasound Test
synonyms: Ultrasonography
synonyms: Ultrasound, Medical
synonyms: ULTRASOUND
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17230
synonyms: 2-Dimensional Grayscale Ultrasound Imaging

Ultraviolet radiation
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
synonyms: UV
synonyms: Sun/Ultra-Violet Rays
synonyms: Radiation, UV
synonyms: UV Radiation
synonyms: Ultra-Violet Rays
is defined by: The invisible ultraviolet spectrum makes up one specific portion of sunlight. This unique portion accounts for three percent of all solar radiation reaching the earth. UV radiation causes many health problems. NCI-GLOSS Definition: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB. Ultraviolet radiation also comes from sun lamps and tanning beds. It can cause skin damage, premature aging, melanoma, and other types of skin cancer. It can also cause problems with the eyes and the immune system. Skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that protect the skin from both kinds of ultraviolet radiation. In medicine, ultraviolet radiation also comes from special lamps or a laser and is used to treat certain skin conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and skin tumors of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma."
synonyms: Ultraviolet Radiation
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code: C17231
synonyms: ultraviolet radiation
synonyms: UV radiation
preferred name: Ultraviolet Radiation
chinese label: 紫外线

Unclear type
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
chinese label: 不清楚的分类

Urinary urgency
type: Class
subclass of: Storage symptoms
chinese label: 尿急
synonyms: Urinary Urgency
is defined by: An acute and compelling urge to urinate.
synonyms: Micturation Urgency
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C50792

Urinalysis
type: Class
subclass of: Lab test
is defined by: Laboratory analysis of urine, commonly used to aid in the diagnosis of disease or to detect the presence of a specific substance. It involves examination of the urine by physical or chemical means as well as microscopic examination that helps to screen for urinary tract infections, renal disease, and diseases of other organs, that result in abnormal metabolites (break-down products) appearing in the urine.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17241
chinese label: 尿液分析
synonyms: Urinalysis
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Urinary estrogen metabolites
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
PMID: 20886539
chinese label: 尿雌激素代谢产物
is defined by: The two main pathways for metabolism of estrogens are 16α-hydroxylation and 2-hydroxylation. The major estrogen metabolites excreted in urine are the parent estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2), 2-hydroxy products [2-hydroxyesterone (2-OHE1), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), 2-methoxyesterone (2-MeOE1)] and 16α-hydroxy products [estriol (E3) and 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1)]

Vaccine
type: Class
subclass of: Non-hormonal therapy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C923
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 疫苗
synonyms: Vaccine Therapy
synonyms: Vaccine
synonyms: vaccine
is defined by: Preparations containing substances with antigenic properties administered to activate the immune system, thereby inducing an immune response./CTEP Definition: A substance or group of substances administered to induce the immune system to recognize and destroy tumors or microorganisms, which can be used for prevention, amelioration, or treatment of diseases./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. A vaccine can help the body recognize and destroy cancer cells or microorganisms.

Vasectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Drug and operation
chinese label: 输精管切除术
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15348
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Vasectomy
synonyms: vasectomy
is defined by: Surgical removal of part or all of the vas deferens. NCI-GLOSS Definition: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles."

Vegetable
type: Class
subclass of: Foods
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Cruciferous Vegetable
chinese label: 蔬菜
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1747
is defined by: Definition: Edible plants from the family Brassicaceae (also called Cruciferae). NCI-GLOSS Definition: A member of the family of vegetables that includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collard greens, kale, and turnips. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer
synonyms: cruciferous vegetable
synonyms: Cruciform Vegetables

Very high-risk prostate cancer EBRT
type: Class
subclass of: External beam radiation therapy (EBRT)
chinese label: 极高风险前列腺癌EBRT

Vitamin
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
chinese label: 维他命
is defined by: A group of organic food substances found in animals and plants in small quantities. They must be supplied in diet or dietary supplement and are essential for normal metabolism. CRCH Definition: A class of micronutrients that regulate and support chemical reactions in the body. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Sources of vitamins are plant and animal food products and dietary supplements. Some vitamins are made in the human body from food products. Vitamins are either fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) or water-soluble (can dissolve in water). Excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissue, but excess water-soluble vitamins are removed in the urine. Examples are vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E."
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Vitamin
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C944
synonyms: Vitamins
synonyms: vitamin

Voiding symptoms
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom of prostate cancer
is defined by: Voiding symptoms are usually due to a blockage at the outlet of base of the bladder, making it more difficult to pass urine. The blockage may be caused by an enlarged prostate gland or scarring of the urethra (the tube that carries the urine). Enlargement of the prostate gland can lead to both storage and voiding symptoms and is a common cause of symptoms in men.
chinese label: 排尿期症状
reference: BioPortal cui:C4067975
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/LNC/LP221194-6

WBC
type: Class
subclass of: Complete blood count
synonyms: white blood cell
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
preferred name: Leukocyte
synonyms: leukocyte
synonyms: WBC
synonyms: Reticuloendothelial System, Leukocytes
chinese label: 白细胞计数
is defined by: Blood cells that are devoid of hemoglobin, capable of ameboid motion and phagocytosis, and act as the principal components of the immune system.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C12529
synonyms: White Cell
synonyms: White Blood Corpuscle

Waist-Hip Ratio
type: Class
subclass of: Physiological and biochemical
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17651
synonyms: Waist to Hip Ratio
synonyms: WAISTHIP
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Waist-Hip Ratio
chinese label: 腰臀比值
is defined by: The ratio of the abdominal circumference at the navel to maximum hip and buttocks circumference; looks at the proportion of fat stored on the body around the waist and hip. Carrying extra weight around the waist is a greater health risk than carrying extra weight around the hips or thighs. CDISC Definition: A relative measurement (ratio) of the waist circumference to the hip circumference."

Warfarin
type: Class
subclass of: Drug and operation
synonyms: 4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
synonyms: 3-(Alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin
synonyms: 3-(.alpha.-Acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin
synonyms: Compound 42
synonyms: WARF Compound 42
synonyms: Athrombin-K
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C945
synonyms: 3-(.alpha.-Phenyl-.beta.-acetylethyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin
synonyms: 1-(4'-Hydroxy-3'-coumarinyl)-1-phenyl-3-butanone
synonyms: Warfarin
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Co-Rax
synonyms: warfarin
synonyms: 3-Alpha-phenyl-beta-acetylethyl-4-hydroxycoumarin
synonyms: Rodex
chinese label: 华法林
is defined by: A synthetic anticoagulant. Warfarin inhibits the regeneration of vitamin K1 epoxide and so the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, which include Factors II, VII, IX and X, and the anticoagulant proteins C and S. This inhibition results in a sequential depression of Factors VII, IX, X and II activities. Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the post ribosomal synthesis of the vitamin K dependent clotting factors. The vitamin promotes the biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in these proteins which are essential for biological activity. NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that prevents blood from clotting. It belongs to the family of drugs called anticoagulants (blood thinners)."
synonyms: WARFARIN
synonyms: WARF compound 42

