longest in Captivity longest in Wild Brief text IUCN Red list U.S. Endangered Species Act U.S. Migratory Bird Act basic physiology biogeographic region intermediate advanced keyword value neotenic or paedomorphic describes when the care occurs with respect to the offspring DIRECTED-BINARY-RELATION PAL-CONSTRAINT protege:PAL-Constraint Abyssal on or near the ocean floor in the deep ocean. Abyssal regions are characterized by complete lack of light, extremely high water pressure, low nutrient availability, and continuous cold (3 degrees C). Acoustic Acoustic_signals uses sound to communicate Acoustic signals Aestivation To enter a state of dormancy in seasonal hot, dry weather, when food is scarce. Sometimes spelled "estivation." Agricultural living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture. Algae Algivore Altricial young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state Amphibians frogs, salamanders, caecilians Animal_foods Animal foods Antarctica lives on Antarctica, the southernmost continent which sits astride the southern pole. Anti-predator_adaptations_keyword Anti-predation adaptations keyword Anti-predator_adaptations_text Use the text box to describe any anti-predator adaptations found in this species, including behaviors, structures, color patterns, or life history modifications. Identify known predators of this species and provide details on differences in predators and anti-predator adaptations among different life stages of this species, if appropriate. Anti-predator adaptations text Aposematic Aquatic_biomes Aquatic_crustaceans amphipods, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, etc. Aquatic crustaceans Aquatic_or_marine_worms polychaetes, oligochaetes, nematodes, etc. Aquatic or marine worms Arboreal Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing. Arctic_Ocean the body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America which occurs mostly north of the Arctic circle. Arctic Ocean Asexual reproduction that is not sexual; that is, reproduction that does not include recombining the genotypes of two parents Atlantic_Ocean the body of water between Africa, Europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. Atlantic Ocean Australian Living in Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and associated islands. Behavior_keyword Behavior keyword Behavior_text Use the text box to describe as fully as possible behavior in this species. Is this a solitary or social species? Does it move around or is it sessile? Are there any notable aspects of its behavior that you think distinguish it, such as the way it moves, what its activity patterns are, or how it behaves with others of its species? If social, describe the social system. Are there social hierarchies? On what are they based? This is a very broad category, and you are welcome to mention any aspect of the animal's behavior that is interesting. Note that mating behavior belongs in the reproduction box, not here. Behavior text Benthic living on or near the bottom of a body of water. Also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. Bilateral_symmetry having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Biodegradation breaking down and decomposing dead plants and/or animals introduced native Biogeographic_region Describe the limits of the range according to this map: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/images/worldmap.2001.jpg Biogeographic region Birds Bites_or_stings Bites or stings Blood Body_Symmetry Body Symmetry Body_fluids Body fluids Body_parts_are_source_of_valuable_material e.g. shell, fur, leather, wool, feathers, pigments, etc. Body parts are source of valuable material Bog a wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water. Bogs have a flora dominated by sedges, heaths, and sphagnum. Brackish_water areas with salty water, usually in coastal marshes and estuaries. BreedingInterval reeding interval Describes how frequently, or at what intervals, individuals of this species breed. For example: "Wood frogs breed once yearly", or: "White-footed mice breed every 3 to 4 weeks during the warmer months and less frequently during winter". BreedingSeason Indicate the time of year (span of months, for instance) in which breeding occurs. This should be the time when copulation and nesting occurs, and does not necessarily include pair formation (that can go in 'Mating Behavior...'). Broadcast__group__spawning Broadcast (group) spawning Bryophytes mosses, liverworts, etc. Carries_human_disease Carries human disease Carrion flesh of dead animals. Causes_disease_in_humans Causes disease in humans Causes_or_carries_domestic_animal_disease Causes or carries domestic animal disease Caves Chaparral Found in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, in areas with a Mediterranean climate. Vegetation is dominated by stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough (hard or waxy) evergreen leaves. May be maintained by periodic fire. In South America it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo. Chemical Chemical_signals uses smells or other chemicals to communicate Chemical signals Choruses to jointly display, usually with sounds, at the same time as two or more other individuals of the same or different species Cnidarians jellyfish, sea anemones, coral, hydras Coastal living near a coast, or shoreline. Colonial used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies. More specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits (a continuous, modular society) - as in clonal organisms. Colonial_growth animals that grow in groups of the same species, often refers to animals which are not mobile, such as corals Colonial growth female more colorful male more colorful Color_dimorphism Commensal Commensal_species Commensal species TODO: create requirement that if there are species here, the commensal keyword is true Communication_channel Communication channel Communication_other_keyword Communication other keyword Communication_text Describe how this species communicates with others and perceives