Royal Society of Chemistry CHMO, the chemical methods ontology, describes methods used to collect data in chemical experiments, such as mass spectrometry and electron microscopy prepare and separate material for further analysis, such as sample ionisation, chromatography, and electrophoresis synthesise materials, such as epitaxy and continuous vapour deposition It also describes the instruments used in these experiments, such as mass spectrometers and chromatography columns. It is intended to be complementary to the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI). Chemical Methods Ontology 2025-01-22 Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. Really of interest to developers only BFO OWL specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2 Person:Alan Ruttenberg Really of interest to developers only BFO CLIF specification label editor preferred term The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> editor preferred term example of usage A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> example of usage in branch An annotation property indicating which module the terms belong to. This is currently experimental and not implemented yet. GROUP:OBI OBI_0000277 in branch has curation status PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot has curation status definition definition textual definition The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition definition textual definition editor note An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi> editor note term editor Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> term editor alternative label A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like. OBO Operations committee PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related). alternative label alternative term definition source Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 PERSON:Daniel Schober Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source has obsolescence reason Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification. PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot has obsolescence reason curator note An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg curator note term tracker item the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/ An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term. term tracker item ontology term requester The name of the person, project, or organization that motivated inclusion of an ontology term by requesting its addition. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg The 'term requester' can credit the person, organization or project who request the ontology term. ontology term requester is denotator type Relates an class defined in an ontology, to the type of it's denotator In OWL 2 add AnnotationPropertyRange('is denotator type' 'denotator type') Alan Ruttenberg is denotator type imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from expand expression to ObjectProperty: RO_0002104 Label: has plasma membrane part Annotations: IAO_0000424 "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)" A macro expansion tag applied to an object property (or possibly a data property) which can be used by a macro-expansion engine to generate more complex expressions from simpler ones Chris Mungall expand expression to expand assertion to ObjectProperty: RO??? Label: spatially disjoint from Annotations: expand_assertion_to "DisjointClasses: (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?X) (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)" A macro expansion tag applied to an annotation property which can be expanded into a more detailed axiom. Chris Mungall expand assertion to first order logic expression PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg first order logic expression antisymmetric property part_of antisymmetric property xsd:true Use boolean value xsd:true to indicate that the property is an antisymmetric property Alan Ruttenberg antisymmetric property OBO foundry unique label An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry. The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters PERSON:Chris Mungall PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/> OBO foundry unique label has ID digit count Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO" Relates an ontology used to record id policy to the number of digits in the URI. The URI is: the 'has ID prefix" annotation property value concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits) Person:Alan Ruttenberg has ID digit count has ID range allocated Datatype: idrange:1 Annotations: 'has ID range allocated to': "Chris Mungall" EquivalentTo: xsd:integer[> 2151 , <= 2300] Relates a datatype that encodes a range of integers to the name of the person or organization who can use those ids constructed in that range to define new terms Person:Alan Ruttenberg has ID range allocated to has ID policy for Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO" Relating an ontology used to record id policy to the ontology namespace whose policy it manages Person:Alan Ruttenberg has ID policy for has ID prefix Ontology: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/idrange/> Annotations: 'has ID prefix': "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_" 'has ID digit count' : 7, rdfs:label "RO id policy" 'has ID policy for': "RO" Relates an ontology used to record id policy to a prefix concatenated with an integer in the id range (left padded with "0"s to make this many digits) to construct an ID for a term being created. Person:Alan Ruttenberg has ID prefix elucidation person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Barry Smith Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms elucidation has associated axiom(nl) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax has associated axiom(fol) is allocated id range Relates an ontology IRI to an (inclusive) range of IRIs in an OBO name space. The range is give as, e.g. "IAO_0020000-IAO_0020999" PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology is allocated id range has ontology root term Ontology annotation property. Relates an ontology to a term that is a designated root term of the ontology. Display tools like OLS can use terms annotated with this property as the starting point for rendering the ontology class hierarchy. There can be more than one root. Nicolas Matentzoglu has ontology root term may be identical to A annotation relationship between two terms in an ontology that may refer to the same (natural) type but where more evidence is required before terms are merged. David Osumi-Sutherland #40 VFB Edges asserting this should be annotated with to record evidence supporting the assertion and its provenance. may be identical to scheduled for obsoletion on or after Used when the class or object is scheduled for obsoletion/deprecation on or after a particular date. Chris Mungall, Jie Zheng https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/15532 https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/32 GO ontology scheduled for obsoletion on or after has axiom id Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg A URI that is intended to be unique label for an axiom used for tracking change to the ontology. For an axiom expressed in different languages, each expression is given the same URI has axiom label term replaced by Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology term replaced by ISA alternative term An alternative term used by the ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org). Requested by Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3603413&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Person: Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org) ISA alternative term IEDB alternative term An alternative term used by the IEDB. PERSON:Randi Vita, Jason Greenbaum, Bjoern Peters IEDB IEDB alternative term This is an annotation used on an object property to indicate a logical characterstic beyond what is possible in OWL. OBO Operations call logical characteristic of object property 'part disjoint with' 'defined by construct' """ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX : <http://example.org/ CONSTRUCT { [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?a ; owl:disjointWith [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty :part_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ?b ] ] } WHERE { ?a :part_disjoint_with ?b . } Links an annotation property to a SPARQL CONSTRUCT query which is meant to provide semantics for a shortcut relation. defined by construct CHEBI:26523 (reactive oxygen species) has an exact synonym (ROS), which is of type OMO:0003000 (abbreviation) A synonym type for describing abbreviations or initalisms 2023-03-03 abbreviation A synonym type for describing ambiguous synonyms 2023-03-03 ambiguous synonym A synonym type for describing dubious synonyms 2023-03-03 dubious synonym EFO:0006346 (severe cutaneous adverse reaction) has an exact synonym (scar), which is of the type OMO:0003003 (layperson synonym) A synonym type for describing layperson or colloquial synonyms 2023-03-03 layperson synonym CHEBI:23367 (molecular entity) has an exact synonym (molecular entities), which is of the type OMO:0003004 (plural form) A synonym type for describing pluralization synonyms 2023-03-03 plural form CHEBI:16189 (sulfate) has an exact synonym (sulphate), which is of the type OMO:0003005 (UK spelling synonym) A synonym type for describing UK spelling variants 2023-03-03 UK spelling synonym A synonym type for common misspellings 2023-03-03 misspelling A synonym type for misnomers, i.e., a synonym that is not technically correct but is commonly used anyway 2023-03-03 misnomer MAPT, the gene that encodes the Tau protein, has a previous name DDPAC. Note: in this case, the name type is more specifically the gene symbol. A synonym type for names that have been used as primary labels in the past. 2023-07-25 previous name The legal name for Harvard University (https://ror.org/03vek6s52) is President and Fellows of Harvard College A synonym type for the legal entity name 2023-07-27 legal name CHEBI:46195 has been assigned the english International Nonproproprietary Name (INN) "paracetamol". In some cases such as this one, the INN might be the same as the ontology's primary label The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is a standardize name for a pharmaceutical drug or active ingredient issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) meant to address the issues with country- or language-specific brand names. These are issued in several languages, including English, Latin, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese. 2023-09-30 INN International Nonproprietary Name nasopharynx (UBERON:0001728) has the latin name "pars nasalis pharyngis A synonym type for describing Latin term synonyms. 2023-10-12 latin term NASA is an word acronym for the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration because the acronym is pronounced. FBI is an initialism (also known as alphabetism) for the US Federal Bureau of Investigation since the letters are pronounced one at a time. JPEG is an acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group but does not count as a word acronym nor an initialism since it is mixed how it is pronounced. A synonym type for describing abbreviations that are a part of the full name's words, such as initialisms or alphabetisms. 2023-11-01 acronym A serial number such as "12324X"; a stop sign; a written proper name such as "OBI An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity. 2024-03-25 has symbol Non-mining synonym Examples of a Creator include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity. An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource. Creator Creator description Mark Miller 2018-05-11T13:47:29Z license title synonym_type_property has_alternative_id An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/18 has broad synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/18 disease characteristic (MONDO:0021125) has cross-reference (http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref) "NCIT:C41009"^^xsd:string An annotation property that links an ontology entity or a statement to a prefixed identifier or URI. 2024-03-18 database_cross_reference has cross-reference An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/20 has exact synonym has_exact_synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/20 An alternative label for a class or property which has a more specific meaning than the preferred name/primary label. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/19 has narrow synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/19 An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/21 has related synonym has_related_synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/21 has_synonym_type is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of preceded by x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. is preceded by preceded_by http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by preceded by precedes x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. precedes BFO:0000069 ceases to exist during CHMO:0002883 p has_participant e o e has_role matrix_role. Don't know how to do this in OBO format. has matrix is_specified_input_of some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_input_of objective_achieved_by This relation obtains between an objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. OBI OBI objective_achieved_by bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility Inverse of characteristic_of a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of bearer of has characteristic participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. is concretized as A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of role of David Osumi-Sutherland X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X) ends after move to BFO? Allen Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kBv1ep_9g3sTR-SD3jqzFqhuwo9TPNF-l-9fUDbO6rM/edit?pli=1 A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporal relation temporally related to q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w. Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of inheres in part of characteristic of part of An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. is member of member part of SIO member of inverse of upstream of causally downstream of relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause. This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causally related to relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q. We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2 influences (processual) affects causally upstream of or within inverse of causally upstream of or within causally downstream of or within p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causal relation between processes depends on A drought sensitivity trait that inheres in a whole plant is realized in a systemic response process in response to exposure to drought conditions. An inflammatory disease that is realized in response to an inflammatory process occurring in the gut (which is itself the realization of a process realized in response to harmful stimuli in the mucosal lining of th gut) Environmental polymorphism in butterflies: These butterflies have a 'responsivity to day length trait' that is realized in response to the duration of the day, and is realized in developmental processes that lead to increased or decreased pigmentation in the adult morph. r 'realized in response to' s iff, r is a realizable (e.g. a plant trait such as responsivity to drought), s is an environmental stimulus (a process), and s directly causes the realization of r. triggered by process realized in response to https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KWhZxVBhIPkV6_daHta0h6UyHbjY2eIrnON1WIRGgdY/edit triggered by process BFO:0000001 entity Entity entity Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) entity Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf per discussion with Barry Smith An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) BFO:0000002 continuant Continuant continuant An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] continuant if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) BFO:0000003 occurrent Occurrent An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] occurrent Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. per discussion with Barry Smith Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] BFO:0000004 ic IndependentContinuant a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] independent continuant b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] BFO:0000006 s-region SpatialRegion BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes. Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] spatial region Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. per discussion with Barry Smith A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] BFO:0000008 t-region TemporalRegion Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] temporal region Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional per discussion with Barry Smith A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] BFO:0000009 2d-s-region TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion an infinitely thin plane in space. the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001]) (forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001] two-dimensional spatial region A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001]) (forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001] BFO:0000011 st-region SpatiotemporalRegion the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis. the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001]) All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001]) Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001]) Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001]) Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself. Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002]) (forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002] (forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001] (forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001] spatiotemporal region A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001]) All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001]) Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001]) Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001]) Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002]) (forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002] (forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001] (forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001] BFO:0000015 process Process a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] process p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] BFO:0000016 disposition Disposition an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] disposition b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] BFO:0000017 realizable RealizableEntity the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] realizable entity To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] BFO:0000018 0d-s-region ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001] zero-dimensional spatial region A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001] BFO:0000019 quality Quality quality the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] quality a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] BFO:0000020 sdc SpecificallyDependentContinuant specifically dependent continuant Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] specifically dependent continuant b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. per discussion with Barry Smith (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] BFO:0000023 role Role John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] role b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] BFO:0000024 fiat-object-part FiatObjectPart or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29 the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body. the Western hemisphere of the Earth the division of the brain into regions the division of the planet into hemispheres the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body the upper and lower lobes of the left lung BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004]) (forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004] fiat object part b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004]) (forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004] BFO:0000026 1d-s-region OneDimensionalSpatialRegion an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space. A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001] one-dimensional spatial region A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001] BFO:0000027 object-aggregate ObjectAggregate a collection of cells in a blood biobank. a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds a symphony orchestra an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team) defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint the aggregate of blood cells in your body the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere the restaurants in Palo Alto your collection of Meissen ceramic plates. An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee). ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] object aggregate An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] BFO:0000028 3d-s-region ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion a cube-shaped region of space a sphere-shaped region of space, A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001]) (forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001] three-dimensional spatial region A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001]) (forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001] BFO:0000029 site Site Manhattan Canyon) a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese a rabbit hole an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport the Grand Canyon the Piazza San Marco the cockpit of an aircraft the hold of a ship the interior of a kangaroo pouch the interior of the trunk of your car the interior of your bedroom the interior of your office the interior of your refrigerator the lumen of your gut your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity) b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] site b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] BFO:0000030 object Object atom cell cells and organisms engineered artifacts grain of sand molecule organelle organism planet solid portions of matter star BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting. BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below). BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47 BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74 b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) object b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) BFO:0000031 gdc GenericallyDependentContinuant The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] generically dependent continuant b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] BFO:0000034 function Function the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] function A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] BFO:0000035 p-boundary ProcessBoundary the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life. p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002]) (forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002] (iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001] process boundary p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002]) (forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002] (iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001] BFO:0000038 1d-t-region OneDimensionalTemporalRegion the temporal region during which a process occurs. BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks). A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] one-dimensional temporal region A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] BFO:0000040 material MaterialEntity material entity a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic the undetached arm of a human being An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] material entity A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] BFO:0000140 cf-boundary ContinuantFiatBoundary b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001]) BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions. BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29 Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions. Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists (iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001] continuant fiat boundary b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001]) Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions. (iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001] BFO:0000141 immaterial ImmaterialEntity BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10 immaterial entity BFO:0000142 1d-cf-boundary OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary The Equator all geopolitical boundaries all lines of latitude and longitude the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin. the median sulcus of your tongue a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001]) (iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001] one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001]) (iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001] BFO:0000144 process-profile ProcessProfile On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance. The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on. b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005]) (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] process profile b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005]) (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] BFO:0000145 r-quality RelationalQuality John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. a marriage bond, an instance of requited love, an obligation between one person and another. b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001]) (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] relational quality b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001]) (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] BFO:0000146 2d-cf-boundary TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001]) (iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001] two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001]) (iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001] BFO:0000147 0d-cf-boundary ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary the geographic North Pole the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system. the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001]) (iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001] zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. requested by Melanie Courtot a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001]) (iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001] BFO:0000148 0d-t-region ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary right now the moment at which a child is born the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident the moment of death. temporal instant. A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001] zero-dimensional temporal region A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001] BFO:0000182 history History A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001]) history A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001]) CHEBI:16670 peptide Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. peptide molecular entity Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. We are assuming that every molecular entity has to be completely connected by chemical bonds. This excludes protein complexes, which are comprised of minimally two separate molecular entities. We will follow up with Chebi to ensure this is their understanding as well molecular entity chebi_ontology entidad molecular entidades moleculares entite moleculaire molecular entities molekulare Entitaet CHEBI:23367 molecular entity CHEBI:23367 molecular entity IUPAC entidad molecular IUPAC entidades moleculares IUPAC entite moleculaire IUPAC molecular entities IUPAC molekulare Entitaet ChEBI copper molecular entity chebi_ontology copper compounds copper molecular entities CHEBI:23377 copper molecular entity CHEBI:23377 copper molecular entity ChEBI copper compounds ChEBI copper molecular entities ChEBI A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents. 0 C2H6OS InChI=1S/C2H6OS/c1-4(2)3/h1-2H3 IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 78.13444 78.01394 CS(C)=O CHEBI:23801 CHEBI:42138 CHEBI:4612 CAS:67-68-5 Chemspider:659 DrugBank:DB01093 Drug_Central:906 FooDB:FDB000764 Gmelin:1556 HMDB:HMDB0002151 KEGG:C11143 KEGG:D01043 KNApSAcK:C00053120 LINCS:LSM-36361 MetaCyc:DMSO PDBeChem:DMS PMID:10298633 PMID:11162043 PMID:11350866 PMID:11474739 PMID:12663039 PMID:15237653 PMID:15588915 PMID:15868171 PMID:16434015 PMID:16522014 PMID:19096138 PMID:19382398 PMID:19443933 PMID:20828537 PMID:21426213 PMID:22030943 PMID:22722716 PMID:22768202 PMID:22814967 PMID:23050031 PMID:23313473 PMID:28220525 PMID:29938311 PMID:31489176 PMID:3510103 PMID:3898376 PMID:3916302 PMID:4223708 PMID:4556944 PMID:4963226 PMID:6309056 PMID:6379027 Reaxys:506008 UM-BBD_compID:c0236 Wikipedia:Dimethyl_sulfoxide (methanesulfinyl)methane DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE Dimethyl sulfoxide dimethyl sulfoxide chebi_ontology (CH3)2SO DMSO Dimethylsulfoxid S(O)Me2 dimethyl sulfoxide dimethyl sulfur oxide dimethyl sulphoxide dimethyli sulfoxidum dimethylsulfoxyde dimetil sulfoxido dmso methylsulfinylmethane sulfinylbis(methane) CHEBI:28262 dimethyl sulfoxide CHEBI:28262 CAS:67-68-5 ChemIDplus CAS:67-68-5 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:67-68-5 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:906 DrugCentral Gmelin:1556 Gmelin PMID:10298633 Europe PMC PMID:11162043 Europe PMC PMID:11350866 Europe PMC PMID:11474739 Europe PMC PMID:12663039 Europe PMC PMID:15237653 Europe PMC PMID:15588915 Europe PMC PMID:15868171 Europe PMC PMID:16434015 Europe PMC PMID:16522014 Europe PMC PMID:19096138 Europe PMC PMID:19382398 Europe PMC PMID:19443933 Europe PMC PMID:20828537 Europe PMC PMID:21426213 Europe PMC PMID:22030943 Europe PMC PMID:22722716 Europe PMC PMID:22768202 Europe PMC PMID:22814967 Europe PMC PMID:23050031 Europe PMC PMID:23313473 Europe PMC PMID:28220525 Europe PMC PMID:29938311 Europe PMC PMID:31489176 Europe PMC PMID:3510103 Europe PMC PMID:3898376 Europe PMC PMID:3916302 Europe PMC PMID:4223708 Europe PMC PMID:4556944 Europe PMC PMID:4963226 Europe PMC PMID:6309056 Europe PMC PMID:6379027 Europe PMC Reaxys:506008 Reaxys UM-BBD_compID:c0236 UM-BBD (methanesulfinyl)methane IUPAC DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE PDBeChem Dimethyl sulfoxide KEGG_COMPOUND dimethyl sulfoxide IUPAC dimethyl sulfoxide UniProt (CH3)2SO NIST_Chemistry_WebBook DMSO KEGG_COMPOUND Dimethylsulfoxid ChEBI S(O)Me2 ChEBI dimethyl sulfoxide ChemIDplus dimethyl sulfur oxide NIST_Chemistry_WebBook dimethyl sulphoxide ChemIDplus dimethyli sulfoxidum ChemIDplus dimethylsulfoxyde ChemIDplus dimetil sulfoxido ChemIDplus dmso IUPAC methylsulfinylmethane ChemIDplus sulfinylbis(methane) ChemIDplus 0 Cu InChI=1S/Cu RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 63.54600 62.92960 [Cu] CHEBI:23376 CHEBI:3874 CAS:7440-50-8 Gmelin:16269 KEGG:C00070 WebElements:Cu copper chebi_ontology 29Cu Copper Cu Kupfer cobre copper cuivre cuprum CHEBI:28694 copper atom CHEBI:28694 CAS:7440-50-8 ChemIDplus CAS:7440-50-8 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:16269 Gmelin copper IUPAC 29Cu IUPAC Copper KEGG_COMPOUND Cu ChEBI Cu IUPAC Kupfer ChEBI cobre ChEBI copper ChEBI cuivre ChEBI cuprum IUPAC atom A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. CHEBI:22671 CHEBI:23907 atom chebi_ontology atome atomo atoms atomus element elements CHEBI:33250 atom CHEBI:33250 atom IUPAC atome IUPAC atomo IUPAC atoms ChEBI atomus ChEBI element ChEBI elements ChEBI An allotropic form of the element carbon consisting of layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms in a planar condensed ring system (graphene layers). The layers are stacked parallel to each other in a three-dimensional crystalline long-range order. There are two allotropic forms with different stacking arrangements, hexagonal and rhombohedral. The chemical bonds within the layers are covalent with sp(2) hybridization and with a C--C distance of 141.7 pm. The weak bonds between the layers are metallic with a strength comparable to van der Waals bonding only. 0 C 1056.968 1056.00000 *:c1c(:*)c2c(:*)c(:*)c3c(:*)c4c(:*)c(:*)c(:*)c5c(:*)c(:*)c6c(:*)c(c1:*)c2c3c6c45.*:c1c(:*)c2c(:*)c(:*)c3c(:*)c4c(:*)c(:*)c(:*)c5c(:*)c(:*)c6c(:*)c(c1:*)c2c3c6c45.*:c1c(:*)c2c(:*)c(:*)c3c(:*)c4c(:*)c(:*)c(:*)c5c(:*)c(:*)c6c(:*)c(c1:*)c2c3c6c45.*:c1c(:*)c2c(:*)c(:*)c3c(:*)c4c(:*)c(:*)c(:*)c5c(:*)c(:*)c6c(:*)c(c1:*)c2c3c6c45 CAS:12751-41-6 CAS:7782-42-5 Gmelin:22250 graphite chebi_ontology Cn Graphit black lead grafito mineral carbon plumbago CHEBI:33418 graphite CHEBI:33418 CAS:12751-41-6 NIST Chemistry WebBook CAS:7782-42-5 ChemIDplus CAS:7782-42-5 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:22250 Gmelin graphite IUPAC Cn IUPAC Graphit ChEBI black lead ChemIDplus grafito IUPAC mineral carbon NIST_Chemistry_WebBook plumbago ChemIDplus CHEBI:33696 nucleic acid A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid. nucleic acid CHEBI:33697 ribonucleic acid High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins. ribonucleic acid The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 16.999131. The least abundant (0.038 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring oxygen. 0 [17O] InChI=1S/O/i1+1 QVGXLLKOCUKJST-OUBTZVSYSA-N 16.999 16.99913 [17O] CAS:13968-48-4 Gmelin:17561 oxygen-17 chebi_ontology (17)8O (17)O oxygen, isotope of mass 17 oxygen-17 CHEBI:33819 oxygen-17 atom CHEBI:33819 CAS:13968-48-4 ChemIDplus Gmelin:17561 Gmelin oxygen-17 IUPAC (17)8O IUPAC (17)O IUPAC oxygen, isotope of mass 17 ChemIDplus oxygen-17 ChEBI macromolecule A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. polymer Wikipedia:Macromolecule macromolecule chebi_ontology macromolecules polymer polymer molecule polymers CHEBI:33839 macromolecule CHEBI:33839 macromolecule IUPAC macromolecules ChEBI polymer ChEBI polymer molecule IUPAC polymers ChEBI A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. 0 CHCl3 InChI=1S/CHCl3/c2-1(3)4/h1H HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 119.37674 117.91438 [H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl CHEBI:23143 CHEBI:34628 CAS:67-66-3 Drug_Central:4363 Gmelin:1837 HMDB:HMDB0029596 KEGG:C13827 LINCS:LSM-37229 MetaCyc:CPD-843 PDBeChem:MCH PMID:10379014 PMID:15583552 PMID:20051454 PMID:21850127 PMID:23093177 PMID:8476536 PMID:8625290 Reaxys:1731042 UM-BBD_compID:c0595 Wikipedia:Chloroform Chloroform chloroform chebi_ontology 1,1,1-trichloromethane CHCl3 Trichlormethan chloroforme chloroformium pro narcosi trichloromethane CHEBI:35255 chloroform CHEBI:35255 CAS:67-66-3 ChemIDplus CAS:67-66-3 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:67-66-3 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:4363 DrugCentral Gmelin:1837 Gmelin PMID:10379014 Europe PMC PMID:15583552 Europe PMC PMID:20051454 Europe PMC PMID:21850127 Europe PMC PMID:23093177 Europe PMC PMID:8476536 Europe PMC PMID:8625290 Europe PMC Reaxys:1731042 Reaxys UM-BBD_compID:c0595 UM-BBD Chloroform KEGG_COMPOUND chloroform IUPAC 1,1,1-trichloromethane ChemIDplus CHCl3 IUPAC Trichlormethan NIST_Chemistry_WebBook chloroforme ChemIDplus chloroformium pro narcosi ChEBI trichloromethane ChEBI trichloromethane NIST_Chemistry_WebBook 0 [13C] InChI=1S/C/i1+1 OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-OUBTZVSYSA-N 13.003 13.00335 [13C] CAS:14762-74-4 carbon-13 carbon-13 atom chebi_ontology (13)6C (13)C carbon, isotope of mass 13 carbon-13 CHEBI:36928 carbon-13 atom CHEBI:36928 CAS:14762-74-4 ChemIDplus carbon-13 IUPAC carbon-13 atom ChemIDplus (13)6C IUPAC (13)C IUPAC carbon, isotope of mass 13 ChemIDplus carbon-13 ChEBI The stable isotope of fluorine with relative atomic mass 18.998403 and nuclear spin (1)/2. 0 [19F] InChI=1S/F/i1+0 YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-IGMARMGPSA-N 18.998 18.99840 [19F] fluorine-19 chebi_ontology (19)9F (19)F fluorine-19 CHEBI:36940 fluorine-19 atom CHEBI:36940 fluorine-19 IUPAC (19)9F IUPAC (19)F ChEBI fluorine-19 ChEBI 0 O2Si 60.084 59.96676 CAS:60676-86-0 chebi_ontology amorphous silica fused silica silica glass CHEBI:46729 vitreous silica CHEBI:46729 CAS:60676-86-0 ChemIDplus CAS:60676-86-0 NIST Chemistry WebBook amorphous silica ChemIDplus fused silica NIST_Chemistry_WebBook silica glass NIST_Chemistry_WebBook A molecule consisting of a graphene cylinder or two or more concentric graphene cylinders. chebi_ontology CNT Kohlenstoffnanoroehre Kohlenstoffnanoroehren carbon nanotubes nanotube de carbone nanotubes de carbone nanotubo de carbono nanotubos de carbono CHEBI:50594 carbon nanotube CHEBI:50594 CNT ChEBI Kohlenstoffnanoroehre ChEBI Kohlenstoffnanoroehren ChEBI carbon nanotubes ChEBI nanotube de carbone ChEBI nanotubes de carbone ChEBI nanotubo de carbono ChEBI nanotubos de carbono ChEBI A nanometre sized object. chebi_ontology nanoestructura CHEBI:50795 nanostructure CHEBI:50795 nanoestructura ChEBI A nanosized spherical or capsule-shaped structure. chebi_ontology NP Nanoteilchen nanoparticles nanoparticula nanoparticule CHEBI:50803 nanoparticle CHEBI:50803 NP ChEBI Nanoteilchen ChEBI nanoparticles ChEBI nanoparticula ChEBI nanoparticule ChEBI A nanoparticle consisting of gold atoms. 0 Au 196.967 196.96657 chebi_ontology AuNP CHEBI:50825 gold nanoparticle CHEBI:50825 AuNP ChEBI The stable isotope of tin with relative atomic mass 118.903311, 8.59 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin (1)/2. 0 [119Sn] InChI=1S/Sn/i1+0 ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-IGMARMGPSA-N 118.903 118.90331 [119Sn] tin-119 chebi_ontology (119)50Sn (119)Sn tin-119 CHEBI:52230 tin-119 atom CHEBI:52230 tin-119 IUPAC (119)50Sn IUPAC (119)Sn IUPAC tin-119 ChEBI 0 [207Pb] InChI=1S/Pb/i1+0 WABPQHHGFIMREM-IGMARMGPSA-N 206.976 206.97590 [207Pb] lead-207 chebi_ontology (207)82Pb (207)Pb CHEBI:52455 lead-207 CHEBI:52455 lead-207 IUPAC (207)82Pb IUPAC (207)Pb IUPAC The stable isotope of vanadium with relative atomic mass 50.943964, 99.8 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 7/2. 0 [51V] InChI=1S/V/i1+0 LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-IGMARMGPSA-N 50.944 50.94396 [51V] chebi_ontology (51)23V (51)V CHEBI:52456 vanadium-51 CHEBI:52456 (51)23V IUPAC (51)V IUPAC The stable isotope of lithium with relative atomic mass 7.016004, 92.5 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 3/2. 0 [7Li] InChI=1S/Li/i1+0 WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-IGMARMGPSA-N 7.016 7.01600 [7Li] lithium-7 chebi_ontology (7)3Li (7)Li lithium-7 CHEBI:52458 lithium-7 atom CHEBI:52458 lithium-7 IUPAC (7)3Li IUPAC (7)Li IUPAC lithium-7 ChEBI The stable isotope of niobium with relative atomic mass 182.950225, 14.3 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 1/2. 0 [183W] InChI=1S/W/i1-1 WFKWXMTUELFFGS-BJUDXGSMSA-N 182.950 182.95022 [183W] tungsten-183 chebi_ontology (183)74W (183)W CHEBI:52462 tungsten-183 CHEBI:52462 tungsten-183 IUPAC (183)74W IUPAC (183)W IUPAC A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types. chebi_ontology Chemische Substanz CHEBI:59999 chemical substance CHEBI:59999 Chemische Substanz ChEBI A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind. chebi_ontology Mischung CHEBI:60004 mixture CHEBI:60004 Mischung ChEBI A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc.. Wikipedia:Polymer Polymer chebi_ontology Kunststoff CHEBI:60027 polymer CHEBI:60027 Polymer ChEBI Kunststoff ChEBI CHMO:0000000 true The determination of the spectral absorbance of a solution. This method is often used to determine the concentration of a chemical in a solution. colorimetric method colourimetry CHMO:0000001 colorimetry CHMO:0000001 The determination of the spectral absorbance of a solution. This method is often used to determine the concentration of a chemical in a solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. gravimetric sorption gravimetric sorption-desorption gravimetric sorption-desorption analysis gravimetric sorption/desorption gravimetric sorption/desorption analysis CHMO:0000002 gravimetric sorption analysis CHMO:0000002 The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response. FIX:0000764 electroanalytical method electrochemical assay electrochemical method CHMO:0000003 electrochemical analysis CHMO:0000003 The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response. FIX:0000764 OrangeBook:8.1 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. amperometric method CHMO:0000004 amperometry CHMO:0000004 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. FIX:0000783 OrangeBook:8.5.2 An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. chronoamperometry CHMO:0000005 chrono-amperometry CHMO:0000005 An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. FIX:0000785 OrangeBook:8.5.2 An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1 to 5 s. high-speed chronoamperometry CHMO:0000006 high-speed chrono-amperometry CHMO:0000006 An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1 to 5 s. https://doi.org/10.1373/49.10.1763 An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function. potential step chronoamperometry CHMO:0000007 potential step chrono-amperometry CHMO:0000007 An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function. https://doi.org/10.1039/b816223a An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). CPA constant-potential amperometry CHMO:0000008 constant potential amperometry CHMO:0000008 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). https://doi.org/10.1373/49.10.1763 An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. DC amperometry dc amperometry direct-current amperometry CHMO:0000009 direct current amperometry CHMO:0000009 An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. https://doi.org/10.1039/b816289a The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. FIX:0000768 FIX:0000770 conductimetry CHMO:0000010 conductometry CHMO:0000010 The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. Orange:8.5.4 The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz). FIX:0000773 high frequency conductimetry high frequency conductometry CHMO:0000011 high-frequency conductometry CHMO:0000011 The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured. CHMO:0000012 coulometry CHMO:0000012 An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured. Orange:8.5.1 An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. controlled current coulometry controlled-current coulometry CHMO:0000013 amperostatic coulometry CHMO:0000013 An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. OrangeBook:8.5.1 An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. chronocoulometry CHMO:0000014 chrono-coulometry CHMO:0000014 An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. FIX:0000786 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value. bulk electrolysis controlled potential coulometry controlled-potential coulometry CHMO:0000015 potentiostatic coulometry CHMO:0000015 An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value. FIX:0000787 OrangeBook:8.5.2 An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. potentiometric method CHMO:0000016 potentiometry CHMO:0000016 An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. FIX:0000775 OrangeBook:8.5.1 An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. chronopotentiometry CHMO:0000017 chrono-potentiometry CHMO:0000017 An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. FIX:0000780 OrangeBook:8.5.1 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. chronopotentiometric stripping SP CHMO:0000018 stripping potentiometry CHMO:0000018 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.07.034 SP An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-oxidation using either oxidants in the sample or by applying a small constant current, or a combination of both. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. ASP anodic-stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000019 anodic stripping potentiometry CHMO:0000019 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-oxidation using either oxidants in the sample or by applying a small constant current, or a combination of both. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.07.034 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-reduction. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. CSP cathodic-stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000020 cathodic stripping potentiometry CHMO:0000020 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-reduction. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.07.034 An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and held at a constant (non-zero) value. controlled current potentiometry CHMO:0000021 controlled-current potentiometry CHMO:0000021 An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and held at a constant (non-zero) value. FIX:0000778 OrangeBook:8.5.1 An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between an ion-selective indicator electrode and the reference electrode is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. CHMO:0000022 ion-selective potentiometry CHMO:0000022 An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between an ion-selective indicator electrode and the reference electrode is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured using an oscillograph under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. oscillo potentiometry CHMO:0000023 oscillographic potentiometry CHMO:0000023 An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured using an oscillograph under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. voltammetric method CHMO:0000024 voltammetry CHMO:0000024 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. FIX:0000765 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. cyclic triangular wave voltammetry cyclovoltammetry CV CHMO:0000025 cyclic voltammetry CHMO:0000025 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. FIX:0000099 OrangeBook:8.5.3 CV An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle which repeats approximately every 100 ms. FCV FSCV fast cyclic voltammetry fast scan cyclic voltammetry CHMO:0000026 fast-scan cyclic voltammetry CHMO:0000026 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle which repeats approximately every 100 ms. FIX:0000761 https://doi.org/10.1373/49.10.1763 An electrochemical technique where the cell current flowing during convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. linear scan hydrodynamic voltammetry linear-scan hydrodynamic voltammetry CHMO:0000027 hydrodynamic voltammetry CHMO:0000027 An electrochemical technique where the cell current flowing during convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. FIX:0000792 Orange: 8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and stops at an end point. LSV chrono amperometry with linear potenial sweep chronoamperometry with linear sweep electrode voltammetry linear sweep voltammetry stationary electrode voltammetry CHMO:0000028 linear-sweep voltammetry CHMO:0000028 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and stops at an end point. FIX:0000791 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude. CHMO:0000029 pulse voltammetry CHMO:0000029 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. DPV differential-pulse voltammetry CHMO:0000030 differential pulse voltammetry CHMO:0000030 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. NPV normal-pulse voltammetry CHMO:0000031 normal pulse voltammetry CHMO:0000031 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. CHMO:0000032 polarography CHMO:0000032 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. FIX:0000794 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the alternating current (ac) component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. AC polarography AC-polarography alternating-current polarography CHMO:0000033 alternating current polarography CHMO:0000033 An electrochemical technique where the alternating current (ac) component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. FIX:0000814 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a small amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. CHMO:0000034 Kalousek polarography CHMO:0000034 An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a small amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408348508542784 An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled (only once per drop lifetime) on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a large amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. square wave polarography CHMO:0000035 square-wave polarography CHMO:0000035 An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled (only once per drop lifetime) on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a large amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. FIX:0000816 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. CHMO:0000036 differential pulse polarography CHMO:0000036 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. FIX:0000813 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. CHMO:0000037 normal pulse polarography CHMO:0000037 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. FIX:0000812 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes using an oscillograph. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. oscillo-polography oscillopolography CHMO:0000038 oscillo polarography CHMO:0000038 An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes using an oscillograph. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The current is sampled only during a specific time interval of the life of each drop of the droppping mercury electrode. CHMO:0000039 tast polarography CHMO:0000039 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The current is sampled only during a specific time interval of the life of each drop of the droppping mercury electrode. FIX:0000795 OrangeBook:8.5.3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and the current is measured at the end of each half-wave, just prior to potential change. SWV square wave voltammetry CHMO:0000040 square-wave voltammetry CHMO:0000040 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and the current is measured at the end of each half-wave, just prior to potential change. FIX:0000816 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first deposited (usually by electroplating) onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. SV CHMO:0000041 stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000041 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first deposited (usually by electroplating) onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. ASV CHMO:0000042 anodic stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000042 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential (as a series of voltage pulses of increasing amplitude). During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. DPASV CHMO:0000043 differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000043 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential (as a series of voltage pulses of increasing amplitude). During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. A plot of stripping peak current versus deposition potential resembles a polarogram. pseudo-polarography pseudopolarography CHMO:0000044 pseudo polarography CHMO:0000044 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. A plot of stripping peak current versus deposition potential resembles a polarogram. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. SWASV square wave anodic stripping voltammetry square-wave ASV CHMO:0000045 square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000045 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. https://doi.org/10.1039/b806470k An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first adsorbed onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. AdSV adsorptive-stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000046 adsorptive stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000046 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first adsorbed onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying a reducing potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. CSV CHMO:0000047 cathodic stripping voltammetry CHMO:0000047 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying a reducing potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CHMO:0000048 true The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. CIS chemical imaging spectrometry chemical imaging spectroscopy hyperspectral imaging imaging spectrometry imaging spectroscopy multispectral imaging spectral imaging spectroscopic imaging CHMO:0000049 chemical imaging CHMO:0000049 The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. CHMO:0000583 IR microscopy IR spectromicroscopy IR-MSP IRI infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry infra-red microscopy infrared chemical imaging spectrometry infrared chemical imaging spectroscopy infrared mapping infrared microspectrophotometry infrared microspectroscopy infrared spectromicroscopy CHMO:0000050 infrared microscopy CHMO:0000050 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. FIX:0000696 ISBN:2884490736 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, and are subject to a Fourier transform. CHMO:0000584 FT-IR imaging FT-IR microscopy FTIR imaging FTIR microscopy FTIR microspectroscopy FTIR spectromicroscopy FTIR-MSP Fourier transform infra-red microspectrometry Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy Fourier-transform infrared microscopy CHMO:0000051 Fourier transform infrared microscopy CHMO:0000051 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, and are subject to a Fourier transform. https://doi.org/10.1039/b805223a The collection of spatially resolved near-infrared spectra (0.8 to 2 micrometres) of a sample during microscopy. NIR chemical imaging spectrometry NIR chemical imaging spectroscopy NOIM near infra red chemical imaging spectrometry near infra red chemical imaging spectroscopy near infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry near infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy near infra-red microscopy near infrared microscopy spectroscopy near infrared optical microscopy near-IR spectromicroscopy near-infra-red microscopy near-infrared microscopy near-infrared spectromicroscopy CHMO:0000052 near-infrared microscopy CHMO:0000052 The collection of spatially resolved near-infrared spectra (0.8 to 2 micrometres) of a sample during microscopy. FIX:0000699 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy which are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. I-MS IMS imaging MS CHMO:0000053 imaging mass spectrometry CHMO:0000053 The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy which are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812533c The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where a pulse laser is used to produce both ionisation and vapourisation and the sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of (typically) biomolecules by their molecular masses. MALDI-IMS MALDI-MS imaging matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000054 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectrometry CHMO:0000054 The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where a pulse laser is used to produce both ionisation and vapourisation and the sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of (typically) biomolecules by their molecular masses. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812533c The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. FIX:0000960 SIMS imaging SIMS microscopy secondary ion mass spectroscopy imaging CHMO:0000055 secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging CHMO:0000055 The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. CHMO:0000673 FIX:0000697 LRMA MRS RCIS Raman chemical imaging spectrometry Raman chemical imaging spectroscopy Raman imaging Raman mapping Raman micro spectrometry Raman micro spectroscopy Raman microprobe spectroscopy Raman microspectrometry Raman microspectroscopy Raman spectral imaging laser Raman microanalysis micro Raman spectrometry micro Raman spectroscopy micro-Raman spectrometry micro-Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000056 Raman microscopy CHMO:0000056 The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. https://doi.org/10.1039/b815117b The detection of luminescence from a sample. FIX:0000427 CHMO:0000057 luminescence detection CHMO:0000057 The detection of luminescence from a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. CL detection CHMO:0000058 chemiluminescence detection CHMO:0000058 The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812750f The detection of chemiluminescence caused the emission of light by tiny bubbles in a liquid excited by sound. SCL detection sono chemiluminescence detection sono-chemiluminescence detection sonodynamic chemiluminescence detection CHMO:0000059 sonochemiluminescence detection CHMO:0000059 The detection of chemiluminescence caused the emission of light by tiny bubbles in a liquid excited by sound. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813330a The measurement or detection of luminescence which results from the molecular absorption of a photon which triggers the emission of a photon with a longer wavelength. fluorescence (FL) detection CHMO:0000060 fluorescence detection CHMO:0000060 The measurement or detection of luminescence which results from the molecular absorption of a photon which triggers the emission of a photon with a longer wavelength. FIX:0000421 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for analysing microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are individually passed through a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. flow cytometric analysis flow cytometric studies CHMO:0000061 flow cytometry CHMO:0000061 A method for analysing microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are individually passed through a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Forster resonant energy transfer Förster resonance energy transfer FRET CHMO:0000062 Forster resonance energy transfer CHMO:0000062 A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 FRET Forster resonance energy transfer in a bioluminescent system, usually between a luciferase (donor) and a green fluorescent protein (acceptor). BRET CHMO:0000063 The luciferase is bioluminescent therefore external illumination is not required. bioluminescence resonance energy transfer CHMO:0000063 Forster resonance energy transfer in a bioluminescent system, usually between a luciferase (donor) and a green fluorescent protein (acceptor). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two fluorescent chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a cyan fluorescent protein (donor) and a yellow fluorescent protein (acceptor). FIX:0000472 FIX:0000473 fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy fluorescent resonance energy transfer FRET CHMO:0000064 fluorescence resonance energy transfer CHMO:0000064 A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two fluorescent chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a cyan fluorescent protein (donor) and a yellow fluorescent protein (acceptor). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 FRET A method for determining the mobility of fluorescent molecules by photobleaching a sub-set of the sample during fluorescence microscopy and monitoring the movement of the remaining fluorescent molecules. FRAP CHMO:0000065 fluorescence recovery after photobleaching CHMO:0000065 A method for determining the mobility of fluorescent molecules by photobleaching a sub-set of the sample during fluorescence microscopy and monitoring the movement of the remaining fluorescent molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the fluorescence decay time of probes solubilised in micellar surfactant solutions in the presence of quenchers. TRFQ TRFQ analysis TRFQ measurements TRFQ spectrometry TRFQ spectroscopy time resolved fluorescence quenching time resolved fluorescence quenching spectrometry time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectrometry time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectroscopy CHMO:0000066 time-resolved fluorescence quenching CHMO:0000066 The measurement of the fluorescence decay time of probes solubilised in micellar surfactant solutions in the presence of quenchers. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813498g Any technique where a microscope is used to view a small object (or specimen) by producing a magnified image. FIX:0000005 CHMO:0000067 microscopy CHMO:0000067 Any technique where a microscope is used to view a small object (or specimen) by producing a magnified image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. FIX:0000051 EM CHMO:0000068 electron microscopy CHMO:0000068 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05484 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by field emission with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. FEM field electron microscopy field emission electron microscopy field emission microscopy field-emission microscopy CHMO:0000069 field-emission electron microscopy CHMO:0000069 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by field emission with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. Orange:17.2.7 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. LE EM LEEM low energy EM low energy electron microscopy low-energy EM CHMO:0000070 low-energy electron microscopy CHMO:0000070 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Low-energy electron microscopy where a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. SPLEEM spin polarised LEEM spin polarised low energy electron microscopy spin polarized LEEM spin-polarised LEEM spin-polarised low-energy electron microscopy spin-polarized LEEM spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy CHMO:0000071 spin-polarised low energy electron microscopy CHMO:0000071 Low-energy electron microscopy where a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The electrons elastically scattered by the specimen are detected. REM reflection EM CHMO:0000072 reflection electron microscopy CHMO:0000072 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The electrons elastically scattered by the specimen are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. FIX:0000124 SEM scanning electronic microscopy CHMO:0000073 scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0000073 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05484 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. FE SEM FE-SEM FE/SEM FEG-SEM FEGSEM FESEM FSEM field emission gun scanning electron microscopy field emission scanning electron microscopy field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0000074 field-emission scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0000074 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. https://doi.org/10.1039/b818058j Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. CFE SEM CFE-SEM CFE/SEM CFEG-SEM CFEGSEM CFSEM cold field emission gun scanning electron microscopy cold field emission scanning electron microscopy cold-field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy cold-field-emission scanning electron microscopy cold-field-gun scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0000075 cold-field-emission scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0000075 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. ISBN:0763701920 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen in a gaseous environment and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. E-SEM ESEM environmental SEM CHMO:0000076 environmental scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0000076 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen in a gaseous environment and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. SEM EDX SEM-EDX SEM-EDXA SEM/EDX SEM/EDXA scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000077 scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000077 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a pulsed electron beam is scanned over the surface of the specimen in order to generate elastic waves which are reflected and detected. SEAM CHMO:0000078 scanning electron acoustic microscopy CHMO:0000078 Microscopy where a pulsed electron beam is scanned over the surface of the specimen in order to generate elastic waves which are reflected and detected. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-7244-2 Microscopy where a focused electron beam of small diameter is used to produce Auger electrons which are detected. scanning Auger electron microscopy SAM CHMO:0000079 scanning Auger microscopy CHMO:0000079 Microscopy where a focused electron beam of small diameter is used to produce Auger electrons which are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 SAM Electron microscopy where the intensities of the electrons through an electron-transparent specimen are measured. FIX:0000126 TEM CHMO:0000080 transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000080 Electron microscopy where the intensities of the electrons through an electron-transparent specimen are measured. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06481 Transmission electron microscopy where the specimen is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C. LT-TEM cryo TEM cryo-TEM cryogenic TEM low-temperature transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000081 cryogenic transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000081 Transmission electron microscopy where the specimen is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp013639d Transmission electron microscopy where the intensities of transmitted electrons of particular kinetic energies are measured. EF-TEM EF/TEM EFTEM electron spectroscopic imaging energy filtered TEM energy filtered transmission electron microscopy energy-filtered TEM ESI CHMO:0000082 energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000082 Transmission electron microscopy where the intensities of transmitted electrons of particular kinetic energies are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 ESI Transmission electron microscopy where the electron-transparent specimen (normally a fresh tissue or cell suspension) is prepared by rapid freezing using liquid nitrogen, then fractured, and the cold fractured surface is coated with Pt or Au by evaporation. FF-TEM FF/TEM FFTEM freeze fracture TEM freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy freeze-fracture TEM CHMO:0000083 freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000083 Transmission electron microscopy where the electron-transparent specimen (normally a fresh tissue or cell suspension) is prepared by rapid freezing using liquid nitrogen, then fractured, and the cold fractured surface is coated with Pt or Au by evaporation. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813498g Transmission electron microscopy where the phase contrast between the transmitted interfering electron waves is used to produce an image. HR TEM HR-TEM HR/TEM HRTEM high resolution (HR) TEM high resolution TEM high resolution transmission electron microscopy high-resolution TEM phase contrast TEM phase contrast transmission electron microscopy phase-contrast TEM phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000084 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000084 Transmission electron microscopy where the phase contrast between the transmitted interfering electron waves is used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 700–3000 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. HV TEM HV-TEM HV/TEM HVTEM high voltage TEM high voltage transmission electron microscopy high-voltage TEM CHMO:0000085 high-voltage transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000085 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 700–3000 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. STEM scanning TEM CHMO:0000086 scanning transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000086 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of light microscopy assay where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores. Any type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores. FM fluorescence imaging fluorescence microscopic imaging CHMO FIX:0000123 FM fluorescence imaging fluorescence microscopic imaging CHMO:0000087 fluorescence microscopy fluorescence microscopy assay CHMO:0000087 Any type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface. FLSM LSM laser scanning fluorescence microscopy laser scanning microscopy CHMO:0000088 fluorescence laser scanning microscopy CHMO:0000088 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface. FIX:0000380 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface and using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence. Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface and using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence. CLSM LSCM confocal fluorescence imaging confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy confocal laser scanning microscopy confocal-laser scanning microscopy fluorescence confocal microscopy fluorescence confocal scanning laser microscopy scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy CHMO CLSM LSCM confocal fluorescence imaging confocal fluorescence microscopy confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy confocal-laser scanning microscopy fluorescence confocal microscopy fluorescence confocal scanning laser microscopy scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000089 confocal fluorescence microscopy assay confocal laser scanning microscopy CHMO:0000089 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface and using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence. https://doi.org/10.1039/b807581f Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs multiple photons of typically one half to one third of the energy required for single-photon excitation). FIX:0000383 MPLSM multi photon laser scanning microscopy multiphoton laser scanning microscopy CHMO:0000090 multi-photon laser scanning microscopy CHMO:0000090 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs multiple photons of typically one half to one third of the energy required for single-photon excitation). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths and the spatial distribution of mean fluorescence lifetimes (usually on the ns scale) is mapped within the microscopic images. FLIM fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy CHMO:0000091 fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy CHMO:0000091 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths and the spatial distribution of mean fluorescence lifetimes (usually on the ns scale) is mapped within the microscopic images. https://doi.org/10.1007/b102213 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the infra-red region (2.5–16 &#x3bc;m). IR fluorescence microscopy infra-red fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000092 infrared fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000092 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the infra-red region (2.5–16 &#x3bc;m). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the near infra-red region (0.8–2.5 &#x3bc;m). NIRF microscopy NIRFM near infra-red fluorescence microscopy near-infrared fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000093 near-infrared fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000093 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the near infra-red region (0.8–2.5 &#x3bc;m). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen (a fluorophore) can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelength. The light is totally internally reflected to generate an evanescent wave at the glass microscope slide-water interface. The evanescent wave selectively illuminates and excites fluorophores in a restricted region of the specimen allowing fluorophores on the surface to be imaged (normally the fluorescence of surface fluorophores is overwhelmed by background fluorescence). TIRF microscopy TIRFM CHMO:0000094 total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000094 Microscopy where the specimen (a fluorophore) can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelength. The light is totally internally reflected to generate an evanescent wave at the glass microscope slide-water interface. The evanescent wave selectively illuminates and excites fluorophores in a restricted region of the specimen allowing fluorophores on the surface to be imaged (normally the fluorescence of surface fluorophores is overwhelmed by background fluorescence). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the ultra-violet region (4–380 nm). UV fluorescence microscopy UVF microscopy UVFM ultra-violet fluorescence microscopy ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000095 ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000095 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the ultra-violet region (4–380 nm). ISBN:0632034335 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the visible region (380–750 nm). CHMO:0000096 visible fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000096 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the visible region (380–750 nm). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where ions are used to produce an image. FIX:0000962 IM CHMO:0000097 ion microscopy CHMO:0000097 Microscopy where ions are used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where atoms of an inert gas in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. FIM field ionisation microscopy field ionization microscopy field-ion microscopy field-ionisation microscopy field-ionization microscopy CHMO:0000098 field ion microscopy CHMO:0000098 Microscopy where atoms of an inert gas in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. Orange:17.2.7 Microscopy where atoms in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. When a sudden voltage pulse is applied to the tip, atoms from the surface of the specimen itself are be ejected and travel down a drift tube where their arrival time (a measure of the mass of the atom) can be determined. This allows the atomic composition of the specimen to be determined. AP FIM AP field ionisation microscopy AP field ionization microscopy AP field-ion microscopy AP field-ionisation microscopy AP field-ionization microscopy AP-FIM AP/FIM APFIM atom probe field ionisation microscopy atom probe field ionization microscopy atom probe field-ion microscopy atom probe field-ionisation microscopy atom probe field-ionization microscopy atom-probe field-ion microscopy CHMO:0000099 atom probe field ion microscopy CHMO:0000099 Microscopy where atoms in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. When a sudden voltage pulse is applied to the tip, atoms from the surface of the specimen itself are be ejected and travel down a drift tube where their arrival time (a measure of the mass of the atom) can be determined. This allows the atomic composition of the specimen to be determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where atoms of He gas in the vicinty of the specimen are ionised and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. CHMO:0000100 helium-ion microscopy CHMO:0000100 Microscopy where atoms of He gas in the vicinty of the specimen are ionised and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an ion beam is scanned over the specimen surface and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. FIX:0000963 SIM CHMO:0000101 scanning ion microscopy CHMO:0000101 Microscopy where an ion beam is scanned over the specimen surface and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 SIM Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light and a system of lenses is used to produce an image. Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light and a system of lenses is used to produce an image. OM light microscopy optical microscopy CHMO FIX:0000113 OM light microscopy CHMO:0000102 light microscopy assay optical microscopy CHMO:0000102 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light and a system of lenses is used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. CHMO:0000103 confocal microscopy CHMO:0000103 Microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. bright field microscopy bright-field optical microscopy transmitted light microscopy transmitted-light microscopy CHMO:0000104 bright-field microscopy CHMO:0000104 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where two specimens can be compared by illuminating them with visible light using two identical sets of microscope lenses which are linked by an optical bridge. CHMO:0000105 comparison light microscopy CHMO:0000105 Microscopy where two specimens can be compared by illuminating them with visible light using two identical sets of microscope lenses which are linked by an optical bridge. ISBN:0-85404-539-2 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. IOM OIM interference optical microscopy CHMO:0000106 optical interference microscopy CHMO:0000106 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with polarised visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. DIC DIC microscopy NIC NIC microscopy Nomarski interference contrast microscopy Nomarski microscopy CHMO:0000107 differential interference contrast microscopy CHMO:0000107 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with polarised visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. CHMO:0000108 low coherence interference microscopy CHMO:0000108 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. ISBN:0824742524 Microscopy where the surface of the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the profile of the specimen. CPM coherence-probe microscopy phase correlation microscopy CHMO:0000109 coherence probe microscopy CHMO:0000109 Microscopy where the surface of the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the profile of the specimen. ISBN:0824742524 Microscopy where a transparent specimen is illuminated with visible light and small phase shifts in the light passing through the specimen are used to produce an image. PCM phase-contrast microscopy CHMO:0000110 phase contrast microscopy CHMO:0000110 Microscopy where a transparent specimen is illuminated with visible light and small phase shifts in the light passing through the specimen are used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light. PLM POM optical polarisation microscopy optical polarising microscopy optical polarization microscopy polarised light microscopy polarised optical microscopy polarized light microscopy polarized light optical microscopy polarized optical microscopy polarizing light microscopy polarizing optical microscopy CHMO:0000111 polarising light microscopy CHMO:0000111 Microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. SPM scanning-probe microscopy CHMO:0000112 scanning probe microscopy CHMO:0000112 Microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. FIX:0000121 ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. AFM SFM atomic force imaging atomic-force microscopy scanning force microscopy CHMO:0000113 atomic force microscopy CHMO:0000113 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. FIX:0000114 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. piezo-force microscopy PFM CHMO:0000114 piezoresponse force microscopy CHMO:0000114 Microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-7244-2 PFM Microscopy which uses a sharp magnetic spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the magnetic force experienced by it as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. MFM magnetic-force microscopy CHMO:0000115 magnetic force microscopy CHMO:0000115 Microscopy which uses a sharp magnetic spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the magnetic force experienced by it as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. FIX:0000118 ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy where optical tweezers are used to trap a small fluorescent latex bead which is then scanned across biological specimens in aqueous solution. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the bead in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the fluorescence intensity as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the bead and surface during scanning. PFM photonic-force microscopy CHMO:0000116 photonic force microscopy CHMO:0000116 Microscopy where optical tweezers are used to trap a small fluorescent latex bead which is then scanned across biological specimens in aqueous solution. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the bead in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the fluorescence intensity as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the bead and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1997.3881 Microscopy which uses a small electrode to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the electrostatic capacitance of the surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the electrode and surface during scanning. SCAM scanning-capacitance microscopy CHMO:0000117 scanning capacitance microscopy CHMO:0000117 Microscopy which uses a small electrode to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the electrostatic capacitance of the surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the electrode and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of microscopy where a probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. near-field scanning microscopy CHMO:0000118 scanning near-field microscopy CHMO:0000118 Any type of microscopy where a probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with a near-field of photons. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving an optical fibre probe in a raster scan over the specimen, line by line, and detecting any photons which tunnel from the specimen to the probe as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the optical fibre probe and surface during scanning. PSTM photon scanning tunneling microscopy photon-scanning tunneling microscopy photon-scanning tunnelling microscopy CHMO:0000119 photon scanning tunnelling microscopy CHMO:0000119 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with a near-field of photons. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving an optical fibre probe in a raster scan over the specimen, line by line, and detecting any photons which tunnel from the specimen to the probe as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the optical fibre probe and surface during scanning. USPatent:5018865 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. NSOM SNOM aperture NSOM aperture SNOM aperture scanning near-field optical microscopy aperture-NSOM aperture-SNOM near-field scanning optical microscopy CHMO:0000120 scanning near-field optical microscopy CHMO:0000120 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. FIX:0000385 ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser of a specific wavelength transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the fluorescence intensity from fluorophores on the surface of the specimen as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. CHMO:0000121 fluorescence scanning near-field optical microscopy CHMO:0000121 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser of a specific wavelength transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the fluorescence intensity from fluorophores on the surface of the specimen as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) infrared radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the infrared near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. IR-NSOM IR-SNOM SNFIM SNIM SNIM imaging infra-red near-field scanning optical microscopy infra-red scanning near-field optical microscopy infrared near-field scanning optical microscopy CHMO:0000122 infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy CHMO:0000122 Microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) infrared radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the infrared near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.02.057 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a microwave radiation source transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) microwave radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the microwave near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. NSMM SNMM microwave near-field scanning microscopy near-field scanning microwave microscopy CHMO:0000123 microwave scanning near-field microscopy CHMO:0000123 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a microwave radiation source transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) microwave radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the microwave near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp metallic probe producing a confined light field very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattering of the incident light by the probe as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. aNSOM aSNOM apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy scattering type apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy scattering type apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy scattering type near-field scanning optical microscopy scattering type scanning near-field optical microscopy CHMO:0000124 apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy CHMO:0000124 Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp metallic probe producing a confined light field very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattering of the incident light by the probe as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1039/b815925d Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp noble metal probe very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The laser spot excites plasmons at the probe-surface interface and an image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the electromagnetic field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. SPNM scanning-plasmon near-field microscopy CHMO:0000125 scanning plasmon near-field microscopy CHMO:0000125 Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp noble metal probe very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The laser spot excites plasmons at the probe-surface interface and an image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the electromagnetic field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1039/b109955h Microscopy where a thermocouple probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the thermocouple probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the surface–probe heat transfer as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. NSThM SNThM near-field scanning thermal microscopy CHMO:0000126 scanning near-field thermal microscopy CHMO:0000126 Microscopy where a thermocouple probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the thermocouple probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the surface–probe heat transfer as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an electrode probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). The surface is mechanically scanned by the electrode in a raster scan and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant electrical conductance between the electrode and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. SECM scanning-electrochemical microscopy CHMO:0000127 scanning electrochemical microscopy CHMO:0000127 Microscopy where an electrode probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). The surface is mechanically scanned by the electrode in a raster scan and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant electrical conductance between the electrode and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a glass nano- or micro- pipette filled with electrolyte is positioned very close to (in the near-field of) a specimen which is held in an oppositely charge electrolyte. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the pipette in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the ion conductance as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. SICM scanning-ion conductance microscopy CHMO:0000128 scanning ion conductance microscopy CHMO:0000128 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a glass nano- or micro- pipette filled with electrolyte is positioned very close to (in the near-field of) a specimen which is held in an oppositely charge electrolyte. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the pipette in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the ion conductance as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is scanned over the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or the amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. SPAM scanning acoustic microscopy SAM CHMO:0000129 scanning probe acoustic microscopy CHMO:0000129 Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is scanned over the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or the amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-7244-2 SAM Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. NSAM SNAM near-field scanning acoustic microscopy CHMO:0000130 scanning near-field acoustic microscopy CHMO:0000130 Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00694423 Microscopy where an Wollaston wire probe is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant temperature between the probe and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. SThM scanning-thermal microscopy CHMO:0000131 scanning thermal microscopy CHMO:0000131 Microscopy where an Wollaston wire probe is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant temperature between the probe and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy which uses a sharp conducting probe (or 'tip') held very close (1 nm) to the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and specimen which causes a tunnelling current to flow. An image is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the tunnelling current as a function of position. FIX:0000112 STM scanning tunneling electron microscopy scanning tunnelling electron microscopy scanning-tunneling electron microscopy scanning-tunnelling microscopy CHMO:0000132 scanning tunnelling microscopy CHMO:0000132 Microscopy which uses a sharp conducting probe (or 'tip') held very close (1 nm) to the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and specimen which causes a tunnelling current to flow. An image is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the tunnelling current as a function of position. ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy where an excitation laser and a probe laser are focused onto a specimen forming a refractive index distribution which results in a concave excitation beam. The strength of this lens is proportional to the sample concentration and is detected by a change in transmittance in the probe beam. TLM thermal-lens microscopy CHMO:0000133 thermal lens microscopy CHMO:0000133 Microscopy where an excitation laser and a probe laser are focused onto a specimen forming a refractive index distribution which results in a concave excitation beam. The strength of this lens is proportional to the sample concentration and is detected by a change in transmittance in the probe beam. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac05196u Thermal lens microscopy where the excitation laser is an ultraviolet laser. UV-TLM ultra-violet thermal-lens microscopy ultraviolet thermal lens microscopy ultraviolet thermal-lens microscopy CHMO:0000134 ultra-violet thermal lens microscopy CHMO:0000134 Thermal lens microscopy where the excitation laser is an ultraviolet laser. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac05196u The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness. surface profilometry SP CHMO:0000135 profilometry CHMO:0000135 The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 SP A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. CHMO:0000136 contact profilometry CHMO:0000136 A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface. non-contact profilometry CHMO:0000137 optical profilometry CHMO:0000137 A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface. https://doi.org/10.1039/b807820c A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. Fourier transform profilometry FP FTP CHMO:0000138 Fourier profilometry CHMO:0000138 A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. ISBN:9051993080 FP FTP A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface. PP CHMO:0000139 phase profilometry CHMO:0000139 A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface. https://doi.org/10.1061/40604(273)28 PP Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space. CHMO:0000140 reciprocal-space method CHMO:0000140 Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. crystallography diffraction analysis CHMO:0000141 diffraction method CHMO:0000141 Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. FIX:0000004 FIX:0000217 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. ED electron crystallography electron diffraction analysis electron diffractometry CHMO:0000142 electron diffraction CHMO:0000142 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. FIX:0000009 ISBN:90190280031-0 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. BKD EBSD backscatter Kikuchi diffraction CHMO:0000143 electron backscatter diffraction CHMO:0000143 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. HEED high-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000144 high energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000144 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. Orange:17.3 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. SADP SAED THEED selected area electron diffraction selected-area electron diffraction transmission high-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000145 transmission high energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000145 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. Orange:17.3 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons. RHEED reflection high-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000146 reflection high energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000146 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06483 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. LEED CHMO:0000147 low energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000147 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. ISBN:90190280031-0 Orange:17.3 A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. CBLEED convergent beam low-energy electron diffraction convergent-beam low-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000148 convergent beam low energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000148 A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927604040346 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. ELEED elastic low-energy electron diffraction low-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000149 elastic low energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000149 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons. ILEED inelastic low-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000150 inelastic low energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000150 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. TLEED transmission low-energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000151 transmission low energy electron diffraction CHMO:0000151 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. PD PED PhD CHMO:0000152 photoelectron diffraction CHMO:0000152 A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. Orange:17.2.1.6 PD PhD A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. APD APED aziμthal-photoelectron diffraction CHMO:0000153 aziμthal photoelectron diffraction CHMO:0000153 A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. OrangeBook:17.2.1.6 A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90° from the surface are recorded. NPED normal-photoelectron diffraction NPD CHMO:0000154 normal photoelectron diffraction CHMO:0000154 A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90° from the surface are recorded. Orange:17.2.1.6 NPD A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. XPD XPED XPhD CHMO:0000155 X-ray photoelectron diffraction CHMO:0000155 A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. Orange:17.2.1.6 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. X-Ray crystallographic analysis X-ray analysis X-ray crystallography X-ray diffraction analysis X-ray diffractometry X-ray structure determination XRD CHMO:0000156 X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000156 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. FIX:0000007 ISBN:90190280031-0 A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated in microstructural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Kossel technique Kossel-technique MXRD micro X-ray diffraction micro XRD micro in situ XRD CHMO:0000157 in situ micro-X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000157 A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated in microstructural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Orange:17.3 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. PXD PXRD X-ray powder diffraction XRPD powder XRD CHMO:0000158 powder X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000158 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a single crystal sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Single crystal X-ray diffraction is used for protein crystallography. single crystal X-ray crystallography single-crystal X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000159 single crystal X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000159 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a single crystal sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Single crystal X-ray diffraction is used for protein crystallography. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample. CHMO:0000160 scattering method CHMO:0000160 Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05487 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. alpha scattering alpha-scattering CHMO:0000161 alpha-particle scattering CHMO:0000161 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. CHMO:0000162 atom scattering CHMO:0000162 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. OrangeBook:17.7.5 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons. CHMO:0000163 inelastic atom scattering CHMO:0000163 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. ESS electron scattering spectrometry electron scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000164 electron scattering CHMO:0000164 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. FIX:0000401 FIX:0000666 OrangeBook:17.2.2.1 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured. NESS nanowire electron scattering spectrometry nanowire electron scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000165 nanowire electron scattering CHMO:0000165 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. LS LSS LiSSP light scattering spectrometry light scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000166 light scattering CHMO:0000166 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. FIX:0000402 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03525 LS EXACT A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. DLS PCS QELS dynamic laser scattering dynamic light scattering dynamic light scattering spectrometry dynamic light scattering spectroscopy photocorrelation spectroscopy photon correlation spectrometry photon correlation spectroscopy quasi-elastic light scattering quasi-elastic light scattering spectrometry quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000167 dynamic light scattering CHMO:0000167 A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. ISBN:0471705160 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light. MALLS MALS multi angle light scattering multi-angle laser light scattering multi-angle light scattering spectrometry multi-angle light scattering spectroscopy multiangle light scattering multiple angle laser light scattering multiple angle laser light scattering spectrometry multiple angle laser light scattering spectroscopy multiple angle light scattering multiple angle light scattering spectroscopy multiple light scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000168 multi-angle light scattering CHMO:0000168 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. Rayleigh scattering method elastic light scattering laser Rayleigh scattering laser Rayleigh scattering spectrometry laser Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy laser-Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000169 Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000169 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. FIX:0000059 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72865-8 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer. interferometric Rayleigh scattering interferometric Rayleigh scattering method interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000170 interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000170 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser–-with frequency –-are scattered into photons of the second harmonic–-photons with frequency 2). HRLS SHLS hyper Rayleigh light scattering hyper Rayleigh scattering hyper Rayleigh scattering spectrometry hyper-Rayleigh light scattering hyper-Rayleigh scattering hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectrometry hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy second harmonic Rayleigh scattering HRS CHMO:0000171 hyper Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000171 A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser–-with frequency –-are scattered into photons of the second harmonic–-photons with frequency 2). ISBN:0849389097 HRS A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules. non-resonance Rayleigh scattering non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry non-resonant Rayleigh scattering off-resonance Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000172 non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000172 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. NRRLS NRRS near-Rayleigh resonance scattering near-Rayleigh resonant scattering near-resonance Rayleigh light scattering near-resonance Rayleigh scattering near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry near-resonant Rayleigh light scattering near-resonant Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000173 near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000173 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. RRLS RRS RRS detection RRSD resonance Rayleigh light scattering resonance Rayleigh scattering resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000174 resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000174 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. https://doi.org/10.1039/b101827m A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. time resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrometry time resolved resonance Rayleigh spectroscopy time resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectrometry time resolved resonant Rayleigh spectroscopy time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering time-resolved resonant Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000175 time-resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000175 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. FRLS FRS forced Rayleigh light scattering forced Rayleigh light scattering spectrometry forced Rayleigh light scattering spectroscopy forced Rayleigh scattering forced Rayleigh scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000176 forced Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000176 A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00694201 A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. S-FRS S-FRSM SFRS SFRSM Soret forced Rayleigh scattering method TDFRS TDFRS analysis TDFRS method thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering thermal-diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000177 thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000177 A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810860a A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. IR-TDFRS IR-TDFRS analysis IR-TDFRS method infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000178 infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering CHMO:0000178 A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810860a A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1–10°) to the incident light. LALLS LALLSS LALS LALSS SALS SALSS low angle laser light scattering low angle laser light scattering spectroscopy low angle light scattering low angle light scattering spectrometry low angle light scattering spectroscopy small angle light scattering CHMO:0000179 small-angle light scattering CHMO:0000179 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1–10°) to the incident light. FIX:0000254 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle. DLSS TILS classical light scattering differential light scattering differential light-scattering spectroscopy differential static light scattering integrated light scattering static light scattering static light scattering spectrometry static light scattering spectroscopy total intensity light scattering traditional light scattering SLS CHMO:0000180 static light scattering CHMO:0000180 A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2). FIX:0000400 neutron scattering spectrometry neutron scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000181 neutron scattering CHMO:0000181 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2). ISBN:0824719948 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. CHMO:0000182 coherent neutron scattering CHMO:0000182 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. elastic neutron scattering CHMO:0000183 elastic neutron scattering CHMO:0000183 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(\pi/2) = 0.005–0.2 inverse degrees). FIX:0000253 SANS low-Q neutron scattering small angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000184 small-angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000184 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(\pi/2) = 0.005–0.2 inverse degrees). ISBN:9056993003 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. GISANS CHMO:0000185 grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000185 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003–0.01 inverse degrees). USANS ultra-high resolution small-angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000186 ultra small angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000186 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003–0.01 inverse degrees). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q > 1 inverse degrees). WANS wide angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000187 wide angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000187 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q > 1 inverse degrees). FIX:0001130 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.180200207 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved. INS CHMO:0000188 incoherent neutron scattering CHMO:0000188 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved. https://doi.org/10.1039/b811090e INS A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. EINS CHMO:0000189 elastic incoherent neutron scattering CHMO:0000189 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons. QENS QINS quasi elastic neutron scattering quasi elastic neutron scattering spectrometry quasi elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectrometry quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000190 quasi-elastic neutron scattering CHMO:0000190 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons. ISBN:082475056X A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. IINS incoherent inelastic neutron scattering CHMO:0000191 inelastic incoherent neutron scattering CHMO:0000191 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. inelastic coherent neutron scattering inelastic neutron scattering spectrometry inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy INS CHMO:0000192 inelastic neutron scattering CHMO:0000192 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. Orange:17.7.5 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. neutron backscattering neutron backscattering spectrometry neutron backscattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000193 neutron backscattering CHMO:0000193 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. CHMO:0000194 neutron time-of-flight scattering CHMO:0000194 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. TAS triple-axis neutron scattering triple-axis neutron scattering spectrometry triple-axis neutron spectrometry triple-axis neutron spectroscopy CHMO:0000195 triple-axis neutron scattering CHMO:0000195 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). neutron spin echo spectrometry neutron spin echo spectroscopy neutron spin-echo spectrometry neutron spin-echo spectroscopy spin-echo neutrons scattering CHMO:0000196 spin-echo neutron scattering CHMO:0000196 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). SEANS non-magnetic SEANS non-magnetic spin-echo SANS non-magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering spin-echo SANS spin-echo small angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000197 spin-echo small angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000197 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889808026770 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). magnetic SEANS CHMO:0000198 magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000198 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). CHMO:0000199 spin-echo wide angle neutron scattering CHMO:0000199 A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. XRS XS CHMO:0000200 X-ray scattering CHMO:0000200 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. FIX:0000073 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample. IXS IXSS X-ray Raman spectrometry X-ray Raman spectroscopy XSS inelastic X-ray scattering inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy non-resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry non-resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering CHMO:0000201 inelastic X-ray scattering CHMO:0000201 A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. RIXES RIXS resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectrometry resonant inelastic X-ray emission spectroscopy resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometry resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000202 resonant inelastic X-ray scattering CHMO:0000202 A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectrometry angle-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy angular-resolved resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000203 angle-resolved resonant X-ray scattering CHMO:0000203 A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). SAXS small angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000204 small-angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000204 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). FIX:0000223 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. GISAXS GIXS grazing incidence X-ray scattering grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000205 grazing-incidence X-ray scattering CHMO:0000205 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005–0.005 inverse°). USAXS ultra small angle X-ray scattering ultra small-angle X-ray scattering ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000206 ultra-small angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000206 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005–0.005 inverse°). https://doi.org/10.1021/la9803171 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10°). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers. WAXS wide angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000207 wide-angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0000207 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10°). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers. FIX:0001128 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method for determining structure where the change in direction or intensity of reflected radiation or particles is detected. CHMO:0000208 reflection method CHMO:0000208 Any method for determining structure where the change in direction or intensity of reflected radiation or particles is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method for determining structure by directing a beam of particles or X-rays onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected radiation as a function of angle. reflectivity CHMO:0000209 reflectometry CHMO:0000209 Any method for determining structure by directing a beam of particles or X-rays onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected radiation as a function of angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. neutron reflection neutron reflectivity specular neutron reflectivity specular neutron reflectrometry CHMO:0000210 neutron reflectometry CHMO:0000210 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the reflected light as a function of angle. The reflected light has two polarised components, s (perpendicular) and p (parallel). The reflectivity of s-polarised light depends on the angle of incidence, but the reflectivity of p-polarised light vanishes at the Brewster angle. OR light laser reflectivity light laser reflectometry light reflectivity light reflectometry optical laser reflectivity optical reflectivity CHMO:0000211 optical reflectometry CHMO:0000211 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the reflected light as a function of angle. The reflected light has two polarised components, s (perpendicular) and p (parallel). The reflectivity of s-polarised light depends on the angle of incidence, but the reflectivity of p-polarised light vanishes at the Brewster angle. https://doi.org/10.1039/b716178f A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the light reflected at the Brewster angle. fixed angle reflectivity fixed-angle reflectivity fixed-angle reflectometry optical fixed angle reflectivity optical fixed angle reflectometry optical fixed-angle reflectivity optical fixed-angle reflectometry CHMO:0000212 fixed angle reflectometry CHMO:0000212 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the light reflected at the Brewster angle. ISBN:0824700007 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. OCDR OLCR optical coherence-domain reflectivity optical low-coherence domain reflectivity optical low-coherence domain reflectometry CHMO:0000213 optical coherence-domain reflectometry CHMO:0000213 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. ISBN:089603-574-3 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with light from a pulsed laser and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. The frequency of the laser pulse is proportional to the time delay between each of the signals returning. OFDR optical frequency domain reflectivity optical frequency domain reflectometry optical frequency-domain reflectivity CHMO:0000214 optical frequency-domain reflectometry CHMO:0000214 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with light from a pulsed laser and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. The frequency of the laser pulse is proportional to the time delay between each of the signals returning. ISBN:3540231048 A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. OTDR optical time domain reflectivity optical time domain reflectometry optical time-domain reflectivity optical time-domain reflectometry CHMO:0000215 optical time-domain reflectometry CHMO:0000215 A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. ISBN:0471820539 A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the polarisation state of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. PODTR polarisation OTDR polarisation optical time domain reflectivity polarisation optical time domain reflectometry polarisation optical time-domain reflectivity polarization OTDR polarization optical time domain reflectivity polarization optical time domain reflectometry polarization optical time-domain reflectivity CHMO:0000216 polarisation optical time-domain reflectometry CHMO:0000216 A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the polarisation state of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. ISBN:0471820539 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and monitoring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle during the adsorption of particles on the surface. SPAR stagnation point adsorption reflectivity CHMO:0000217 stagnation point adsorption reflectometry CHMO:0000217 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and monitoring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle during the adsorption of particles on the surface. https://doi.org/10.1039/b716178f A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of light reflected at different angles around the Brewster angle. scanning angle reflectivity scanning-angle reflectivity scanning-angle reflectometry CHMO:0000218 scanning angle reflectometry CHMO:0000218 A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of light reflected at different angles around the Brewster angle. ISBN:0824700007 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. X-ray reflectivity XRR CHMO:0000219 X-ray reflectometry CHMO:0000219 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta minus omega to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo diffuse reflection (and are emitted at angle theta plus omega from the surface). diffuse X-ray reflectance diffuse XRR off-specular X-ray reflectivity off-specular X-ray reflectometry off-specular XRR CHMO:0000220 diffuse X-ray reflectometry CHMO:0000220 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta minus omega to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo diffuse reflection (and are emitted at angle theta plus omega from the surface). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at a grazing angle) and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. RXR RXRR relative X-ray reflectivity CHMO:0000221 relative X-ray reflectometry CHMO:0000221 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at a grazing angle) and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063785007030121 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo specular reflection (and are emitted at angle theta from the surface). specular X-ray reflectivity specular XRR CHMO:0000222 specular X-ray reflectometry CHMO:0000222 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo specular reflection (and are emitted at angle theta from the surface). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light are measured. optical ellipsometry CHMO:0000223 ellipsometry CHMO:0000223 Any method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light are measured. ISBN:0412581604 A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a monochromatic light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light. CHMO:0000224 single-wavelength ellipsometry CHMO:0000224 A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a monochromatic light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous-wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. SE spectral ellipsometry CHMO:0000225 spectroscopic ellipsometry CHMO:0000225 A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous-wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous infrared wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. IRSE infra-red spectroscopic ellipsometry infrared ellipsometric spectroscopy CHMO:0000226 infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry CHMO:0000226 A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous infrared wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. FIX:0000662 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by illuminating an anisotropic sample with a continous infrared wavelength light source in a magnetic field and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. MOGE CHMO:0000227 magneto-optic generalised ellipsometry CHMO:0000227 A method for determining structure by illuminating an anisotropic sample with a continous infrared wavelength light source in a magnetic field and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The study of the interaction of a sample with radiation or particles for measurement or detection. spectrometry CHMO:0000228 spectroscopy CHMO:0000228 The study of the interaction of a sample with radiation or particles for measurement or detection. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05848 Spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. acoustic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000229 acoustic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000229 Spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. ISBN:3527605029 Spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. alpha spectroscopy alpha-particle spectrometry CHMO:0000230 alpha-particle spectroscopy CHMO:0000230 Spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CHMO:0000231 true Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. FIX:0000032 CHMO:0000232 electronic spectroscopy CHMO:0000232 Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Any spectroscopic technique which is based upon the ability of atoms to absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. In atomic spectroscopy the sample is vaporised and then atomised. FIX:0000054 atomic spectrometry CHMO:0000233 atomic spectroscopy CHMO:0000233 Any spectroscopic technique which is based upon the ability of atoms to absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. In atomic spectroscopy the sample is vaporised and then atomised. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. FIX:0000926 AAS atomic absorption spectrometry atomic-absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000234 atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000234 A type of atomic spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. ISBN:0-19-280031-0 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to atomise the sample before it absorbs ultra-violet or visible light atoms at characteristic wavelengths. GD-AAS GDAAS atomic absorption glow-discharge spectrometry glow discharge atomic absorption spectrometry glow discharge atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000235 atomic absorption glow-discharge spectroscopy CHMO:0000235 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to atomise the sample before it absorbs ultra-violet or visible light atoms at characteristic wavelengths. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964822 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. CV-AAS CVAAS cold vapor AAS cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy cold vapour AAS CHMO:0000236 cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000236 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. ET-AAS ETAAS electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000237 electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000237 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. ISSN:1430-4171 A method where a liquid sample is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, then vaporised and atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The sample is then analysed by illuminating it with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. CE-ETAAS capillary electrophoresis electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000238 capillary electrophoresis-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000238 A method where a liquid sample is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, then vaporised and atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The sample is then analysed by illuminating it with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. GF-AAS GFAAS graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000239 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000239 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. FIX:0000951 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is ground into a fine powder and suspensed in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3 to form a 'slurry'. The sample is then atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000240 slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000240 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is ground into a fine powder and suspensed in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3 to form a 'slurry'. The sample is then atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. ISBN:1566701554 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. SS-GF-AAS SS-GFAAS direct solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry direct solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry solid samples graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000241 solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000241 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small quartz tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. QT-AAS QTAAS quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000242 quartz tube atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000242 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small quartz tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://doi.org/JA9900500225 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100–2800 \degC. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. F-AAS FAAS flame atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000243 flame atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000243 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100–2800 \degC. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. FIX:0000929 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame. (TS-FF)-AAS TS-FF-AAS thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000244 thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000244 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(00)00183-X A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame furnace. FI-TS-FF-AAS flow injection thermospray flame furnace absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000245 flow injection thermospray flame furnace absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000245 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame furnace. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to transfer a sample to the spectrometer. FI-AAS FIAAS flow injection atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000246 flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000246 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to transfer a sample to the spectrometer. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a sample to an electrothermal atomiser where it is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. FI-ETAAS FIETAAS flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry flow injection electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry flow injection electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000247 flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000247 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a sample to an electrothermal atomiser where it is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a gas phase sample to flame where it is atomised. FI-FAAS FIFAAS flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000248 flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000248 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a gas phase sample to flame where it is atomised. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where metal samples such as As, Sb and Se are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. HG-AAS HGAAS hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000249 hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000249 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where metal samples such as As, Sb and Se are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry using a line source of radiation. LS-AAS LSAAS line source atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000250 line-source atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000250 A type of atomic absorption spectrometry using a line source of radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic spectroscopy where the atoms in the sample are excited and the emission of electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths is detected. FIX:0000927 AES OES atomic emission spectrometry atomic-emission spectrometry optical emission spectrometry optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000251 atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000251 A type of atomic spectroscopy where the atoms in the sample are excited and the emission of electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths is detected. ISBN:0-19-280031-0 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. ETAES electrothermal atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000252 electrothermal atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000252 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. GF-AES GF-OES GFAES GFOES graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry graphite furnace optical emission spectrometry graphite furnace optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000253 graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000253 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). FANES furnace atomic non thermal excitation spectrometry furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectroscopy furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectroscopy CHMO:0000254 furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectrometry CHMO:0000254 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). ISBN:0471974188 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited using an N2/oxide–acetylene flame. F-AES FAES flame atomic emission spectroscopy flame emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000255 flame atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000255 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited using an N2/oxide–acetylene flame. FIX:0000928 FIX:0000935 https://doi.org/10.1039/ja9870200573 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. GD-AES GD-OES glow discharge optical emission spectrometry glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000256 glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000256 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a laser pulse is used as the excitation source. LIP AES LIP-AES laser-induced atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000257 laser-induced atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000257 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a laser pulse is used as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. LIBS LIPS laser induced plasma spectrometry laser induced plasma spectroscopy laser-induced breakdown atomic emission spectrometry laser-induced breakdown atomic-emission spectrometry laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy laser-induced plasma spectrometry laser-induced plasma spectroscopy CHMO:0000258 laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy CHMO:0000258 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy femtosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. fs-LIBS CHMO:0000259 femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy CHMO:0000259 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy femtosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. A second laser pulse then illuminates the sample resulting in a reheating of the laser plasma produced by the first pulse, leading to signal enhancement. LISPS double-pulse LIBS double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectrometry double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy laser-induced shock wave spectrometry CHMO:0000260 laser-induced shock wave plasma spectroscopy CHMO:0000260 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. A second laser pulse then illuminates the sample resulting in a reheating of the laser plasma produced by the first pulse, leading to signal enhancement. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. micro LIBS CHMO:0000261 micro laser-induced breakdown atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000261 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy nanosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. nanosecond LIBS nanosecond laser induced breakdown spectrometry ns-LIBS CHMO:0000262 nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy CHMO:0000262 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy nanosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma is used as the excitation source. plasma AES CHMO:0000263 plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000263 Any type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma is used as the excitation source. ISSN:1430-4171 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. CCP AES CCP-AES capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000264 capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000264 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. DCP-AES DCPAES d.c. AES d.c. plasma atomic emission spectrometry d.c. plasma atomic emission spectroscopy direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000265 direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000265 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomise the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source. FAPES furnace atomisation plasma emission spectrometry furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry CHMO:0000266 furnace atomisation plasma emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000266 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomise the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source. ISBN:0471974188 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used as the excitation source. ICP AES ICP OES ICP-AES ICP-OES inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000267 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000267 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used as the excitation source. ISSN:1430-4171 Atomic emission spectrometry of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se that are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. HG-ICP-AES HG-ICP-OES hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000268 hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000268 Atomic emission spectrometry of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se that are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation. LA ICP AES LA ICP-AES laser ablation ICP AES laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000269 laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000269 Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser. LM-ICP-AES laser microprobe ICP-AES CHMO:0000270 laser microprobe inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000270 Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy where the sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography. LC-ICP-AES LC-ICP-OES liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000271 liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000271 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy where the sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Inductively-coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets using compressed air. nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000272 nebulisation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000272 Inductively-coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets using compressed air. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using high frequency vibrations) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. USN-ICP-AES USN-ICP-OES ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000273 ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000273 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using high frequency vibrations) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. SPE-ICP-AES CHMO:0000274 solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000274 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction, carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. FI-SPE-ICP-AES CHMO:0000275 flow injection solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000275 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction, carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where atoms are excited by energy transfer from metastable N2 species in a nitrogen plasma. MTES metastable transfer emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000276 metastable transfer emission spectrometry CHMO:0000276 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where atoms are excited by energy transfer from metastable N2 species in a nitrogen plasma. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00248a042 Atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by microwave bombardment is used as the excitation source. FIX:0000931 MIP AES MIP-AES microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000277 microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000277 Atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by microwave bombardment is used as the excitation source. ISSN:1430-4171 Atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited by an arc or spark between two electrodes. spark AES spark OES spark atomic emission spectroscopy spark optical emission spectrometry spark optical emission spectroscopy spark-AES spark-OES spark-atomic emission spectrometry spark-excitation atomic emission spectrometry spark-excitation atomic emission spectroscopy spark-optical emission spectrometry spark-optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000278 spark atomic emission spectrometry CHMO:0000278 Atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited by an arc or spark between two electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Atomic spectroscopy where an atom absorbs then spontaneously emits a photon. FIX:0000290 AFS atomic fluorescence spectrometry atomic-fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000279 atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000279 Atomic spectroscopy where an atom absorbs then spontaneously emits a photon. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. CV-AFS CVAFS cold vapor AFS cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy cold vapour AFS cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000280 cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000280 Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. ETAFS electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000281 electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000281 Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a flame. FAFS FFS flame atomic fluorescence spectrometry flame fluorescence spectrometry flame fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000282 flame atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000282 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a flame. FIX:0000930 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se which are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. HG-AFS HGAFS hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000283 hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000283 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se which are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a laser is used to excite the atoms in the sample. LEAF LEAFS laser-enhanced atomic fluorescence spectrometry laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000284 laser-enhanced atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000284 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a laser is used to excite the atoms in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma is used to excite the atoms in the sample. plasma AFS plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000285 plasma atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000285 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma is used to excite the atoms in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used to excite the atoms in the sample. ICP AFS inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000286 inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000286 A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used to excite the atoms in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. fluorescence emission spectroscopy fluorescence spectrometry fluorescence spectrophotometry fluorimetry fluorometry spectrofluorimetry spectrofluorometry CHMO:0000287 fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000287 Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. FIX:0000028 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. FCS fluroescence correlation spectrometry CHMO:0000288 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000288 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. FIX:0000352 https://doi.org/10.1039/b718132a Spectroscopy where spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at two distinct wavelengths and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. FCCS fluorescence cross-correlation spectrometry CHMO:0000289 fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000289 Spectroscopy where spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at two distinct wavelengths and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarised light and the polarization of the fluorescence is measured. FIX:0000128 FA fluorescence anisotropy measurement fluorescence polarisation spectroscopy fluorescence polarization spectroscopy CHMO:0000290 fluorescence anisotropy CHMO:0000290 A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarised light and the polarization of the fluorescence is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1–2.5 μm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. FIX:0000011 FIX:0000943 molecular absorption spectrophotometry molecular electronic absorption spectroscopy MAS CHMO:0000291 spectrophotometry CHMO:0000291 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1–2.5 μm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. ISBN:1566701783 MAS Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. FIX:0000016 UV spectrometry UV-VIS UV-VIS absorption spectrophotometry UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy UV-VIS spectrophotometry UV-VIS spectroscopy UV-Vis molecular absorption spectrometry UV-Vis molecular absorption spectroscopy UV-Vis spectroscopy UV-vis UV-vis absorption spectrometry UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry UV-vis absorption spectroscopy UV-vis spectrometry UV-vis spectrophotometry UV-vis spectroscopy UV-visible UV-visible spectroscopy UV/VIS UV/VIS absorption spectrophotometry UV/VIS spectrometry UV/VIS spectrophotometry UV/VIS spectroscopy UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometry UV/Vis spectrometry UV/Vis spectrophotometry UV/Vis spectroscopy UV/vis absorption spectrophotometry electronic absorption spectroscopy ultra-violet-visible absorption spectrophotometry ultra-violet-visible spectrometry ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy ultraviolet-visible ultraviolet-visible spectrometry ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy CHMO:0000292 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry CHMO:0000292 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the difference between incident and transmitted radiation is measured for a gaseous sample. DOAS differential optical absorbance spectrometry differential optical absorbance spectroscopy differential optical absorption spectrometry differential optical absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000293 differential optical absorption spectrophotometry CHMO:0000293 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the difference between incident and transmitted radiation is measured for a gaseous sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of radiation from the sample surface is detected. reflectance UV-VIS spectrometry reflectance UV-VIS spectroscopy reflectance UV/VIS spectrometry reflectance UV/VIS spectroscopy reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectrometry reflectance ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy reflectance ultra-violet–visible spectrophotometry reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy reflection UV-VIS spectrometry reflection UV-VIS spectroscopy reflection UV/VIS spectrometry reflection UV/VIS spectroscopy reflection ultra-violet-visible spectrometry reflection ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy reflection ultraviolet-visible spectrometry reflection ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy ultra-violet-visible reflectance spectrometry CHMO:0000294 reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry CHMO:0000294 Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of radiation from the sample surface is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 &#x3bc;m) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. CHMO:0000295 equimolar spectrophotometry CHMO:0000295 A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 &#x3bc;m) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60353a044 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region (0.1-200 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. VUV spectrometry VUV spectrophotometry VUV spectroscopy vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectrometry vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy vacuum ultra-violet spectrophotometry vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrometry vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry CHMO:0000296 vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry CHMO:0000296 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region (0.1-200 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. X-ray spectrometry CHMO:0000297 X-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000297 Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. FIX:0000019 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.X06718 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. X-ray absorption spectrometry XAS CHMO:0000298 X-ray absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000298 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. FIX:0000107 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry XAFS CHMO:0000299 X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000299 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. EXAFS EXAFS spectrometry EXAFS spectroscopy EXAFSS extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry CHMO:0000300 extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000300 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. FIX:0000106 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes). QEXAFS spectrometry QEXAFS spectroscopy QEXAFSS quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry quick-scanning EXAFS quick-scanning EXAFSS quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000301 quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000301 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes). https://doi.org/10.1107/S0909049508023327 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. REFLEXAFS REFLEXAFS spectrometry REFLEXAFS spectroscopy reflEXAFS reflEXAFSS reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry CHMO:0000302 reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000302 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. https://doi.org/10.1021/la025564q X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy. SEXAFS SEXAFS spectrometry SEXAFS spectroscopy SEXAFSS CHMO:0000303 surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000303 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy. FIX:0000686 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. TR-XAFS TR-XAFSS TRXAFS TRXAFSS total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry CHMO:0000304 total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000304 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. NEXAF spectroscopy NEXAFS NEXAFS spectrometry NEXAFSS X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrometry X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption near-edge structure XANES XANES spectrometry XANES spectroscopy near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry CHMO:0000305 near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000305 X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. FIX:0000025 FIX:0000376 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. X-ray micro-probe spectrometry X-ray microanalysis X-ray microprobe spectrometry X-ray microprobe spectroscopy XMPS CHMO:0000306 X-ray microprobe spectroscopy CHMO:0000306 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. X-ray emission spectrometry X-ray fluorescence spectrometry X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy XES XRES XRF XRF spectrometry XRF spectroscopy CHMO:0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000307 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. FIX:0000100 FIX:0000673 ISBN:90190280031-0 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. APXS alpha X-ray spectrometry alpha X-ray spectroscopy alpha-X-ray emission spectrometry alpha-X-ray emission spectroscopy alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry alpha-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy alpha-X-ray spectrometry alpha-X-ray spectroscopy alpha-particle X-ray emission spectrometry alpha-particle X-ray emission spectroscopy alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectrometry alpha-particle X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy alpha-particle X-ray spectrometry CHMO:0000308 alpha-particle X-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000308 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. FIX:0000104 FIX:0000677 EDAX EDCS EDS EDS analysis EDX EDX analysis EDXA EDXRF X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis energy dispersive X-ray analysis energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy energy distribution curve spectroscopy energy distribution spectroscopy energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis energy-dispersive spectrometry CHMO:0000309 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000309 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. OrangeBook:16.2 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured. NRIXS NRXES NXES non-resonant X-ray emission spectrometry CHMO:0000310 non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000310 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles. PIXE PIXES particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry CHMO:0000311 particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000311 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles. FIX:0000101 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles. PIXE microanalysis microbeam PIXE CHMO:0000312 microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000312 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 μm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionisation of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionised states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. FIX:0000105 FIX:0000674 EMPA EPMA EPXMA electron micro-probe analysis electron microprobe analysis electron probe microanalysis CHMO:0000313 electron probe X-ray microanalysis CHMO:0000313 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 μm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionisation of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionised states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal. WD-XRF WDS WDX WDXRF wavelength dispersive X-ray emission spectrometry wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000314 wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000314 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal. Orange:16.2 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. X-ray microemission X-ray microemission spectrometry X-ray microemission spectroscopy X-ray microfluorescence X-ray microfluorescence spectrometry X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy XRME XRME spectrometry XRME spectroscopy XRMF XRMF spectrometry XRMF spectroscopy CHMO:0000315 X-ray microemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000315 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. FIX:0000672 SXES VBXES soft X-ray emission spectrometry soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy valence band X-ray emission spectrometry valence band X-ray emission spectroscopy valence band X-ray fluorescence spectrometry valence band X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy valence to core X-ray emission spectrometry valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry valence to core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy valence to core XES valence to core XFS valence-to-core X-ray emission spectrometry valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectrometry valence-to-core X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy valence-to-core XES valence-to-core XFS CHMO:0000316 soft X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000316 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. OrangeBook:17.2.2.2 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. USX USX spectrometry USX spectroscopy USXES USXS ultra soft X-ray emission spectrometry ultra soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry ultra soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy ultra-soft X-ray emission spectrometry ultra-soft X-ray fluorescence spectrometry ultra-soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000317 ultra soft X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000317 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. 10.1051/jphyscol:19879119 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected. synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectrometry CHMO:0000318 synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000318 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. X-ray reflection spectrometry X-ray reflectivity spectrometry X-ray reflectivity spectroscopy CHMO:0000319 X-ray reflection spectroscopy CHMO:0000319 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured. TXRF total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry CHMO:0000320 total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000320 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. beta spectrometry beta spectroscopy beta-particle spectrometry CHMO:0000321 beta-particle spectroscopy CHMO:0000321 Spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. ISBN:0-19-280031-0 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected. CHMO:0000322 liquid scintillation counting CHMO:0000322 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected. ISBN:0-19-280102-3 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. CD spectrometry CD spectroscopy circular dichrosim spectrometry direct transmittance circular dichroism CHMO:0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0000323 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. FIX:0000043 ISBN:0-19-280031-0 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. FDCD FDCD spectrometry FDCD spectroscopy fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectrometry CHMO:0000324 fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0000324 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. https://doi.org/10.1039/b504421a Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. MCD MCD spectrometry MCD spectroscopy magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry CHMO:0000325 magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0000325 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. FIX:0000044 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry XMCD XMCD spectrometry XMCD spectroscopy CHMO:0000326 X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0000326 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. FIX:0001136 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised infrared radiation during a vibrational transition. VCD VCD spectrometry VCD spectroscopy vibrating circular dichroism spectrometry vibrational CD vibrational circular dichroism CHMO:0000327 vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0000327 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised infrared radiation during a vibrational transition. FIX:0000231 ISBN:0471330035 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. EPR EPR spectroscopy ESR ESR spectroscopy electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy electron spin resonance spectrometry CHMO:0000328 electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000328 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. FIX:0000023 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured as a function of the frequency of a periodic perturbation. FIX:0000033 c.w. EPR c.w. ESR continuous wave EPR continuous wave ESR continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy continuous wave electron spin resonance spectrometry continuous wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy cw-EPR cw-ESR CHMO:0000329 continuous-wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000329 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured as a function of the frequency of a periodic perturbation. ISBN:9780137217625 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. FIX:0000034 pulse EPR pulse ESR pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy pulse electron spin resonance spectrometry pulsed EPR pulsed ESR pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000330 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. ES electron spectrometry CHMO:0000331 electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000331 Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. FIX:0000064 OrangeBook:17.2 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. APS appearance potential spectrometry CHMO:0000332 appearance potential spectroscopy CHMO:0000332 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. OrangeBook:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. AEAPS Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry EAAPS IEMM electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectrometry electron-excited Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy incident energy modulation method spectrometry incident energy modulation method spectroscopy CHMO:0000333 Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy CHMO:0000333 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. OrangeBook:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. DAPS disappearance potential spectrometry CHMO:0000334 disappearance potential spectroscopy CHMO:0000334 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. Orange:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. EAPFS EAPFSS electron appearance potential fine structure spectrometry electron appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy extended appearance potential fine structure analysis extended appearance potential fine structure spectrometry extended appearance potential fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000335 electron appearance potential fine structure analysis CHMO:0000335 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. Orange:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target. TCS target current spectrometry target current spectroscopy total current spectrometry CHMO:0000336 total current spectroscopy CHMO:0000336 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target. Orange:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. EEXAPS EXAPS SXAPS X-ray appearance potential spectrometry XAPS electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectrometry electron-excited X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy soft X-ray appearance potential spectrometry soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy CHMO:0000337 X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy CHMO:0000337 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. Orange:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectrometry XEAPS CHMO:0000338 X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectroscopy CHMO:0000338 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. Orange:17.2.3 Spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionises a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. AEES Auger electron emission spectroscopy Auger electron spectrometry Auger spectrometry Auger spectroscopy AES CHMO:0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000339 Spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionises a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. ISBN:0-471-96523-5 AES Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle. ADAS ARAES angle-resolved Auger electron spectrometry angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy angular dependent Auger spectrometry CHMO:0000340 angular dependent Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000340 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of energy. RAES resonance AES resonance Auger electron spectrometry resonance Auger electron spectroscopy resonance Auger spectrometry resonance Auger spectroscopy resonant AES resonant Auger electron spectrometry resonant Auger spectrometry resonant Auger spectroscopy CHMO:0000341 resonant Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000341 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of energy. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.243001 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of emission angle. angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectrometry angle-resolved resonance Auger electron spectroscopy angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000342 angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000342 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. Only the Auger electrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. APYS Auger electron partial yield spectrometry CHMO:0000343 Auger electron partial yield spectroscopy CHMO:0000343 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. Only the Auger electrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where electron bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electron and the energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. EAES EEAES EIAES electron-excited Auger electron spectrometry electron-induced Auger electron spectrometry electron-induced Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000344 electron-excited Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000344 Spectroscopy where electron bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electron and the energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. Orange:17.2.4 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of electrons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. Auger electron microanalysis EMAS electron microprobe Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000345 electron microprobe Auger spectroscopy CHMO:0000345 Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of electrons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident ion energy. IAES IEAES IIAES ion neutralisation spectrometry ion neutralisation spectroscopy ion neutralization spectrometry ion neutralization spectroscopy ion-electron spectroscopy ion-excited Auger spectrometry ion-induced Auger electron spectrometry ion-induced Auger electron spectroscopy ionelectron spectroscopy INS CHMO:0000346 ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000346 Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident ion energy. Orange:17.2.4 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with He+ ions results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident He+ ion energy. HAES He+-excited Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000347 He+-excited Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000347 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with He+ ions results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident He+ ion energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with protons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident proton energy. PAES proton-induced Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000348 proton-induced Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000348 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with protons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident proton energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. AIRES angle-resolved ion-electron spectrometry angle-resolved ion-electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000349 angle-resolved ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000349 Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a high-energy photon beam is scanned over the surface of a sample resulting in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy. SAES scanning Auger electron spectrometry scanning Auger spectrometry scanning Auger spectroscopy CHMO:0000350 scanning Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000350 Spectroscopy where a high-energy photon beam is scanned over the surface of a sample resulting in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. SPAES spin-polarized Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000351 spin-polarised Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000351 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. OrangeBook:17.2.4 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. SPARPES spin-polarized angle-resolved Auger electron spectrometry CHMO:0000352 spin-polarised angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000352 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where X-ray bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident X-ray energy. X-ray excited Auger electron spectrometry X-ray induced Auger electron spectrometry X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy XAES XEAES XIAES CHMO:0000353 X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000353 Spectroscopy where X-ray bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident X-ray energy. Orange:17.2.4 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with a continuous X-ray source (X-rays generated when electrons, or other high energy charged particles such as protons or alpha-particles, lose energy whilst passing through the Coulomb field of a nucleus) results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected. CX-AES CXAES bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectrometry bremsstrahlung Auger electron spectroscopy bremsstrahlung Auger spectrometry bremsstrahlung Auger spectroscopy continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectrometry continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectrometry continuous X-ray-induced Auger spectroscopy CHMO:0000354 continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000354 Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with a continuous X-ray source (X-rays generated when electrons, or other high energy charged particles such as protons or alpha-particles, lose energy whilst passing through the Coulomb field of a nucleus) results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected. ISBN:0824706005 Spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionisation, are detected as a function of energy. ECS electron coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000355 electron coincidence spectroscopy CHMO:0000355 Spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionisation, are detected as a function of energy. Orange:17.2.5 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. AEPECS APECS Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectrometry Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy Auger-photoelectron electron coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000356 Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy CHMO:0000356 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. E2E electron-electron coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000357 electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy CHMO:0000357 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. ARE2E angle-resolved E2E angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000358 angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy CHMO:0000358 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. EEICO electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000359 electron-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy CHMO:0000359 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. AREEICO angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000360 angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectroscopy CHMO:0000360 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. EICO electron-ion coincidence spectrometry CHMO:0000361 electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy CHMO:0000361 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy. MQES metastable-quenched electron spectrometry CHMO:0000362 metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000362 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy. Orange:17.2.6 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by resonant ionisation) and an Auger electron. RIS resonance-ionisation spectrometry resonance-ionization spectrometry resonance-ionization spectroscopy CHMO:0000363 resonance-ionisation spectroscopy CHMO:0000363 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by resonant ionisation) and an Auger electron. Orange:17.2.6 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionisation) and an Auger electron. SPIES surface Penning-ionisation electron spectrometry surface Penning-ionization electron spectrometry surface Penning-ionization electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000364 surface Penning-ionisation electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000364 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionisation) and an Auger electron. Orange:17.2.6 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy. PIPECO photoion photoelectron coincidence spectrometry photoion photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectrometry photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectrometry photoionphotoelectron coincidence spectroscopy CHMO:0000365 photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy CHMO:0000365 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy. https://doi.org/a909621c Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50–200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005–100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. EELS IESS REELS electron energy loss spectrometry electron impact spectroscopy inelastic electron scattering spectrometry inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy reflection electron energy loss spectrometry reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy EIS ELS CHMO:0000366 electron energy loss spectroscopy CHMO:0000366 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50–200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005–100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. FIX:0000663 FIX:0000664 ISBN:0-19-280031-0 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05236 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. CELS characteristic energy loss spectrometry characteristic energy loss spectroscopy characteristic energy-loss spectrometry CHMO:0000367 characteristic energy-loss spectroscopy CHMO:0000367 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. ISBN:0387258000 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. EELFS ELFS spectrometry ELFS spectroscopy EXEELFS EXELFS spectrometry EXELFS spectroscopy extended electron energy loss fine structure spectrometry extended energy loss fine structure spectrometry extended energy loss fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000368 extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000368 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. FIX:0000668 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. EXFAS SEELFS extended fine Auger structures CHMO:0000369 surface extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000369 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02–1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. HEELS HR-EELS HREELS HRELS VELS high resolution energy loss spectrometry high resolution energy loss spectroscopy high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy vibrational ELS vibrational energy loss spectroscopy CHMO:0000370 high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy CHMO:0000370 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02–1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. FIX:0000646 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02826 Spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionisation is measured. CLS core level characteristic loss spectroscopy core-level characteristic loss spectroscopy ionisation loss spectrometry ionisation loss spectroscopy ionisation spectrometry ionization loss spectrometry ionization loss spectroscopy ionization spectrometry ionization spectroscopy ILS IS CHMO:0000371 ionisation spectroscopy CHMO:0000371 Spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionisation is measured. FIX:0000670 OrangeBook:17.2.2.1 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. LEELS low energy electron energy loss spectrometry low-energy electron energy loss spectrometry low-energy electron energy loss spectroscopy CHMO:0000372 low-energy electron loss spectroscopy CHMO:0000372 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. CHMO:0002296 ETS TEELS electron transmission spectrometry electron transmission spectroscopy CHMO:0000373 transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy CHMO:0000373 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06480 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured. VEELS vibrational electron energy loss spectrometry CHMO:0000374 vibrational electron energy loss spectroscopy CHMO:0000374 Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. FEED spectrometry FEED spectroscopy FES field emission electron spectroscopy field emission energy distribution spectrometry field emission energy distribution spectroscopy FEEDS CHMO:0000375 field-emission electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000375 Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. Orange:17.2.7 Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. FEESP field emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy field-emitted electron spin-polarization spectrometry CHMO:0000376 field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy CHMO:0000376 Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected. IPES IPS inverse photoelectron spectrometry inverse photoemission spectrometry inverse photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000377 inverse photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000377 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected. FIX:0000687 OrangeBook:17.2.2.2 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. BIS bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry bremsstrahlung spectrometry bremsstrahlung spectroscopy CHMO:0000378 bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy CHMO:0000378 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. Orange:17.2.2.2 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. CHMO:0000379 angle-resolved bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy CHMO:0000379 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.29.3015 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum. FIX:0000688 BS momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectrometry CHMO:0000380 momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectroscopy CHMO:0000380 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum. OrangeBook:17.2.2.2 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region. UVBIS ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry ultra-violet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy ultra-violet bremsstrahlung spectrometry ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrometry ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectrometry ultraviolet bremsstrahlung spectroscopy CHMO:0000381 ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy CHMO:0000381 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. X-ray bremsstrahlung spectrometry XBIS CHMO:0000382 X-ray bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy CHMO:0000382 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation). KRIPES KRIPS k-resolved IPE spectrometry k-resolved IPE spectroscopy k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectrometry k-resolved inverse photoemission spectrometry k-resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000383 k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000383 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarisation which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. SPIPES spin-polarized inverse photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000384 spin-polarised inverse photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000384 Spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarisation which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. Orange:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. MDS metastable de-excitation spectrometry metastable deexcitation spectrometry metastable deexcitation spectroscopy CHMO:0000385 metastable de-excitation spectroscopy CHMO:0000385 Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. SP-MDS SPMDS spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectrometry spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectrometry spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy CHMO:0000386 spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy CHMO:0000386 Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionisation energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. PES photo emission spectrometry photo emission spectroscopy photoelectron emission spectroscopy photoelectron spectrometry photoemission spectrometry photoemission spectroscopy PS CHMO:0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000387 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionisation energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. FIX:0000040 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04609 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. ARP ARPES ARPS angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometry angle-resolved photoemission spectrometry angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000388 angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000388 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. FIX:0000665 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. DSPES depth-selective photoelectron spectrometry depth-selective photoemission spectrometry gamma-ray photoelectron spectrometry gamma-ray photoelectron spectroscopy gamma-ray photoemission spectrometry gamma-ray photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000389 depth-selective photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000389 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. FIX:0000675 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. PEFS PEFS spectrometry PEFS spectroscopy PEFSS CHMO:0000390 photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000390 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. ARPEFS ARPEFSS ARPES spectrometry ARPES spectroscopy angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectrometry angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectrometry angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000391 angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy CHMO:0000391 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. PEMS PESM photoelectron micro-spectrometry photoelectron micro-spectroscopy photoelectron microspectrometry CHMO:0000392 photoelectron microspectroscopy CHMO:0000392 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.581237 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) extreme ultraviolet (10–121 nm) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. EUV photoelectron micro-spectroscopy EUV photoelectron microspectroscopy extreme ultra-violet photoelectron microspectroscopy CHMO:0000393 extreme ultraviolet photoelectron microspectroscopy CHMO:0000393 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) extreme ultraviolet (10–121 nm) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. ISBN:1-55752-706-7 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. SRPES SRPS synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000394 synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000394 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. FIX:0000676 OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000395 angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000395 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. Orange:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. CFSS constant final state spectroscopy constant-final-state spectrometry CHMO:0000396 constant-final-state spectroscopy CHMO:0000396 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. FIX:0000681 OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. CISS constant initial state spectroscopy constant-initial-state spectrometry CHMO:0000397 constant-initial-state spectroscopy CHMO:0000397 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. Orange:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. PEYS photoelectron yield spectrometry total yield spectroscopy CHMO:0000398 photoelectron yield spectroscopy CHMO:0000398 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. FIX:0000678 OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected. PYS partial photoyield spectroscopy partial yield spectrometry partial yield spectroscopy CHMO:0000399 partial-yield spectroscopy CHMO:0000399 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected. FIX:0000679 OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule. REPS resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000400 resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000400 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule. FIX:0000685 OrangeBook:17.2.1.4 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. UPES UPS UVPES UVPS ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000401 ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000401 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. FIX:0000042 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.U06583 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. UVAIUPES UVAIUPS UVARUPES UVARUPS angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry angle-integrated ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy angle-integrated ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry angle-integrated ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry angle-integrated ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry angle-resolved ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry angle-resolved ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectrometry angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000402 angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000402 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. FIX:0000683 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10–20 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. VUVPES VUVPS vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectrometry vacuum ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy vacuum ultra-violet photoemission spectrometry vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy vacuum ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy CHMO:0000403 vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000403 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10–20 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. FIX:0000041 ESCA PESIS X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron scattering (XPS) spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron scattering spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectrometry X-ray photoemission spectroscopy XPES XPS electron spectrometry for chemical analysis electron spectrometry for chemical applications electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis electron spectroscopy for chemical applications photoelectron spectroscopy of the inner shell CHMO:0000404 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000404 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.X06716 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. ARXPS angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000405 angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000405 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. FIX:0000684 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. HR-XPS HRXPS high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy high resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry high resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometry high-resolution X-ray photoemission spectrometry CHMO:0000406 high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000406 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. SXPS soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry CHMO:0000407 soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000407 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. Orange:17.2.1.2 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. HR-SXPS HRSXPS high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry high resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectrometry high-resolution soft X-ray photoemission spectrometry CHMO:0000408 high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000408 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0909049502009214 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. valence-shell photoionisation spectrometry valence-shell photoionization spectrometry CHMO:0000409 valence-shell photoionisation spectroscopy CHMO:0000409 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionisation energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy. ZEKE spectrometry zero kinetic energy electron spectrometry CHMO:0000410 zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000410 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionisation energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy. ISBN:0-19-855785-X Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. SES CHMO:0000411 secondary electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000411 Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. ARSES angle-resolved secondary electron spectrometry angular resolved secondary electron spectrometry angular resolved secondary electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000412 angle-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000412 Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. polarised secondary electron spectrometry polarized secondary electron spectrometry polarized secondary electron spectroscopy spin-polarised secondary electron spectrometry spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy spin-polarized secondary electron spectrometry spin-polarized secondary electron spectroscopy spin-resolved secondary electron spectrometry spin-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000413 spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy CHMO:0000413 Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(83)90701-X Spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. FIX:0000049 gamma ray spectrometry gamma spectrometry gamma spectroscopy gamma-ray emission spectroscopy gamma-ray spectrometry gamma-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000414 gamma-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0000414 Spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions. PIGE PIGE spectrometry PIGE spectroscopy particle induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectrometry particle-induced prompt-photon spectrometry particle-induced prompt-photon spectroscopy CHMO:0000415 particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000415 A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. gamma-ray scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000416 gamma-ray scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000416 Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. FIX:0000050 Moessbauer spectroscopy Mossbauer spectroscopy Mössbauer spectroscopy Mößbauer spectroscopy recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0000417 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of conversion electrons, the energy distribution of which is measured. DC EMS DCEMS DS EMS DS MS DSEMS DSMS depth-selective Mossbauer spectrometry depth-selective Moßbauer spectrometry depth-selective Moßbauer spectroscopy depth-selective Mössbauer spectrometry depth-selective Mößbauer spectrometry depth-selective Mößbauer spectroscopy depth-selective conversion electron Mossbauer spectrometry depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectrometry depth-selective conversion electron Moßbauer spectroscopy depth-selective conversion electron Mössbauer spectrometry depth-selective conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy depth-selective conversion electron Mößbauer spectrometry depth-selective conversion electron Mößbauer spectroscopy depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectrometry depth-selective electron Mossbauer spectroscopy depth-selective electron Moßbauer spectrometry depth-selective electron Moßbauer spectroscopy depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectrometry depth-selective electron Mössbauer spectroscopy depth-selective electron Mößbauer spectrometry depth-selective electron Mößbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0000418 depth-selective Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0000418 Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of conversion electrons, the energy distribution of which is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured. nuclear spectrometry CHMO:0000419 nuclear spectroscopy CHMO:0000419 A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra. NAA CHMO:0000420 nuclear activation analysis CHMO:0000420 A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency. dielectric spectroscopy impedance spectrometry IS CHMO:0000421 impedance spectroscopy CHMO:0000421 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. AC-IS AC-impedance spectrometry AC-impedance spectroscopy ACIS Ac-impedance spectrometry Ac-impedance spectroscopy ac-impedance spectroscopy CHMO:0000422 alternating current impedance spectroscopy CHMO:0000422 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. electrical impedance spectrometry electrical-impedance spectrometry electrical-impedance spectroscopy electrochemical impedance spectroscopy electrochemical-induced impedance spectrometry EIS CHMO:0000423 electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy CHMO:0000423 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured. impedance laser spectroscopy laser induced impedance spectrometry laser induced impedance spectroscopy laser-induced impedance spectrometry CHMO:0000424 laser-induced impedance spectroscopy CHMO:0000424 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected. ion spectrometry CHMO:0000425 ion spectroscopy CHMO:0000425 Spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. IBS ion-beam spectrometry CHMO:0000426 ion-beam spectroscopy CHMO:0000426 Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. DRS direct recoil spectroscopy CHMO:0000427 direct recoil spectroscopy CHMO:0000427 Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. ion micro-probe spectrometry ion microprobe spectrometry ion microprobe spectroscopy CHMO:0000428 ion microprobe spectroscopy CHMO:0000428 Spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. LeRIBS low-energy radioactive ion beam spectrometry low-energy radioactive ion beam spectroscopy low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectrometry CHMO:0000429 low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectroscopy CHMO:0000429 Spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. ion mobility spectrometry ion-mobility spectrometry IMS CHMO:0000430 ion mobility spectroscopy CHMO:0000430 Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. ISBN:0849322472 IMS Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. A radio frequency voltage forces the ions to oscillate between two electrodes causing some ions to be transmitted while others collide with the walls of the electrodes. FAIMS high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy DMS CHMO:0000431 differential mobility spectroscopy CHMO:0000431 Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. A radio frequency voltage forces the ions to oscillate between two electrodes causing some ions to be transmitted while others collide with the walls of the electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. The ions are gated into a region of constant electric field strength and the ions with highest mobility arrive at the detector first. DTIMS drift tube ion mobility spectrometry CHMO:0000432 drift tube ion mobility spectroscopy CHMO:0000432 Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. The ions are gated into a region of constant electric field strength and the ions with highest mobility arrive at the detector first. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100–1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected. ISS ion scattering spectrometry ion scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000433 ion scattering CHMO:0000433 A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100–1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected. ISBN:3527296344 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500–1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. HE IS HE ISS HE-IS HE-ISS HEIS HEISS RBS Rutherford backscattering spectrometry Rutherford scattering spectrometry Rutherford scattering spectroscopy backscattering spectroscopy heavy ion scattering spectrometry heavy ion scattering spectroscopy heavy-ion scattering spectrometry heavy-ion scattering spectroscopy high-energy ion scattering spectrometry high-energy ion scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000434 Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000434 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500–1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. ISBN:3527296344 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. laser spectrometry CHMO:0000435 laser spectroscopy CHMO:0000435 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured. LAS laser absorbance spectrometry laser absorbance spectroscopy laser absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000436 laser absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000436 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. DLAS direct laser absorption spectrometry direct laser absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000437 direct laser absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000437 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. CHMO:0000438 collinear laser spectroscopy CHMO:0000438 Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. CLABS collinear fast atom beam spectrometry collinear fast atom beam spectroscopy CHMO:0000439 collinear fast atom-beam spectroscopy CHMO:0000439 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02394872 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. CLIBS collinear laser beam spectrometry collinear laser beam spectroscopy collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy collinear laser ion-beam spectrometry collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy CHMO:0000440 collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy CHMO:0000440 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. CFIBLS collinear fast ion beam laser spectrometry CHMO:0000441 collinear fast ion-beam laser spectroscopy CHMO:0000441 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. TDLAS tunable diode laser absorbance spectrometry tunable diode laser absorbance spectroscopy tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000442 tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000442 A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational–rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured. Stark spectroscopy laser Stark spectrometry laser Stark spectroscopy laser electric resonance spectrometry CHMO:0000443 laser electric resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000443 A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational–rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured. FIX:0000074 ISBN:0-471-96523-5 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. FMS frequency modulation spectrometry CHMO:0000444 frequency modulation spectroscopy CHMO:0000444 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. ILAS CHMO:0000445 indirect laser absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000445 Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. ICAS ICL spectrometry ICL spectroscopy ICLAS ICLS intra cavity laser absorption spectroscopy intra-cavity laser absorption spectrometry intra-cavity laser spectrometry intra-cavity laser spectroscopy intracavity laser absorption spectrometry intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy intracavity laser spectroscopy intracavity spectrometry ILS CHMO:0000446 intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000446 Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. CEAS cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000447 cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000447 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. https://doi.org/10.1039/b811793d A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode. OF-CEAS optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000448 optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000448 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode. https://doi.org/10.1039/b811793d A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. SC-CEAS super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000449 super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000449 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. CRDS CRLAS cavity ring-down laser absorption spectrometry cavity ringdown spectroscopy cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy cavity ring-down spectrometry cavity ringdown spectrometry CHMO:0000450 cavity ring-down spectroscopy CHMO:0000450 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. COMAS CHMO:0000451 concentration modulated absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000451 Spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. laser dissociation spectrometry laser photo-fragmentation spectrometry laser photo-fragmentation spectroscopy laser photodissociation spectrometry laser photodissociation spectroscopy laser photofragmentation spectrometry laser photofragmentation spectroscopy laser-induced fragmentation spectrometry laser-induced fragmentation spectroscopy CHMO:0000452 laser dissociation spectroscopy CHMO:0000452 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(97)00994-9 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. CHMO:0000453 multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy CHMO:0000453 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. REMPD spectrometry REMPD spectroscopy resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectrometry CHMO:0000454 resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy CHMO:0000454 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. RID spectrometry RID spectroscopy resonance ion dissociation spectrometry CHMO:0000455 resonance ion dissociation spectroscopy CHMO:0000455 Spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured. LIF spectrometry LIF spectroscopy laser induced fluorescence spectrometry laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000456 laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000456 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured. TLS thermal lens spectrometry CHMO:0000457 thermal lens spectroscopy CHMO:0000457 Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac05196u Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured. visible TLS visible-TLS CHMO:0000458 visible thermal lens spectroscopy CHMO:0000458 Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac05196u Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured. UV TLS UV-TLS ultra-violet thermal lens spectrometry ultra-violet thermal lens spectroscopy ultraviolet thermal lens spectrometry ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy CHMO:0000459 ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy CHMO:0000459 Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac05196u Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. laser emission spectrometry LES CHMO:0000460 laser emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000460 Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. LAMES laser micro emission spectrometry CHMO:0000461 laser micro emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000461 Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03473 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. laser ionisation spectrometry laser ionization spectrometry LIS CHMO:0000462 laser ionisation spectroscopy CHMO:0000462 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. reonance enhanced ionization spectrometry resonance enhanced ionisation spectrometry resonance enhanced ionisation spectroscopy resonance enhanced ionization spectrometry resonance enhanced ionization spectroscopy resonance ionisation spectrometry resonance ionization spectrometry resonance ionization spectroscopy RIS CHMO:0000463 resonance ionisation spectroscopy CHMO:0000463 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionisation of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. LEI spectrometry LEI spectroscopy LEIS laser enhanced ionisation mass spectrometry laser enhanced ionisation spectroscopy laser enhanced ionization mass spectrometry laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy laser-enhanced ionisation spectrometry laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry r resonance-enhanced laser ionisation spectroscopy r resonance-enhanced laser ionization spectroscopy resonance-enhanced ionisation spectrometry resonance-enhanced ionization spectrometry CHMO:0000464 laser-enhanced ionisation spectroscopy CHMO:0000464 Spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionisation of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. https://doi.org/ja9870200573 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. laser multiphoton ionisation spectrometry laser multiphoton ionization spectrometry CHMO:0000465 laser multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy CHMO:0000465 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. REMPI REMPI spectrometry REMPI spectroscopy resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectrometry resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrometry resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy CHMO:0000466 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy CHMO:0000466 Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. https://doi.org/10.1039/b814133a Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. laser micro-probe spectrometry laser microanalysis laser microprobe spectrometry laser microprobe spectroscopy CHMO:0000467 laser microprobe spectroscopy CHMO:0000467 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. resonance enhanced laser microanalysis resonance-enchanced laser micro-probe spectrometry resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectrometry resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy CHMO:0000468 resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy CHMO:0000468 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge. optogalvanic spectrometry CHMO:0000469 optogalvanic spectroscopy CHMO:0000469 Spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectrometry where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. MS mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000470 mass spectrometry CHMO:0000470 Spectrometry where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0000047 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03746 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies. AMS accelerator MS accelerator mass spectrometry accelerator mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000471 acceleration mass spectrometry CHMO:0000471 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies. FIX:0000707 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. CI-MS LCPIMS LP-CI-MS LPCI-MS chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy chemical ionization mass spectrometry chemical ionization mass spectroscopy low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry low pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy low pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry low pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000472 chemical ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000472 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. FIX:0000088 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01026 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation with electrons from a radioactive beta-source or a corona discharge. APCI MS APCI-MS atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000473 atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000473 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation with electrons from a radioactive beta-source or a corona discharge. FIX:0000866 ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is dissolved in a volatile solvent and dropped onto a heated filament before being ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. DCI MS DCI-MS desorption chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy desorption chemical ionization mass spectroscopy direct chemical ionisation mass spectrometry direct chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy direct chemical ionization mass spectrometry direct chemical ionization mass spectroscopy in-beam ionisation mass spectrometry in-beam ionisation mass spectroscopy in-beam ionization mass spectrometry in-beam ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000474 desorption chemical ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000474 Mass spectrometry where the sample is dissolved in a volatile solvent and dropped onto a heated filament before being ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous anions at low pressure. negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry negative ion chemical ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000475 negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000475 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous anions at low pressure. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous cations at low pressure. positive ion chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy positive ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry positive ion chemical ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000476 positive ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000476 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous cations at low pressure. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and selected ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules resulting in fragmentation. MS-CAD MS-CID collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry collision induced dissociation mass spectroscopy collisionally activated dissociation mass spectrometry collisionally-activated dissociation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000477 collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000477 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and selected ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules resulting in fragmentation. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less). ECNI electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry resonant electron capture negative ionisation mass spectroscopy resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry resonant electron capture negative ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000478 electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000478 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less). ISBN:9780470516348 CHMO:0000479 true Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. CHMO:0000479 FIX:0000089 EI-MS electron impact mass spectrometry electron ionisation mass spectroscopy electron ionization mass spectrometry electron ionization mass spectroscopy electron impact ionisation mass spectrometry electron-impact ionisation mass spectrosopy electron-impact ionization mass spectrosopy CHMO:0000480 electron ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000480 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. ISBN:9780534981445 Mass spectrometry where the sample is atomised using an electrothermal (resistively-heated) furnace and then ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. furnace atomization electron ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000481 furnace atomisation electron ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000481 Mass spectrometry where the sample is atomised using an electrothermal (resistively-heated) furnace and then ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. USPat:5316955 Spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrospray ionization. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0000079 ES-MS ESI MS ESI-MS ESI-mass spectrometry ESIMS ESMS MS (EI) electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy electrospray ionization mass spectrometry electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy electrospray mass spectrometry CHMO:0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000482 Spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrospray ionization. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. ISBN:9780470516348 Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1). CSI-MS cold-spray ionisation mass spectroscopy cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry cold-spray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000483 cold-spray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000483 Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. DESI MS DESI-MS DESIMS desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000484 desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000484 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the exact mass is determined as opposed to the nominal mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR ESI-MS HR-ESI-MS HRESIMS high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000485 high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000485 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the exact mass is determined as opposed to the nominal mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing an aqueous solution of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. FIX:0000862 ISI-MS ISI/MS ISMS ion spray ionisation mass spectrometry ion spray ionization mass spectrometry ionspray MS ionspray mass spectroscopy pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy turbo ion-spray mass spectrometry turbo ion-spray mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000486 ionspray mass spectrometry CHMO:0000486 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing an aqueous solution of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. micro-ESI-MS microESI-MS microelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy microelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000487 microelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000487 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. ISBN:0824740823 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. nano-ESI-MS nano-electrospray mass spectrometry nanoESI-MS nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000488 nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000488 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. ISBN:0824740823 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. HPLC-nano-HPLC HPLC-nanoESI high performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy high performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000489 high-performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000489 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. ISBN:0824740823 Mass spectrometry where the sample ionised by spraying it with a very fine mist of charged droplets which was produced by forcing a solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. SESI secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy secondary electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000490 secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000490 Mass spectrometry where the sample ionised by spraying it with a very fine mist of charged droplets which was produced by forcing a solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. FIX:0000913 FI-MS FI/MS FIMS field ionisation mass spectroscopy field ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000491 field ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000491 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02360 Mass spectrometry where the sample is deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field. FD mass spectrometry FD-MS FDMS field desorption mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000492 field desorption mass spectrometry CHMO:0000492 Mass spectrometry where the sample is deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field. FIX:0000087 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02357 Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field. Py-FDMS PyFDMS py-FDMS pyFDMS pyrolysis field desorption mass spectroscopy pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectrometry pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000493 pyrolysis field desorption mass spectrometry CHMO:0000493 Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the 'exact' mass is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR-FIMS HRFIMS high resolution field ionisation mass spectroscopy high resolution field ionization mass spectrometry high resolution field ionization mass spectroscopy high-resolution field ionisation mass spectrometry high-resolution field ionisation mass spectroscopy high-resolution field ionization mass spectrometry high-resolution field ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000494 high resolution field ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000494 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the 'exact' mass is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. Py-FIMS PyFIMS py-FIMS pyFIMS pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectrometry pyrolysis-field ionisation mass spectroscopy pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000495 pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000495 Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. The ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios as a function of temperature during pyrolysis. temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry temperature programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy temperature resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry temperature resolved pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry temperature-programmed pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectroscopy temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000496 temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000496 Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. The ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios as a function of temperature during pyrolysis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0000921 GC MS GC-MS GC/MS GCMS gas chromatography mass spectrometry gas chromatography mass spectroscopy gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy gas chromatography/mass spectrometry CHMO:0000497 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000497 Any method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR-MS HRMS high resolution mass spectroscopy high-resolution mass spectrometry CHMO:0000498 high-resolution mass spectrometry CHMO:0000498 Mass spectrometry where the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://doi.org/10.1039/b815384c Spectrometry where the ionic species associated with the peaks in an ion mobility spectrum are identified by a mass spectrometer. IMS MS IMS-MS IMS/MS IMSMS ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry ion mobility spectroscopy mass spectroscopy ion mobility spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000499 ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000499 Spectrometry where the ionic species associated with the peaks in an ion mobility spectrum are identified by a mass spectrometer. https://doi.org/10.1039/b815384c Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. IT MS IT-MS ITMS ion trap MS ion trap mass spectroscopy ion-trap mass spectrometry ion-trap mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000500 ion trap mass spectrometry CHMO:0000500 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. FIX:0000917 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). ICR MS ICR mass spectrometry ICR mass spectroscopy ICR-MS ICRMS ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000501 ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry CHMO:0000501 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field) and subjecting it to a Fourier transform. FT ICR MS FT-ICR MS FT-ICR mass spectrometry FT-ICR mass spectroscopy FT-ICR-MS FT-ICRMS FT/ICR mass spectrometry FT/ICR mass spectroscopy FTICRMS FTMS Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy Fourier transform mass spectrometry Fourier transform mass spectroscopy ICR-FT-MS in-beam Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance ion cyclotron resonance Fourier transform mass spectrometry CHMO:0000502 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry CHMO:0000502 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field) and subjecting it to a Fourier transform. FIX:0000083 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02492 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR FT/ICR MS HR-FT-ICR MS HR-FT-ICR-MS HR-FT-ICRMS HR-FTICRMS high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000503 high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry CHMO:0000503 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. QMS quadrapole mass spectrometry quadrupolar mass spectrometry quadrupolar mass spectroscopy quadrupole MS quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry quadrupole ion trap mass spectroscopy quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry quadrupole ion-trap mass spectroscopy quadrupole mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000504 quadrupole mass spectrometry CHMO:0000504 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. FIX:0000094 FIX:0000095 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(90)85042-Z Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes. 3D Q-MS 3D QMS 3D quadrupole MS 3D-Q-MS 3D-QMS three-dimensional quadrupole mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000505 three-dimensional quadrupole mass spectrometry CHMO:0000505 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. IR MS IR-MS IRMS isotope ratio mass spectroscopy isotope-ratio mass spectrometry isotopic ratios mass spectrometry isotopic ratios mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000506 isotope ratio mass spectrometry CHMO:0000506 Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is first subject to elemental analysis (dropped onto a heated reactor which contains an oxidant–-such as copper and chromium oxide–-and combusted at 900 C to produce N2, NOx, H2O and CO2 which are reduced in a stream of helium) before the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. EA-IR-MS EA-IRMS elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometry elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectroscopy elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000507 elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry CHMO:0000507 Mass spectrometry where the sample is first subject to elemental analysis (dropped onto a heated reactor which contains an oxidant–-such as copper and chromium oxide–-and combusted at 900 C to produce N2, NOx, H2O and CO2 which are reduced in a stream of helium) before the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808232d A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance of isotopes. GC IRMS GC-IR-MS GC-IRMS gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000508 gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry CHMO:0000508 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance of isotopes. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808232d A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before it is ionised and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. LC IR MS LC-IR-MS LC-IRMS liquid chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry liquid chromatography isotope ratio mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000509 liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry CHMO:0000509 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before it is ionised and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808232d Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). ID-MS IDMS isotope dilution mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000510 isotope dilution mass spectrometry CHMO:0000510 Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). https://doi.org/10.1039/b614612k Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is then determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). ID-ICP-MS ID-ICPMS isotope dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000511 isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000511 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is then determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). HPLC-ID-ICP-MS HPLC-ID-ICPMS high performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000512 high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000512 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratios of the ions in the sample are then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). ID-ICP-Q-MS ID-ICP-QMS isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000513 isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry CHMO:0000513 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratios of the ions in the sample are then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of non-radioactive isotopes in a sample is determined. S-IRMS SIRMS stable isotope ratio mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000514 stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry CHMO:0000514 Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of non-radioactive isotopes in a sample is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. FIX:0000080 LDI MS LDI mass spectrometry LDI-MS LDIMS LDMS LIMA LIMS laser desorption mass spectrometry laser desorption mass spectroscopy laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy laser ionisation MS laser ionisation mass analysis laser ionisation mass spectrometry laser ionisation mass spectroscopy laser ionization MS laser ionization mass analysis laser ionization mass spectrometry laser ionization mass spectroscopy laser-ionisation mass analysis laser-ionization mass analysis CHMO:0000515 laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000515 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a finely focused (<10 um diameter) high-energy pulsed laser. LAMMA LAMMS LMMS laser micro mass spectrometry laser micro-probe mass analysis laser micro-probe mass spectrometry laser microprobe mass spectrometry laser microprobe mass spectroscopy laser-assisted mass microanalysis CHMO:0000516 laser microprobe mass spectrometry CHMO:0000516 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a finely focused (<10 um diameter) high-energy pulsed laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry using negative ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation. negative ion laser desorption mass spectroscopy negative ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry negative ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy negative ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry negative ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000517 negative ion laser desorption mass spectrometry CHMO:0000517 Mass spectrometry using negative ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry using positive ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation. positive ion laser desorption mass spectroscopy positive ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry positive ion laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy positive ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry positive ion laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000518 positive ion laser desorption mass spectrometry CHMO:0000518 Mass spectrometry using positive ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. FIX:0000001 MALDI MS MALDI-MS MALDIMS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000519 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000519 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. FIX:0000920 MADI-TOF MS MALDI-TOF MS MALDI-TOF-MS MALDI-TOF/MS matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000520 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000520 Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol-gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. SGALDI MS SGALDI-MS sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000521 sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000521 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol-gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. SALDI MS SELDI MS SELDI-MS surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry surface-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000522 surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000522 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. The sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. LC-MALDI-MS liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000523 liquid chromatography-matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000523 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. The sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812533c A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0000924 LC MS LC-MS LC/MS LCMS iquid chromatography/mass spectrometry liquid chromatography mass spectrometry CHMO:0000524 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000524 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. FIX:0000906 PI-MS PI/MS PIMS photoionisation mass spectroscopy photoionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000525 photoionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000525 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. FIX:0000907 APPI MS APPI-MS APPIMS atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectroscopy atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000526 atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000526 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation. MPI-MS MPIMS multi photon ionisation mass spectroscopy multi photon ionization mass spectroscopy multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry multiphoton ionisation mass spectroscopy multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry multiphoton ionization mass spectroscopy μPI-MS CHMO:0000527 multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000527 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.198804473 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. REMPI MS resonance-enhanced mass spectrometry CHMO:0000528 resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000528 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation. RIMS resonance ionisation mass spectroscopy resonance ionization mass spectrometry resonance ionization mass spectroscopy resonance-ionization mass spectrometry resonance-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000529 resonance ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000529 Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved using a pneumatic nebuliser which turns the sample solution into a supersonic spray of small droplets. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. SSI-MS SSI/MS SSIMS sonic spray ionisation mass spectrometry sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry sonic spray mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000530 sonic spray mass spectrometry CHMO:0000530 Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved using a pneumatic nebuliser which turns the sample solution into a supersonic spray of small droplets. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a pressurised solution of the sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. TMS TSP MS TSP-MS thermospray mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000531 thermospray mass spectrometry CHMO:0000531 Mass spectrometry where a pressurised solution of the sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved by loading the sample onto a heated filament. TIMS suface ionisation mass spetroscopy suface ionization mass spetroscopy surface ionisation mass spectrometry surface ionization mass spectrometry surface ionization mass spectroscopy thermal ionisation mass spectroscopy thermal ionization mass spectroscopy thermal-ionization mass spectrometry thermal-ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000532 thermal ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000532 Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved by loading the sample onto a heated filament. FIX:0000912 ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Mass spectrometry where a liquid sample passes through a desolvation chamber producing a beam of microscopic solid particles. PB MS PB-MS particle beam mass spectroscopy particle-beam mass spectrometry particle-beam mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000533 particle beam mass spectrometry CHMO:0000533 Mass spectrometry where a liquid sample passes through a desolvation chamber producing a beam of microscopic solid particles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas, such as Ar, containing free electrons). plasma source mass spectroscopy PS-MS CHMO:0000534 plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000534 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas, such as Ar, containing free electrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. CCP MS capacitively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000535 capacitively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000535 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by superimposing a static magnetic field and a high-frequency electromagnetic field at the electron cyclotron resonance frequency (the frequency at which an electron precesses in a magnetic field). ECR-MS ECR/MS electron cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000536 electron cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry CHMO:0000536 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by superimposing a static magnetic field and a high-frequency electromagnetic field at the electron cyclotron resonance frequency (the frequency at which an electron precesses in a magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes under reduced pressure. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. GD-MS GD/MS glow discharge ionisation mass spectrometry glow discharge ionisation mass spectroscopy glow discharge ionization mass spectrometry glow discharge ionization mass spectroscopy glow-discharge mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000537 glow-discharge mass spectrometry CHMO:0000537 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes under reduced pressure. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by electromagnetic induction. FIX:0000863 ICP-MS ICPMS inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000538 Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Plasma mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated (to >1000 deg C) by passing a current through it. FIX:0000864 ETV-ICP-MS ETV-ICPMS electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000539 electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000539 Plasma mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated (to >1000 deg C) by passing a current through it. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 ETV-ICP-MS where the solid sample is prepared by grinding into a fine powder and suspension in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3. slurry electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy slurry electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry slurry electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy slurry sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry slurry sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000540 slurry electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000540 ETV-ICP-MS where the solid sample is prepared by grinding into a fine powder and suspension in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3. ISBN:1566701554 Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is ground to a fine powder and suspended in a diluent (such as 0.1% HNO3) before being vaporised by a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. SN-ETV-ICP-MS SN-ETV-ICPMS slurry nebulisation electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy slurry nebulization electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry slurry nebulization electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000541 slurry nebulisation electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000541 Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is ground to a fine powder and suspended in a diluent (such as 0.1% HNO3) before being vaporised by a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. SS-ETV-ICP-MS SS-ETV-ICPMS direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry direct solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solid sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry solid-sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry solid-sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000542 solid sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000542 Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. HPLC ICP MS HPLC-ICP-MS HPLC-ICPMS HPLC/ICP-MS high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography-ICPMS high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high pressure liquid chromatography inductively coupled mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000543 high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000543 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813118j A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. HPLC-FD-ICP-MS high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000544 high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000544 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. HPLC-PDA-ICP-MS high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000545 high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000545 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is then determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR-ICP-MS HR-ICPMS high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000546 high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000546 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is then determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The beam of ions is then directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. ICP-SF-MS inductively coupled plasma field sector mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000547 inductively coupled plasma field sector mass spectrometry CHMO:0000547 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The beam of ions is then directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes. ICP-three dimensional-Q-MS ICP-three dimensional-QMS inductively coupled plasma three dimensional quadrupole mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000548 inductively coupled plasma three dimensional quadrupole mass spectrometry CHMO:0000548 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. ICP-TOF-MS ICP-TOFMS ICP-ToF-MS inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectroscopy inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000549 inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000549 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. LA ICP-MS LA-ICP-MS LA-ICPMS laser ablation ICP-MS laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy laser ablation-ICPMS CHMO:0000550 laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000550 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. LA-ICP-TOF-MS LA-ICP-ToF-MS laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectroscopy laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000551 laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000551 Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. LC-ICP-MS LC-ICPMS LC/ICP-MS liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000552 liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000552 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0000865 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. A series of collectors ised used to detect several ion beams simultaneously. MC-ICP-MS MC-ICPMS multi collector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000553 multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000553 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. A series of collectors ised used to detect several ion beams simultaneously. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808232d A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. CHMO:0000755 SEC-ICP-MS SEC-ICPMS SEC/ICPMS size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled mass spectrometry size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled mass spectroscopy size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000554 size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000554 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion and high-performance liquid chromatographies before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000555 size-exclusion chromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000555 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion and high-performance liquid chromatographies before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. solution ICP-MS solution ICPMS solution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solution-ICP-MS CHMO:0000556 solution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000556 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. SN-ICP-MS solution nebulisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy solution nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry solution nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000557 solution nebulisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000557 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by microwave radiation. MIP MS MIP-MS MIPMS microwave induced plasma mass spectrometry microwave induced plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000558 microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000558 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by microwave radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by bombarding the sample (mounted on a thin foil) with a highly energietic fission fragment from 252Cf. PD-MS PD/MS plasma desorption ionisation mass spectrometry plasma desorption ionization mass spectrometry plasma desorption mass spectroscopy PDMS CHMO:0000559 plasma desorption mass spectrometry CHMO:0000559 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by bombarding the sample (mounted on a thin foil) with a highly energietic fission fragment from 252Cf. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 PDMS Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. SIMS secondary ion mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000560 secondary ion mass spectrometry CHMO:0000560 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. FIX:0000122 OrangeBook:17.3 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The secondary ions ejected from the sample are then detected. DSIMS dynamic mass spectrometry dynamic mass spectroscopy dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy sputtered mass spectrometry sputtered mass spectroscopy DMS CHMO:0000561 dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry CHMO:0000561 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The secondary ions ejected from the sample are then detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The neutral atoms ejected from the sample are ionised and detected. SNMS dynamic neutral atom mass spectrometry dynamic neutral atom mass spectroscopy dynamic neutral particle mass spectrometry dynamic neutral particle mass spectroscopy secondary neutral atom mass spectrometry secondary neutral atom mass spectroscopy secondary neutral particle mass spectrometry secondary neutral particle mass spectroscopy sputtered neutral atom mass spectroscopy sputtered neutral particle mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000562 sputtered neutral atom mass spectrometry CHMO:0000562 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The neutral atoms ejected from the sample are ionised and detected. ISBN:3527296344 Mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. FIX:0000086 FAB-MS FABMS LSI-MS LSIMS MS (FAB) fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy fast-atom bombardment mass spectroscopy liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry liquid secondary ion mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000563 fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry CHMO:0000563 Mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02328 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary elemental ions (usually H+, D+ or He+) ejected from the sample are detected. MSRI mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions CHMO:0000564 mass spectrometry of recoiled ions CHMO:0000564 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary elemental ions (usually H+, D+ or He+) ejected from the sample are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected by accelerating them to the same (known) kinetic energy and measuring the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. TOF-SIMS ToF-SIMS time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000565 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry CHMO:0000565 Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected by accelerating them to the same (known) kinetic energy and measuring the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. FIX:0000959 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a surface is bombarded with sample ions and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. SEEM-MS SEEM/MS secondary electron emission mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000566 secondary electron emission mass spectrometry CHMO:0000566 Mass spectrometry where a surface is bombarded with sample ions and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(89)83028-9 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 15N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 15N NMR 15N NMR spectrometry 15N NMR spectroscopy 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 15N-NMR CHMO:0000567 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000567 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 15N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:36934 FIX:0000136 rsc:pr Mass spectrometry where the sample ions are directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. SF-MS SFMS magnetic sector mass spectrometry sector field mass spectroscopy sector-field mass spectrometry sector-field mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000568 sector field mass spectrometry CHMO:0000568 Mass spectrometry where the sample ions are directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. FIX:0000093 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and ions such as H3O+, NO+ and O2+. SIFT-MS selected ion flow tube mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000569 selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry CHMO:0000569 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and ions such as H3O+, NO+ and O2+. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and H3O+ ions. PTR-MS PTR/MS PTRMS proton transfer reaction mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000570 proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry CHMO:0000570 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and H3O+ ions. FIX:0000919 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the intensities of one or more specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. selected ion monitoring selected-ion monitoring selective-ion monitoring SIM CHMO:0000571 selective ion monitoring CHMO:0000571 Mass spectrometry where the intensities of one or more specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.SO5547 SIM Mass spectrometry where the intensity of a specific ion beam is recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. single ion monitoring CHMO:0000572 single-ion monitoring CHMO:0000572 Mass spectrometry where the intensity of a specific ion beam is recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the intensities of multiple specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. multiple ion monitoring CHMO:0000573 multiple-ion monitoring CHMO:0000573 Mass spectrometry where the intensities of multiple specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a vacuum spark discharge, which is generated by a pulsed high (25–100 kV) potential difference between two electrodes. SSMS spark ionisation mass spectrometry spark ionization mass spectrometry spark source mass spectroscopy spark-source mass spectrometry spark-source mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000574 spark source mass spectrometry CHMO:0000574 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a vacuum spark discharge, which is generated by a pulsed high (25–100 kV) potential difference between two electrodes. FIX:0000903 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00488596 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. MS-MS MS/MS MS2 double mass spectrometry tandem MS tandem mass spectroscopy tandem-MS CHMO:0000575 tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0000575 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. FIX:0000084 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, where the sample ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules (resulting in fragmentation) between each mass-selection stage. CAD-MS/MS CAD-MS2 CID-MS-MS CID-MS/MS CID-MS2 collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectroscopy collision-induced dissociation-tandem mass spectrometry collision-induced dissociation-tandem mass spectroscopy collisionally activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0000576 collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0000576 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, where the sample ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules (resulting in fragmentation) between each mass-selection stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. Sample ionisation is achieved by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. ESI-MS/MS ESI-MS2 electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000577 electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0000577 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. Sample ionisation is achieved by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. HPLC ESI MS-MS HPLC ESI MS/MS HPLC-ESI-MS-MS HPLC-ESI-MS/MS HPLC-ESI-MS2 high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000578 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0000578 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813118j Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. The mass-to-charge ratios of the sample ions are measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. TQ-MS TQMS tandem quadrupole mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000579 tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry CHMO:0000579 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. The mass-to-charge ratios of the sample ions are measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. TOF-MS TOFMS ToF-MS time-of-flight mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000580 time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000580 Mass spectrometry where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. FIX:0000082 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06382 Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis. microspectrometry CHMO:0000581 microspectroscopy CHMO:0000581 Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. MSP CHMO:0000582 microspectrophotometry CHMO:0000582 Spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CHMO:0000583 true CHMO:0000584 true Spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. FIX:0000031 CHMO:0000585 rotational spectroscopy CHMO:0000585 Spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm). FIX:0000018 microwave spectrometry CHMO:0000586 microwave spectroscopy CHMO:0000586 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm). ISBN:048661798X Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. FT-MW spectrometry FT-MW spectroscopy FTMW spectrometry FTMW spectroscopy Fourier transform microwave spectrometry CHMO:0000587 Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy CHMO:0000587 Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. MB-FTMW spectrometry MB-FTMW spectroscopy molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometry CHMO:0000588 molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy CHMO:0000588 Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810940k Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is vaporised by laser ablation before being irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. LA-MB-FTMW spectrometry LA-MB-FTMW spectroscopy laser ablation molecular beam FT microwave spectroscopy laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave (LA-MB-FTMW) spectroscopy laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometry CHMO:0000589 laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy CHMO:0000589 Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is vaporised by laser ablation before being irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810940k Spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics. inelastic neutron scattering neutron absorption spectrometry neutron absorption spectroscopy neutron spectrometry slow neutron spectrometry slow neutron spectroscopy CHMO:0000590 neutron spectroscopy CHMO:0000590 Spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. FIX:0000022 NMR NMR spectrometry NMR spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry CHMO:0000591 NMR in practice usually refers to pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, CHMO:0000613 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000591 Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. 1-D NMR 1D NMR 1D NMR spectrometry 1D NMR spectroscopy 1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000592 one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000592 Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. FIX:0000055 https://doi.org/10.1039/b808986h Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0000134 1H NMR 1H NMR spectroscopy 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 1H-NMR 1H-NMR spectrometry 1H-NMR spectroscopy proton NMR proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000593 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000593 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 11B nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 11B NMR 11B NMR spectrometry 11B NMR spectroscopy 11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 11B-NMR CHMO:0000594 11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000594 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 11B nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52451 FIX:0001106 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0000135 13C NMR 13C NMR spectroscopy 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 13C-NMR spectrometry 13C-NMR spectroscopy C-NMR carbon NMR CHMO:0000595 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000595 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetisation to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. DEPT DEPT NMR distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer distortionless enhancement with polarisation transfer distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer CHMO:0000596 distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer CHMO:0000596 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetisation to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. FIX:0000459 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 19F nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0000137 19F NMR 19F NMR spectrometry 19F NMR spectroscopy 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 19F-NMR CHMO:0000597 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000597 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 19F nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting nuclei. 2-D NMR 2D NMR 2D NMR spectrometry 2D NMR spectroscopy 2D nuclear magnetic resonance 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry two-dimensional NMR two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000598 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000598 An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting nuclei. FIX:0000056 rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). COSY correlated spectrometry correlated spectroscopy correlation spectrometry CHMO:0000599 correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000599 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). FIX:0000543 rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and heteronuclei. FIX:0001025 2D heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy HETCOR HETCORR HETCOSY HETEROCOR hetCOSY heteronuclear COSY two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000600 heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000600 A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and heteronuclei. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. FIX:0000180 HMBC HMBC NMR CHMO:0000601 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence CHMO:0000601 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where pulsed-field gradients are used and a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. GHMBC gHMBC gradient heteronuclear multiple bond coherence gradient-selected HMBC CHMO:0000602 gradient-selected heteronuclear multiple bond coherence CHMO:0000602 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where pulsed-field gradients are used and a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HMQC the magnetisation of both nuclei is allowed to evolve over time. FIX:0000149 HMQC HMQC NMR CHMO:0000603 heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence CHMO:0000603 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HMQC the magnetisation of both nuclei is allowed to evolve over time. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HSQC only the magnetisation of one nucleus is allowed to evolve over time. FIX:0000148 HSQC CHMO:0000604 heteronuclear single quantum coherence CHMO:0000604 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HSQC only the magnetisation of one nucleus is allowed to evolve over time. rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. FIX:0000133 FIX:0000556 HOHAHA spectrometry HOHAHA spectroscopy TOCSY homonuclear Hartmann Hahn spectroscopy homonuclear Hartmann,Hahn spectroscopy homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy total correlated spectroscopy total correlation spectrometry CHMO:0000605 total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000605 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. rsc:pr A type of homonuclear proton–proton NMR spectroscopy where chemical shift and J-coupling information are separated onto different frequency axes. 2D J-resolved spectroscopy 2D J-spectroscopy 2DJ spectroscopy J-RES J-resolved NMR J-resolved NMR spectrometry J-resolved NMR spectroscopy J-resolved spectrometry J-resolved spectroscopy J-resolved spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy J-spectrometry JRES JRES NMR two-dimensional J-spectroscopy CHMO:0000606 J-spectroscopy CHMO:0000606 A type of homonuclear proton–proton NMR spectroscopy where chemical shift and J-coupling information are separated onto different frequency axes. rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). FIX:0000143 2D EXSY 2D exchange spectroscopy EXSY NOE experiments NOESY NOESY NMR NOEsy exchange spectrometry exchange spectroscopy nOesy nuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry CHMO:0000607 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0000607 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). FIX:0001085 HOESY HOESY NMR heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry CHMO:0000608 heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0000608 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy incorporating a water flip-back sequence, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). fb-NOESY fb-NOESY NMR fb-nOesy flip-back nuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry flip-back nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy flip-back nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry CHMO:0000609 flip-back nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0000609 A type of heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy incorporating a water flip-back sequence, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). Spin-locking is employed to ensure that correlation between spins, which are close in space but have zero NOE, are seen. This technique is used for molecules whose tumbling regime lies at the border of positive and negative NOE responses. FIX:0000150 CAMELPSIN ROESY ROESY NMR cross-relaxation appropriate for minimolecules eμlated by locked spins rOesy rotating frame Overhauser effect spectrometry rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectrometry rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy rotational Overhauser effect spectroscopy CHMO:0000610 rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy CHMO:0000610 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). Spin-locking is employed to ensure that correlation between spins, which are close in space but have zero NOE, are seen. This technique is used for molecules whose tumbling regime lies at the border of positive and negative NOE responses. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). In this technique, the saturation of a particular proton resonance (signal) perturbs the intensities of signals from spatially proximate nuclei. steady state NOESY steady state nOesy steady-state NOESY steady-state nOesy steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrometry CHMO:0000611 steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0000611 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). In this technique, the saturation of a particular proton resonance (signal) perturbs the intensities of signals from spatially proximate nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetisation arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. INEPT INEPT NMR insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer CHMO:0000612 insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer CHMO:0000612 A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetisation arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. FIX:0000458 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. NMR NMR spectrometry NMR spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry CHMO:0000613 this is what is usually meant nowadays by NMR. pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000613 Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a solid sample, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0000649 SS-NMR SSNMR solid state NMR solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry solid-state NMR CHMO:0000614 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000614 Spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a solid sample, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample and involving magic angle spinning. FIX:0000471 MAS NMR MAS NMR spectroscopy MAS-NMR SS-MAS NMR magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry magic-angle spinning solid-state magic-angle-spinning NMR ss-MAS-NMR CHMO:0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000615 NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample and involving magic angle spinning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).The combination of multiple-pulse NMR experiments and magic angle spinning. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CRAMPS combined rotation and multiple pulse spectrometry CHMO:0000616 combined rotation and multiple pulse spectroscopy CHMO:0000616 A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).The combination of multiple-pulse NMR experiments and magic angle spinning. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. ISBN:0824783328 Magic angle spinning spectroscopy where cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. FIX:0001002 CP-MAS CP-MAS NMR CP/MAS CP/MAS NMR CPMAS CPMAS NMR cross polarisation magic angle spinning cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy cross polarization magic angle spinning cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy cross-polarization magic angle spinning cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000617 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning CHMO:0000617 Magic angle spinning spectroscopy where cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. ISBN:0-19-855567-9 Magic angle spinning spectroscopy using a high resolution magnetic susceptibility matching probe. HR MAS HR-MAS HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy HR/MAS HRMAS HRMAS NMR spectroscopy high resolution magic-angle spinning CHMO:0000618 high-resolution magic angle spinning CHMO:0000618 Magic angle spinning spectroscopy using a high resolution magnetic susceptibility matching probe. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. FIX:0000700 LIOAS laser-induced optoacoustic spectrometry laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy optoacoustic spectrometry optoacoustic spectroscopy photoacoustic spectrometry pulsed laser OAS pulsed laser PAS pulsed laser optoacoustic spectrometry pulsed laser optoacoustic spectroscopy pulsed laser photoacoustic spectrometry pulsed laser photoacoustic spectroscopy OAS PAS CHMO:0000619 photoacoustic spectroscopy CHMO:0000619 Spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 OAS PAS Spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. FIX:0000661 IR OAS IR PAS IR optoacoustic spectrometry IR optoacoustic spectroscopy IR photoacoustic spectrometry IR photoacoustic spectroscopy IR-OAS IR-PAS IROAS IRPAS infra-red optoacoustic spectrometry infra-red photoacoustic spectrometry infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy infrared optoacoustic spectrometry infrared optoacoustic spectroscopy infrared photoacoustic spectrometry infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy CHMO:0000620 infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy CHMO:0000620 Spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy where the spectrum is then subject to a Fourier transform. FT-IR OAS FT-IR PAS FT-IR optoacoustic spectrometry FT-IR optoacoustic spectroscopy FT-IR photoacoustic spectrometry FT-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy FT/IR OAS FT/IR PAS FTIR OAS FTIR PAS FTIR-OAS FTIR-PAS FTIROAS FTIRPAS Fourier transform infra-red photoacoustic spectroscopy CHMO:0000621 Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy CHMO:0000621 Infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy where the spectrum is then subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in heating and the subsequent change in temperature, pressure or density is measured. photothermal spectrometry CHMO:0000622 photothermal spectroscopy CHMO:0000622 Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in heating and the subsequent change in temperature, pressure or density is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to measure the I-V characteristics of the sample. STS scanning tunneling spectrometry scanning tunneling spectroscopy scanning tunnelling spectrometry CHMO:0000623 scanning tunnelling spectroscopy CHMO:0000623 Spectroscopy where a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to measure the I-V characteristics of the sample. https://doi.org/10.1039/b811090e Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. The light source is incident on the noble metal surface through a prism, at a range of angles that are above the critical angle where total internal reflection occurs. At a certain angle excitation of the surface plasmons occurs, leading to a miniμm in the reflected light. The resonance angle shifts whenever the optical density of the sample in contact with the noble metal undergoes a change, and thus it allows detection of the adsorption or desorption of molecules. FIX:0000393 SPR SPR spectrometry SPR spectroscopy SPRS surface plasmon resonance surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy surface plasmon resonance spectrometry CHMO:0000624 surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000624 Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. The light source is incident on the noble metal surface through a prism, at a range of angles that are above the critical angle where total internal reflection occurs. At a certain angle excitation of the surface plasmons occurs, leading to a miniμm in the reflected light. The resonance angle shifts whenever the optical density of the sample in contact with the noble metal undergoes a change, and thus it allows detection of the adsorption or desorption of molecules. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00156e Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons on a surface, which is the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment, by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. EC SPRS EC-SPR EC SPR EC-SPR spectrometry EC-SPR spectroscopy EC-SPRS ECSPR ECSPRS CHMO:0000625 electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000625 Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons on a surface, which is the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment, by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp065525d Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured, during which the reflectivity of the sample is measured at a fixed angle or wavelength. SPRI SPRi CHMO:0000626 surface plasmon resonance imaging CHMO:0000626 Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured, during which the reflectivity of the sample is measured at a fixed angle or wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the terahertz range (1 millimetre to 100 micrometres). Thz-TDS terahertz time-domain spectrometry CHMO:0000627 terahertz time-domain spectroscopy CHMO:0000627 Spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the terahertz range (1 millimetre to 100 micrometres). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy which probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. vibrational spectroscopic analysis CHMO:0000628 vibrational spectroscopy CHMO:0000628 Spectroscopy which probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states. IETS inelastic electron tunnelling spectrometry CHMO:0000629 inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy CHMO:0000629 Spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78 to 1000 micrometres). FIX:0000015 FIX:0000658 IR absorption spectrometry IR absorption spectroscopy IR spectrometry IR spectrophotometry IR spectroscopy infra-red absorption spectrometry infra-red absorption spectroscopy infra-red spectrometry infra-red spectrophotometry infrared (IR) spectroscopy infrared absorption spectrometry infrared spectrometry infrared spectrophotometry infrared spectroscopy IR CHMO:0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000630 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78 to 1000 micrometres). FIX:0000015 FIX:0000658 ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 IR Spectroscopy using radiation in the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) where an evanescent wave is generated using an optical fibre. IR-EWS infra-red evanescent wave spectrometry infrared evanescent wave spectrometry infrared evanescent wave spectroscopy CHMO:0000631 infrared evanescent wave spectroscopy CHMO:0000631 Spectroscopy using radiation in the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) where an evanescent wave is generated using an optical fibre. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/9/306 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the far infrared region (15–1000 μm). FIR FIR spectrometry FIR spectroscopy far infrared spectroscopy far-IR far-IR spectroscopy far-infra-red spectrometry far-infrared spectrometry CHMO:0000632 far-infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000632 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the far infrared region (15–1000 μm). FIX:0000643 ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons. IRMPD spectrometry IRMPD spectroscopy infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectrometry infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy CHMO:0000633 infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy CHMO:0000633 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs resonant radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons. IR REMPD IR REMPD spectrometry IR REMPD spectroscopy IR-REMPD resonance-enhanced infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry resonance-enhanced infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy resonant infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectrometry resonant infra-red multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy resonant infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrometry CHMO:0000634 resonant infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy CHMO:0000634 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs resonant radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the mid infrared region (3–8 μm). mid infrared spectroscopy mid-IR mid-IR spectroscopy mid-infra-red spectrometry mid-infrared spectrometry CHMO:0000635 mid-infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000635 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the mid infrared region (3–8 μm). FIX:0000642 ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. FIX:0000110 FT-IR FT-IR spectroscopy FTIR FTIR spectrometry FTIR spectroscopy Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectrometry Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier-transform infra-red absorption spectrometry Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000636 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000636 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from a finely focused beam (<10 μm diameter) of infrared light (0.78–1000 μm). infrared microanalysis micro infra-red spectrometry micro-infrared spectrometry micro-infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000637 micro infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000637 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from a finely focused beam (<10 μm diameter) of infrared light (0.78–1000 μm). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm). NIR absorbance spectrometry NIR absorbance spectroscopy near infra-red absorbance spectrometry near infra-red absorbance spectroscopy near infra-red absorption spectrometry near infra-red spectrometry near infrared absorbance spectrometry near infrared absorbance spectroscopy near infrared absorption spectrometry near infrared absorption spectroscopy near infrared spectrometry near infrared spectroscopy near-infra-red absorption spectrometry NIRS CHMO:0000638 near-infrared absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000638 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm). FIX:0000321 ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 NIRS Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. FT NIRS FT-NIRS FTNIRS Fourier transform near infra-red absorbance spectrometry Fourier transform near infra-red absorption spectrometry Fourier transform near infra-red spectrometry Fourier transform near infra-red spectroscopy Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectrometry Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectrometry Fourier transform near infrared absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000639 Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy CHMO:0000639 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the difference in infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) bsorption of a sample cell against a reference cell is measured. NDIR NDIR spectrometry NDIR spectroscopy non-dispersive infra-red spectrometry non-dispersive infra-red spectroscopy non-dispersive infrared spectrometry CHMO:0000640 non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000640 Spectroscopy where the difference in infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) bsorption of a sample cell against a reference cell is measured. ISBN:0824753593 Spectroscopy where the rough metal surface of a sample absorbs radiation in the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). SEIRA SEIRA spectrometry SEIRA spectroscopy surface enhanced infra-red absorption spectrometry surface enhanced infra-red absorption spectroscopy surface enhanced infrared absorption spectrometry CHMO:0000641 surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0000641 Spectroscopy where the rough metal surface of a sample absorbs radiation in the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). https://doi.org/10.1039/b805223a Spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using pulses from an infrared laser. The infrared absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. FIX:0001068 IR laser transient absorption spectroscopy IR transient absorption spectroscopy TIRS infrared laser transient absorption spectroscopy infrared transient absorption spectroscopy transient infrared spectrometry transient infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000642 transient infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000642 Spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using pulses from an infrared laser. The infrared absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. ISBN:9810217498 Spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) by a sample is detected. FIX:0000652 IR reflectance spectrometry IR reflectance spectroscopy IR reflection spectroscopy infra-red reflectance spectrometry infrared reflectance spectrometry infrared reflectance spectroscopy infrared reflection spectroscopy CHMO:0000643 infrared reflectance spectroscopy CHMO:0000643 Spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) by a sample is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of infrared radiation by a sample is measured. FIX:0000656 diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy CHMO:0000644 diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000644 Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of infrared radiation by a sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of a single pulse of infrared radiation by a sample is measured, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. DRIFT DRIFTS diffuse reflectance infra-red Fourier transform spectrometry diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform CHMO:0000645 diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy CHMO:0000645 Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of a single pulse of infrared radiation by a sample is measured, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. FIX:0000657 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of near infrared radiation (0.8-2 micrometres) by a sample is detected. NIR reflectance spectrometry NIR reflectance spectroscopy NIRS near infra-red reflectance spectrometry near infrared reflectance spectroscopy CHMO:0000646 near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy CHMO:0000646 Spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of near infrared radiation (0.8-2 micrometres) by a sample is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low incident angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. IRAS IRRAS RA-IR RAIRS infrared reflection absorption spectrometry infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy reflection absorption (RA) IR reflection absorption infra-red spectrometry reflection absorption infrared spectrometry reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000647 reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000647 Spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low incident angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. FIX:0000659 ISBN:0-471-96523-5 Spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported, and the distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured. FIX:0000653 ATR spectrometry ATR spectroscopy ATR-IR ATR-IR spectrometry ATR-IR spectroscopy ATR/IR ATR/IRS MIRS attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy attenuated total reflectance spectrometry internal reflection spectrometry internal reflection spectroscopy multiple internal reflection spectrometry multiple internal reflection spectroscopy IRS CHMO:0000648 attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000648 Spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported, and the distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured. ISBN:0-471-96523-5 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. IES infra-red emission spectrometry infrared emission spectrometry infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000649 infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000649 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. FIX:0000651 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. FIRE flame infra-red emission spectrometry flame infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000650 flame infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000650 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. The spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. FT-FIRE Fourier transform FIRE Fourier transform flame infra-red emission spectrometry Fourier transform flame infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000651 Fourier transform flame infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000651 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. The spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 IR emission spectroscopy where the spectrum is obtained by a single pulse of (UV) radiation, and is subject to a Fourier transform. FT-IRES FTIRES Fourier transform IRES Fourier transform infra-red emission spectrometry Fourier transform infra-red emission spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared emission spectrometry Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000652 Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000652 IR emission spectroscopy where the spectrum is obtained by a single pulse of (UV) radiation, and is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the mid infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. MIRES mid-infra-red emission spectrometry mid-infrared emission spectrometry mid-infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000653 mid-infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000653 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the mid infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected with a two-dimensional focal plane array infrared camera. PA IR PA IRES PA-IR PA-IRES planar array IR emission spectrometry planar array IR emission spectroscopy planar array IRES planar array infra-red emission spectrometry planar array infrared emission spectrometry planar array infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000654 planar array infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000654 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected with a two-dimensional focal plane array infrared camera. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac061799l Spectroscopy where the sample is heated using ultraviolet excitation (single photon) and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. SPIRES single photon infra-red emission spectrometry single photon infra-red emission spectroscopy single-photon infra-red emission spectrometry single-photon infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000655 single-photon infrared emission spectroscopy CHMO:0000655 Spectroscopy where the sample is heated using ultraviolet excitation (single photon) and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9724434 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. Raman scattering spectrometry Raman scattering spectroscopy Raman spectrometry CHMO:0000656 Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000656 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. FIX:0000058 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light. Raman optical activity chiral Raman chiral Raman spectrometry CHMO:0000657 chiral Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000657 Spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2006.04.020 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from three lasers (known as pump, probe and Stokes/anti-Stokes) by a sample is detected. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. CHMO:0000658 coherent Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000658 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from three lasers (known as pump, probe and Stokes/anti-Stokes) by a sample is detected. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. CSRS coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectrometry coherent Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy coherent Stokes Raman spectrometry CHMO:0000659 coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000659 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. CHMO:0000660 coherent Stokes resonance Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000660 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. CARS coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectrometry coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectrometry CHMO:0000661 coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000661 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. FIX:0000075 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the anti-Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. CHMO:0000662 coherent anti-Stokes resonance Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000662 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the anti-Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light is detected. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the focused laser spot and Raman signal coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. CRS confocal Raman spectrometry CHMO:0000663 confocal Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000663 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light is detected. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the focused laser spot and Raman signal coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. ISBN:0824703693 The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. confocal Raman microanalysis confocal Raman microspectrometry confocal Raman microspectroscopy confocal micro Raman CHMO:0000664 confocal Raman microscopy CHMO:0000664 The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. ISBN:0824703693 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light (produced by a single laser pulse) by a sample is detected and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. FIX:0000384 FT-Raman Fourier transform Raman spectrometry CHMO:0000665 Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000665 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light (produced by a single laser pulse) by a sample is detected and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a (liquid) sample is detected. During scattering, photons from the incident laser (with frequency ω) are scattered by sample into photons of the second harmonic (photons with frequency 2ω). hyper Raman scattering spectrometry hyper Raman scattering spectroscopy hyper Raman spectrometry hyper-Raman scattering spectrometry hyper-Raman scattering spectroscopy hyper-Raman spectrometry hyper-Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000666 hyper Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000666 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a (liquid) sample is detected. During scattering, photons from the incident laser (with frequency ω) are scattered by sample into photons of the second harmonic (photons with frequency 2ω). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the polarisation of light which has been subjected to Raman scattering by a sample is determined. polarised Raman spectrometry polarized Raman spectrometry polarized Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000667 polarised Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000667 Spectroscopy where the polarisation of light which has been subjected to Raman scattering by a sample is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Raman spectroscopy where the energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition in the sample. FIX:0000060 RR spectrometry RR spectroscopy resonance Raman spectrometry resonant Raman spectrometry resonant Raman spectroscopy RRS CHMO:0000668 resonance Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000668 Raman spectroscopy where the energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample, and the laser is combined with a Kerr gate fluorescence rejection system. Kerr-gated Raman spectrometry CHMO:0000669 Kerr-gated resonance Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000669 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample, and the laser is combined with a Kerr gate fluorescence rejection system. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. FIX:0000077 SERRS surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectrometry surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectroscopy surface enhanced resonance Raman spectrometry CHMO:0000670 surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000670 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. UVRR UVRRS ultra-violet resonance Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000671 ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000671 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. https://doi.org/10.1039/b702944f Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a deep ultraviolet (<300 nm) laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. CHMO:0000672 deep ultra-violet resonance Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000672 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a deep ultraviolet (<300 nm) laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. https://doi.org/10.1039/b702944f CHMO:0000673 true Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a laser, by a sample is detected. Scattered light is collected from regions laterally offset from the excitation laser spot. SORS SORSS spatially offset Raman scattering spectrometry spatially offset Raman scattering spectroscopy spatially offset Raman spectrometry spatially offset Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000674 spatially-offset Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000674 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a laser, by a sample is detected. Scattered light is collected from regions laterally offset from the excitation laser spot. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. SRS stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy stimulated Raman spectrometry stimulated scattering spectrometry CHMO:0000675 stimulated Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000675 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. ISBN:0-471-96523-5 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a femtosecond laser pulse, by a sample is detected. The laser pulse is generated by the mixing of two lasers ('pump' and 'probe'). FSRS FSRSS emtosecond broadband stimulated Raman scattering spectrometry femosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectrometry femosecond stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy femosecond stimulated Raman spectrometry femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectrometry femtosecond broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000676 femosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000676 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a femtosecond laser pulse, by a sample is detected. The laser pulse is generated by the mixing of two lasers ('pump' and 'probe'). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/28/1/007 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. SERS SERS spectroscopy surface enhanced Raman scattering surface enhanced Raman spectrometry surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy surface-enhanced Raman scattering surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy surface-enhanced Raman spectrometry surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000677 surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000677 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. FIX:0000076 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser (500–650 nm), by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near-field of a metal-coated scanning probe microscopy tip, is detected. TERS tip-enhanced Raman scattering spectrometry tip-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0000678 tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000678 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser (500–650 nm), by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near-field of a metal-coated scanning probe microscopy tip, is detected. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460656 https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00156e Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of visible laser light, by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near field of a scanning tunnelling tip, under ultra-high vacuum is detected. UHV-TERS CHMO:0000679 ultra-high vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000679 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of visible laser light, by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near field of a scanning tunnelling tip, under ultra-high vacuum is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. UVR ultra-violet Raman spectrometry ultra-violet Raman spectroscopy ultraviolet Raman spectrometry ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000680 ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000680 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja044708f Any measurement technique in which a physical property of the sample is measured as a function of temperature. CHMO:0000681 thermal analysis CHMO:0000681 Any measurement technique in which a physical property of the sample is measured as a function of temperature. Orange:5.2.1 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. enthalpimetric analysis enthalpimetry CHMO:0000682 calorimetry CHMO:0000682 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a titration. ITC isothermal titration microcalorimetry titration calorimetry CHMO:0000683 isothermal titration calorimetry CHMO:0000683 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a titration. FIX:0000388 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant. DSC differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis differential scanning calorimetric analysis CHMO:0000684 differential scanning calorimetry CHMO:0000684 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant. FIX:0000387 OrangeBook:5.2.2 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a heat-flux differential scanning calorimeter. heat-flux DSC CHMO:0000685 heat-flux differential scanning calorimetry CHMO:0000685 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a heat-flux differential scanning calorimeter. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a power compensation differential scanning calorimeter. power-compensation DSC CHMO:0000686 power-compensation differential scanning calorimetry CHMO:0000686 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a power compensation differential scanning calorimeter. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material. DTA CHMO:0000687 differential thermal analysis CHMO:0000687 The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material. Orange:5.2.2 Thermal analysis where the characteristics of imposed acoustic wave passing through the sample are measured. CHMO:0000688 thermoacoustimetry CHMO:0000688 Thermal analysis where the characteristics of imposed acoustic wave passing through the sample are measured. Orange:5.2.2 The measurement of a dimension of the sample under negligible load as a function of temperature. CHMO:0000689 thermodilatometry CHMO:0000689 The measurement of a dimension of the sample under negligible load as a function of temperature. Orange:5.2.2 The measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. TG TG analysis TG measurements TGA thermal gravimetric analysis thermo-gravimetric analysis thermogravimetric (TG) analyses thermogravimetric (TG) analysis thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis thermogravimetric analysis CHMO:0000690 thermogravimetry CHMO:0000690 The measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample as a function of temperature. CHMO:0000691 thermomagnetometry CHMO:0000691 The measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample as a function of temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of an optical characteristic of a sample as a function of temperature. CHMO:0000692 thermoptometry CHMO:0000692 The measurement of an optical characteristic of a sample as a function of temperature. Orange:5.2.2 The measurement of the luminescence of a sample as a function of temperature. CHMO:0000693 thermoluminescence CHMO:0000693 The measurement of the luminescence of a sample as a function of temperature. Orange:5.2.2 The measurement of the total light, or the light of a specific wavelength emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. CHMO:0000694 thermophotometry CHMO:0000694 The measurement of the total light, or the light of a specific wavelength emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. Orange:5.2.2 The measurement of the refractive index of a sample as a function of temperature. CHMO:0000695 thermorefractometry CHMO:0000695 The measurement of the refractive index of a sample as a function of temperature. Orange:5.2.2 The measurement of the refractive index of small glass fragments as a function of temperature. The glass fragments are placed in silicone oil and observed as the temperature is raised. At the point where the glass fragment disappear the refractive index of the oil and glass are equal. GRIM CHMO:0000696 glass refractive index measurement CHMO:0000696 The measurement of the refractive index of small glass fragments as a function of temperature. The glass fragments are placed in silicone oil and observed as the temperature is raised. At the point where the glass fragment disappear the refractive index of the oil and glass are equal. ISBN:0-85404-539-2 The measurement of the sound emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. CHMO:0000697 thermosonimetry CHMO:0000697 The measurement of the sound emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. Orange:5.2.2 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. neutron crystallography neutron diffraction analysis neutron diffractometry CHMO:0000698 neutron diffraction CHMO:0000698 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. FIX:0000008 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted neutrons. powder neutron diffraction NPD CHMO:0000699 neutron powder diffraction CHMO:0000699 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted neutrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation in the range Xray–ultraviolet, which causes ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. XU photoelectron spectrometry XU photoelectron spectroscopy XUPES XUPS XUV photoelectron spectrometry XUV photoelectron spectroscopy XUVPES XUVPS CHMO:0000700 X-ray–ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0000700 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation in the range Xray–ultraviolet, which causes ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance using two mass spectrometers in series. A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance using two mass spectrometers in series. LC-MS-MS LC-MS/MS LC-MS2 LC-MSMS LC/MS/MS LCMSMS liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy CHMO LC-MS-MS LC-MS/MS LC-MS2 LC-MSMS LC/MS/MS LCMSMS liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000701 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0000701 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance using two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method where the sample is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, before being analysed by mass spectrometry. CE-MS CE/MS CEMS capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry capillary electrophoresis mass spectroscopy capillary electrophoresis-mass spectroscopy capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry capillary electrophoresis/mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000702 capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000702 Any method where the sample is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, before being analysed by mass spectrometry. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, before being ionised in a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. CE-ICP-MS CE-ICPMS CE/ICP/MS capillary electrophoresis inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry capillary electrophoresis-ICPMS CHMO:0000703 capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000703 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, before being ionised in a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. DART MS DART mass spectrometry DART mass spectroscopy DART-MS DART/MS direct analysis in real time mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000704 direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry CHMO:0000704 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. https://doi.org/10.1039/b613200f Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 microlitre min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The mass-to-charge ratio of the ions is then determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field) and subjecting it to a Fourier transform. ESI-FT-ICR-MS electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000705 electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry CHMO:0000705 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 microlitre min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The mass-to-charge ratio of the ions is then determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field) and subjecting it to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method where the sample is first separated by electrophoresis, before being analysed by mass spectrometry. E-MS electrophoresis mass spectroscopy electrophoresis-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000706 electrophoresis-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000706 Any method where the sample is first separated by electrophoresis, before being analysed by mass spectrometry. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. 2DE-MS two-dimensional gel electrophoresis mass spectrometry CHMO:0000707 two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000707 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. Sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. DART-TOF MS direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000708 direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000708 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. Sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 resonant light scattering CHMO:0000709 resonance light scattering CHMO:0000709 Any mass spectrometry technique where the sample is ionised at low or ambient temperature. CHMO:0000710 ambient ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000710 Any mass spectrometry technique where the sample is ionised at low or ambient temperature. https://doi.org/10.1039/b818059h Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) generated by an alternating current. LTP MS LTP-MS LTP/MS low temperature plasma mass spectrometry low temperature plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000711 low-temperature plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000711 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) generated by an alternating current. https://doi.org/10.1039/b818059h Mass spectrometry where the sample is illuminated with a laser. L-MS LMS laser mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000712 laser mass spectrometry CHMO:0000712 Mass spectrometry where the sample is illuminated with a laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. NMR absorption spectroscopy c.w. NMR continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy cw-NMR CHMO:0000713 continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000713 Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. rsc:pr A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. HPLC-NMR high performance liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000714 high-performance liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000714 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. https://doi.org/10.1039/b814426e A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. UPLC-MS UPLC/MS ultra performance LC-MS ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ultra-performance LC-MS CHMO:0000715 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000715 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://doi.org/10.1039/b814426e A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. The sample is then converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. HPLC-NMR-MS HPLC/NMR/MS high performance liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000716 high-performance liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000716 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. The sample is then converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://doi.org/10.1039/b814426e Mass spectrometry where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionised by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 microlitres per minute) into an electric field. EESI-MS EESI/MS extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry extractive electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000717 extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000717 Mass spectrometry where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionised by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 microlitres per minute) into an electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure spin–spin (T2) relaxation times. For the pulse sequence see Rev. Sci. Inst., (1958), 29, pg 688. FIX:0000215 CPMG CPMG pulse sequence CPMG sequence Carr, Purcell,Meiboom,Gill pulse sequence Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence CHMO:0000718 Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence CHMO:0000718 A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure spin–spin (T2) relaxation times. For the pulse sequence see Rev. Sci. Inst., (1958), 29, pg 688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-7807(03)00108-3 A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei, to measure spin–spin (T2) relaxation times. In the solid state, the sequence is used to achieve sensitivity enhancement for nuclei with low gyromagnetic ratios. For the pulse sequence see J. Phys. Chem. A, (1997), 101, pg 8597. QCPMG QCPMG NMR QCPMG pulse sequence QCPMG sequence quadrupolar Carr, Purcell,Meiboom, Gill pulse sequence quadrupolar Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence CHMO:0000719 quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence CHMO:0000719 A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei, to measure spin–spin (T2) relaxation times. In the solid state, the sequence is used to achieve sensitivity enhancement for nuclei with low gyromagnetic ratios. For the pulse sequence see J. Phys. Chem. A, (1997), 101, pg 8597. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 33S nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 33S NMR 33S NMR spectrometry 33S NMR spectroscopy 33S nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 33S-NMR CHMO:0000720 33S nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000720 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 33S nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:37980 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>900 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. ultra high field NMR ultra high-field NMR ultrahigh-field NMR CHMO:0000721 ultra-high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000721 Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>900 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 77Se nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0000701 77Se NMR 77Se NMR spectrometry 77Se NMR spectroscopy 77Se-NMR CHMO:0000722 77Se nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000722 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 77Se nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52457 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>300 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. high field NMR high-field NMR CHMO:0000723 high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000723 Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>300 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where only one frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 angstrom apart). 1D NOESY 1D nOesy 1D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy 1D-NOESY 1D-nOesy CHMO:0000724 one-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0000724 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where only one frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 angstrom apart). rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 angstrom apart). 