Watchful waiting
type: Class
subclass of: Deferred treatment
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15723
synonyms: observation
chinese label: 等待观察
synonyms: Watchful Waiting
synonyms: Patient Observation
synonyms: Observation
synonyms: deferred therapy
synonyms: Active Surveillance
synonyms: active surveillance
synonyms: watchful waiting
is defined by: Closely watching a patient's condition but not giving treatment unless there are changes in test results. Active surveillance avoids problems that may be caused by treatments such as radiation or surgery. It is used to find early signs that the condition is getting worse. During active surveillance, patients will be given certain exams and tests done on a regular schedule. It is sometimes used in prostate cancer.
synonyms: expectant management
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Weak stream
type: Class
subclass of: Voiding symptoms
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Incompl Empty
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C127404
is defined by: Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite for Clinical Practice (EPIC-CP) How big a problem, if any, has each of the following been for you? Weak urine stream/incomplete bladder emptying.
chinese label: 尿线变细
synonyms: EPIC205B
synonyms: EPIC2-Problem Weak Stream
synonyms: EPIC-CP - Weak Urine Stream or Incomplete Bladder Emptying

Whole fat
type: Class
subclass of: Dietary fat intake
PMID: 19709365
chinese label: 全脂
is defined by: Cronobacter (in TSB), inoculated skim milk (0% fat), low-fat milk (1% and 2% fat) and whole-fat milk (3.5% fat) were treated with 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 kGy X-ray doses

Work environment
type: Class
subclass of: Social factors
synonyms: Work location
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/285141008
synonyms: Work environment (environment)
synonyms: Workplace
reference: BioPortal cui:C0162579
chinese label: 工作环境

XRCC3
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: XRCC3 X-ray repair cross complementing 3
synonyms: CMM6
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/7517/
reference: Location: 14q32.33; Sequence: Chromosome: 14; NC_000014.9 (103697611..103715486, complement)
is defined by: This gene encodes a member of the RecA/Rad51-related protein family that participates in homologous recombination to maintain chromosome stability and repair DNA damage. This gene functionally complements Chinese hamster irs1SF, a repair-deficient mutant that exhibits hypersensitivity to a number of different DNA-damaging agents and is chromosomally unstable. A rare microsatellite polymorphism in this gene is associated with cancer in patients of varying radiosensitivity. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ZFHX3
type: Class
subclass of: Gene
preferred name: ZFHX3 zinc finger homeobox 3
synonyms: ATBT; ATBF1; ZNF927
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/genes/463/
reference: Location: 16q22.2-q22.3; Sequence: Chromosome: 16; NC_000016.10 (72782885..73058635, complement)
is defined by: This gene encodes a transcription factor with multiple homeodomains and zinc finger motifs, and regulates myogenic and neuronal differentiation. The encoded protein suppresses expression of the alpha-fetoprotein gene by binding to an AT-rich enhancer motif. The protein has also been shown to negatively regulate c-Myb, and transactivate the cell cycle inhibitor cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (also known as p21CIP1). This gene is reported to function as a tumor suppressor in several cancers, and sequence variants of this gene are also associated with atrial fibrillation. Multiple transcript variants expressed from alternate promoters and encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

Zinc
type: Class
subclass of: Mineral
synonyms: Zn
is defined by: An element with atomic symbol Zn, atomic number 30, and atomic weight 65.39.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C948
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 锌
synonyms: ZINC
synonyms: Zinc

Anteroposterior diameter
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 前后径

Bilateral
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Bilateral
is defined by: Affecting both sides of the body or a matched pair of organs.
synonyms: Right and Left
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C13332
chinese label: 双侧

Body weight
type: Class
subclass of: Physical examination
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Body Weight
synonyms: BW
is defined by: The weight of a subject.
chinese label: 体重
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C81328

Bone metastasis
type: Class
subclass of: Bone scan
synonyms: Metastatic Neoplasm to the Bone
synonyms: Metastatic Tumor to the Bone
chinese label: 骨转移
synonyms: Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Bone
synonyms: Metastases to bone, NOS
synonyms: Metastatic Cancer to the Bone
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The spread of a malignant neoplasm from a primary site to the skeletal system. The majority of metastatic neoplasms to the bone are carcinomas.
synonyms: Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Bone
synonyms: Bone Metastasis
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C3580
synonyms: Bone Metastases

Central zone
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C128572
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Central Zone of Prostate
is defined by: This region of the prostate gland that is located between the peripheral and transition zones, surrounding the ejaculatory ducts. It gives rise to a very small percentage of prostate cancers, though these cancers are frequently more aggressive, often resulting in invasion of the seminal vesicles.
chinese label: 中央带

Degarelix
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: N-acetyl-3-(naphtalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl-4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl-L-seryl-4-((((4S)-2,6-dioxohexahydropyrimidin-4-yl)carbonyl)amino)-L-phenylalanyl-4-(carbamoylamino)-D-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-N6-(1-methylethyl)-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-D-alaninamide
synonyms: Degarelix
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48385
synonyms: degarelix
is defined by: A long-acting, synthetic peptide with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonistic properties. Degarelix targets and blocks GnRH receptors located on the surfaces of gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary, thereby reducing secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) by pituitary gonadotroph cells and so decreasing testosterone production by interstitial (Leydig) cells in the testes./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that is used to treat advanced prostate cancer and is also being studied in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Degarelix binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the pituitary gland. This causes the body to stop making testosterone, which prostate cancer needs to grow. Degarelix is a type of GnRH antagonist.
synonyms: Firmagon
synonyms: DEGARELIX

Dutasteride
type: Class
subclass of: 5a-Reductase Inhibition
is defined by: A synthetic 4-azasteroid compound. Dutasteride competitively and specifically binds to isoenzymes 1 and 2 of 5 alpha-reductase, forming stable enzyme complexes and inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT); the reduction in DHT activity may mitigate or prevent enlargement of the prostate gland. The type 2 5 alpha-reductase isoenzyme is primarily active in the reproductive tissues, while the type 1 isoenzyme is also active in skin and the liver./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used to treat symptoms of an enlarged prostate gland. It is being studied in the treatment of male hair loss and prostate cancer. Avodart blocks enzymes the body needs to make male sex hormones. It is a type of 5-alpha reductase inhibitor.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C47503
synonyms: DUTASTERIDE
synonyms: GG 745
synonyms: Dutasteride
synonyms: GG745
chinese label: 度他雄胺
synonyms: dutasteride
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Avodart/Avolve,(5alpha,17beta)-N-(2,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-oxo-4-azaandrost-1-ene-17-carboxamide
synonyms: alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha',alpha',alpha'-Hexafluoro-3-oxo-4-aza-5alpha-androst-1-ene-17beta-carboxy-2',5'-xylidide