the environment. Which senses are developed and what are they used for? Are there forms of social communication? How do potential mates communicate? Describe important and notable forms of communication, such as how social rank is communicated among wild dogs or how bees convey information about food sources. Communication text Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III no special status critically endangered data deficient endangered extinct extinct in the wild least concern lower risk vulnerable endangered no special status threatened no special status protected migratory bird Conservation_status_text Address any known causes of vulnerable, threatened, or endangered status. What is being done to help the species or subspecies recover? (If your species has several subspecies that differ in conservation status, fill out the checkboxes for the most threatened subspecies and explain the status of all subspecies in the text box.) Conservation status text Controls_pest_population Controls pest population Cooperative_breeding helpers provide assistance in raising young that are not their own Cooperative breeding Coprophage an animal that mainly eats the dung of other animals Cosmopolitan having a worldwide distribution. Creates_habitat Creates habitat Crepuscular active at dawn and dusk Crop_pest Crop pest Cryptic having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect. Daily_torpor daily torpor beginner intermediate_advanced In progress Pending Published Shelved Submitted Visible Data_object Data object Data_range Data range Days Delayed_fertilization a substantial delay (longer than the minimum time required for sperm to travel to the egg) takes place between copulation and fertilization Delayed fertilization Delayed_implementation in mammals, a condition in which a fertilized egg reaches the uterus but delays its implantation in the uterine lining, sometimes for several months. Delayed implementation Desert_or_dune in deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. Vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. Deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. In dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. This is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. In dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. Salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots. desert or dune Detritus particles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms. Development_keyword Development keyword Dimorphism sexes are somehow different in appearance. Disperses_seeds Disperses seeds Diurnal active during the day Diurnal Dominance_hierarchies ranking system or pecking order among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates dominance hierarchies Duets to jointly display, usually with sounds in a highly coordinated fashion, at the same time as one other individual of the same species, often a mate Dung Eats_body_fluids Eats body fluids Eats_marine_invertebrates Eats marine invertebrates Eats_non_insect_arthopods crustaceans, arachnids, etc. Eats non_insect arthopods Eats_sap_or_other_plant_foods Eats sap or other plant foods Eats_terrestrial_vertebrates Eats terrestrial vertebrates Echinoderms sea urchins, starfish, sand dollars, brittle stars, etc. Echolocation The process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves. Economic_importance Economic importance Economic_importance_negative_keyword Economic importance negative keyword Economic_importance_negative_text Describe what is known about how this species adversely affects humans. Does this species adversely affect humans? If so, describe what is known about these affects. If not, please write: 'There are no known adverse affects of _your species_ on humans.' Economic importance negative text Economic_importance_positive_keyword Economic importance positive keyword Economic_importance_positive_text Describe what is known about benefits this species provides to humans. Please also suggest how humans benefit from the ecosystem functions of this species. Economic importance positive text Ecosystem_impact_keywords Ecosystem impact keywords Ecosystem_role_text Include as much information as you can find on the role that these animals play in the ecosystems to which they belong. Use the text box to describe these roles and their impact on the community. Then check all keywords that apply to this species and list any host species (if your species is parasitic or commensal on another), mutualist partners, and commensal species (if your species is a host to other commensals). Often this kind of information is difficult to find labeled as an 'ecosystem role', but you can speculate to some extent based on available information. For instance, all animals are prey for their predators or act as predators, these are ecosystem roles. Ecosystem roles text Ecotourism humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. Ectothermic animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature Eggs animal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae. Electric Electric_signals uses electric signals to communicate Electric signals Embryonic_diapause At about the time a female gives birth (e.g. in most kangaroo species), she also becomes receptive and mates. Embryos produced at this mating develop only as far as a hollow ball of cells (the blastocyst) and then become quiescent, entering a state of suspended animation or embryonic diapause. The hormonal signal (prolactin) which blocks further development of the blastocyst is produced in response to the sucking stimulus from the young in the pouch. When sucking decreases as the young begins to eat other food and to leave the pouch, or if the young is lost from the pouch, the quiescent blastocyst resumes development, the embryo is born, and the cycle begins again. (Macdonald 1984) Embryonic diapause Endothermic animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Estuarine an area where a freshwater river meets the ocean and tidal influences result in fluctuations in salinity. Ethiopian