Enzalutamide
type: Class
subclass of: Non-steroidal anti-androgens
chinese label: 恩杂鲁胺
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: ASP9785
synonyms: 4-(3-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)-2-fluoro-N-methyl-
synonyms: MDV3100
synonyms: Benzamide,
synonyms: Enzalutamide
synonyms: Xtandi
is defined by: An orally bioavailable, organic, non-steroidal small molecule targeting the androgen receptor (AR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Through a mechanism that is reported to be different from other approved AR antagonists, enzalutamide inhibits the activity of prostate cancer cell ARs, which may result in a reduction in prostate cancer cell proliferation and, correspondingly, a reduction in the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. AR over-expression in prostate cancer represents a key mechanism associated with prostate cancer hormone resistance.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C71744
synonyms: ENZALUTAMIDE

Extracapsular
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 突破前列腺包膜
synonyms: Extracapsular
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25502
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Situated outside of a capsule, esp. outside the capsular ligament of a joint.

Finasteride
type: Class
subclass of: 5a-Reductase Inhibition
synonyms: Urprosan
synonyms: FINASTERIDE
synonyms: MK 906
synonyms: Finastid
synonyms: Propeshia
synonyms: Chibro-Proscar
synonyms: Pro-Cure
synonyms: Finasteride
synonyms: Proscar
is defined by: A synthetic 4-azasteroid compound. Finasteride competitively binds to and inhibits steroid type II 5-alpha-reductase in the prostate gland, liver, and skin, thereby interfering with the enzymatic conversion of testosterone to 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and reducing serum DHT levels. The reduction in serum DHT levels results in diminished stimulation of androgen receptors in the nuclei of prostate cells and, so, diminished prostate cell proliferation./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used to reduce the amount of male hormone (testosterone) produced by the body.
synonyms: (5alpha,17beta)-N-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-3-oxo-4-azaandrost-1-ene-17-carboxamide
synonyms: Prostide
synonyms: finasteride
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1099
chinese label: 非那雄胺
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Propecia

Goserelin
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration
synonyms: goserelin
synonyms: Goserelin
synonyms: ICI-118630
synonyms: GOSERELIN
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1374
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: 6-[O-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-D-serine]-10-deglycinamide Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Factor (Pig)
is defined by: A synthetic decapeptide analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) with antineoplastic activity. Goserelin binds to and activates pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Prolonged administration of goserelin inhibits the secretion of pituitary gonadotropin, thereby decreasing levels of testosterone (in males) and estradiol (in females). Administration of this agent in a depot formulation may result in the regression of sex hormone-sensitive tumors and a reduction in sex organ size and function. (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Goserelin is used to block hormone production in the ovaries or testicles.
synonyms: 2-(aminocarbonyl)hydrazide

Height
type: Class
subclass of: Physical examination
synonyms: Height
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 身高
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C25347
is defined by: The vertical measurement or distance from the base to the top of an object; the vertical dimension of extension.

Hypoechoic lesion
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 低回声区

Incomplete bladder emptying
type: Class
subclass of: Postvoiding symptoms
synonyms: EPIC-CP - Weak Urine Stream or Incomplete Bladder Emptying
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C127404
chinese label: 尿不尽
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: EPIC2-Problem Weak Stream/Incompl Empty
synonyms: EPIC205B
is defined by: Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite for Clinical Practice (EPIC-CP) How big a problem, if any, has each of the following been for you? Weak urine stream/incomplete bladder emptying.

Iodine-125
type: Class
subclass of: Brachytherapy
is defined by: iodine-125 in granular form is the radioactive element of reference, while palladium-103 may be used for less differentiated tumours with a high doubling time. The doses delivered to the planning target volume are 144 Gy for iodine-125 and 125 Gy for palladium-103. A Gleason score of 7 is still a ‘grey area’, but patients with a Gleason score of 4 + 3 showed no difference in outcome
chinese label: 碘-125

Iridium-192
type: Class
subclass of: Brachytherapy
synonyms: Iridium Ir 192
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C104270
synonyms: Iridium-192
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: IRIDIUM IR-192
chinese label: 铱-192
synonyms: Ir-192
is defined by: Ir-192/Iridium Ir 192/IRIDIUM IR-192/Iridium-192

Leuprolide
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration
synonyms: Leuprolide
synonyms: 6-D-Leucine-9-(N-ethyl-L-prolinamide)-1-9-luteinizing Hormone-releasing Factor (Pig)
synonyms: leuprolide
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Leuprolide binds to and activates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Continuous, prolonged administration of leuprolide in males results in pituitary GnRH receptor desensitization and inhibition of pituitary secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to a significant decline in testosterone production; in females, prolonged administration results in a decrease in estradiol production. This agent reduces testosterone production to castration levels and may inhibit androgen receptor-positive tumor progression./NCI-GLOSS Definition: The active ingredient in a drug used to treat symptoms of advanced prostate cancer. It is also used to treat early puberty in children and certain gynecologic conditions. It is being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Leuprolide blocks the body from making testosterone (a male hormone) and estradiol (a female hormone). It may stop the growth of prostate cancer cells that need testosterone to grow. It is a type of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog.
synonyms: LEUPROLIDE
synonyms: 6-D-Leucine-9-(N-ethyl-L-prolinamide)-10-deglycinamide Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Factor (Pig)
synonyms: Leuprorelin
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C62042

Location of metastasis
type: Class
subclass of: Bone scan
chinese label: 转移灶位置

Low signal intensity lesion
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 低信号区

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
type: Class
subclass of: Steroidal anti-androgens
synonyms: Nadigest (vet)
synonyms: Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
synonyms: MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE/Medroxyprogesterone acetate
synonyms: Verami
synonyms: Depo-Provera
synonyms: Oragest
synonyms: Depo-Clinovir
synonyms: Medroxyprogesterone 17-Acetate
synonyms: Cycrin
synonyms: Farlutal
synonyms: Methylacetoxyprogesterone
synonyms: 17Alpha-acetoxy-6alpha-methylprogesterone
synonyms: Lutoral
synonyms: Aragest
synonyms: 6-Alpha-methyl-17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: 17-(Acetyloxy)-6alpha-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
synonyms: Hysron
synonyms: Medroxyprogesteroni Acetas
chinese label: 醋酸甲羟孕酮
synonyms: Prodasone
is defined by: A synthetic, acetate derivative of the sex hormone progesterone. Medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A drug used to prevent endometrial cancer. It is also used to treat menstrual disorders and as a form of birth control. It is a form of the female hormone progesterone and belongs to the family of drugs called progestins.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1155
synonyms: MPA
synonyms: Depot-Medroxyprogestereone
synonyms: Depo-provera
synonyms: medroxyprogesterone acetate
synonyms: 17-Hydroxy-6alpha-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione Acetate
synonyms: Provera
synonyms: Nidaxin
synonyms: Ciclotal/
synonyms: Nadigest
synonyms: Nidaxin (vet)
synonyms: (6alpha)-17-(Acetyloxy)-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
synonyms: Clinovir
synonyms: Perlutex
synonyms: G-Farlutal
synonyms: Metipregnone
synonyms: Amen
synonyms: Gestapuran
synonyms: Acetate
synonyms: Clinofem/
synonyms: Sodelut G

Neck of bladder invasion
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 膀胱颈受侵
URL: http://www.radlex.org/RID/#RID49512

Number of metastasis
type: Class
subclass of: Bone scan
chinese label: 转移灶数目

p2PSA
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
chinese label: PSA异构体p2PSA
synonyms: (-2)pro-prostate-specific antigen, human
reference: BioPortal cui:C3710767
synonyms: (-2)pro-PSA, human
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/C583834
synonyms: p2PSA, human

pN0
type: Class
subclass of: N-staging
synonyms: pN0
synonyms: pN0 Regional Lymph Node Stage Finding
synonyms: Lymph Node Stage pN0
synonyms: pN0 Regional Lymph Nodes Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48745
synonyms: pN0 Stage Finding
synonyms: Node Stage pN0
synonyms: pN0 Lymph Node Stage
is defined by: No morphologic evidence of regional lymph node metastasis by routine histologic staining, in accordance with TNM classification system guidelines.
synonyms: pN0 Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: pN0 TNM Finding
synonyms: pN0 Lymph Node Finding
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: pN0 Stage
synonyms: pN0 Node Finding
synonyms: pN0 Node Stage

pN1
type: Class
subclass of: N-staging
synonyms: Node Stage pN1
synonyms: pN1 Node Finding
synonyms: pN1 Lymph Node Stage
synonyms: pN1 Stage Finding
synonyms: pN1 Lymph Node Finding
synonyms: pN1 TNM Finding
synonyms: pN1
synonyms: pN1 Stage
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: pN1 Cancer Stage Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48746
synonyms: pN1 Node Stage
synonyms: pN1 Regional Lymph Nodes Finding
synonyms: /pN1 Regional Lymph Node Stage Finding
synonyms: Lymph Node Stage pN1

pNx
type: Class
subclass of: N-staging
synonyms: Prostate Cancer pNX TNM Finding
synonyms: Prostate Cancer pNX TNM Finding v6 and v7
synonyms: pNX Prostate Carcinoma
synonyms: pNX Cancer of the Prostate
synonyms: pNX Carcinoma of the Prostate
synonyms: pNX Prostate Cancer
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C52682
is defined by: Prostate cancer in which the regional lymph nodes were not sampled. (from AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Prostate Cancer pNX TNM Finding v7
synonyms: Prostate Cancer pNX TNM Finding v6
synonyms: pNX Carcinoma of Prostate
synonyms: pNX Cancer of Prostate

pT2
type: Class
subclass of: T-staging
synonyms: pT2 Stage Finding /
synonyms: /pT2 Tumor Stage/
synonyms: pT2
synonyms: pT2 Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: pT2 Stage/
synonyms: pT2 Cancer Stage Finding
is defined by: A pathologic primary tumor TNM stage finding. The definition of pT2 stage finding depends on the particular type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for breast cancer, pT2 stage finding is defined as follows: cancer with tumor size more than 2.0 cm, but not more than 5.0 cm in greatest dimension; for colorectal cancer, pT2 stage finding is defined as follows: cancer with invasion into the muscularis propria. (from AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)
synonyms: Tumor Stage pT2
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: pT2 TNM Finding /
synonyms: pT2 Primary Tumor Stage Finding/
synonyms: pT2 Tumor Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48764

pT2a
type: Class
subclass of: pT2
synonyms: pT2a TNM Finding
synonyms: pT2a Cancer Stage Finding
synonyms: /pT2a Stage Finding/
synonyms: Tumor Stage pT2a
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48765
synonyms: pT2a Tumor Stage
is defined by: A pathologic primary tumor TNM stage finding. The definition of pT2a stage finding depends on the particular type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for prostate cancer, pT2a stage finding is defined as follows: cancer limited to one-half or less of one lobe of the prostate gland; for lung cancer, pT2a stage finding is defined as follows: cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: pT2a Tumor Finding
synonyms: pT2a Primary Tumor Finding/
synonyms: pT2a
synonyms: pT2a Stage

pT2b
type: Class
subclass of: pT2
synonyms: pT2b Tumor Stage/
synonyms: /pT2b Tumor Finding/
synonyms: /pT2b Cancer Stage Finding
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: /pT2b Stage/pT2b Stage Finding
synonyms: pT2b
synonyms: /pT2b Primary Tumor Finding/
synonyms: /pT2b TNM Finding
synonyms: Tumor Stage pT2b
synonyms: pT2b Primary Tumor Stage Finding
is defined by: A pathologic primary tumor TNM stage finding. The definition of pT2b stage finding depends on the particular type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for prostate cancer, pT2b stage finding is defined as follows: cancer involving more than one-half of one lobe, but not both lobes of the prostate gland; for lung cancer, pT2b stage finding is defined as follows: cancer with a tumor size more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48766

pT2c
type: Class
subclass of: pT2
synonyms: pT2c
synonyms: pT2c Primary Tumor Stage Finding
synonyms: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: pT2c Tumor Stage
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48767
synonyms: /Tumor Stage pT2c
synonyms: pT2c Primary Tumor Finding/
synonyms: /pT2c Cancer Stage Finding/
synonyms: pT2c TNM Finding
synonyms: /pT2c Stage/pT2c Stage Finding/
is defined by: A pathologic primary tumor TNM stage finding. The definition of pT2c stage finding depends on the particular type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for prostate cancer, pT2c stage finding is defined as follows: cancer involving both lobes of the prostate gland; for fallopian tube cancer, pT2c stage finding is defined as follows: cancer with pelvic extension and malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
synonyms: /pT2c Tumor Finding/

pT3
type: Class
subclass of: T-staging
synonyms: /Tumor Stage pT3
synonyms: /pT3 Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: /pT3 Stage Finding
synonyms: /pT3 Primary Tumor Stage Finding/
synonyms: pT3 Stage
synonyms: /pT3 TNM Finding/
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: pT3/
synonyms: /pT3 Tumor Stage
is defined by: A pathologic primary tumor TNM stage finding. The definition of pT3 stage finding depends on the particular type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for breast cancer, pT3 stage finding is defined as follows: cancer with tumor size more than 5.0 cm in greatest dimension; for kidney cancer, pT3 stage finding is defined as follows: cancer with tumor extending into major veins or perinephric tissues but not into the ipsilateral adrenal gland and not beyond Gerota's fascia. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
synonyms: pT3 Tumor Finding
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48768
synonyms: pT3 Cancer Stage Finding