living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar. Eusocial the condition in which individuals in a group display each of the following three traits: cooperative care of young; some individuals in the group give up reproduction and specialize in care of young; overlap of at least two generations of life stages capable of contributing to colony labor Expected_captive_lifespan Expected captive lifespan Expected_wild_lifespan Expected wild lifespan Extended_period_of_juvenile_learning Extended period of juvenile learning External_fertilization fertilization takes place outside the female's body External fertilization Female_sexual_maturity Female sexual maturity Fertilization Field_text Field text Filter-feeding a method of feeding where small food particles are filtered from the surrounding water by various mechanisms. Fish Flowers Folivore an animal that mainly eats leaves and flowers Food A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing. (in this context, an animal provides food for humans) Food_habits_text Use this text box to describe what these animals eat. If there are special structures or adaptations for feeding, describe them. Try to use summarizing terms like "insectivore," "frugivore," "omnivore," etc., but also describe the foods used in more detail. If your animal is a dietary generalist, provide some specific examples of foods eaten identified by scientific name. Food habits text Food_item Food items Forest forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality. Fossorial Referring to a burrowing life-style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing. Freshwater Frugivore an animal that mainly eats fruit Fruit Fungus Geographic_range_text Describe the limits of the range. For migratory species describe which parts of the range this species occupies for which parts of the year. Indicate both native and introduced ranges. Geographic range text Gestation_Period Gestation Period Glides Gonochoric gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate) Granivore an animal that mainly eats seeds, grains, nuts Habitat_keyword Habitat keyword Habitat_text In the text box describe the habitat types that this species occupies, including the elevational (terrestrial) or depth (aquatic) ranges, and any other information on habitat requirements. Habitat text Habitat_type Heterothermic having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature. Hibernation The act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state, typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals. Holarctic a distribution that more or less circles the Arctic, so occurring in both the Nearctic and Palearctic biogeographic regions. Home_range Home range Homoiothermic animals that regulate their body temperature independently of ambient temperature fluctuations. Host_species Host species TODO: create requirment that if there are species here, the parasite keyword is true Ice_cap ice cap Indeterminate_growth Animals with indeterminate growth continue to grow throughout their lives. Indeterminate growth Indian_Ocean Indian Ocean Induced_ovulation ovulation takes place following conception (not spontaneously) Induced ovulation Inherits_maternal_paternal_territory Inherits maternal paternal territory Injures_humans Injures humans Insectivore Insects Interacting_taxon Interacting taxon Internal_fertilization fertilization takes place within the female's body Internal fertilization Intertidal_or_littoral the area of shoreline influenced mainly by the tides, between the highest and lowest reaches of the tide. An aquatic habitat. Island_endemic living only on an island or set of islands. Island endemic Iteroparous offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) over time Key_reproductive_feature Key reproductive feature Keystone_species a species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area (Example: sea otter). Keystone species Keyword pre-fertilization pre-hatching_or_birth pre-independence pre-weaning Kind_of_care Kind of care Known_food Known food Known_predator Known predators Lakes_and_ponds Latitude_information Latitude information Leaves Length Lichens Lifespan_range Lifespan range Lifespan_text Briefly describe what is known about the lifespan of this species in the wild and in captivity. You may wish to include information on what typically limits lifespan, such as tooth wear in elephants, if it is known. Sometimes data is presented as %mortality per year, please present these data as well. Lifespan text Lignivore eats wood, bark, or stems Locomotion means of moving about Longest_captive_lifespan Longest captive lifespan Longest_wild_lifespan Longest wild lifespan Macroalgae seaweed. Algae that are large and photosynthetic. Magnetic has a special ability to detect the Earth's magnetic fields. Male_sexual_maturity Male sexual maturity Mammals Marsh a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation. Mass Maternal_position_affects_young Maternal position affects young Mating_system_keyword Mating system keyword Mating_system_text In this section describe the mating system and mating behavior of this species. Include information on finding, attracting, and defending mates, and on how mating behaviors affect social structure. Mating system text Measurement_units Measurement units Mediterranean Metabolic_rate Metabolic rate Metabolism animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Metamorphosis A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Microbes Migratory makes seasonal movements between breeding and wintering grounds Mimic imitates appearance of another kind of organism to avoid predation Mimicry imitates a communication signal of another kind of organism Molluscivore eats mollusks, members of Phylum Mollusca Molluscs snails, clams, squid, etc. Monogamous Having one mate at a time. Months Motile having the capacity to move from one place to another. Mountains This terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra-like vegetation. Mutualist Mutualist_species Mutualist species TODO: create requirement that if there are species here, the mutualist keyword is true Mycophage an animal that mainly eats fungus Natatorial specialized for swimming Nearctic living in the northern part of the New World. In other words, North America (including Mexico) and Greenland. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/glossary/popup/20020914235803.html Nectar Nectarivore an animal that mainly eats nectar from flowers Neotenic_or_paedomorphic neotenic: retaining larval characteristics after reaching sexual maturity. The rate of growth of somatic (nonreproductive) parts of the body is slowed whereas development of reproductive organs proceeds normally. Neotenic or paedomorphic Neotropical living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Central and South America. No_parental_involvement Nocturnal active during the night Nomadic generally wanders from place to place, usually within a well-defined range. Number_of_offspring Number of offspring TODO: deal with the fact that this isn't float and doesn't need units Oceanic_Islands islands that are not part of continental shelf areas, they are not, and have never been, connected to a continental land mass, most typically these are volcanic islands. Oceanic Islands Oceanic_vent Areas of the deep sea floor where continental plates are being pushed apart. Oceanic vents are places where hot sulfur-rich water is released from the ocean floor. An aquatic biome. oceanic vent Omnivore an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals Oriental living in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia. Ornamentation one of the sexes (usually males) has special physical structures used in courting the other sex or fighting the same sex. For example: antlers, elongated tails, special spurs. Other_comments_text Include here anything else that you find interesting about this species. Examples might include taxonomic changes relevant to this animal (such as alternative classification schemes and other scientific names by which this species is known), scientific name etymology, fossil history, cultural or historical significance of this animal, or adaptations not covered in other categories. Other comments text Other_food Other food Other_foraging_keyword Other foraging keyword Other_geographic_keyword Other geographic keyword Other_habitat Oviparous reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body. Ovoviviparous reproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent and hatch within the parent or immediately after laying. Pacific_Ocean body of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), Australia, Asia, and the western hemisphere. Pacific Ocean Palearctic living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa. Paragraph_text Paragraph text Parasite pre-birth pre-independence pre-weaning altricial precocial Parental_investment_keyword Parental care keyword Parental_investment_text Describe the extent and kind of parental investment found in this species. Include information on the duration of various forms of parental investment, including parental investment that occurs pre-fertilization, pre-hatching, or pre-independence. Describe the kinds of investment provided by parents (food, protection, resources, learning, etc.) and which parents make this investment. Parental care text Parthenogenic development takes place in an unfertilized egg Pelagic An aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean, far from land, does not include sea bottom (benthic zone). Perception_channel Perception channel Pet_trade the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets. Pet trade Pheromones chemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species Photic_Bioluminescent generates and uses light to communicate Photic/Bioluminescent Physical_description_keyword Physical description keyword Phytoplankton photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae. Piscivore an animal that mainly eats fish Planktivore an animal that mainly eats plankton Plant_foods Plant foods Poisonous describing an animal with a substance capable of killing, injuring, or impairing other animals through its chemical action (for example, the skin of poison dart frogs). Polar the regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles, from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south. Polarized_light able to detect which way light is polarized and use that information Polarized light Pollen Pollinates Pollinates_crops Pollinates crops Polyandrous a female mates with several males during one breeding season Polygynandrous a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females. Polygynous males having more than one female as a mate at one time Polymorphism "many forms." A species is polymorphic if its individuals can be divided into two or more easily recognized groups, based on structure, color, or other similar characteristics. The term only applies when the distinct groups can be found in the same area; graded or clinal variation throughout the range of a species (e.g. a north-to-south decrease in size) is not polymorphism. Polymorphic characteristics may be inherited because the differences have a genetic basis, or they may be the result of environmental influences. We do not consider sexual differences (i.e. sexual dimorphism), seasonal changes (e.g. change in fur color), or age-related changes to be polymorphic. Post-partum_estrous Post-partum estrous Precocial young are relatively well-developed when born Primary__Carnivore an animal that mainly eats meat Primary: Carnivore Primary__Herbivore An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. Primary: Herbivore Primary__Other Primary: Other Primary_diet_keyword Primary diet keyword Produces_fertilizer Produces fertilizer Protandrous condition of hermaphroditic animals (and plants) in which the male organs and their products appear before the female organs and their products Protecting Protogynous condition of hermaphroditic animals (and plants) in which the female organs and their products appear before the male organs and their products