pT3a
type: Class
subclass of: pT3
synonyms: pT3a Stage/
synonyms: /pT3a Primary Tumor Stage Finding/
synonyms: /pT3a Tumor Finding/
synonyms: /pT3a TNM Finding
is defined by: A pathologic primary tumor TNM stage finding. The definition of pT3a stage finding depends on the particular type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for cervical cancer, pT3a stage finding is defined as follows: cancer involves lower third of vagina, without extension to pelvic wall; for kidney cancer, pT3a stage finding is defined as follows: cancer with tumor grossly extending into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle containing) branches or tumor invading perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48769
synonyms: pT3a Stage Finding
synonyms: pT3a/
synonyms: pT3a Primary Tumor Finding
synonyms: pT3a Cancer Stage Finding/
synonyms: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: /Tumor Stage pT3a
synonyms: pT3a Tumor Stage

pT3b
type: Class
subclass of: pT3
synonyms: pT3b Cancer Stage Finding/
synonyms: /pT3b Primary Tumor Stage Finding/p
synonyms: T3b Stage
synonyms: pT3b Primary Tumor Finding
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: pT3b TNM Finding/
synonyms: /pT3b Stage Finding/
synonyms: pT3b/
synonyms: Tumor Stage pT3b
is defined by: A pathologic primary tumor TNM stage finding. The definition of pT3b stage finding depends on the particular type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for cervical cancer, pT3b stage finding is defined as follows:cancer extends to pelvic wall and/or causes hydronephrosis or nonfunctioning kidney; for kidney cancer, pT3b stage finding is defined as follows: cancer with tumor grossly extending into the vena cava below the diaphragm. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
synonyms: pT3b Tumor Finding/
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48770
synonyms: pT3b Tumor Stage/

pT4
type: Class
subclass of: T-staging
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: pT4 Tumor Finding/
synonyms: /pT4 Cancer Stage Finding/
synonyms: pT4 Tumor Stage
synonyms: /Tumor Stage pT4
synonyms: pT4 TNM Finding/
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C48772
synonyms: pT4
synonyms: pT4 Primary Tumor Finding/
synonyms: /pT4 Stage Finding/
synonyms: /pT4 Stage
synonyms: pT4 Primary Tumor Stage Finding
is defined by: A pathologic primary tumor TNM stage finding. The definition of pT4 stage finding depends on the particular type of cancer that it refers to; for example, for breast cancer, pT4 stage finding is defined as follows: cancer with tumor of any size with direct extension to chest wall or skin, but only as described in pT4 sub-categories, in accordance with TNM guidelines; for cervical cancer, pT4 stage finding is defined as follows: cancer invades mucosa of bladder or rectum, and/or extends beyond true pelvis (bullous edema is not sufficient to classify a tumor as T4). (from AJCC 7th Ed.)

Palladium-103
type: Class
subclass of: Brachytherapy
synonyms: Palladium Pd-103
synonyms: Palladium-103
synonyms: Pd 103
chinese label: 钯-103
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C2550
synonyms: radioactive palladium
synonyms: Palladium Pd 103
is defined by: A radioisotope of the metal palladium used in brachytherapy implants or 'seed'. With a half-life of 17 days, palladium 103 administered with brachytherapy allows continuous, tumor-site specific low-energy irradiation to the tumor cell population while sparing normal adjacent tissues from radiotoxicity. (NCI04)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A radioactive form of palladium (a metallic element that resembles platinum). When used to treat prostate cancer, radioactive seeds (small pellets that contain radioactive palladium) are placed in the prostate. Cancer cells are killed by the energy given off as the radioactive material breaks down and becomes more stable.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Pelvic lymph node enlargement
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 盆腔肿大淋巴结

Peripheral zone
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 外周带
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C128570
synonyms: Peripheral Zone of Prostate
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: The region of the prostate that is located most superficial and posterior as compared to the other prostate zones. It is located closest to the rectum, and is easily palpated on digital rectal exam. This zone of the prostate surrounds the distal urethra, and is the zone of origin for the vast majority of prostatic cancers.

Dribbling urine
type: Class
subclass of: Postvoiding symptoms
synonyms: Dribbling;urine
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/ICPC2P/U05018
reference: bioportal cui:C0149671
chinese label: 尿后滴沥

Prostate volume
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 前列腺体积
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/LNC/LP32141-1
reference: BioPortal cui:C1441416
is defined by: The volume of the prostate can be estimated by the formula 0.52 × length × width × height. A volume of over 30 cm3 is regarded as prostatomegaly (enlarged prostate).

Pulmonary metastasis
type: Class
subclass of: Chest radiography
URL: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MPATH_886
is defined by: Metastatic tumour of unspecified origin in the lung.
chinese label: 肺转移

Seminal vesicle invasion
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 精囊受侵
reference: BioPortal cui:C1718327
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/LNC/MTHU020034

Suprainferior diameter
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 上下径

Transitional zone
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 移行带
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C33803
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: TZ
is defined by: The zone of the prostatic parenchyma that surrounds the proximal urethra.
synonyms: Transitional Zone of the Prostatic Parenchyma

Transversal diameter
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
chinese label: 左右经

Unilateral
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination results
synonyms: Unilateral Anatomic Qualifier
chinese label: 单侧
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C68598
is defined by: Involving only one part or side.
synonyms: Unilateral
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography Scan
type: Class
subclass of: Assessment of metastases
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C103512
chinese label: 正电子发射断层扫描（PET）和计算机断层扫描（CT）
synonyms: Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
synonyms: PET-CT Scan
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance (for example, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), which is similar to a naturally occurring sugar, glucose, with the addition of a radioactive fluorine atom). When living tissue containing the positron emitter is bombarded by electrons, gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons is detected by a scanner, revealing in fine detail the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered./CDISC Definition: An imaging technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance. A scanner reveals the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is used. Because cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body.//A method of examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine./CDISC Definition: An imaging technique for examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis.
synonyms: PET/CT SCAN
synonyms: Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography Scan

12-Core prostate biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Core Biopsy
chinese label: 12芯前列腺穿刺活检
synonyms: 12-Core Prostate Biopsy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C142182
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A prostate biopsy collection protocol that consists of sextant cores plus 6 lateral peripheral zone cores.

4Kscore
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
synonyms: 4Kscore Blood Test
synonyms: 4K
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C142184
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: 4Kscore
is defined by: A proprietary blood test for prostate cancer screening that measures four kallikrein markers (total, free, and intact prostate-specific antigen, and human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 [hK2]).

5a-Reductase Inhibition
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-androgens
is defined by: Treatment with a 5a-reductase inhibitor with the goal of suppressing the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
chinese label: 5a还原酶抑制剂
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15526
synonyms: 5a-Reductase Inhibition

8-Core prostate biopsy
type: Class
subclass of: Core Biopsy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A prostate biopsy collection protocol that consists of sextant cores plus 2 lateral peripheral zone cores.
synonyms: 8-Core Prostate Biopsy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C142181
chinese label: 8芯前列腺穿刺活检

Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma
type: Class
subclass of: Therapeutic aspects of prostate cancer
synonyms: CRPC
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
synonyms: Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma
chinese label: 去势抵抗性前列腺癌（CRPC）
is defined by: NCI Thesaurus Code:C130234
is defined by: Prostate carcinoma that grows and continues to spread despite the surgical removal of the testes or medical intervention to block androgen production.
synonyms: Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma

Bilateral orchiectomy
type: Class
subclass of: Testosterone-lowering therapy (castration)
is defined by: Bilateral orchiectomy, either total or subcapsular pulpectomy, is a simple, cheap and virtually complication-free surgical procedure. It is easily performed under local anaesthesia and is the quickest way to achieve a castration level, usually within less than 12 hours. It is irreversible and does not allow for intermittent treatment.
chinese label: 双侧睾丸切除术

Complete androgen blockade (CAB)
type: Class
subclass of: Combination therapies
is defined by: There are conflicting results from the many studies comparing CAB with monotherapy. The largest RCT in 1,286 M1b patients found no difference between surgical castration plus flutamide compared to surgical castration without flutamide. Systematic reviews have shown that CAB using non-steroidal anti-androgen (NSAA) appears to provide a small survival advantage (< 5%) vs. monotherapy (surgical castration or LHRH agonists) beyond 5 years. However, some of the larger trials included in these reviews were methodologically flawed and it is unlikely that this small advantage, if any, is useful in daily clinical practice. LHRH analogues and NSAA have the highest estimated quality-adjusted survival. However, the use of CAB increases side effects and the economic cost. There is an incremental cost of more than US$1 million per quality-adjusted life-year vs. orchiectomy alone.
chinese label: 完全雄激素阻断

Computed tomography
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination
synonyms: CAT scan
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C17204
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: A method of examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis.
synonyms: tomography
synonyms: CT SCAN
synonyms: computerized axial tomography
synonyms: Computerized Axial Tomography
synonyms: CAT Scan
synonyms: CT
synonyms: computed tomography
chinese label: 计算机断层扫描(CT)
synonyms: CAT
synonyms: Computed Tomography
synonyms: computerized tomography
synonyms: Computerized Tomography
synonyms: CT scan

Cryosurgical ablation of the prostate (CSAP)
type: Class
subclass of: Cryotherapy
chinese label: 前列腺癌的冷冻消融治疗

Cyproterone Acetate
type: Class
subclass of: Steroidal anti-androgens
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: cyproterone acetate
synonyms: Chloro-6-hydroxy-17 Alpha Methylene-1 Alpha, 2 Alpha Pregnadiene-4,6 Dione-3, 20 Acetate
synonyms: CYPROTERONE ACETATE
synonyms: Diane
synonyms: Dianette
synonyms: CyPat
synonyms: SH 714
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C1059
synonyms: Cyproteronazetat
chinese label: 醋酸环丙氯地孕酮
synonyms: 3'H-Cyclopropa(1,2)pregna-1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione, 17-(Acetyloxy)-6-chloro-1,2-dihydro-, (1beta,2beta)-
synonyms: SH-714
is defined by: The acetate salt of a synthetic steroidal antiandrogen with weak progestational and antineoplastic activities. Cyproterone binds the androgen receptor (AR), thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation in target tissues and inhibiting the growth of testosterone-sensitive tumor cells. This agent also exerts progestational agonist properties at the level of the pituitary that reduce luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in reductions in testicular androgen secretion and serum testosterone levels. Treatment with cyproterone alone results in incomplete suppression of serum testosterone levels./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A synthetic hormone being studied for treatment of hot flashes in men with prostate cancer who have had both testicles removed by surgery.
synonyms: Cyproterone Acetate
synonyms: Cyprone
synonyms: Androcur
synonyms: Cyprostat
synonyms: 6-Chloro-1b,2b-dihydro-17a-hydroxy-3'H-cyclopropa[1,2]pregna-1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione Acetat Andro-Diane
synonyms: Cyproteroni Acetas

Diethylstilboesterol (DES)
type: Class
subclass of: Oestrogens
is defined by: Early studies by the Veterans Administration (VACURG) tested oral Diesthylstilboesterol (DES) at 5 mg/day. This dosage was associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which was secondary to first-pass hepatic metabolism and the formation of thrombogenic metabolites. Lower doses of 1 mg/day and 3 mg/day were found to be as effective as bilateral orchiectomy, with still more side effects compared to castration.
chinese label: 己烯雌酚

Digital rectal examination
type: Class
subclass of: Clinical diagnosis
chinese label: 直肠指检
is defined by: A physical examination in which the qualified health care worker inserts a lubricated, gloved finger of one hand into the RECTUM and may use the other hand to press on the lower ABDOMEN or pelvic area to palpate for abnormalities in the lower rectum, and nearby organs or tissues. The method is commonly used to check the lower rectum, the PROSTATE gland in men, and the UTERUS and OVARIES in women.
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D051517
synonyms: Digital Rectal Examinations
synonyms: DRE
reference: BioPortal cui:C1384593

Emission Computed Tomography (ETC)
type: Class
subclass of: Bone scan
chinese label: 全身核素骨显像检查(ECT)
is defined by: Emission computed tomography (ECT) is a type of tomography involving radioactive emissions.

Evaluation of life expectancy, comorbidity and health status
type: Class
subclass of: Evaluating health status in senior adults
chinese label: 预期寿命、共病与健康状况评估
is defined by: In localised disease, > 10 years life expectancy is considered mandatory for any benefit from local treatment. Life expectancy varies within each age group. This can be explained by comorbidity, which is more important than age in predicting death in localised PCa. Besides comorbidities, dependence in daily activities, malnutrition and cognitive impairment are associated with worse survival.