Provisioning Radial_symmetry a form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral/aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror-images of each other. Examples are cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria, jellyfish, anemones, and corals). Rainforest rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal. Reef structure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps (Class Anthozoa). Coral reefs are found in warm, shallow oceans with low nutrient availability. Reproduction Reproduction_general_text Use the text box to describe the reproductive cycle of this species. Be certain that you are reporting all of the important information relevant to reproduction. In the case of a mammal, this would include season of breeding, number of offspring per breeding season, gestation period, when weaning occurs, and age at sexual maturity. It might also include a description of any peculiarities of the system or anything that is notable or interesting. Examples might include descriptions of delayed implantation or fertilization, induced or spontaneous ovulation, or, in the case of hoofed mammals, whether the young are "followers" or "hiders." Reproduction general text Reptiles snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodilians Research_and_education Research and education Riparian living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream). Rivers_and_streams rivers and stream Roots_and_tubers Saltatorial specialized for leaping or bounding locomotion; jumps or hops. Saltwater_or_marine Sanguivore an animal that mainly eats blood Sap_or_other_plant_fluids Sap or other plant fluids Scansorial specialized for climbing. Scavenger an animal that mainly eats dead animals Scent_marks communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them Scent marks Scrub_forest scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons. scrub forest Seasonal_breeding breeding is confined to a particular season Seasonal breeding Sedentary remains in the same area Seeds__grains__and_nuts Seeds, grains, and nuts Semelparous offspring are all produced in a single group (litter, clutch, etc.)and then the parent usually dies. Sequential_hermaphrodite Sequential hermaphrodite Sessile non-motile; permanently attached at the base. sessile or motile Sex Sexes_shaped_or_patterned_differently Sexual reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female Simultaneous_hermaphrodite condition of hermaphroditic animals (and plants) in which the reproductive organs of both sexes are present and functional at the same time Simultaneous hermaphrodite female larger male larger Size_dimorphism Social associates with others of its species; forms social groups. Soil_aeration Soil aeration Sperm-storing mature spermatozoa are stored by the male before copulation or by the female following copulation Stores_or_caches_food places a food item in a special place to be eaten later. Also called "hoarding" Stores or caches food Suburban living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns. Swamp a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation. Tactile Tactile_signals uses touch to communicate Tactile signals Taiga Coniferous or boreal forest, located in a band across northern North America, Europe, and Asia. This terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations. Long, cold winters and short, wet summers. Few species of trees are present; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth. Some deciduous trees also may be present. Taxon_account_section Taxon account section Temperate that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle). Temperature_sex_determination Temperature sex determination Temporary_pools Terrestrial Terrestrial_biomes terrestrial habitat Terrestrial_non-insect_arthropods spiders, mites, scorpions, isopods, etc. Terrestrial non-insect arthropods Terrestrial_worms e.g. earthworms, leeches, nematodes Terrestrial worms Terricolous living on or in the soil; used of an organism that spends most of its active life on the ground. Territorial defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement Territory_size Territory size Time_to_independence Time to independence Time_to_weaning_fledging Time to weaning fledging Troglophic Breeds and thrives in caves Tropical the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south. Tundra A terrestrial biome with low, shrubby or mat-like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations, near the limit of plant growth. Soils usually subject to permafrost. Plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short. Ultrasound uses sound above the range of human hearing for either navigation or communication or both Ultraviolet Urban living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity. Venomous describing an animal which has an organ capable of injecting a poisonous substance into a wound (for example, scorpions, jellyfish, and rattlesnakes). Vermivore eats worms Vibrations able to detect movements of a hard surface that are produced by animals as signals to others Visual Visual_signals uses sight to communicate Visual signals Viviparous reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. Volant flies Weeks Wetlands_habitat Wingspan Wood__bark__or_stems Wood, bark, or stems Year-round_breeding breeding takes place throughout the year Year-round breeding Years Zooplankton cm g hectares kg m m_2 m^2 mm mm_2 mm^2 owl:Class Area_unit Area unit Behavior Communication_and_Perception Conservation_status Conservation status Development Economic_importance_negative Economic importance negative Economic_importance_positive Economic importance positive Ecosystem_role Ecosystem role Female Food_habits Food habits Geographic_range Geographic range Habitat Length_unit Length unit Lifespan Male Mass_unit Mass unit Mating_system Mating system Other_comments Other comments Parental_investment Parental Care Physical_description Physical description Predation Reproduction_general Reproduction general Time_unit Time unit Drawn from a taxonomic authority