Extented pelvic lymph node dissection (eLND)
type: Class
subclass of: Other surgery
chinese label: 扩大盆腔淋巴结切除术（ePLND）

External Beam Radiation Therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
synonyms: External Beam Radiation Therapy
is defined by: Radiation therapy in which high-energy beams are delivered to the tumor from outside of the body./NCI-GLOSS Definition: A type of radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer from outside of the body./CDISC Definition: A type of radiation therapy in which high-energy beams are delivered to the tumor from outside of the body.
synonyms: external-beam radiation
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Definitive Radiation Therapy
synonyms: External Beam Radiotherapy
chinese label: 外照射放疗
synonyms: External Beam
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15751
synonyms: External Radiation Therapy
synonyms: RT
synonyms: external radiation
synonyms: EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION THERAPY
synonyms: EBRT

Tea or polyphenols
type: Class
subclass of: Habits and behaviors
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Tea, Black Extract
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C29871
synonyms: Green Tea
is defined by: Black tea is an infusion of dried leaves from plants of the Theaceae family. Due to the alkaloid caffeine, its main effect is stimulation. Black teas also contain other phytochemicals such as flavonoid and flavonoid-related compounds with strong antioxidant effects. They also attenuate atherosclerotic inflammation, reduce thrombosis, promote normal endothelial function, and block expression of cellular adhesion molecules. Black tea may reduce the risk of cancer, heart diseases, infectious diseases, and degenerative diseases. (NCI04)
preferred name: Green/black/tea+Tea/polyphenols
synonyms: Black Tea

Habits and behaviors
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
synonyms: Basic Behavioral Studies in Cancer-Related Behaviors
is defined by: Basic behavioral studies designed to strengthen the understanding of the determinants and processes that influence cancer-related risk behaviors.
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15942
chinese label: 行为习惯
preferred name: Basic Behavioral Studies in Cancer-Related Behaviors

High-intensity focused ultrasound of the prostate (HIFU)
type: Class
subclass of: Options other than surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of localised prostate cancer
is defined by: HIFU consists of focused ultrasound waves, emitted from a transducer, that cause tissue damage by mechanical and thermal effects as well as by cavitation. The goal of HIFU is to heat malignant tissues above 65°C so that they are destroyed by coagulative necrosis.HIFU is performed under general or spinal anaesthesia, with the patient lying in the lateral position.
chinese label: 前列腺高强度聚焦超声

Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer
is defined by: Radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is divided into large doses and treatments are given less than once a day.
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C62726
synonyms: hypofractionation
synonyms: Hypofractionated Radiotherapy
synonyms: Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: hypofractionated radiation therapy
chinese label: 大剂量分割

Image Guided Radiation Therapy
type: Class
subclass of: External Beam Radiation Therapy
synonyms: IGRT
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 图像引导放射治疗
synonyms: image-guided radiation therapy
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C62727
synonyms: Image Guided Radiation Therapy
is defined by: A procedure that uses a computer to create a picture of a tumor to help guide the radiation beam during radiation therapy. The pictures are made using CT, ultrasound, X-ray, or other imaging techniques. Image-guided radiation therapy makes radiation therapy more accurate and causes less damage to healthy tissue.

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT)
chinese label: 调强放疗(IMRT)
synonyms: Intensity Modulated RT
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16135
is defined by: An advanced form of 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D CRT) that involves the use of varying intensities of small radiation beams to produce dosage distributions that are more precise than those possible with 3D CRT./CDISC Definition: An advanced form of 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D CRT) that involves the use of varying intensities of small radiation beams to produce dosage distributions that are more precise than those possible with 3D CRT. (NCI)/NCI-GLOSS Definition: A type of 3-dimensional radiation therapy that uses computer-generated images to show the size and shape of the tumor. Thin beams of radiation of different intensities are aimed at the tumor from many angles. This type of radiation therapy reduces the damage to healthy tissue near the tumor.
synonyms: Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy
synonyms: Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy
synonyms: INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY
synonyms: IMRT
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp

Intermittent hormonal therapy (ITH)
type: Class
subclass of: Medical castration

Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation therapy (IAD)
type: Class
subclass of: Combination therapies
chinese label: 持续与间歇雄激素阻断治疗
is defined by: Long-term castration stimulates prostate cell apoptosis. After an average period of 24 months, the tumour relapses, characterised by a castrate-independent state of growth. Experimental data indicate that castrateindependent progression may begin early after castration, coinciding with the cessation of androgen-induced differentiation of stem cells. It has been suggested that stopping castration prior to progression would mean that any subsequent tumour growth would be solely sustained by the proliferation of androgendependent stem cells. The stem cells should therefore be susceptible once again to androgen withdrawal. Thus, IAD could delay the emergence of the androgen-independent clone. This rationale has been developed mainly through models (e.g. the Shionoggi breast model), which may be significantly different to tumour behaviour in men. Other possible benefits of IAD include the preservation of QoL in off-treatment periods and a reduction in treatment cost. IAD is feasible and accepted by patients. Two independent reviews summarised the clinical efficacy of this attitude. They were based on seven RCTs. Of the seven trials, only three trials were in patients with M1 disease. The three remaining trials were combinations of different relapse situations, mainly locally advanced and metastatic cases. The design of the seven trials is summarised in Table 6.6.1, while the main results for survival are summarised in Table 6.6.2. The most important survival finding was the lack of a significant difference in OS between continuous and intermittent ADT. Table 6.6.3 summarises the expected treatment benefits of IAD. The most important finding was that the benefit in overall QoL was at best minimal if any. However, some treatment side effects were decreased using IAD.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom of prostate cancer
reference: BioPortal cui:C0574785
synonyms: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)
is defined by: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) include voiding or obstructive symptoms such as hesitancy, poor and/or intermittent stream, straining, prolonged micturition, feeling of incomplete bladder emptying, dribbling, etc, and storage or irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, and nocturia.
chinese label: 下尿路症状
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10071289

Magnetic resonance imaging
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination
synonyms: magnetic resonance imaging
synonyms: MRI Scan
synonyms: NMR Imaging
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16809
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
synonyms: Medical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance / Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
is defined by: Imaging that uses radiofrequency waves and a strong magnetic field rather than x-rays to provide amazingly clear and detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues. The technique is valuable for the diagnosis of many pathologic conditions, including cancer, heart and vascular disease, stroke, and joint and musculoskeletal disorders.
synonyms: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan
synonyms: MRI
synonyms: nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
synonyms: NMRI
chinese label: 磁共振成像(MRI)
synonyms: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Imaging examination
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Detection and measurement of the resonant spectra of molecular species in a tissue or sample.
synonyms: Spectroscopy, NMR
synonyms: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C16810
synonyms: NMR Spectroscopy
synonyms: Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
synonyms: spectroscopy, MR
chinese label: 磁共振波谱学检查
synonyms: NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging
type: Class
subclass of: Magnetic resonance imaging
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 多参数磁共振成像
is defined by: The combination of multiple magnetic resonance techniques, including diffusion weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, and spectroscopy, to achieve an image that will allow for better identification of tumor size and location, as well as possibly identifying cancer spread and aggressiveness.
synonyms: Multiparametric MRI
synonyms: MP-MRI
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C116458
synonyms: Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging
synonyms: Multi-parametric MRI

New compounds (for the castrate resistant status only)
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal therapy
is defined by: During castration, the occurrence of castration-resistant status (CRPC) is systematic. It is thought that it is mediated through two main overlapping mechanisms, which are androgen-receptor (AR)-independent and AR-dependent (see Section 6.11 - Castrate-resistant Prostate Cancer). In CRPC, the intracellular androgen level is increased compared to androgen sensitive cells, and an over-expression of the AR has been observed in CRPC, suggesting an adaptative mechanism. This has led to the development of two new major compounds targeting the androgen axis: abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide.
chinese label: 新化合物（仅用于去势抵抗状态）

Non-steroidal anti-androgen (NSAA) monotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Combination therapies
chinese label: 非甾体抗雄激素单药疗法
is defined by: A systematic review has been published comparing non-steroidal antiandrogen monotherapy to castration (either medical or surgical) by the Cochrane group. The key message is that use of non-steroidal antiandrogen monotherapy compared with medical or surgical castration monotherapy for advanced PCa is less effective in terms of OS, clinical progression, treatment failure and treatment discontinuation due to adverse events. The evidence quality was rated as moderate.

Physiological and biochemical
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyles of prostate cancer
chinese label: 生理生化
is defined by: The scientific study of an organism's vital functions, including growth and development, the absorption and processing of nutrients, the synthesis and distribution of proteins and other organic molecules, and the functioning of different tissues, organs, and other anatomic structures. Physiology studies the normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of animals and plants.

Prostate cancer antigen 3
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
synonyms: Non-Protein Coding RNA 19
chinese label: 前列腺癌抗原3
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C92559
synonyms: Prostate Cancer Antigen 3
synonyms: PCA3
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
is defined by: Prostate cancer antigen 3 (~4 kb) is encoded by the human PCA3 gene. This non-coding RNA may be involved in prostate carcinoma.

Prostate health index
type: Class
subclass of: Prostate-specific antigen
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: phi-index
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C123798
chinese label: 前列腺健康指数
is defined by: An assay system that indirectly measures the amount of three forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a patient serum sample and then uses those values to calculate a score that estimates the patient's probability of having prostate cancer. The PSA forms that are examined are total PSA, free PSA, and an isoform of PSA that has a propeptide comprised of two amino acid residues ([-2]proPSA).
synonyms: Prostate Health Index
synonyms: PHI

Radiotherapy
type: Class
subclass of: Therapeutic aspects of prostate cancer
synonyms: RT
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C15313
synonyms: Therapy, Radiation
synonyms: RADIOTHERAPY
synonyms: irradiated
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: radiotherapy
synonyms: radiation therapy
synonyms: Cancer Radiotherapy
chinese label: 放射疗法
synonyms: Irradiate
synonyms: Radiotherapeutics
synonyms: irradiation
synonyms: RADIATION
synonyms: Irradiated
is defined by: Treatment of a disease by means of exposure of the target or the whole body to radiation. Radiation therapy is often used as part of curative therapy and occasionally as a component of palliative treatment for cancer. Other uses include total body irradiation prior to transplantation./CDISC Definition: Treatment of a disease by means of exposure of the target or the whole body to radiation./NCI-GLOSS Definition: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body.
synonyms: Radiation

Salvage High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment of PSA-only recurrence after treatment with curative intent
chinese label: 挽救性高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）

Salvage radical prostatectomy (SRP)
type: Class
subclass of: Management of PSA failures after radiation therapy
is defined by: Salvage radical prostatectomy after RT has the longest history and best likelihood of local control relative to other salvage treatments. However, this must be weighed against the possible adverse events, which are increased compared to primary surgery because of the risk of fibrosis and poor wound healing due to radiation.
chinese label: 挽救性前列腺切除术（SRP）

Tobacco smoke
type: Class
subclass of: Habits and behaviors
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C829
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
chinese label: 抽烟
is defined by: Smoke from burning tobacco(cigarettes,cigars,or pipes)and exhaled by a smoker. Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, a stimulant, and other biologically active chemicals having carcinogenic properties.
synonyms: Tobacco Smoke
synonyms: Smoke

Testosterone-lowering therapy (castration)
type: Class
subclass of: Hormonal therapy
chinese label: 睾酮降低疗法（去势）

Therapeutic role of extended lymph node dissection (eLND)
type: Class
subclass of: Extented pelvic lymph node dissection (eLND)
chinese label: 扩大淋巴结切除术的治疗作用

Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT)
type: Class
subclass of: External Beam Radiation Therapy
is defined by: Anatomical data is acquired by scanning the patient in a treatment position. The data are transferred to the three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning system, which visualises the clinical target volume and then adds a surrounding safety margin. Real-time verification of the irradiation field using portal imaging allows comparison of the treated and simulated fields, and correction of deviations where displacement is more than 5 mm. Threedimensional|CRT improves local control through dose escalation, without significantly increasing the risk of morbidity.
chinese label: 三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)

Transrectal ultrasound
type: Class
subclass of: Ultrasound approach
URL: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp
synonyms: ERUS
chinese label: 经直肠超声检查
synonyms: transrectal ultrasound
reference: NCI Thesaurus Code:C18315
synonyms: TRUS
is defined by: A procedure that uses sound waves to create a video image of the pelvic organs and tissues. A small, lubricated probe placed into the rectum releases sound waves, which create echoes as they enter a pelvic organ. The echoes that bounce back are sent to a computer that translates the pattern of echoes into a picture of the specific organ under examination. This procedure is most often used to evaluate the prostate gland.
synonyms: endorectal ultrasound
synonyms: Transrectal Ultrasound

Whole-body and axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
type: Class
subclass of: Assessment of metastases
is defined by: Diffusion-weighted whole-body MRI and the so-called axial MRI (evaluation of the spine and the pelvi-femoral area only) are more sensitive than bone scan and targeted radiographs and seem equally effective as 11C-Choline PET/CT in detecting bone metastases in patients with high-risk PCa. Their sensitivity for lymph node metastases remains low, even if it is slightly higher than that of 11C-Choline PET/CT in high-risk patients. However, little is known regarding the accuracy of whole-body or axial MRI in patients with biochemical failure after RP or radiation therapy. Therefore, the role of these techniques in detecting occult bone or lymph node metastases in the case of biochemical failure remains to be assessed.
chinese label: 全身和轴向磁共振成像（MRI）

Adjuvant radiotherapy (ART)
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
chinese label: 辅助放射治疗（ART）

Quality adjusted life years
type: Class
subclass of: Screening for prostate cancer
URL: http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/273724008
chinese label: 生存期生活质量收益
reference: BioPortal cui:C0080071
synonyms: QUALY - Quality adjusted life years

Salvage radiotherapy (SRT)
type: Class
subclass of: Radiotherapy
chinese label: 挽救性放射治疗