2D NOESY 2D NOESY NMR 2D homonuclear NOESY 2D nOesy 2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy 2D-NOESY 2D-nOesy CHMO:0000725 two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0000725 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 angstrom apart). rsc:pr Mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The 'exact' mass of these secondary is then determined, as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). HR FAB-MS HRFABMS high resolution FAB mass spectroscopy high resolution fast-atom bombardment mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000726 high resolution fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry CHMO:0000726 Mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The 'exact' mass of these secondary is then determined, as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 2H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 2H NMR D-NMR deuterium NMR deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy deuteron NMR CHMO:0000727 2H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000727 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 2H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:29237 FIX:0000588 rsc:pr A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetisation arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. Selective pulses, that only excite or 'select' some of the signals in the spectrum are used in this experiment. selective INEPT selective insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer CHMO:0000728 selective insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer CHMO:0000728 A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetisation arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. Selective pulses, that only excite or 'select' some of the signals in the spectrum are used in this experiment. rsc:pr Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. ADF-STEM CHMO:0000729 annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000729 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200502201 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. HAADF-STEM high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy high angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000730 high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000730 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200502201 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. BF-STEM bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000731 bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0000731 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields. SR-XRD synchrotron X-ray diffraction synchrotron XRD CHMO:0000732 synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000732 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. DOSY DOSY NMR diffusion NMR diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy diffusion ordered spectroscopy diffusion-edited NMR spectroscopy diffusion-edited spectroscopy diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000733 diffusion-ordered spectroscopy CHMO:0000733 A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. FIX:0000563 rsc:pr Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. In the first stage the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes (a quadrupole). In the second stage the sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. MALDI-QTOF MS MALDI-QTOF-MS matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass CHMO:0000734 matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000734 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. In the first stage the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes (a quadrupole). In the second stage the sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography then sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. GC-TOF-MS CHMO:0000735 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000735 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography then sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. ESI TOF MS ESI-TOF-MS ESI-ToF-MS CHMO:0000736 electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000736 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Mass spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. LC-ESI-TOF-MS LC/ESI-TOF-MS liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000737 liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000737 Mass spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. RPLC-LC-ESI-MS-MS RPLC-LC-ESI-MS/MS RPLC-LC-ESI-MS2 reverse-phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry reversed-phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000738 reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0000738 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 31P nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 31P NMR 31P NMR Spectroscopy 31P NMR spectrometry 31P NMR spectroscopy 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 31P-NMR CHMO:0000739 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000739 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 31P nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:37971 FIX:0000138 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 51V nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 51V NMR 51V NMR spectrometry 51V NMR spectroscopy 51V nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 51V-NMR vanadium-51 NMR CHMO:0000740 51V nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000740 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 51V nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52456 FIX:0000998 rsc:pr Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by an electrical discharge. discharge MS CHMO:0000741 discharge mass spectrometry CHMO:0000741 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by an electrical discharge. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an alternating-voltage electrical discharge between a Cu sheet electrode and a discharge electrode separated by a glass slide. The glass slide acts as dielectric barrier and sample molecules on the surface of the glass slide are desorbed and ionised by the plasma. DBDI MS DBDI mass spectrometry DBDI-MS dielectric barrier discharge ionisation mass spectroscopy dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000742 dielectric barrier discharge ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000742 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an alternating-voltage electrical discharge between a Cu sheet electrode and a discharge electrode separated by a glass slide. The glass slide acts as dielectric barrier and sample molecules on the surface of the glass slide are desorbed and ionised by the plasma. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2007.07.027 Any type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving unpaired electrons. EMR EMR spectroscopy CHMO:0000743 electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000743 Any type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving unpaired electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where one electron spin resonance is detected though its effect on another. DEER DEER spectroscopy ELDOR ELDOR spectroscopy double electron–electron resonance spectroscopy electron-electron double resonance electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000744 electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000744 Spectroscopy where one electron spin resonance is detected though its effect on another. FIX:0000171 ISBN:0306465337 Spectroscopy where two microwave frequency pulse sequences are used to excite two electron resonance transitions and the effect of the first transition on the second is measured. FIX:0000172 PELDOR PELDOR spectroscopy pulse ELDOR pulsed ELDOR pulsed electron double resonance pulsed electron double resonance spectroscopy pulsed electron-electron double resonance pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000745 pulsed electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000745 Spectroscopy where two microwave frequency pulse sequences are used to excite two electron resonance transitions and the effect of the first transition on the second is measured. ISBN:0306465337 Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated by two microwave frequencies which match electron resonance transitions. The effect of the higher power frequency ('pump') transition on the lower power ('observed') transitionsis measured. c.w. ELDOR continuous wave electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy continuous-wave electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy cw ELDOR cw-ELDOR CHMO:0000746 continuous wave electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000746 Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated by two microwave frequencies which match electron resonance transitions. The effect of the higher power frequency ('pump') transition on the lower power ('observed') transitionsis measured. ISBN:9810232950 Spectroscopy where a nuclear resonance is detected though its effect on an electron spin resonance. ENDOR ENDOR spectroscopy EPR detected NMR electron nuclear double resonance CHMO:0000747 electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000747 Spectroscopy where a nuclear resonance is detected though its effect on an electron spin resonance. FIX:0000024 ISBN:0124759637 Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. pulse ENDOR pulse ENDOR spectroscopy pulsed ENDOR pulsed ENDOR spectroscopy CHMO:0000748 pulsed electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000748 Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. FIX:0000038 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a sample is irradiated by a microwave frequency which matches an electron resonance transition, whilst nuclei in the vicinty of the unpaired eletron are excited by a radio frequency sweep. c.w. ENDOR continous wave ENDOR continuous wave electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy cw ENDOR cw-ENDOR CHMO:0000749 continuous-wave electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000749 Spectroscopy where a sample is irradiated by a microwave frequency which matches an electron resonance transition, whilst nuclei in the vicinty of the unpaired eletron are excited by a radio frequency sweep. FIX:0000039 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by capillary liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. CapLC-ICPMS cap-LC-ICPMS capLC-ICPMS capillary liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000750 capillary liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000750 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by capillary liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. LC-ESI-MS LC-ESIMS LC/ESIMS liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000751 liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000751 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography (with a flow rate of nL min-1) before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. NanoLC-ESI-MS nano liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry nano liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy nano liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry nanoLC-ESI-MS nanoLC-ESI/MS nanoflow liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry nanoliquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000752 nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000752 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography (with a flow rate of nL min-1) before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Amethod where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised, and the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. LC-ITMS liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000753 liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry CHMO:0000753 Amethod where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised, and the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography (flow rate nL min-1) before being passed though a 'chip' (a microfluidic device) to the mass spectrometer where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. nano liquid chromatography chip ion trap mass spectroscopy nanoLC-CHIP-ITMS nanoLC-CHIP/ITMS nanoLC-chip-ITMS nanoLC-chip/ITMS nanoliquid chromatography chip ion trap mass spectrometry nanoliquid chromatography-CHIP/ion trap mass spectrometry CHMO:0000754 nanoflow liquid chromatography chip enabled ion trap mass spectrometry CHMO:0000754 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography (flow rate nL min-1) before being passed though a 'chip' (a microfluidic device) to the mass spectrometer where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. https://doi.org/10.1039/b815957b CHMO:0000755 true Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised under atmospheric pressure in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. APGD-MS APGD/MS atmospheric pressure glow discharge desorption mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure glow discharge mass spectroscopy flowing afterglow atmospheric pressure glow discharge mass spectrometry CHMO:0000756 atmospheric pressure glow discharge mass spectrometry CHMO:0000756 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised under atmospheric pressure in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised under atmospheric pressure in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. multiple mass-selection steps are used, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. APGD-MS-MS APGD-MS/MS APGD-MS2 atmospheric pressure glow discharge desorption tandem mass spectrometry flowing afterglow atmospheric pressure glow discharge tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0000757 atmospheric pressure glow discharge tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0000757 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised under atmospheric pressure in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. multiple mass-selection steps are used, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.3677 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powder sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields. SR-PXD SR-XRPD CHMO:0000758 synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction CHMO:0000758 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powder sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where by intentionally matching the plasmon resonance frequency of a gold nanoparticle with the frequency of the electronic transition energy of a biomolecule, energy transfer occurs which gives rise to resonant quenching dips in the Rayleigh scattering spectrum of the particle. PRET plasmonic resonance energy transfer CHMO:0000759 plasmon resonance energy transfer CHMO:0000759 Spectroscopy where by intentionally matching the plasmon resonance frequency of a gold nanoparticle with the frequency of the electronic transition energy of a biomolecule, energy transfer occurs which gives rise to resonant quenching dips in the Rayleigh scattering spectrum of the particle. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl802511z Any method where a biological sample is illuminated with a light source and the energy transfer between molecules can be used for imaging and to measure inter-molecular distances. RET CHMO:0000760 resonance energy transfer CHMO:0000760 Any method where a biological sample is illuminated with a light source and the energy transfer between molecules can be used for imaging and to measure inter-molecular distances. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. The light emitted during fluorescence is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected, reducing background interference. confocal FCS CHMO:0000761 confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000761 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. The light emitted during fluorescence is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected, reducing background interference. FIX:0000379 https://doi.org/10.1039/b718132a Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. scanning FCS CHMO:0000762 scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000762 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. https://doi.org/10.1039/b718132a Spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured producing a spectrum which is then subject to a Fourier transform. ATR FT-IR spectroscopy ATR FTIR spectroscopy ATR-FTIR ATR-FTIR spectroscopy FTIR-ATR Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy CHMO:0000763 attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000763 Spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured producing a spectrum which is then subject to a Fourier transform. FIX:0000644 ISBN:0-471-96523-5 Microscopy which uses a microparticle (usually made of silica) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a colloidal specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force between the two colloidal surfaces as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. colloid force microscopy colloidal probe AFM CHMO:0000764 colloidal probe atomic force microscopy CHMO:0000764 Microscopy which uses a microparticle (usually made of silica) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a colloidal specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force between the two colloidal surfaces as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2001.8075 Spectroscopy where ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence in a sample, and the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. To generate total internal reflection the UV light is either passed through a prism to generate high enough incident angles, or the UV light is focused through the periphery of a high numerical aperture objective which is directly coupled to the sample surface. TIR-FCS total internal reflection FCS CHMO:0000765 total internal reflection fluorescence correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000765 Spectroscopy where ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence in a sample, and the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. To generate total internal reflection the UV light is either passed through a prism to generate high enough incident angles, or the UV light is focused through the periphery of a high numerical aperture objective which is directly coupled to the sample surface. https://doi.org/10.1039/b71832a Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample emitted at supercritical angles are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. SA-FCS supercritical angle FCS CHMO:0000766 supercritical angle fluorescence correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000766 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample emitted at supercritical angles are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. rsc:b718132a Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at several different points in parallel and correlated within very small detection volumes. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. ICS CHMO:0000767 image correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000767 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at several different points in parallel and correlated within very small detection volumes. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. https://doi.org/10.1039/b718132a Microscopy where the specimen is stained with heavy metals salts (to improve contrast) before being bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. negative stain EM negative stain electron microscopy negative-stain EM CHMO:0000768 negative-stain electron microscopy CHMO:0000768 Microscopy where the specimen is stained with heavy metals salts (to improve contrast) before being bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a finely focused electron beam is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the secondary and backscattered electrons produced are detected. HR SEM HR-SEM HRSEM high resolution SEM high-resolution SEM high-resolution scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0000769 high resolution scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0000769 Microscopy where a finely focused electron beam is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the secondary and backscattered electrons produced are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a single molecule sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. SM SERS SM-SERRS SM-SERS SM-SERS spectroscopy SMSERS single molecule surface enhanced Raman scattering single molecule surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy single molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering single molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy single molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000770 single molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000770 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a single molecule sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr980133r Microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by absorption of two or more photons. multi-photon excitation microscopy multi-photon fluorescence imaging multi-photon fluorescence microscopy multiphoton excitation microscopy multiphoton fluorescence imaging multiphoton fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000771 multiphoton fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000771 Microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by absorption of two or more photons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by the near-simultaneous absorption of two photons. two photon excitation microscopy two photon fluorescence imaging two-photon excitation imaging two-photon fluorescence imaging two-photon fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000772 two photon fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0000772 Microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by the near-simultaneous absorption of two photons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules irradiated with light, is detected as a function of wavelength. PL spectrometry PL spectroscopy photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy photoluminescence spectrometry CHMO:0000773 photoluminescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000773 Spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules irradiated with light, is detected as a function of wavelength. FIX:0000235 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of NMR experiment employed for protein samples in which relaxation mechanisms are optimised in order to suppress transverse relaxation times (T2) and deliver only the sharpest signal present in a multiplet. FIX:0000565 TROSY TROSY NMR transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy CHMO:0000774 transverse relaxation optimised spectroscopy CHMO:0000774 A type of NMR experiment employed for protein samples in which relaxation mechanisms are optimised in order to suppress transverse relaxation times (T2) and deliver only the sharpest signal present in a multiplet. rsc:pr Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarised light by a sample. dichroism spectrometry CHMO:0000775 dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0000775 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarised light by a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption (parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axis) of linearly polarised light by a sample. LD LD spectroscopy linear dichroism linear dichroism spectrometry CHMO:0000776 linear dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0000776 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption (parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axis) of linearly polarised light by a sample. FIX:0000228 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy based on the differential diffuse reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. DRCD diffuse reflectance CD diffuse reflectance circular dichroism CHMO:0000777 diffuse reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0000777 Spectroscopy based on the differential diffuse reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. https://doi.org/10.1039/b821686j A method for determining structure by measuring the change in phase of X-rays scattered by a sample. Normally incident X-rays continue in the same phase after encountering the scatterer. However, if the energy of the incident X-rays is at or above the absorption edge of the scatterer, a phase shift occurs. AXD AXS X-ray anomalous dispersion X-ray anomalous scattering anomalous X-ray dispersion CHMO:0000778 anomalous X-ray scattering CHMO:0000778 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in phase of X-rays scattered by a sample. Normally incident X-rays continue in the same phase after encountering the scatterer. However, if the energy of the incident X-rays is at or above the absorption edge of the scatterer, a phase shift occurs. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the extent to which a sample interacts with polarized electromagnetic radiation by transmission, reflection, refraction, or diffraction. FIX:0000230 optical rotation measurement CHMO:0000779 polarimetry CHMO:0000779 The measurement of the extent to which a sample interacts with polarized electromagnetic radiation by transmission, reflection, refraction, or diffraction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the response of a nucleus with non-zero spin to a perturbing magnetic field is detected at temperatures above or below the ambient probe temperature. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. VT NMR VT-NMR variable temperature NMR variable temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy variable-temperature NMR CHMO:0000780 variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000780 Spectroscopy where the response of a nucleus with non-zero spin to a perturbing magnetic field is detected at temperatures above or below the ambient probe temperature. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr A type of two-dimensional EPR spectroscopy based on the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) effect, where a sequence of four microwave pulses is applied to the sample and the stimulated spin-echo produced is measured. 2D-HYSCORE HYSCORE hyperfine sublevel correlation CHMO:0000781 hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000781 A type of two-dimensional EPR spectroscopy based on the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) effect, where a sequence of four microwave pulses is applied to the sample and the stimulated spin-echo produced is measured. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp034912+ A type of activation analysis where a sample is bombarded with neutrons, the capture of which results in the generation of radioactive nuclei for most elements in the sample. These activated nuclei then decay according to their characteristic half-lives. NAA CHMO:0000782 neutron activation analysis CHMO:0000782 A type of activation analysis where a sample is bombarded with neutrons, the capture of which results in the generation of radioactive nuclei for most elements in the sample. These activated nuclei then decay according to their characteristic half-lives. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption or reflection of polarised infrared light by a sample. ID infra-red dichroism infrared dichroism infrared dichroism measurements CHMO:0000783 infrared dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0000783 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption or reflection of polarised infrared light by a sample. ISBN:0387989366 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarised infrared light by a set of isotopically labelled sites in a sample. The introduction of a labelled atom e.g. 13C=16O, results in a shift of the corresponding absorption frequency. SSID site specific infrared dichroism site-specific ID site-specific infrared dichroism CHMO:0000784 site-specific infrared dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0000784 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarised infrared light by a set of isotopically labelled sites in a sample. The introduction of a labelled atom e.g. 13C=16O, results in a shift of the corresponding absorption frequency. ISBN:0387281460 The measurement of light rotation as a function of wavelength. ORD CHMO:0000785 optical rotatory dispersion CHMO:0000785 The measurement of light rotation as a function of wavelength. FIX:0000045 ISBN:0387448993 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 129Xe nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 129Xe NMR 129Xe NMR spectrometry 129Xe NMR spectroscopy 129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 129Xe-NMR CHMO:0000786 129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000786 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 129Xe nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52453 FIX:0000139 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 197Au nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 197Au NMR 197Au NMR spectroscopy 197Au nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 197Au-NMR CHMO:0000787 197Au nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000787 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 197Au nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52454 FIX:0000749 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 119Sn nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0000741 119Sn NMR 119Sn NMR spectroscopy 119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 119Sn-NMR CHMO:0000788 119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000788 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 119Sn nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy where a spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field with a defined gradient is used, either to select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. PFG-NMR CHMO:0000789 pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic spectroscopy CHMO:0000789 A type of NMR spectroscopy where a spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field with a defined gradient is used, either to select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. The diffusion coefficient for each peak is measured and this information is used to construct a 2D spectrum. HR-DOSY high resolution DOSY high resolution diffusion-ordered spectroscopy high-resolution DOSY CHMO:0000790 high-resolution diffusion-ordered spectroscopy CHMO:0000790 A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. The diffusion coefficient for each peak is measured and this information is used to construct a 2D spectrum. ISBN:8177648551 A two- or three-dimensional plot of one- or two-dimensional NMR spectra vs. the diffusion coefficients of the species involved. DOSY spectrum diffusion-edited NMR spectra diffusion-edited NMR spectrum diffusion-edited spectra diffusion-edited spectrum diffusion-ordered spectrum CHMO:0000791 diffusion-ordered spectrum CHMO:0000791 A two- or three-dimensional plot of one- or two-dimensional NMR spectra vs. the diffusion coefficients of the species involved. https://doi.org/10.1039/b617761a https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (190–2000 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. UV-VIS-NIR UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry UV-Vis-NIR UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy UV-visible-near IR absorption spectroscopy UV-visible-near IR spectroscopy ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorption spectroscopy ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000792 ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometry CHMO:0000792 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (190–2000 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An information content entity that is output by an assay. experimental data CHMO:0000793 assay output CHMO:0000793 An information content entity that is output by an assay. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a cyclic voltammetry experiment. CV graph CV graphs CV scan CV scans CVs cyclic voltammograms CHMO:0000794 cyclic voltammogram CHMO:0000794 A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a cyclic voltammetry experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small (< 2 microm) particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. UPLC ultra-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0000795 ultra high performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0000795 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small (< 2 microm) particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. https://doi.org/10.1039/b501767j A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. HPLC-MS high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000796 high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000796 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies by an ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. oa-MS orthogonal accelerator mass spectrometry CHMO:0000797 orthogonal acceleration mass spectrometry CHMO:0000797 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies by an ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. https://doi.org/10.1039/b501767j Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to the same (known) very high kinetic energies by an ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. The time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. oa-TOF MS oa-TOF mass spectrometry CHMO:0000798 orthogonal acceleration time of flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000798 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to the same (known) very high kinetic energies by an ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. The time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength, obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation, which reflects the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. electronic absorption spectra CHMO:0000799 electronic absorption spectrum CHMO:0000799 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength, obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation, which reflects the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of a measured quantity against some experimental parameter. spectra spectrum plot CHMO:0000800 spectrum CHMO:0000800 A plot of a measured quantity against some experimental parameter. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation. absorbance spectra absorbance spectrum absorption spectra CHMO:0000801 absorption spectrum CHMO:0000801 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of decibels vs. frequency obtained by measuring the amount of noise generated by a sample as a function of frequency of incident radiation. acoustic emission spectra CHMO:0000802 acoustic emission spectrum CHMO:0000802 A plot of decibels vs. frequency obtained by measuring the amount of noise generated by a sample as a function of frequency of incident radiation. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja067960r A plot of alpha-particle count vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and kinetic energies of alpha-particles emitted by a sample. alpha particle spectra alpha particle spectrum alpha-particle spectra α-particle spectra α-particle spectrum CHMO:0000803 alpha-particle spectrum CHMO:0000803 A plot of alpha-particle count vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and kinetic energies of alpha-particles emitted by a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of absorption or emission radiation vs. frequency that reflects the internal degrees of freedom of an atom, obtained in an experiment where the sample is vaporised and then atomised. atomic spectra CHMO:0000804 atomic spectrum CHMO:0000804 A plot of absorption or emission radiation vs. frequency that reflects the internal degrees of freedom of an atom, obtained in an experiment where the sample is vaporised and then atomised. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of beta-particle count vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of beta-particles emitted by a sample. beta particle spectra beta particle spectrum beta-particle spectra CHMO:0000805 beta-particle spectrum CHMO:0000805 A plot of beta-particle count vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of beta-particles emitted by a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment. mass spectra CHMO:0000806 mass spectrum CHMO:0000806 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by the sample interacting with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. chemical ionisation mass spectra chemical ionization mass spectra chemical ionization mass spectrum CHMO:0000807 chemical ionisation mass spectrum CHMO:0000807 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by the sample interacting with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength. CD spectra CD spectrum circular dichroic spectra circular dichroic spectrum circular dichroism (CD) spectra circular dichroism spectra CHMO:0000808 circular dichroism spectrum CHMO:0000808 A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9537383 A plot of force vs. distance obtained by measuring the force experienced by a tip against position on a surface. atomic force spectra force curve force curves force profile force profiles CHMO:0000809 atomic force spectrum CHMO:0000809 A plot of force vs. distance obtained by measuring the force experienced by a tip against position on a surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of intensity vs. energy loss obtained by measuring the energy lost by electrons on interacting with a surface. EELS spectra EELS spectrum electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectra electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectrum electron energy-loss spectra CHMO:0000810 electron energy-loss spectrum CHMO:0000810 A plot of intensity vs. energy loss obtained by measuring the energy lost by electrons on interacting with a surface. ISBN:3540738851 A spectrum that reflects the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. electronic spectra CHMO:0000811 electronic spectrum CHMO:0000811 A spectrum that reflects the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. ESI mass spectra ESI mass spectrum ESI-MS spectra ESI-MS spectrum electrospray ionisation mass spectra electrospray ionization mass spectra electrospray ionization mass spectrum CHMO:0000812 electrospray ionisation mass spectrum CHMO:0000812 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of emission against wavelength obtained by measuring the emitted spectral radiant power against a quantity related to photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength. emission spectra CHMO:0000813 emission spectrum CHMO:0000813 A plot of emission against wavelength obtained by measuring the emitted spectral radiant power against a quantity related to photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02060 A plot of emission against wavelength obtained by measuring the emitted spectral radiant power against a quantity related to photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength and corrected for wavelength-dependent instrumental and sample effects. corrected emission spectra CHMO:0000814 corrected emission spectrum CHMO:0000814 A plot of emission against wavelength obtained by measuring the emitted spectral radiant power against a quantity related to photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength and corrected for wavelength-dependent instrumental and sample effects. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01343 A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through fluorescence against the frequency of the incident radiation. fluorescence emission spectra fluorescence emission spectrum fluorescence spectra CHMO:0000815 fluorescence spectrum CHMO:0000815 A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through fluorescence against the frequency of the incident radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of gamma-ray count vs. energy spectrum obtained by measuring the number and energy of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample. gamma ray spectra gamma ray spectrum gamma-ray spectra γ-ray spectra γ-ray spectrum CHMO:0000816 gamma-ray spectrum CHMO:0000816 A plot of gamma-ray count vs. energy spectrum obtained by measuring the number and energy of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of impedance (Ω) vs. frequency that reflects the change in impedance of a sample during excitation. dielectric spectrum impedance spectra CHMO:0000817 impedance spectrum CHMO:0000817 A plot of impedance (Ω) vs. frequency that reflects the change in impedance of a sample during excitation. https://doi.org/10.1039/b007678n A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained by measuring the absorption or emission of infrared radiation by a sample. IR spectra IR spectrum infra-red spectra infra-red spectrum infrared (IR) spectra infrared (IR) spectrum infrared spectra CHMO:0000818 infrared spectrum CHMO:0000818 A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained by measuring the absorption or emission of infrared radiation by a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A spectrum obtained from a very small portion of a sample, for example by means of a microscope. microspectra CHMO:0000819 microspectrum CHMO:0000819 A spectrum obtained from a very small portion of a sample, for example by means of a microscope. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of emission vs. wavelength obtained through a Fourier transform of the time series of the radiation emitted by a sample of gas phase molecules that have been excited by a microwave-frequency pulse. microwave spectra CHMO:0000820 microwave spectrum CHMO:0000820 A plot of emission vs. wavelength obtained through a Fourier transform of the time series of the radiation emitted by a sample of gas phase molecules that have been excited by a microwave-frequency pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk. photoacoustic spectra CHMO:0000821 photoacoustic spectrum CHMO:0000821 A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk. https://doi.org/FT9938900749 A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy. photoelectron spectra CHMO:0000822 photoelectron spectrum CHMO:0000822 A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a sample. Raman spectra CHMO:0000823 Raman spectrum CHMO:0000823 A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a sample. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp001661l A spectrum that reflects the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. rotational spectra CHMO:0000824 rotational spectrum CHMO:0000824 A spectrum that reflects the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of reflectance vs. incident frequency or angle obtained by measuring the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light. SPR spectra SPR spectrum surface plasmon resonance spectra CHMO:0000825 surface plasmon resonance spectrum CHMO:0000825 A plot of reflectance vs. incident frequency or angle obtained by measuring the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). 13C MAS NMR 13C MAS-NMR 13C-MAS-NMR CHMO:0000826 13C magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000826 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by forcing a pressurised solution of the sample through a heated metal capillary tip. thermospray mass spectra CHMO:0000827 thermospray mass spectrum CHMO:0000827 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by forcing a pressurised solution of the sample through a heated metal capillary tip. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the mass-to-charge ratio is determined from the time they take to reach a detector. TOF mass spectra TOF mass spectrum time-of-flight mass spectra CHMO:0000828 time-of-flight mass spectrum CHMO:0000828 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the mass-to-charge ratio is determined from the time they take to reach a detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A spectrum that reflects the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. vibration spectra vibration spectrum vibrational spectra CHMO:0000829 vibrational spectrum CHMO:0000829 A spectrum that reflects the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed or emitted by a sample. X-ray spectra CHMO:0000830 X-ray spectrum CHMO:0000830 A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed or emitted by a sample. https://doi.org/10.1021/ci950068b A plot of a relative biological or chemical photoresponse per number of incident photons against wavelength or energy of radiation under the same radiant power of light. action spectra CHMO:0000831 action spectrum CHMO:0000831 A plot of a relative biological or chemical photoresponse per number of incident photons against wavelength or energy of radiation under the same radiant power of light. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.00088 A plot of a quantity related to the absorption, for example absorbance or cross section, multiplied by the quantum yield for the process considered against a measure of photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength. conversion spectra CHMO:0000832 conversion spectrum CHMO:0000832 A plot of a quantity related to the absorption, for example absorbance or cross section, multiplied by the quantum yield for the process considered against a measure of photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01319 A plot of the spectral radiant exitance or of the spectral photon exitance against the frequency (or wavenumber, or wavelength) of excitation. excitation spectra CHMO:0000833 excitation spectrum CHMO:0000833 A plot of the spectral radiant exitance or of the spectral photon exitance against the frequency (or wavenumber, or wavelength) of excitation. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02253 A three-dimensional spectrum generated by scanning the emission spectrum at incremental steps of excitation wavelength. excitation-emission spectra excitation-emission spectrum CHMO:0000834 excitation-emission spectrum CHMO:0000834 A three-dimensional spectrum generated by scanning the emission spectrum at incremental steps of excitation wavelength. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02249 Any spectrum that shows the response of spin-active nuclei to radio frequency radiation in an applied magnetic field. NMR spectra NMR spectrum nuclear magnetic resonance spectra CHMO:0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000835 Any spectrum that shows the response of spin-active nuclei to radio frequency radiation in an applied magnetic field. rsc:pr A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation. EPR spectra are often represented without axes. EPR spectra EPR spectrum ESR spectra ESR spectrum electron paramagnetic resonance spectra electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum electron spin resonance spectra electron spin resonance spectrum CHMO:0000836 electron spin resonance spectrum CHMO:0000836 A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation. EPR spectra are often represented without axes. https://doi.org/10.1039/b003428m rsc:pr A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for carbon-13 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. 13C NMR spectra 13C NMR spectrum carbon-13 NMR spectra carbon-13 NMR spectrum CHMO:0000837 carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000837 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for carbon-13 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity and possibly other parameters for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. 1H NMR spectra 1H NMR spectrum 1H spectrum proton NMR spectra proton NMR spectrum CHMO:0000838 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000838 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity and possibly other parameters for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for phosphorus-31 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. 31P NMR spectra 31P NMR spectrum phosphorus-31 NMR spectra phosphorus-31 NMR spectrum CHMO:0000839 phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000839 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for phosphorus-31 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr A plot of intensity vs. velocity obtained by measuring the intensity and kinetic energy of a beam of gamma-rays transmitted through a solid sample. Moessbauer spectra Moessbauer spectrum Mossbauer spectra Mössbauer spectra Mössbauer spectrum CHMO:0000840 Mossbauer spectrum CHMO:0000840 A plot of intensity vs. velocity obtained by measuring the intensity and kinetic energy of a beam of gamma-rays transmitted through a solid sample. https://doi.org/10.1039/DT9920000073 A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through phosphorescence against the wavelength of the incident radiation. phosphorescence spectra CHMO:0000841 phosphorescence spectrum CHMO:0000841 A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through phosphorescence against the wavelength of the incident radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation in the ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) range. UV&#x2013;VIS absorption spectra UV&#x2013;VIS spectra UV-VIS absorption spectra UV-Vis spectra UV-Vis spectrum UV-vis absorption spectra UV-vis absorption spectrum UV-vis spectra UV-vis spectrum UV-visible spectra UV-visible spectrum UV/vis spectra UV/vis spectrum UV/visible spectra UV/visible spectrum spectrophotometric data ultraviolet-visible spectra ultraviolet-visible spectrum ultraviolet–visible spectra CHMO:0000842 ultraviolet–visible spectrum CHMO:0000842 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation in the ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) range. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for boron-11 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. 11B NMR spectra 11B NMR spectrum boron-11 NMR spectra boron-11 NMR spectrum CHMO:0000843 boron-11 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000843 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for boron-11 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for nitrogen-15 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. 15N NMR spectra 15N NMR spectrum nitrogen-15 NMR spectra nitrogen-15 NMR spectrum CHMO:0000844 nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000844 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for nitrogen-15 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for fluorine-19 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. 19F NMR spectra 19F NMR spectrum fluorine-19 NMR spectra fluorine-19 NMR spectrum CHMO:0000845 fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000845 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for fluorine-19 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for sulfur-33 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. 33S NMR spectra 33S NMR spectrum sulfur-33 NMR spectra sulfur-33 NMR spectrum sulphur-33 NMR spectra sulphur-33 NMR spectrum CHMO:0000846 sulfur-33 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000846 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for sulfur-33 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr A plot of the resonance frequency of vanadium-51 nuclei in the same magnetic environment on a scale relative to their resonance frequency and with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei in those environments. 51V NMR spectra 51V NMR spectrum vanadium-51 NMR spectra vanadium-51 NMR spectrum CHMO:0000847 vanadium-51 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000847 A plot of the resonance frequency of vanadium-51 nuclei in the same magnetic environment on a scale relative to their resonance frequency and with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei in those environments. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for selenium-77 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. 77Se NMR spectra 77Se NMR spectrum selenium-77 NMR spectra selenium-77 NMR spectrum CHMO:0000848 selenium-77 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000848 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for selenium-77 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr Data which is obtained from a diffraction experiment. crystal data diffraction data CHMO:0000849 crystallographic data CHMO:0000849 Data which is obtained from a diffraction experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment. X-ray crystallographic data X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra X-ray diffraction spectra X-ray pattern XRD data XRD diffractogram XRD pattern XRD patterns XRD profile XRD spectra x-ray diffraction pattern CHMO:0000850 X-ray diffraction data CHMO:0000850 Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a powder. PXD data PXD pattern PXRD data PXRD pattern XRD powder pattern powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns powder X-ray diffractogram powder X-ray diffractograms powder XRD data powder XRD pattern CHMO:0000851 powder X-ray diffraction data CHMO:0000851 Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a powder. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a single crystal. single crystal X-ray diffraction data CHMO:0000852 single-crystal X-ray diffraction data CHMO:0000852 Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a single crystal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse. FT-IR spectra FT-IR spectrum FTIR spectra FTIR spectrum Fourier transform infrared spectra CHMO:0000853 Fourier transform infrared spectrum CHMO:0000853 A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of intensity vs. kinetic energy obtained when a high energy photon ionises a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron. CHMO:0000854 Auger spectrum CHMO:0000854 A plot of intensity vs. kinetic energy obtained when a high energy photon ionises a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 31P nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). 31P MAS NMR 31P MAS-NMR 31P-MAS-NMR CHMO:0000855 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000855 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 31P nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). CHMO:0002440 MAS NMR spectrum MAS spectrum CHMO:0000856 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000856 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). 13C MAS NMR spectrum 13C MAS-NMR spectra 13C MAS-NMR spectrum CHMO:0000857 carbon-13 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000857 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). 31P MAS NMR spectrum 31P MAS-NMR spectrum CHMO:0000858 phosphorus-31 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000858 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr The FTIR analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. TG-FT-IR TG-FTIR TG/FTIR TGA-FT-IR TGA-FTIR thermogravimetry coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy thermogravimetry-FTIR CHMO:0000859 thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0000859 The FTIR analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The MS analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. TG-MS TG/MS TGA-MS TGA/MS thermogravimetry coupled to mass spectrometry CHMO:0000860 thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry CHMO:0000860 The MS analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample which is heated from 25–2000 °C and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. HT-XRD HTXRD high temperature X-ray diffraction high temperature XRD high-temperature XRD CHMO:0000861 high-temperature X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000861 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample which is heated from 25–2000 °C and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a parallel beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. HR-XRD HRXRD high resolution X-ray diffraction high resolution XRD high-resolution XRD CHMO:0000862 high-resolution X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000862 A method for determining structure by directing a parallel beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. ISBN:0306458039 A method for probing the free volume between polymer chains in which the anti-particle of an electron (a positron) is injected, from a radioactive source into the sample. When the positron is annihilated a characteristic energy is emitted, and the time from injection to energy emission is measured. PALS positron lifetime spectroscopy CHMO:0000863 positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy CHMO:0000863 A method for probing the free volume between polymer chains in which the anti-particle of an electron (a positron) is injected, from a radioactive source into the sample. When the positron is annihilated a characteristic energy is emitted, and the time from injection to energy emission is measured. http://academic.sun.ac.za/unesco/Conferences/Conference2003/ABSTRACTS/SIMON.htm A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through luminescence against the frequency of the incident radiation. CHMO:0000864 luminescence spectrum CHMO:0000864 A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through luminescence against the frequency of the incident radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of light as a result of stimulation with light) against the frequency/wavelength of the incident radiation. PL emission spectra PL emission spectrum PL spectra PL spectrum photoluminescence spectra CHMO:0000865 photoluminescence spectrum CHMO:0000865 A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of light as a result of stimulation with light) against the frequency/wavelength of the incident radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at room temperature. RT-PL spectra RT-PL spectrum RTPL spectra RTPL spectrum room temperature photoluminescence spectra room temperature photoluminescence spectrum room-temperature photoluminescence spectra CHMO:0000866 room-temperature photoluminescence spectrum CHMO:0000866 A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at room temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at low temperature. LT-PL spectra LT-PL spectrum LTPL spectra LTPL spectrum low temperature photoluminescence spectra low temperature photoluminescence spectrum low-temperature photoluminescence spectra CHMO:0000867 low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum CHMO:0000867 A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at low temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol–gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The sample molecular ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. SGALDI TOF MS SGALDI-TOF-MS SGALDI-TOF/MS sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000868 sol–gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000868 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol–gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The sample molecular ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813957c Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The sample molecular ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. SALDI-TOF-MS SALDI-TOF/MS SELDI-TOF-MS surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry surface-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000869 surface-enhanced laser desorption–ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0000869 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The sample molecular ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of near-infrared radiation (radiation in the range 0.8–2 μm) is detected. NIR Raman near-infrared Raman CHMO:0000870 near-infrared Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000870 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of near-infrared radiation (radiation in the range 0.8–2 μm) is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample is held in a dynamic reaction cell which contains a reagent gas that reacts preferentially with certain species, in order to allow only the analyte ions into the mass-to-charge analyser and the detector. DRC-ICP-MS ICP-DRC-MS dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000871 dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000871 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample is held in a dynamic reaction cell which contains a reagent gas that reacts preferentially with certain species, in order to allow only the analyte ions into the mass-to-charge analyser and the detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. GC-ICP-MS GC-ICP/MS gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000872 gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000872 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ion-exchange chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. IC-ICP-MS IC-ICP/MS IEC-ICP-MS ion chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ion chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000873 ion-exchange chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0000873 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ion-exchange chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Conductive AFM is used for collecting simultaneous topography imaging and current imaging. Specifically, standard conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode. Variations in surface conductivity can be distinguished using this mode. Conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode by using a conductive AFM tip. The contact tip is scanned in contact with the sample surface. Just like contact AFM, the feedback loop uses the DC cantilever deflection signal to maintain a constant force between the tip and the sample to generate the topography image. At the same time, a DC bias is applied to the tip. The sample is held at ground potential. C-AFM CAFM conductive AFM CHMO:0000874 conductive atomic force microscopy CHMO:0000874 Conductive AFM is used for collecting simultaneous topography imaging and current imaging. Specifically, standard conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode. Variations in surface conductivity can be distinguished using this mode. Conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode by using a conductive AFM tip. The contact tip is scanned in contact with the sample surface. Just like contact AFM, the feedback loop uses the DC cantilever deflection signal to maintain a constant force between the tip and the sample to generate the topography image. At the same time, a DC bias is applied to the tip. The sample is held at ground potential. http://www.mcc.uiuc.edu/summerschool/2002/Chang%20Liu/Liu_files/ChangLiu5.pdf Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, at a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) electrochemcial interface is detected. EC-SERS electrochemical SERS electrochemical surface enhanced Raman scattering electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman scattering electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000875 electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000875 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, at a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) electrochemcial interface is detected. https://doi.org/jp809363m Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. A Fourier transform is then applied to the spectrum. FT-EIS CHMO:0000876 Fourier transform electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy CHMO:0000876 Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. A Fourier transform is then applied to the spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a short (ns or ps) pulse beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of time. TR-XRD TRXRD time resolved X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000877 time-resolved X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000877 A method for determining structure by directing a short (ns or ps) pulse beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of time. ISBN:0792346858 Spectroscopy where the luminesence (the emission of visible light) from a small area (<10 microns diameter) of a sample which has been illuminated with light, is detected. micro-PL spectroscopy micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy μ-PL spectroscopy μPL spectroscopy CHMO:0000878 microphotoluminescence spectroscopy CHMO:0000878 Spectroscopy where the luminesence (the emission of visible light) from a small area (<10 microns diameter) of a sample which has been illuminated with light, is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of high-frequency microwave radiation (mm wavelength) in a high magnetic field is measured. HF-EPR HF-ESR high frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy high frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy high-field EPR high-field ESR high-field electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy high-field electron spin resonance spectroscopy high-frequency EPR high-frequency ESR CHMO:0000879 high-frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000879 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of high-frequency microwave radiation (mm wavelength) in a high magnetic field is measured. ISBN:0306483165 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of low-frequency microwave, L-band (cm wavelength) or radio frequency (m wavelength) radiation in a magnetic field is measured. low frequency EPR low frequency ESR low-frequency EPR low-frequency ESR low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000880 low-frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000880 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of low-frequency microwave, L-band (cm wavelength) or radio frequency (m wavelength) radiation in a magnetic field is measured. ISBN:0306483165 Spectroscopy used to measure very slow rotational motions where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave energy absorbed by the spins is such that there is an equal population of upper and lower spin states (described as 'saturated'). ST-EPR ST-ESR saturation transfer electron spin resonance spectroscopy saturation transfer spectroscopy saturation-transfer EPR saturation-transfer ESR saturation-transfer spectroscopy CHMO:0000881 saturation-transfer electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000881 Spectroscopy used to measure very slow rotational motions where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave energy absorbed by the spins is such that there is an equal population of upper and lower spin states (described as 'saturated'). ISBN:0199637474 Spectroscopy where the longitudinal response of an atom with an unpaired electron in a magnetic field to two transverse waves is detected. LODESR longitudinally-detected EPR longitudinally-detected ESR CHMO:0000882 longitudinally detected electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000882 Spectroscopy where the longitudinal response of an atom with an unpaired electron in a magnetic field to two transverse waves is detected. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.06.021 Mass spectrometry where a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) is directed onto the surface of interest causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionisation. PADI-MS PADI/MS plasma-assisted desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry plasma-assisted desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000883 plasma-assisted desorption–ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000883 Mass spectrometry where a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) is directed onto the surface of interest causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field. ELDI-MS ELDI/MS ESI-LD-MS electrospray ionisation laser desorption mass spectrometry electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectroscopy CHMO:0000884 electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0000884 Mass spectrometry where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2243 Spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity from a sample absorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light. SEROA surface enhanced Raman optical activity surface enhanced chiral Raman spectroscopy surface-enhanced Raman optical activity CHMO:0000885 surface-enhanced chiral Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0000885 Spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity from a sample absorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where purified gas obtained from a sample is alternated rapidly with a standard gas (of known isotopic composition) by means of a system of valves, so that a number of comparative measurements are made of both gases. The relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is then determined. DI-IRMS DI/IRMS dual inlet IRMS dual inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry dual-inlet IRMS CHMO:0000886 dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry CHMO:0000886 Mass spectrometry where purified gas obtained from a sample is alternated rapidly with a standard gas (of known isotopic composition) by means of a system of valves, so that a number of comparative measurements are made of both gases. The relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is then determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. Measurements are taken immediately after sample preparation and separately to the standard gas. CF-IRMS CF/IRMS continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry continuous-flow IRMS CHMO:0000887 continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry CHMO:0000887 Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. Measurements are taken immediately after sample preparation and separately to the standard gas. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. proton-decoupled NMR proton-decoupled NMR spectroscopy CHMO:0000888 proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000888 A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings between 31P and 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. 31P{1H}-NMR 31P{1H}-NMR spectroscopy CHMO:0000889 proton-decoupled 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000889 A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings between 31P and 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings between 13C and 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. 13C{1H}-NMR 13C{1H}-NMR spectroscopy CHMO:0000890 proton-decoupled 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000890 A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings between 13C and 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and heteronuclei have been removed. CHMO:0000891 proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000891 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and heteronuclei have been removed. rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei and (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and phosphorus-31 nuclei have been removed. 31P{1H} NMR spectrum 31P{1H}-NMR spectrum CHMO:0000892 proton-decoupled phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000892 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei and (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and phosphorus-31 nuclei have been removed. rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei and (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and carbon-13 nuclei have been removed. 13C{1H} NMR spectrum 13C{1H}-NMR spectrum CHMO:0000893 proton-decoupled carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000893 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei and (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and carbon-13 nuclei have been removed. rsc:pr Data which is obtained from an electron diffraction experiment. ED data ED pattern electron diffraction pattern electron diffraction patterns CHMO:0000894 electron diffraction data CHMO:0000894 Data which is obtained from an electron diffraction experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Data which is obtained from a transmission high-energy electron diffraction experiment. SADP data SAED data SAED pattern THEED data THEED pattern selected area electron diffraction data selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns transmission high energy electron diffraction data CHMO:0000895 transmission high-energy electron diffraction data CHMO:0000895 Data which is obtained from a transmission high-energy electron diffraction experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. REDOR rotational echo double resonance spectroscopy rotational echo double-resonance (REDOR) spectroscopy CHMO:0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000896 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0000973 rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The resulting spectrum is then subtracted from a reference spectrum obtained without saturation. Saturation-transfer NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors. STD STD-NMR STD-NMR spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer difference (STD) spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer difference spectroscopy saturation transfer difference (STD) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000897 saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000897 A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The resulting spectrum is then subtracted from a reference spectrum obtained without saturation. Saturation-transfer NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors. rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The signal from two different samples is obtained simultaneously and common signals are cancelled automatically. Saturation-transfer double-difference NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors. STDD-NMR saturation-transfer double-difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000898 saturation transfer double difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000898 A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The signal from two different samples is obtained simultaneously and common signals are cancelled automatically. Saturation-transfer double-difference NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) by a sample is measured. UV-vis-DRS UV-vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy UV–vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy UV–vis–DRS diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy diffuse reflectance UV-visible diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy CHMO:0000899 diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry CHMO:0000899 Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) by a sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy (following illumination of the sample with X-rays). X-Ray photoelectron spectra X-Ray photoelectron spectrum X-ray photoelectron spectra XPS spectra XPS spectrum XPS survey spectra XPS survey spectrum CHMO:0000900 X-ray photoelectron spectrum CHMO:0000900 A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy (following illumination of the sample with X-rays). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Data which is obtained from a neutron diffraction experiment. CHMO:0000901 neutron diffraction data CHMO:0000901 Data which is obtained from a neutron diffraction experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of temperature. VT-XRD X-ray thermodiffractometry temperature-resolved XRD variable-temperature X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000902 temperature-resolved X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000902 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule. CSA experiment CHMO:0000903 chemical shift anisotropy experiment CHMO:0000903 An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule. rsc:pr An NMR technique whereby paramagnetic ions are introduced to a sample which cause enhanced relaxation of the spins in proximity of the paramagnetic spin label, giving long-range (up to 24 Å) structural information. Also used in binding studies, allowing identification of the atoms involved in binding. PRE paramagnetic relaxation enhancements CHMO:0000904 paramagnetic relaxation enhancement CHMO:0000904 An NMR technique whereby paramagnetic ions are introduced to a sample which cause enhanced relaxation of the spins in proximity of the paramagnetic spin label, giving long-range (up to 24 Å) structural information. Also used in binding studies, allowing identification of the atoms involved in binding. rsc:pr An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. CHMO:0000905 spin diffusion experiment CHMO:0000905 An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. rsc:pr An NMR experiment which measures the variation in amplitude of signals from dipolar-coupled nuclei over time, yielding information about the number of coupled nuclei in the system. CHMO:0000906 spin counting experiment CHMO:0000906 An NMR experiment which measures the variation in amplitude of signals from dipolar-coupled nuclei over time, yielding information about the number of coupled nuclei in the system. rsc:pr An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between 1H nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. CHMO:0000907 1H spin diffusion experiment CHMO:0000907 An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between 1H nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. rsc:pr An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between 19F nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. CHMO:0000908 19F spin diffusion experiment CHMO:0000908 An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between 19F nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. rsc:pr Magic angle spinning NMR experiments in which dipolar coupling is reintroduced to obtain information on the proximity of nuclei within the sample. PISEMA dipolar recoupling distance experiment dipolar recoupling experiment polarization inversion and spin exchange at the magic angle CHMO:0000909 polarisation inversion and spin exchange at the magic angle CHMO:0000909 Magic angle spinning NMR experiments in which dipolar coupling is reintroduced to obtain information on the proximity of nuclei within the sample. FIX:0001006 rsc:pr A two-dimensional NMR experiment which exploits the differential dipolar couplings which nuclei exhibit to their neighboring protons within local magnetic fields. The experiment consist of two time intervals: during the first time period the dipolar couplings are encoded in the NMR signal, while in the detection period the signals of different nuclei are separated on the basis of their differences in chemical shift. 2D SLF 2D SLF NMR 2D separated local field NMR 2D-SLF 2D-SLF NMR SLF NMR SLF spectroscopy separate local field NMR separate-local-field NMR separated local field (SLF) NMR separated local field NMR separated local field spectroscopy separated-local field (SLF) NMR separated-local field NMR separated-local-field spectroscopy CHMO:0000910 separated-local-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000910 A two-dimensional NMR experiment which exploits the differential dipolar couplings which nuclei exhibit to their neighboring protons within local magnetic fields. The experiment consist of two time intervals: during the first time period the dipolar couplings are encoded in the NMR signal, while in the detection period the signals of different nuclei are separated on the basis of their differences in chemical shift. ISBN:1402053274 A two-dimensional NMR experiment which exploits the differential dipolar couplings which 15N nuclei exhibit to their neighboring protons within local magnetic fields. The experiment consist of two time intervals: during the first time period the dipolar couplings are encoded in the NMR signal, while in the detection period the signals of different nuclei are separated on the basis of their differences in chemical shift. 15N SLF NMR 15N separated-local-field NMR 2D 15N SLF CHMO:0000911 15N separated-local-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000911 A two-dimensional NMR experiment which exploits the differential dipolar couplings which 15N nuclei exhibit to their neighboring protons within local magnetic fields. The experiment consist of two time intervals: during the first time period the dipolar couplings are encoded in the NMR signal, while in the detection period the signals of different nuclei are separated on the basis of their differences in chemical shift. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An NMR experiment which measures the variation in amplitude of signals from dipolar-coupled 19F nuclei over time, yielding information about the number of coupled nuclei in the system. CHMO:0000912 19F spin counting experiment CHMO:0000912 An NMR experiment which measures the variation in amplitude of signals from dipolar-coupled 19F nuclei over time, yielding information about the number of coupled nuclei in the system. rsc:pr An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift of 15N nuclei under isotropic (unaligned media) and anisotropic (aligned media) conditions are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule. CHMO:0000913 15N chemical shift anisotropy experiment CHMO:0000913 An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift of 15N nuclei under isotropic (unaligned media) and anisotropic (aligned media) conditions are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule. rsc:pr A plot of enthalpy vs. temperature obtained by measuring the enthalpy required to increase the temperature of a sample as a function of temperature. DSC curve DSC heating curve DSC plot DSC thermogram DSC thermograms CHMO:0000914 differential scanning calorimetry curve CHMO:0000914 A plot of enthalpy vs. temperature obtained by measuring the enthalpy required to increase the temperature of a sample as a function of temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The study of the flow of fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. Rheometry is the measurement of the relationship between deformation and stress for these liquids. rheological measurements rheology CHMO:0000915 rheometry CHMO:0000915 The study of the flow of fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. Rheometry is the measurement of the relationship between deformation and stress for these liquids. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The characterisation of flow or deformation of a liquid, which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity, as a result of shear stress. shear rheology CHMO:0000916 shear rheometry CHMO:0000916 The characterisation of flow or deformation of a liquid, which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity, as a result of shear stress. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The study of the temperature dependence of the relationship between deformation and stress for fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. temperature dependent rheology temperature dependent rheometry temperature-dependent rheological measurements temperature-dependent rheology CHMO:0000917 temperature-dependent rheometry CHMO:0000917 The study of the temperature dependence of the relationship between deformation and stress for fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of stress vs. flow rate obtained from rheological measurements. CHMO:0000918 flow curve CHMO:0000918 A plot of stress vs. flow rate obtained from rheological measurements. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (<5°) close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. GAXRD GID GIXRD glancing angle X-ray diffraction glancing angle XRD glancing incidence X-ray diffraction glancing incidence XRD glancing-angle X-ray diffraction glancing-angle XRD glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction glancing-incidence XRD grazing angle X-ray diffraction grazing angle XRD grazing incidence X-ray diffraction grazing incidence XRD grazing-angle XRD grazing-angle incidence X-ray diffraction grazing-angle incidence XRD grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction grazing-incidence XRD grazing-incidence diffraction CHMO:0000919 grazing-angle X-ray diffraction CHMO:0000919 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (<5°) close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A two-dimensional solid-state NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shift anisotropy of a nucleus with its isotropic chemical shift by performing a series of experiments each at a different spinning angle relative to the magnetic field. 2D VACSY 2D VACSY NMR VACSY VACSY NMR variable-angle correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000920 variable angle correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0000920 A two-dimensional solid-state NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shift anisotropy of a nucleus with its isotropic chemical shift by performing a series of experiments each at a different spinning angle relative to the magnetic field. rsc:pr An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and there is one square wave cycle per staircase step. OSWV Osteryoung square wave voltammetry CHMO:0000921 Osteryoung square-wave voltammetry CHMO:0000921 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and there is one square wave cycle per staircase step. ISBN:0471594628 A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a voltammetry experiment. voltammetric profile CHMO:0000922 voltammogram CHMO:0000922 A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a voltammetry experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a square-wave voltammetry experiment. square wave voltammogram square wave voltammograms square-wave voltammograms CHMO:0000923 square-wave voltammogram CHMO:0000923 A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a square-wave voltammetry experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the strength and/or direction of magnetic fields, or the magnetic susceptibility of a sample. FIX:0000048 magnetic susceptibility measurements CHMO:0000924 magnetometry CHMO:0000924 The measurement of the strength and/or direction of magnetic fields, or the magnetic susceptibility of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the change in magnetic field caused by the vibration of a sample. VSM vibrating sample magnetometry CHMO:0000925 vibrating-sample magnetometry CHMO:0000925 The measurement of the change in magnetic field caused by the vibration of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of very small magnetic fields (5 x 10-18 T) using a superconducting quantum interference device. SQUID magnetometry SQUID measurements CHMO:0000926 superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry CHMO:0000926 The measurement of very small magnetic fields (5 x 10-18 T) using a superconducting quantum interference device. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium. CHMO:0000927 velocimetry CHMO:0000927 The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium. https://doi.org/047139484X A method for determining the velocity of fluids by tracking the diffracted or fluorescent light emitted from individual particles in successive digital camera images. particle tracking velocimetry PTV CHMO:0000928 particle-tracking velocimetry CHMO:0000928 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by tracking the diffracted or fluorescent light emitted from individual particles in successive digital camera images. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A magic angle spinning NMR dipolar recoupling technique used to determine dipolar couplings between 1H and 13C nuclei. A FSLG sequence is used to remove homonuclear couplings (by spin-locking the 1H nuclei) and polarization transfer from the protons to the 13C via dipolar coupling manifests as a splitting of the detected 13C signal. FSLG-CP frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation frequency switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarisation CHMO:0000929 frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization CHMO:0000929 A magic angle spinning NMR dipolar recoupling technique used to determine dipolar couplings between 1H and 13C nuclei. A FSLG sequence is used to remove homonuclear couplings (by spin-locking the 1H nuclei) and polarization transfer from the protons to the 13C via dipolar coupling manifests as a splitting of the detected 13C signal. rsc:pr A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10–80 °C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. CSI-MS spectra CSI-MS spectrum cold-spray ionisation mass spectra CHMO:0000930 cold-spray ionisation mass spectrum CHMO:0000930 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10–80 °C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed. heteronuclear 2D NMR CHMO:0000931 heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0000931 Any type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed. FIX:0000147 rsc:pr A two-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the chemical shift of a correlated nucleus. 2D NMR spectra 2D NMR spectrum 2D-NMR spectra 2D-NMR spectrum CHMO:0000932 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0000932 A two-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the chemical shift of a correlated nucleus. rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei, the signals from which are enhanced by the transfer of magnetisation from 1H nuclei. DEPT NMR spectrum DEPT spectrum CHMO:0000933 distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer spectrum CHMO:0000933 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei, the signals from which are enhanced by the transfer of magnetisation from 1H nuclei. rsc:pr A two-dimensional NMR spectrum in which peaks appear at the chemical shift of (usually) protons in one dimension and at the chemical shift of their covalently-bound heteroatoms in the other dimension. HSQC spectra HSQC spectrum heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectra CHMO:0000934 heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectrum CHMO:0000934 A two-dimensional NMR spectrum in which peaks appear at the chemical shift of (usually) protons in one dimension and at the chemical shift of their covalently-bound heteroatoms in the other dimension. rsc:pr A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. HMBC spectra HMBC spectrum CHMO:0000935 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum CHMO:0000935 A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. rsc:pr The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been reflected from or scattered by a sample. reflectance spectrometry reflection spectrometry reflection spectroscopy CHMO:0000936 reflectance spectroscopy CHMO:0000936 The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been reflected from or scattered by a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of radiation reflected by a sample. reflectance spectra CHMO:0000937 reflectance spectrum CHMO:0000937 A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of radiation reflected by a sample. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100173a016 The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been transmitted through a sample. transmission spectrometry transmittance spectrometry transmittance spectroscopy CHMO:0000938 transmission spectroscopy CHMO:0000938 The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been transmitted through a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of transmittance vs. wavelength. transmission spectra transmittance spectrum CHMO:0000939 transmission spectrum CHMO:0000939 A plot of transmittance vs. wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as components from three directions (one vertical and two lateral). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. VPFM vector PFM CHMO:0000940 vector piezoresponse force microscopy CHMO:0000940 Microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as components from three directions (one vertical and two lateral). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen. SEM CHMO:0000941 scanning electron microscope CHMO:0000941 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05484 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen. field emission scanning electron microscope FE-SEM FEG-SEM field emission SEM field-emission SEM CHMO:0000942 field-emission scanning electron microscope CHMO:0000942 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A microscope which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen, mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position, producing an image of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. SPM CHMO:0000943 scanning probe microscope CHMO:0000943 A microscope which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen, mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position, producing an image of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. CHMO:0000112 CHMO:0000944 true A piece of apparatus that contains a reagent gas that reacts preferentially with certain species in order to allow only the analyte ions into the mass-to-charge analyser and the detector. DRC CHMO:0000945 dynamic reaction cell CHMO:0000945 A piece of apparatus that contains a reagent gas that reacts preferentially with certain species in order to allow only the analyte ions into the mass-to-charge analyser and the detector. http://rock.esc.cam.ac.uk/icpms/drc.html A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. optical trap optical tweezer single-beam gradient force optical trap CHMO:0000946 optical tweezers CHMO:0000946 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. light microscope CHMO:0000947 optical microscope CHMO:0000947 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge. When a photon is absorbed by the chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light. CCD CCD array charge coupled device CHMO:0000948 charge-coupled device CHMO:0000948 A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge. When a photon is absorbed by the chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A diffractometer in which the detector is a charge-coupled device. CCD diffractometer CHMO:0000949 charge-coupled device diffractometer CHMO:0000949 A diffractometer in which the detector is a charge-coupled device. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. CHMO:0000950 diffractometer CHMO:0000950 A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. http://microlab.berkeley.edu/labmanual/chap8/8.44.html A sharp spike which is mounted on the end of a cantilever and used to scan the surface of a specimen in atomic force microscopy. AFM tip atomic force microscope (AFM) tip atomic force microscope tip CHMO:0000951 atomic force microscopy tip CHMO:0000951 A sharp spike which is mounted on the end of a cantilever and used to scan the surface of a specimen in atomic force microscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A cantilever used in atomic force microscopy to transmit force from the tip to a recording device. AFM cantilever AFM lever atomic force microscope cantilever CHMO:0000952 atomic force microscopy cantilever CHMO:0000952 A cantilever used in atomic force microscopy to transmit force from the tip to a recording device. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus which is used to generate an image of the surface of a specimen, whether by focusing reflected light onto where it can be collected or by scanning a given area of the surface. CHMO:0000953 microscope CHMO:0000953 A piece of apparatus which is used to generate an image of the surface of a specimen, whether by focusing reflected light onto where it can be collected or by scanning a given area of the surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A microscope which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. AFM CHMO:0000954 atomic force microscope CHMO:0000954 A microscope which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. CHMO:0000113 A mass spectrometer that uses an inductively coupled plasma torch, an ion source that consists of a torch that is surrounded by a radio frequency generator that ionises argon gas inside the torch to form a high-temperature (up to 10 000 K) plasma that can be used to ionise analytes. plasma emission spectrometer (ICP) ICP MS ICP-MS CHMO:0000955 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer CHMO:0000955 A mass spectrometer that uses an inductively coupled plasma torch, an ion source that consists of a torch that is surrounded by a radio frequency generator that ionises argon gas inside the torch to form a high-temperature (up to 10 000 K) plasma that can be used to ionise analytes. ISBN:9780470516348 An ion source that consists of a torch that is surrounded by a radio frequency generator that ionises argon gas inside the torch to form a high-temperature (up to 10 000 K) plasma that can be used to ionise analytes. ICP torch CHMO:0000956 inductively coupled plasma torch CHMO:0000956 An ion source that consists of a torch that is surrounded by a radio frequency generator that ionises argon gas inside the torch to form a high-temperature (up to 10 000 K) plasma that can be used to ionise analytes. ISBN:9780470516348 An ion source that consists of a high-pressure ionisation chamber containing a reagent gas (for example N2, O2 or H2O) which is ionised by high-energy electrons from a heated strip of metal and goes on to react with the analyte to ionise it. CI source chemical ionization source CHMO:0000957 chemical ionisation source CHMO:0000957 An ion source that consists of a high-pressure ionisation chamber containing a reagent gas (for example N2, O2 or H2O) which is ionised by high-energy electrons from a heated strip of metal and goes on to react with the analyte to ionise it. ISBN:9780470516348 A mass spectrometer that uses an electron ionisation source, which consists of a thin strip of metal that is heated electrically to incandescence or a temperature at which it emits free electrons that are accelerated through a potential to an energy where they ionise the sample. electron ionization mass spectrometer EI MS CHMO:0000958 electron ionisation mass spectrometer CHMO:0000958 A mass spectrometer that uses an electron ionisation source, which consists of a thin strip of metal that is heated electrically to incandescence or a temperature at which it emits free electrons that are accelerated through a potential to an energy where they ionise the sample. ISBN:9780470516348 An ion source that consists of an ionisation chamber and a thin strip of metal that is heated electrically to incandescence or a temperature at which it emits free electrons that are accelerated through a potential to an energy where they ionise the sample. EI source electron impact source electron ionization source CHMO:0000959 electron ionisation source CHMO:0000959 An ion source that consists of an ionisation chamber and a thin strip of metal that is heated electrically to incandescence or a temperature at which it emits free electrons that are accelerated through a potential to an energy where they ionise the sample. ISBN:9780470516348 A piece of apparatus that takes an analyte and generates ions which are passed to the rest of a mass spectrometer for analysis. CHMO:0000960 ion source CHMO:0000960 A piece of apparatus that takes an analyte and generates ions which are passed to the rest of a mass spectrometer for analysis. ISBN:9780470516348 An ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. CHMO:0000961 orthogonal-acceleration ion source CHMO:0000961 An ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. ISBN:9780470516348 A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser to separate ions. Ions introduced into the mass analyzer are accelerated along the axis perpendicular to their initial direction of motion. oaTOF mass spectrometer oa-TOF MS oa-TOF-MS oaTOF MS oaTOF-MS CHMO:0000962 orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer CHMO:0000962 A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser to separate ions. Ions introduced into the mass analyzer are accelerated along the axis perpendicular to their initial direction of motion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. quadrapole mass spectrometer QMS CHMO:0000963 quadrupole mass spectrometer CHMO:0000963 A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus consisting of paired trapping plates, receiver plates and transmitter plates which provides a magnetic field that coherently excites ions according to their cyclotron frequencies which depend on their mass-to-charge ratio. CHMO:0000964 ion cyclotron resonance cell CHMO:0000964 A piece of apparatus consisting of paired trapping plates, receiver plates and transmitter plates which provides a magnetic field that coherently excites ions according to their cyclotron frequencies which depend on their mass-to-charge ratio. ISBN:9780470516348 A mass spectrometer that uses an ion cyclotron resonance cell (a piece of apparatus that measures the frequency at which ions precesses in a fixed magnetic field and subjects the frequency output to a Fourier transform) as a mass-to-charge analyser and detector. FTICR spectrometer FT-ICR MS FTICR MS CHMO:0000965 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer CHMO:0000965 A mass spectrometer that uses an ion cyclotron resonance cell (a piece of apparatus that measures the frequency at which ions precesses in a fixed magnetic field and subjects the frequency output to a Fourier transform) as a mass-to-charge analyser and detector. ISBN:9780470516348 A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a quadrupolar potential (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain the trajectories of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. QIT quadrapole mass analyser quadrapole mass-to-charge analyser quadrupole ion trap quadrupole mass analyser CHMO:0000966 quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser CHMO:0000966 A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a quadrupolar potential (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain the trajectories of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.Q04971 A mass-to-charge analyser that consists of a set of four linear electrodes and allows only ions of a given mass-to-charge ratio, set according to the direct current and radio frequency potentials, to reach a detector. QMF quadrupole mass filter CHMO:0000967 transmission quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser CHMO:0000967 A mass-to-charge analyser that consists of a set of four linear electrodes and allows only ions of a given mass-to-charge ratio, set according to the direct current and radio frequency potentials, to reach a detector. ISBN:9780470516348 A mass-to-charge analyser that consists of two coaxial axially symmetric electrodes, the outer one in the shape of a barrel, the inner one in the shape of a spindle, that traps ions in oscillating trajectories along the z-axis according to their mass-to-charge ratio. CHMO:0000968 Orbitrap CHMO:0000968 A mass-to-charge analyser that consists of two coaxial axially symmetric electrodes, the outer one in the shape of a barrel, the inner one in the shape of a spindle, that traps ions in oscillating trajectories along the z-axis according to their mass-to-charge ratio. ISBN:9780470516348 A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a two-dimensional quadrupole field (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain ions radially into trajectories that correspond to their mass-to-charge ratio. 2D QIT QLT linear quadrapole ion trap mass-to-charge analyser linear quadrapole mass analyser linear quadrupole ion trap mass analyser linear quadrupole mass analyser quadrupole linear ion trap quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer CHMO:0000969 linear quadrupole ion trap mass-to-charge analyser CHMO:0000969 A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a two-dimensional quadrupole field (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain ions radially into trajectories that correspond to their mass-to-charge ratio. ISBN:9780470516348 A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a three-dimensional quadrupole field (generated by four parallel electrodes) to trap ions in orbits that correspond to their mass-to-charge ratio. 3D QIT CHMO:0000970 three-dimensional quadrupole ion trap mass-to-charge analyser CHMO:0000970 A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a three-dimensional quadrupole field (generated by four parallel electrodes) to trap ions in orbits that correspond to their mass-to-charge ratio. ISBN:9780470516348 An open-tubular column in which a layer of porous particles deposited from a suspension coats the inner wall and serves as a support for a liquid stationary phase. SCOT column CHMO:0000971 support-coated open-tubular column CHMO:0000971 An open-tubular column in which a layer of porous particles deposited from a suspension coats the inner wall and serves as a support for a liquid stationary phase. Orange:9.2.3.2 An open-tubular column in which a porous layer, achieved by either etching a non-porous layer or by deposition of porous particles from a suspension, coats the inner wall and may serve as a support for a liquid stationary phase or as the stationary phase itself. PLOT column CHMO:0000972 porous-layer open-tubular column CHMO:0000972 An open-tubular column in which a porous layer, achieved by either etching a non-porous layer or by deposition of porous particles from a suspension, coats the inner wall and may serve as a support for a liquid stationary phase or as the stationary phase itself. Orange:9.2.3.2 An open-tubular column in which the liquid stationary phase is coated on the unmodified smooth inner wall of the tube. WCOT column CHMO:0000973 wall-coated open-tubular column CHMO:0000973 An open-tubular column in which the liquid stationary phase is coated on the unmodified smooth inner wall of the tube. Orange:9.2.3.2 A chromatography column in which either the inner tube wall or a liquid or active solid held stationary on the tube wall acts as the stationary phase and there is an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase. CHMO:0000974 open-tubular column CHMO:0000974 A chromatography column in which either the inner tube wall or a liquid or active solid held stationary on the tube wall acts as the stationary phase and there is an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase. Orange:9.2.3.2 A chromatography column that contains a solid packing. CHMO:0000975 packed column CHMO:0000975 A chromatography column that contains a solid packing. Orange:9.2.3.2 A chromatography column that contains very small particles and is capable of taking a high inlet pressure. HPLC column CHMO:0000976 high-performance liquid chromatography column CHMO:0000976 A chromatography column that contains very small particles and is capable of taking a high inlet pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser and a reflectron to separate ions. The reflectron uses a constant electrostatic field to reflect the ion beam toward the detector. The more energetic ions penetrate deeper into the reflectron, and take a slightly longer path to the detector. Less energetic ions of the same charge-to-mass ratio penetrate a shorter distance into the reflectron and, correspondingly, take a shorter path to the detector. reTOF MS reTOF-MS reflectron TOF MS CHMO:0000977 reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer CHMO:0000977 A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser and a reflectron to separate ions. The reflectron uses a constant electrostatic field to reflect the ion beam toward the detector. The more energetic ions penetrate deeper into the reflectron, and take a slightly longer path to the detector. Less energetic ions of the same charge-to-mass ratio penetrate a shorter distance into the reflectron and, correspondingly, take a shorter path to the detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus which separates ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. CHMO:0000978 mass-to-charge analyser CHMO:0000978 A piece of apparatus which separates ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus which produces an electric field that accelerates ions in a mass-to-charge analyser in a direction opposite to their direction of travel, acting as an ion mirror to separate ions of the same mass-to-charge ratio that have different kinetic energy. CHMO:0000979 reflectron CHMO:0000979 A piece of apparatus which produces an electric field that accelerates ions in a mass-to-charge analyser in a direction opposite to their direction of travel, acting as an ion mirror to separate ions of the same mass-to-charge ratio that have different kinetic energy. ISBN:9780470516348 A piece of apparatus which accelerates a sample of ions so that they all have the same kinetic energy across a field-free drift region of length 1–2 m to a detector, thus separating the ions by their velocity, which is proportional to their mass-to-charge ratio. CHMO:0000980 time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser CHMO:0000980 A piece of apparatus which accelerates a sample of ions so that they all have the same kinetic energy across a field-free drift region of length 1–2 m to a detector, thus separating the ions by their velocity, which is proportional to their mass-to-charge ratio. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser to separate ions. TOF MS TOF-MS CHMO:0000981 time-of-flight mass spectrometer CHMO:0000981 A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser to separate ions. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06382 A piece of apparatus that consists of at least an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. CHMO:0000982 mass spectrometer CHMO:0000982 A piece of apparatus that consists of at least an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with an internal diameter of 20–100 micrometres and hosts the separation medium in capillary electrophoresis. CHMO:0000983 separation capillary CHMO:0000983 A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with an internal diameter of 20–100 micrometres and hosts the separation medium in capillary electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A liquid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography, and may be chemically bonded or immobilized onto a solid. CHMO:0000984 liquid stationary phase CHMO:0000984 A liquid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography, and may be chemically bonded or immobilized onto a solid. Orange:9.2.1.1 A solid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography. CHMO:0000985 solid stationary phase CHMO:0000985 A solid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography. Orange:9.2.1.1 A solid, gel or liquid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography. CHMO:0000986 stationary phase CHMO:0000986 A solid, gel or liquid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography. Orange:9.2.1.1 A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with a diameter of less than a millimetre and hosts the stationary bed in chromatography. CHMO:0000987 capillary column CHMO:0000987 A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with a diameter of less than a millimetre and hosts the stationary bed in chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An open chromatographic bed that consists of a sheet of paper, often filter paper. CHMO:0000988 chromatography paper CHMO:0000988 An open chromatographic bed that consists of a sheet of paper, often filter paper. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An open chromatographic bed that consists of a thin (0.10 to 0.25 mm) layer of sorbent applied to a firm backing of glass, aluminium or a plastic sheet to act as a support. Numerous sorbents have been used including silica gel, cellulose, aluminium oxide and polyamide. TLC plate CHMO:0000989 thin-layer chromatography plate CHMO:0000989 An open chromatographic bed that consists of a thin (0.10 to 0.25 mm) layer of sorbent applied to a firm backing of glass, aluminium or a plastic sheet to act as a support. Numerous sorbents have been used including silica gel, cellulose, aluminium oxide and polyamide. ISBN:9780854045358 A piece of apparatus that is planar and is or hosts the stationary bed in chromatography. CHMO:0000990 open chromatographic bed CHMO:0000990 A piece of apparatus that is planar and is or hosts the stationary bed in chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A liquid that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography. CHMO:0000991 liquid mobile phase CHMO:0000991 A liquid that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography. Orange:9.2.1.1 A supercritical fluid that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography. CHMO:0000992 supercritical mobile phase CHMO:0000992 A supercritical fluid that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography. Orange:9.2.1.1 An independent material continuant that is self-connected and retains its identity over time. CHMO:0000993 portion of material CHMO:0000993 An independent material continuant that is self-connected and retains its identity over time. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 One of the portions of material between which the components to be separated are distributed in chromatography. CHMO:0000994 chromatographic phase CHMO:0000994 One of the portions of material between which the components to be separated are distributed in chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A fluid that percolates through or along the stationary bed in chromatography. CHMO:0002468 eluent CHMO:0000995 mobile phase CHMO:0000995 A fluid that percolates through or along the stationary bed in chromatography. Orange:9.2.1.1 A gas that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography. CHMO:0000996 gaseous mobile phase CHMO:0000996 A gas that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography. Orange:9.2.1.1 A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with a diameter between 5 to 50 mm and hosts the stationary bed in chromatography. CHMO:0000997 chromatography column CHMO:0000997 A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with a diameter between 5 to 50 mm and hosts the stationary bed in chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0000998 true A method that results in the separation of two or more components according to some property. FIX:0000002 partition CHMO:0000999 separation method CHMO:0000999 A method that results in the separation of two or more components according to some property. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. FIX:0000053 analytical chromatography chromatographic analysis preparative chromatography CHMO:0001000 chromatography CHMO:0001000 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01075 A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of standard length 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). CHMO:0002118 preparative column chromatography CHMO:0001001 column chromatography CHMO:0001001 A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of standard length 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac971247q https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01182 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. FIX:0000098 GC CHMO:0001002 gas chromatography CHMO:0001002 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. SFC CHMO:0001003 supercritical-fluid chromatography CHMO:0001003 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. FIX:0000609 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid. LC CHMO:0001004 liquid chromatography CHMO:0001004 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid. FIX:0000608 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chromatography method where the stationary phase is present as or on a plane. open bed chromatography open-bed chromatography CHMO:0001005 planar chromatography CHMO:0001005 A chromatography method where the stationary phase is present as or on a plane. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04682 Chromatography where the separation is caused by differing biological specificity of the analyte-ligand interactions. bioaffinity chromatography CHMO:0001006 affinity chromatography CHMO:0001006 Chromatography where the separation is caused by differing biological specificity of the analyte-ligand interactions. OrangeBook:9.2.1.5 A chromatography method where the stationary phase is a thin (0.10 to 0.25 mm) layer of sorbent applied to a firm backing such as glass, aluminium or plastic sheet. An eluent ( single solvent or solvent mixture) is allowed to flow by capillary action through the sorbent starting at a point just below the applied samples. As the eluent front migrates through the sorbent the components of the sample also migrate, but at different rates resulting in separation. TLC CHMO:0001007 thin-layer chromatography CHMO:0001007 A chromatography method where the stationary phase is a thin (0.10 to 0.25 mm) layer of sorbent applied to a firm backing such as glass, aluminium or plastic sheet. An eluent ( single solvent or solvent mixture) is allowed to flow by capillary action through the sorbent starting at a point just below the applied samples. As the eluent front migrates through the sorbent the components of the sample also migrate, but at different rates resulting in separation. ISBN:9780854045358 A chromatography method where the stationary phase is or is impregnated in a sheet of paper. CHMO:0001008 paper chromatography CHMO:0001008 A chromatography method where the stationary phase is or is impregnated in a sheet of paper. Orange:9.2.1.3 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. FIX:0000630 HPLC high performance liquid chromatography high pressure liquid chromatography high-pressure liquid chromatography CHMO:0001009 high-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0001009 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. OrangeBook:9.2.1.4 Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects such as differences in molecular size, shape or charge. CHMO:0001010 exclusion chromatography CHMO:0001010 Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects such as differences in molecular size, shape or charge. FIX:0000614 OrangeBook:9.2.1.5 Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel. GPC gel permeation chromatography gel-permeation chromatography CHMO:0001011 gel filtration chromatography CHMO:0001011 Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel. Orange:9.2.1.5 Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in charge, the mobile phase is aqueous and the analyte is ionic. ion exclusion chromatography CHMO:0001012 ion-exclusion chromatography CHMO:0001012 Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in charge, the mobile phase is aqueous and the analyte is ionic. FIX:0000627 OrangeBook:9.2.1.5 Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in molecular size. SEC size exclusion chromatography CHMO:0001013 size-exclusion chromatography CHMO:0001013 Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in molecular size. FIX:0000626 OrangeBook:9.2.1.5 Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in ion-exchange affinity. IEC IEX chromatography ion exchange chromatography ion chromatography CHMO:0001014 ion-exchange chromatography CHMO:0001014 Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in ion-exchange affinity. FIX:0000613 OrangeBook:9.2.1.5 Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a solid. GSC CHMO:0001015 gas-solid chromatography CHMO:0001015 Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a solid. FIX:0000632 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a liquid. FIX:0000631 GLC CHMO:0001016 gas-liquid chromatography CHMO:0001016 Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a liquid. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A method that results in the separation of two components along two physical axes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T02:48:54Z CHMO:0001017 two-dimensional separation method CHMO:0001017 A method that results in the separation of two components along two physical axes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both chromatography. initial separation proceeds in a primary column and 'cuts' of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns. FIX:0001152 2D chromatography CHMO:0001018 two-dimensional chromatography CHMO:0001018 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both chromatography. initial separation proceeds in a primary column and 'cuts' of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. FIX:0000097 sep:00140 cataphoresis electrophoretic analysis CHMO:0001019 electrophoresis CHMO:0001019 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both electrophoresis. Separation occurs in one plane, that plane is rotated by 90° and the next separation step is carried out. 2-DE 2D electrophoresis 2DE CHMO:0001020 two-dimensional electrophoresis CHMO:0001020 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both electrophoresis. Separation occurs in one plane, that plane is rotated by 90° and the next separation step is carried out. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. sep:00150 CHMO:0001021 gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001021 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. FIX:0000628 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of agarose gel, across which an electric field is applied. sep:00171 CHMO:0001022 agarose gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001022 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of agarose gel, across which an electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. sep:00172 PAGE CHMO:0001023 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001023 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. FIX:0000883 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary. CZE capillary zone electrophoresis CHMO:0001024 capillary electrophoresis CHMO:0001024 An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary. FIX:0000836 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electrophoresis method in a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. CHMO:0001025 isotachophoresis CHMO:0001025 An electrophoresis method in a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. sep:00149 IEF IEF focusing IEF focussing IEF separation isoelectric focusing isoelectric focussing CHMO:0001026 isoelectric focusing CHMO:0001026 An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. FIX:0000625 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied, and the electrophoretic mobility of the analytes, usually proteins is altered by their binding to sodium dodecyl sulfate. sep:00173 SDS PAGE SDS-PAGE CHMO:0001027 sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001027 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied, and the electrophoretic mobility of the analytes, usually proteins is altered by their binding to sodium dodecyl sulfate. FIX:0000884 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A two dimensional gel electrophoresis method where protein analytes have been previously labelled with different fluorescent dyes and different analytes are compared. DIGE differential in gel electrophoresis differential in-gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001028 difference gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001028 A two dimensional gel electrophoresis method where protein analytes have been previously labelled with different fluorescent dyes and different analytes are compared. sep:00180 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both gel electrophoresis. sep:00155 2-DGE 2D gel electrophoresis 2DGE CHMO:0001029 two dimensional gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001029 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both gel electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electrophoresis method where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. CHMO:0001030 sieving electrophoresis CHMO:0001030 An electrophoresis method where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 An electrophoresis method that takes place in a capillary and where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. CSE CHMO:0001031 capillary sieving electrophoresis CHMO:0001031 An electrophoresis method that takes place in a capillary and where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 A separation method that takes place in a capillary and where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. CGE gel CE CHMO:0001032 capillary gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001032 A separation method that takes place in a capillary and where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. FIX:0000837 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isolectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient in a capillary. CIEF capillary isoelectric focussing CHMO:0001033 capillary isoelectric focusing CHMO:0001033 An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isolectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient in a capillary. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 An electrophoresis method in a capillary containing a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. CITP CHMO:0001034 capillary isotachophoresis CHMO:0001034 An electrophoresis method in a capillary containing a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 A separation method based on a combination of electrophoresis and interactions of the analytes with additives which form a dispersed phase moving at a different velocity. ECC EKC electrokinetic capillary chromatography CHMO:0001035 electrokinetic chromatography CHMO:0001035 A separation method based on a combination of electrophoresis and interactions of the analytes with additives which form a dispersed phase moving at a different velocity. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase is a micellar dispersed phase. MEKC CHMO:0001036 micellar electrokinetic chromatography CHMO:0001036 Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase is a micellar dispersed phase. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase is a microemulsion. MEECC MEEKC CHMO:0001037 microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography CHMO:0001037 Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase is a microemulsion. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 Electrokinetic chromatography where the movement of the mobile phase through a capillary is achieved by electroosmotic flow. The retention time is determined by a combination of electrophoretic migration and chromatographic retention. CEC CHMO:0001038 capillary electrochromatography CHMO:0001038 Electrokinetic chromatography where the movement of the mobile phase through a capillary is achieved by electroosmotic flow. The retention time is determined by a combination of electrophoretic migration and chromatographic retention. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. ACE CAE CHMO:0001039 capillary affinity electrophoresis CHMO:0001039 An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 An electrophoresis method where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. CHMO:0001040 affinity electrophoresis CHMO:0001040 An electrophoresis method where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020443 Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase has liposomes suspended in it. CHMO:0001041 liposome electrokinetic chromatography CHMO:0001041 Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase has liposomes suspended in it. https://doi.org/10.1039/b807497f A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel that contains a denaturing agent that causes double-stranded DNA to unzip, across which an electric field is applied. DGGE CHMO:0001042 denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001042 A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel that contains a denaturing agent that causes double-stranded DNA to unzip, across which an electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel, across which an electric field is applied and across which there is a gradient of temperatures that cause double-stranded DNA to unzip. TGGE CHMO:0001043 temperature gradient gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001043 A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel, across which an electric field is applied and across which there is a gradient of temperatures that cause double-stranded DNA to unzip. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. dielectrophoretic analysis CHMO:0001044 dielectrophoresis CHMO:0001044 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electrophoresis method where the sample is introduced continuously to the separation chamber and the electric field is applied perpendicular to the hydrodynamic flow resulting in two-dimensional separation of the analytes based on the flow rate and their electrophoretic mobilities. FFE CHMO:0001045 free-flow electrophoresis CHMO:0001045 An electrophoresis method where the sample is introduced continuously to the separation chamber and the electric field is applied perpendicular to the hydrodynamic flow resulting in two-dimensional separation of the analytes based on the flow rate and their electrophoretic mobilities. https://doi.org/10.1039/b816717f An electrophoresis method where colloidal particles move at different speeds in a separation medium that has an electrophoretic mobility gradient so that the analytes move and stack in the order of their electrophoretic mobilities. isotachophoretic focussing CHMO:0001046 isotachophoretic focusing CHMO:0001046 An electrophoresis method where colloidal particles move at different speeds in a separation medium that has an electrophoretic mobility gradient so that the analytes move and stack in the order of their electrophoretic mobilities. https://doi.org/10.1039/b816717f CHMO:0001047 true A method in which a separation method is coupled to a measurement method in order to perform measurements upon different components of a sample. CHMO:0001048 obsolete: separation method-measurement method true CHMO:0001048 A method in which a separation method is coupled to a measurement method in order to perform measurements upon different components of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Chromatography which takes place in a separation capillary and where the mobile phase is a liquid. cap-LC capLC CHMO:0001049 capillary liquid chromatography CHMO:0001049 Chromatography which takes place in a separation capillary and where the mobile phase is a liquid. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Liquid chromatography where the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains. RPLC reverse phase liquid chromatography reversed phase liquid chromatography reversed-phase liquid chromatography CHMO:0001050 reversed-phase liquid chromatography CHMO:0001050 Liquid chromatography where the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains. Orange:9.2.1.6 Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. This is the default for liquid chromatography. CHMO:0001051 normal-phase liquid chromatography CHMO:0001051 Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. This is the default for liquid chromatography. Orange:9.2.1.6 A mass spectrometer that uses a wedge-shaped magnetic field to separate the total ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions. CHMO:0001052 magnetic sector mass spectrometer CHMO:0001052 A mass spectrometer that uses a wedge-shaped magnetic field to separate the total ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions. ISBN:9780470516348 A piece of apparatus consisting of a magnet which is used to separate an ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions. CHMO:0001053 magnetic sector CHMO:0001053 A piece of apparatus consisting of a magnet which is used to separate an ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions. ISBN:9780470516348 A piece of apparatus which applies an electric field in order to select ions that have the same kinetic energy from an ion beam. CHMO:0001054 electric sector CHMO:0001054 A piece of apparatus which applies an electric field in order to select ions that have the same kinetic energy from an ion beam. ISBN:9780470516348 A mass spectrometer that applies an electric field in order to select ions that have the same kinetic energy from an ion beam and uses a wedge-shaped magnetic field to separate the total ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions. double-focusing magnetic sector mass spectrometer double-focussing magnetic sector mass spectrometer double-focussing mass spectrometer CHMO:0001055 double-focusing mass spectrometer CHMO:0001055 A mass spectrometer that applies an electric field in order to select ions that have the same kinetic energy from an ion beam and uses a wedge-shaped magnetic field to separate the total ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions. ISBN:9780470516348 A double-focusing mass spectrometer where the electric sector precedes the magnetic sector. forward-geometry double-focusing magnetic sector mass spectrometer forward-geometry double-focussing magnetic sector mass spectrometer forward-geometry double-focussing mass spectrometer CHMO:0001056 forward-geometry double-focusing mass spectrometer CHMO:0001056 A double-focusing mass spectrometer where the electric sector precedes the magnetic sector. ISBN:9780470516348 A double-focusing mass spectrometer where the magnetic sector precedes the reverse sector. reverse-geometry double-focusing magnetic sector mass spectrometer reverse-geometry double-focussing magnetic sector mass spectrometer reverse-geometry double-focussing mass spectrometer CHMO:0001057 reverse-geometry double-focusing mass spectrometer CHMO:0001057 A double-focusing mass spectrometer where the magnetic sector precedes the reverse sector. ISBN:9780470516348 An ion detector consisting of a collector electrode connected to a high-ohmic resistor and surrounded by a Faraday cage. The voltage drop across the resistor is a measure of the ion current. Faraday cup detector Faraday cup ion detector CHMO:0001058 Faraday cup CHMO:0001058 An ion detector consisting of a collector electrode connected to a high-ohmic resistor and surrounded by a Faraday cage. The voltage drop across the resistor is a measure of the ion current. ISBN:9780470516348 A piece of apparatus that produces an output that depends on the number of ions that it encounters. CHMO:0001059 ion detector CHMO:0001059 A piece of apparatus that produces an output that depends on the number of ions that it encounters. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus that on contact with a charged particle of sufficient energy emits a greater number electrons. CHMO:0001060 electron multiplier CHMO:0001060 A piece of apparatus that on contact with a charged particle of sufficient energy emits a greater number electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electron multiplier that consists of a sequence of discrete electron multiplier electrodes, or dynodes. discrete dynode EM discrete-dynode EM CHMO:0001061 discrete-dynode electron multiplier CHMO:0001061 An electron multiplier that consists of a sequence of discrete electron multiplier electrodes, or dynodes. ISBN:9780470516348 An electron multiplier that consists of a single electrode in the form of a horn of plenty. The ions impinge on the wall of the horn at the open end, producing a cascade of electrons which is multiplied on each interaction with the wall and focussed onto a preamplifier. CEM channel electron multiplier continuous dynode EM continuous-dynode EM Channeltron CHMO:0001062 continuous-dynode electron multiplier CHMO:0001062 An electron multiplier that consists of a single electrode in the form of a horn of plenty. The ions impinge on the wall of the horn at the open end, producing a cascade of electrons which is multiplied on each interaction with the wall and focussed onto a preamplifier. ISBN:9780470516348 An ion detector that consists of an aluminised cathode or Daly knob held at a very large negative potential that attracts ions and produces secondary electrons which impact a scintillator, producing photons that are detected by a photomultiplier. CHMO:0001063 Daly detector CHMO:0001063 An ion detector that consists of an aluminised cathode or Daly knob held at a very large negative potential that attracts ions and produces secondary electrons which impact a scintillator, producing photons that are detected by a photomultiplier. ISBN:9780470516348 A piece of apparatus which illuminates a powder sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. CHMO:0001064 X-ray powder diffractometer CHMO:0001064 A piece of apparatus which illuminates a powder sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. http://microlab.berkeley.edu/labmanual/chap8/8.44.html A sharp spike mounted on the end of a cantilever which is used to scan the surface of a specimen in atomic force microscopy. AFM probe atomic force microscope probe CHMO:0001065 atomic force microscopy probe CHMO:0001065 A sharp spike mounted on the end of a cantilever which is used to scan the surface of a specimen in atomic force microscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) vs. wavelength obtained from a solar or photovoltaic cell. CHMO:0002621 IPCE spectrum incident photon conversion efficiency spectra incident photon to collected electron (IPCE) spectra incident photon to collected electron (IPCE) spectrum incident photon to collected electron spectra incident photon to current collection efficiency spectrum incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency spectrum incident-photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectrum incident-photon-to-current conversion efficiency spectrum CHMO:0001066 incident photon conversion efficiency spectrum CHMO:0001066 A plot of incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) vs. wavelength obtained from a solar or photovoltaic cell. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An NMR experiment for the measurement of heteronuclear dipolar couplings. 1H–1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetisation is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance to simplify a dipolarly coupled spectrum. PDLF proton detected local field spectroscopy proton-detected SLF proton-detected separated local field spectroscopy CHMO:0001067 proton detected separated local field spectroscopy CHMO:0001067 An NMR experiment for the measurement of heteronuclear dipolar couplings. 1H–1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetisation is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance to simplify a dipolarly coupled spectrum. rsc:pr A magic-angle spinning NMR experiment to measure dipolar couplings. Dipolar couplings are reintroduced by synchronising rf pulses with the rotation of the rotor. Spectral simplification occurs via the proton detected separated local field protocol where 1H-1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetisation is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance. PDLF with R-type recoupling R-PDLF R-type recoupling proton detected local field spectroscopy proton-deteced separated local field spectroscopy with R-type recoupling CHMO:0001068 R-type recoupling proton detected separated local field spectroscopy CHMO:0001068 A magic-angle spinning NMR experiment to measure dipolar couplings. Dipolar couplings are reintroduced by synchronising rf pulses with the rotation of the rotor. Spectral simplification occurs via the proton detected separated local field protocol where 1H-1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetisation is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy levels of paramagnetic species (such as HCN) are tuned into resonance with a far-infrared laser source in order to investigate rotational transitions. FIR-LMR FIRMR LEPR LESR LMR far-infrared laser magnetic resonance far-infrared laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy far-infrared magnetic resonance laser electron paramagnetic resonance laser electron spin resonance laser magnetic resonance laser magnetic resonance (LMR) at far-infrared wavelengths laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001069 far-infrared magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001069 Spectroscopy where the energy levels of paramagnetic species (such as HCN) are tuned into resonance with a far-infrared laser source in order to investigate rotational transitions. http://www.rsc.org/ebooks/archive/free/BK9780851868219/BK9780851868219-00001.pdf Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing two magnetisation transfer steps). Each signal is described by three frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. 3D NMR 3D NMR spectroscopy 3D-NMR 3D-NMR spectroscopy three-dimensional (3D) NMR three-dimensional NMR three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy CHMO:0001070 three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001070 Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing two magnetisation transfer steps). Each signal is described by three frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. FIX:0000144 rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the proton signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to the chemical shift of their covalently bound heteronuclei. 3D HSQC-TOCSY 3D TOCSY-HSQC HSQC-TOCSY TOCSY-HSQC CHMO:0001071 heteronuclear single quantum coherence total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001071 A type of heteronuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the proton signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to the chemical shift of their covalently bound heteronuclei. FIX:0000152 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, arising from a combination of protons and heteronuclei, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. heteronuclear 3D NMR CHMO:0001072 heteronuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001072 Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, arising from a combination of protons and heteronuclei, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. rsc:pr Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, all arising from the same type of nucleus, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. homonuclear 3D NMR CHMO:0001073 homonuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001073 Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, all arising from the same type of nucleus, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. rsc:pr Microscopy in which the same object (e.g., a cell) is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours. CHMO:0001074 time-lapse microscopy CHMO:0001074 Microscopy in which the same object (e.g., a cell) is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process where a sample is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition (the elements present and sometimes their weight percentage). EA CHMO:0001075 elemental analysis CHMO:0001075 A process where a sample is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition (the elements present and sometimes their weight percentage). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of elemental analysis accomplished by combustion of the sample at 1200 °C in a stream of unreactive gas and excess oxygen and collection of the products (CO2, H2O and NOx). The masses of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. C, H, N analysis C, H, N elemental analysis C,H,N analysis CHN analysis CHMO:0001076 carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental analysis CHMO:0001076 A type of elemental analysis accomplished by combustion of the sample at 1200 °C in a stream of unreactive gas and excess oxygen and collection of the products (CO2, H2O and NOx). The masses of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus used to measure the mass per unit area (1 μg per cm2) by measuring the change in frequency of a quartz crystal resonator (a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes) as a function of mass change. QCM CHMO:0001077 quartz crystal microbalance CHMO:0001077 A piece of apparatus used to measure the mass per unit area (1 μg per cm2) by measuring the change in frequency of a quartz crystal resonator (a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes) as a function of mass change. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the differential absorption and reflection of low incident angle p- and s-polarized infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The ultra-thin layers on metal surfaces interact with the p-polarized component of light, but not with the s-polarized component. PM-IRRAS polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy polarization modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy CHMO:0001078 polarization modulation infrared reflection–adsorption spectroscopy CHMO:0001078 Spectroscopy where the differential absorption and reflection of low incident angle p- and s-polarized infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The ultra-thin layers on metal surfaces interact with the p-polarized component of light, but not with the s-polarized component. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states 15N nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 15N solid-state NMR CHMO:0001079 15N solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001079 Spectroscopy where the energy states 15N nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states 13C nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 13C solid-state NMR CHMO:0001080 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001080 Spectroscopy where the energy states 13C nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 125Te nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 125Te NMR 125Te NMR spectrometry 125Te NMR spectroscopy 125Te nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 125Te-NMR CHMO:0001081 125Te nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001081 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 125Te nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52452 FIX:0000747 rsc:pr The measurement of the osmotic strength of a substance which often used to determine its molecular weight. CHMO:0001082 osmometry CHMO:0001082 The measurement of the osmotic strength of a substance which often used to determine its molecular weight. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers. VPO vapor pressure osmometry vapor pressure osometry vapor-pressure osmometry vapour pressure osometry vapour-pressure osmometry CHMO:0001083 vapour pressure osmometry CHMO:0001083 A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) and the specimen is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours. time-lapse fluorescence imaging CHMO:0001084 time-lapse fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0001084 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) and the specimen is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for separating microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are forced individually through a vibrating nozzle, then exposed to a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. Finally the cells are sorted by applying an electrical charge to droplets of the fluid and deflecting it to the left or right using charged electrodes. FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting CHMO:0001085 fluorescence-activated cell sorting CHMO:0001085 A method for separating microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are forced individually through a vibrating nozzle, then exposed to a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. Finally the cells are sorted by applying an electrical charge to droplets of the fluid and deflecting it to the left or right using charged electrodes. rsc:10.1039/b902504a A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation by UV light, synchrotron radiation or X-ray sources is used to produce an image. PEEM PEM photo-electron microscopy photo-emission microscopy photoelectron microscopy CHMO:0001086 photoemission electron microscopy CHMO:0001086 A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation by UV light, synchrotron radiation or X-ray sources is used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation with an X-ray source is used to produce an image. X-ray excited PEEM X-ray photoelectron microscopy XPEEM CHMO:0001087 X-ray photoemission electron microscopy CHMO:0001087 A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation with an X-ray source is used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen. CHMO:0001088 electron microscope CHMO:0001088 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus which combines a low energy electron microscope (LEEM) and an energy filtered x-ray photoemission electron microscope (XPEEM). SPELEEM CHMO:0001089 spectroscopic photoemission and low energy electron microscope CHMO:0001089 A piece of apparatus which combines a low energy electron microscope (LEEM) and an energy filtered x-ray photoemission electron microscope (XPEEM). https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.2424 Spectroscopy used to study processes through in situ observation of the time profile of molecular absorptions. kinetic spectrometry CHMO:0001090 kinetic spectroscopy CHMO:0001090 Spectroscopy used to study processes through in situ observation of the time profile of molecular absorptions. https://doi.org/10.1155/LC.7.61 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the phase contrast between transmitted electron waves is used to produce an image. The beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). aberration corrected high resolution transmission electron microscopy aberration-corrected HRTEM CHMO:0001091 aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0001091 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the phase contrast between transmitted electron waves is used to produce an image. The beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An imaging method which uses the detection of unpaired spins in a magnetic field gradient so that the resonance condition is sensitive to the position of the spins in the sample. EPR imaging EPRI ESR imaging ESRI electron paramagnetic imaging CHMO:0001092 electron spin resonance imaging CHMO:0001092 An imaging method which uses the detection of unpaired spins in a magnetic field gradient so that the resonance condition is sensitive to the position of the spins in the sample. ISBN:0748740058 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH04235 A type of molecular spectroscopy where the sample is placed in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). MONES molecular non-thermal excitation spectrometry molecular non-thermal excitation spectroscopy molecular nonthermal excitation spectrometry CHMO:0001093 molecular nonthermal excitation spectroscopy CHMO:0001093 A type of molecular spectroscopy where the sample is placed in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). https://doi.org/10.1039/JA9870200533 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then ionised and excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). FINES furnace ionisation non-thermal excitation spectrometry furnace ionization non-thermal excitation spectrometry furnace ionization nonthermal excitation spectrometry CHMO:0001094 furnace ionisation nonthermal excitation spectrometry CHMO:0001094 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then ionised and excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). https://doi.org/10.1039/JA9880300459 A microscope that uses an excitation source to produce light which is passed through an excitation filter, reflects off the surface of a dichroic mirror onto the specimen which fluoresces, producing light that passes through an emission filter to select only the required wavelengths onto the collector lens. CHMO:0001095 fluorescence microscope CHMO:0001095 A microscope that uses an excitation source to produce light which is passed through an excitation filter, reflects off the surface of a dichroic mirror onto the specimen which fluoresces, producing light that passes through an emission filter to select only the required wavelengths onto the collector lens. http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/fluorescence/fluorescenceintro.html A fluorescence microscope where the light source is mounted above (epi) the specimen and the excitation light passes through the microscope objective lens on its way toward the specimen. epifluorescent microscope CHMO:0001096 epifluorescence microscope CHMO:0001096 A fluorescence microscope where the light source is mounted above (epi) the specimen and the excitation light passes through the microscope objective lens on its way toward the specimen. http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/fluorescence/fluorescenceintro.html https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus that generates electrical current when it experiences a thermal gradient. CHMO:0001097 thermocouple CHMO:0001097 A piece of apparatus that generates electrical current when it experiences a thermal gradient. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A composite wire consisting of a fine platinum core with a silver coating. CHMO:0001098 Wollaston wire CHMO:0001098 A composite wire consisting of a fine platinum core with a silver coating. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The energies and intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. TEM transmission EM CHMO:0001099 transmission electron microscope CHMO:0001099 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The energies and intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam (produced by thermionic emission heating) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The energies and intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. TEM-FEG field emission transmission electron microscope field-emission-gun transmission electron microscope FEG-TEM FEGTEM field-emission TEM CHMO:0001100 field-emission transmission electron microscope CHMO:0001100 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam (produced by thermionic emission heating) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The energies and intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field) and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. SR-XES SR-XRF SXRF synchrotron X-ray fluorescence synchrotron radiation X-ray emission spectroscopy synchrotron-based X-ray radiation fluorescence CHMO:0001101 synchrotron radiation X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0001101 X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field) and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. https://doi.org/10.1039/b711896a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The recording of the image of an object through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion. CHMO:0001102 autoradiography CHMO:0001102 The recording of the image of an object through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A data set consisting of a 2D representation obtained from a sample. CHMO:0001103 recorded image CHMO:0001103 A data set consisting of a 2D representation obtained from a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An image of an object obtained through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion. CHMO:0001104 autoradiogram CHMO:0001104 An image of an object obtained through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A two-dimensional separation method where one separation process is isoelectric focusing on a gel and the other separation process is polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. IEF-PAGE isoelectrofocusing PAGE CHMO:0001105 isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001105 A two-dimensional separation method where one separation process is isoelectric focusing on a gel and the other separation process is polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2D PAGE two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001106 two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0001106 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised to positive ions by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. ES+ ES+ MS ES+/MS MS (ES+) positive electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy CHMO:0001107 positive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0001107 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised to positive ions by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised to positive ions by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. TOF MS ES+ CHMO:0001108 positive electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0001108 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised to positive ions by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. Sample ionisation is achieved by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of positively charged droplets. ES+ MS/MS ES+ MS2 positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy CHMO:0001109 positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0001109 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. Sample ionisation is achieved by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of positively charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of fine particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph. PIV particle image velocimetry particle imaging velocimetry particle-imaging velocimetry CHMO:0001110 particle-image velocimetry CHMO:0001110 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of fine particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of microscopic particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph. microPIV microscopic particle image velocimetry microscopic particle imaging velocimetry microscopic particle-imaging velocimetry μPIV CHMO:0001111 microscopic particle-image velocimetry CHMO:0001111 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of microscopic particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective, and image resolution (which is normally limited by diffraction) is enhanced by processing the images with image restoration algorithms. super resolution bright field microscopy super resolution bright field optical microscopy super-resolution bright-field optical microscopy CHMO:0001112 super-resolution bright-field microscopy CHMO:0001112 Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective, and image resolution (which is normally limited by diffraction) is enhanced by processing the images with image restoration algorithms. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a thin membrane (usually made of a silicone elastomer) provides a selective means introducing low-molecular-weight volatile organic compounds into the ionisation source. MIMS membrane inlet mass spectrometry membrane introduction mass spectrometry membrane-inlet MS membrane-introduction MS membrane-introduction mass spectrometry CHMO:0001113 membrane-inlet mass spectrometry CHMO:0001113 Mass spectrometry where a thin membrane (usually made of a silicone elastomer) provides a selective means introducing low-molecular-weight volatile organic compounds into the ionisation source. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a sample solution and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. SXD SXRD solution state X-ray diffraction solution-state X-ray diffraction CHMO:0001114 solution X-ray diffraction CHMO:0001114 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a sample solution and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600022103 A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a differential-pulse voltammetry experiment (i.e. where the potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse). CHMO:0001115 differential pulse voltammogram CHMO:0001115 A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a differential-pulse voltammetry experiment (i.e. where the potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of cell current, whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled, associated with the ion transfer across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). ion-amperometry CHMO:0001116 ion amperometry CHMO:0001116 The measurement of cell current, whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled, associated with the ion transfer across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.04.002 Any type of NMR spectroscopy used to measure diffusion coefficients. NMR diffusometry CHMO:0001117 nuclear magnetic resonance diffusometry CHMO:0001117 Any type of NMR spectroscopy used to measure diffusion coefficients. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm801013x An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. PFG-SE NMR PFGSE PFGSE-NMR PGSE pulsed field gradient (PFG) spin echo pulsed field gradient spin-echo pulsed field gradient-spin echo pulsed field-gradient spin echo pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo NMR spectroscopy CHMO:0001118 pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001118 An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. FIX:0001088 https://doi.org/10.106/j.jmr.2004.06.004 rsc:pr An NMR experiment used to measure self-diffusion coefficients via signal attenuation which occurs due to diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. This experiment also corrects for the effects of imperfect pulsed field gradients. MASSEY MASSEY NMR CHMO:0001119 modulus addition using spatially separated echo spectroscopy CHMO:0001119 An NMR experiment used to measure self-diffusion coefficients via signal attenuation which occurs due to diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. This experiment also corrects for the effects of imperfect pulsed field gradients. rsc:pr An NMR experiment used to measure small diffusion coefficients via the attenuation of signals occurring due to molecular diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. PGNE PGNE NMR PGNE-NMR pulsed gradient non-linear echo pulsed gradient nonlinear echo pulsed gradient nonlinear spin echo CHMO:0001120 pulsed gradient non-linear spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001120 An NMR experiment used to measure small diffusion coefficients via the attenuation of signals occurring due to molecular diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. rsc:pr A plot of (adhesion or rupture) force vs. loading rate obtained from an atomic force microscopy experiment. dynamic force spectra force modulation spectra force modulation spectrum CHMO:0001121 dynamic force spectrum CHMO:0001121 A plot of (adhesion or rupture) force vs. loading rate obtained from an atomic force microscopy experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The use of an atomic force microscope to measure rupture or fusion force as a function of loading rate. DFS CHMO:0001122 dynamic force spectroscopy CHMO:0001122 The use of an atomic force microscope to measure rupture or fusion force as a function of loading rate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample, usually by taking force–distance curves. CHMO:0000231 AFM force spectroscopy atomic force spectroscopy force modulation force modulation AFM force-modulation AFM CHMO:0001123 force spectroscopy CHMO:0001123 Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample, usually by taking force–distance curves. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (190–2000 nm) range. UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectrum UV-Vis-NIR spectra UV-Vis-NIR spectrum UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra UV-vis-NIR spectra UV-vis-near IR spectra UV-vis-near IR spectrum UV-visible-near IR spectrum CHMO:0001124 ultraviolet–visible–near infrared spectrum CHMO:0001124 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (190–2000 nm) range. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An optical microscope that works by scanning one or more focussed beams of light across the specimen. CHMO:0001125 confocal microscope CHMO:0001125 An optical microscope that works by scanning one or more focussed beams of light across the specimen. http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/confocal/confocalintrobasics.html An optical microscope that works by scanning a laser across the specimen. LSCM CHMO:0001126 laser-scanning confocal microscope CHMO:0001126 An optical microscope that works by scanning a laser across the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An optical microscope that works by using a spinning Nipkow disc, a wheel pierced by a spiral of pinholes, to illuminate small areas of the sample. tandem scanning microscope TSM CHMO:0001127 tandem-scanning microscope CHMO:0001127 An optical microscope that works by using a spinning Nipkow disc, a wheel pierced by a spiral of pinholes, to illuminate small areas of the sample. ISBN:9780849339196 Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the adsorption affinities of the sample components for the surface of an active solid. batchelorc 2009-03-06T04:48:25Z CHMO:0001128 adsorption chromatography CHMO:0001128 Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the adsorption affinities of the sample components for the surface of an active solid. FIX:0000611 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00157 Chromatography where the mobile phase contains a compound (the displacer) more strongly retained than the components of the sample under examination. The sample is fed into the system as a finite slug. batchelorc 2009-03-06T04:48:37Z FIX:0000618 CHMO:0001129 displacement chromatography CHMO:0001129 Chromatography where the mobile phase contains a compound (the displacer) more strongly retained than the components of the sample under examination. The sample is fed into the system as a finite slug. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01797 An ion source that produces ions by continuous sputtering of the sample by a glow discharge plasma, which is produced by passing a current of several hundred volts through a low pressiure gas, usually argon. batchelorc 2009-03-06T04:58:01Z glow discharge source CHMO:0001130 glow discharge ion source CHMO:0001130 An ion source that produces ions by continuous sputtering of the sample by a glow discharge plasma, which is produced by passing a current of several hundred volts through a low pressiure gas, usually argon. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9810922 glow discharge source https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0001131 true A sample preparation method where material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. batchelorc 2009-03-06T05:23:07Z CHMO:0001132 laser ablation CHMO:0001132 A sample preparation method where material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0001133 true A method in which a sample preparation method is coupled to a measurement method. batchelorc 2009-03-06T05:31:37Z CHMO:0002037 CHMO:0001134 obsolete: sample preparation method-measurement method true CHMO:0001134 A method in which a sample preparation method is coupled to a measurement method. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The measurement of the viscosity of fluids by observing the relative motion of the fluid and an object. Viscometry is used to measure the molecular weight of polymers. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:06:10Z CHMO:0001135 viscometry CHMO:0001135 The measurement of the viscosity of fluids by observing the relative motion of the fluid and an object. Viscometry is used to measure the molecular weight of polymers. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The determination of the viscosity of a fluid by measuring the time a defined volume of fluid requires to flow through a capillary tube of a specific length and width. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:10:01Z CHMO:0001136 capillary viscometry CHMO:0001136 The determination of the viscosity of a fluid by measuring the time a defined volume of fluid requires to flow through a capillary tube of a specific length and width. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a structural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:13:09Z CHMO:0001137 in situ X-ray diffraction CHMO:0001137 A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a structural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a synchrotron, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:15:44Z CHMO:0001138 in situ synchrotron XRD CHMO:0001138 A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a synchrotron, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by scanning a finely focused (<10 μm2) beam of X-rays over the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:21:50Z CHMO:0001139 scanning probe X-ray diffraction CHMO:0001139 A method for determining structure by scanning a finely focused (<10 μm2) beam of X-rays over the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen (which is placed approximately half a confocal parameter from the focal plane along the optical axis of the microscope) is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:42:28Z DCM CHMO:0001140 differential confocal microscopy CHMO:0001140 Microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen (which is placed approximately half a confocal parameter from the focal plane along the optical axis of the microscope) is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.28.001772 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 207Pb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:49:20Z 207Pb NMR 207Pb NMR spectroscopy 207Pb-NMR CHMO:0001141 207Pb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001141 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 207Pb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52455 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 207Pb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:52:53Z 207Pb MAS NMR 207Pb MAS-NMR 207Pb magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR 207Pb-MAS-NMR CHMO:0001142 207Pb magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001142 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 207Pb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:56:17Z 1H MAS NMR 1H MAS-NMR 1H magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR 1H-MAS-NMR proton MAS NMR CHMO:0001143 1H magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001143 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states 93Nb nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:58:03Z 93Nb solid-state NMR CHMO:0001144 93Nb solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001144 Spectroscopy where the energy states 93Nb nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 93Rb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T04:59:35Z 93Nb NMR 93Nb NMR spectrometry 93Nb NMR spectroscopy 93Nb nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 93Nb-NMR CHMO:0001145 93Nb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001145 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 93Rb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52460 rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 13C nuclei to which they are covalently bound. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T05:02:34Z 1H-13C HSQC CHMO:0001146 1H–13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence CHMO:0001146 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 13C nuclei to which they are covalently bound. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 15N nuclei to which they are covalently bound. Only the magnetisation of the 15N nucleus is allowed to evolve. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T05:05:26Z 1H-15N HSQC CHMO:0001147 1H–15N heteronuclear single quantum coherence CHMO:0001147 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 15N nuclei to which they are covalently bound. Only the magnetisation of the 15N nucleus is allowed to evolve. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 13C nuclei which are 2 to 3 bonds removed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T05:06:51Z FIX:0001024 13C-1H HMBC 1H-13C HMBC CHMO:0001148 1H–13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence CHMO:0001148 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 13C nuclei which are 2 to 3 bonds removed. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 15N nuclei which are 2 to 3 bonds removed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T05:08:24Z FIX:0001023 15N-1H HMBC 1H-15N HMBC CHMO:0001149 1H–15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence CHMO:0001149 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 15N nuclei which are 2 to 3 bonds removed. rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons which are J-coupled (usually ≤3 bonds apart). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T05:11:37Z 1H-1H COSY 1H-1H correlated spectroscopy 1H–1H COSY CHMO:0001150 1H–1H correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001150 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons which are J-coupled (usually ≤3 bonds apart). FIX:0000189 rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between protons that are spatially proximate within a molecule (≤6 \AA apart). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-11T05:13:36Z 1H-1H NOESY 1H-1H NOEsy 1H-1H nOesy CHMO:0001151 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0001151 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between protons that are spatially proximate within a molecule (≤6 \AA apart). FIX:0000142 rsc:pr A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (0–10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-12T11:05:35Z SAXD SAXRD X-ray SAD X-ray small angle diffraction small angle X-ray diffraction small angle XRD small-angle XRD CHMO:0001152 small-angle X-ray diffraction CHMO:0001152 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (0–10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the X-rays are incident on the sample at small angles (0–10 degrees). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-12T11:10:36Z low-angle XRD patterns small-angle XRD data small-angle XRD pattern small-angle XRD spectrum CHMO:0001153 small-angle X-ray diffraction data CHMO:0001153 Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the X-rays are incident on the sample at small angles (0–10 degrees). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-12T11:13:23Z 29Si MAS NMR 29Si MAS-NMR 29Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR 29Si-MAS-NMR CHMO:0001154 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001154 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-12T11:15:24Z 29Si NMR 29Si NMR spectrometry 29Si NMR spectroscopy 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 29Si-NMR CHMO:0001155 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001155 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:37974 rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are silicon-29 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-12T11:17:55Z 29Si MAS NMR spectrum 29Si MAS-NMR spectra 29Si MAS-NMR spectrum CHMO:0001156 silicon-29 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001156 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are silicon-29 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of monomers during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the monomer concentration is monitored by measuring absorbance in the near-infrared (0.8–2 μm) region. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T11:42:53Z SP-PLP-NIR single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-near-infrared CHMO:0001157 single pulse–pulsed laser polymerization–near-infrared technique CHMO:0001157 A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of monomers during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the monomer concentration is monitored by measuring absorbance in the near-infrared (0.8–2 μm) region. ISBN:386727682X A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of radicals during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the radical concentration is monitored by measuring response of the unpaired electrons to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T11:45:02Z SP-PLP-EPR SP-PLP-ESR single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron paramagnetic resonance single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron spin resonance CHMO:0001158 single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron spin resonance CHMO:0001158 A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of radicals during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the radical concentration is monitored by measuring response of the unpaired electrons to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma802078g A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T12:37:11Z PLP-SEC PLP/SEC pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography pulsed laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography pulsed-laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography CHMO:0001159 pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography CHMO:0001159 A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography. ISBN:0471461571 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma802078g The observation of circular dichroism (the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light) in the Raman spectra of chiral molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T12:51:37Z RCD Raman CD Raman circular dichroism CHMO:0001160 Raman circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0001160 The observation of circular dichroism (the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light) in the Raman spectra of chiral molecules. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00768a064 Spectroscopy based on the differential reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T12:55:35Z reflectance CD reflectance circular dichroism reflection CD reflection circular dichroism reflection circular dichroism spectroscopy RCD CHMO:0001161 reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0001161 Spectroscopy based on the differential reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 RCD A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography and the composition of the copolymer products is determined by NMR. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T01:01:06Z PLP-SEC-NMR PLP/SEC/NMR pulsed laser polymerisation size exclusion chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance pulsed laser polymerisation-size-exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance CHMO:0001162 pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance CHMO:0001162 A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography and the composition of the copolymer products is determined by NMR. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma801435t The measurement of the surface tension of a liquid. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T01:09:04Z surface tensiometry CHMO:0001163 tensiometry CHMO:0001163 The measurement of the surface tension of a liquid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of surface tension by determining the distortion of drop by gravity, which elongates or flattens otherwise spherical drops. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T01:13:33Z pendant drop dynamic tensiometry pendant drop tensiometry pendant tensiometry pending drop tensiometry CHMO:0001164 pendant-drop tensiometry CHMO:0001164 The measurement of surface tension by determining the distortion of drop by gravity, which elongates or flattens otherwise spherical drops. https://doi.org/b511976f The measurement of surface tension by determining the shape of a droplet of liquid (with known surface energy) and the contact angle it makes with the surface of interest. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T01:19:44Z sessile-drop tensiometry CHMO:0001165 sessile-drop tensiometry CHMO:0001165 The measurement of surface tension by determining the shape of a droplet of liquid (with known surface energy) and the contact angle it makes with the surface of interest. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the surface tension of a non-static liquid. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T01:24:23Z dynamic surface tensiometry CHMO:0001166 dynamic-surface tensiometry CHMO:0001166 The measurement of the surface tension of a non-static liquid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T01:27:03Z adsorption-desorption adsorption/desorption sorption-desorption sorption/desorption CHMO:0001167 sorption-desorption measurement CHMO:0001167 A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T03:27:07Z adsorption measurements adsorptions sorptions CHMO:0001168 sorption measurement CHMO:0001168 A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of N2 that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-13T03:28:52Z N2 adsorption measurements N2 sorption nitrogen adsorption measurements nitrogen sorptions CHMO:0001169 nitrogen sorption measurement CHMO:0001169 A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of N2 that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a sample adsorbed onto a highly scattering surface (e.g. Ag, Au or Cu). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-16T03:36:33Z SERS spectra SERS spectrum CHMO:0001170 surface-enhanced Raman spectrum CHMO:0001170 A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a sample adsorbed onto a highly scattering surface (e.g. Ag, Au or Cu). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of homonuclear nuclei approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect. The resonance frequencies are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-16T03:44:18Z 2D NOESY spectra 2D NOESY spectrum 2D NOESY-NMR spectra 2D NOESY-NMR spectrum CHMO:0001171 two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum CHMO:0001171 A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of homonuclear nuclei approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect. The resonance frequencies are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei. rsc:pr A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of protons approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect. The resonance frequencies are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-16T03:53:36Z 1H-1H NOESY spectra 1H-1H NOESY spectrum 1H–1H NOESY spectra 1H–1H NOESY spectrum 2D 1H-NOESY spectra 2D 1H-NOESY spectrum 2D 1H-NOESY-NMR spectra 2D 1H-NOESY-NMR spectrum CHMO:0001172 1H two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum CHMO:0001172 A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of protons approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect. The resonance frequencies are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei. rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 13C nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-17T08:56:29Z 13C-13C NOESY 13C-13C NOEsy 13C-13C nOesy CHMO:0001173 13C–13C nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0001173 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 13C nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). rsc:pr A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample within a transmission electron microscope and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-17T10:24:51Z TEM SAD TEM SAED TEM-SAD TEM-SAED CHMO:0001174 transmission electron microscopy selected area electron diffraction CHMO:0001174 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample within a transmission electron microscope and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 27Al nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T09:52:55Z 27Al NMR 27Al NMR spectrometry 27Al NMR spectroscopy 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 27Al-NMR aluminium-27 NMR aluminium-27 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001175 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001175 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 27Al nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:37968 FIX:0001001 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 27Al nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T09:56:51Z 27Al MAS NMR 27Al MAS-NMR 27Al magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR 27Al-MAS-NMR CHMO:0001176 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001176 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 27Al nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of protons derived from para-hydrogen (dihydrogen with an antisymmetric nuclear spin arrangement) placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. The non-Boltzmann spin population generated by para-hydrogen-derived protons gives rise to signal enhancement in the spectra, facilitating the detection of species present at low concentration. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T09:59:40Z PHIP NMR PHIP-NMR PHIP-enhanced NMR para-hydrogen induced polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy CHMO:0001177 para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001177 Spectroscopy where the energy states of protons derived from para-hydrogen (dihydrogen with an antisymmetric nuclear spin arrangement) placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. The non-Boltzmann spin population generated by para-hydrogen-derived protons gives rise to signal enhancement in the spectra, facilitating the detection of species present at low concentration. https://doi.org/10.1039/b616307f An NMR experiment where pulsed field gradients are used to filter thermal signals from NMR spectra whilst leaving those derived from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T10:09:09Z OPSY OPSY NMR CHMO:0001178 only para-hydrogen spectroscopy CHMO:0001178 An NMR experiment where pulsed field gradients are used to filter thermal signals from NMR spectra whilst leaving those derived from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. https://doi.org/b616307f An NMR experiment where pulsed field gradients are used to filter thermal signals from 1H NMR spectra whilst leaving those derived from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T10:17:08Z 1H OPSY 1H OPSY NMR 1H-OPSY CHMO:0001179 1H only para-hydrogen spectroscopy CHMO:0001179 An NMR experiment where pulsed field gradients are used to filter thermal signals from 1H NMR spectra whilst leaving those derived from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. https://doi.org/b616307f A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). Thermal signals in the resulting spectra are then removed, whilst keeping the signals from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T10:21:58Z OPSY-COSY CHMO:0001180 only para-hydrogen spectroscopy correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001180 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). Thermal signals in the resulting spectra are then removed, whilst keeping the signals from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. https://doi.org/10.1039/b616307f rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). Thermal signals in the resulting 1H spectra are then removed, whilst keeping the signals from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T10:26:55Z 1H-1H OPSY-COSY CHMO:0001181 1H-1H only para-hydrogen spectroscopy correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001181 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). Thermal signals in the resulting 1H spectra are then removed, whilst keeping the signals from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. https://doi.org/10.1039/b616307f rsc:pr A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light (from a laser source) is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T11:35:53Z LLS laser-light scattering CHMO:0001182 laser light scattering CHMO:0001182 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light (from a laser source) is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the mass-to-charge ratio is determined from the time they take to reach a detector. The sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T11:38:06Z MALDI-TOF mass spectra MALDI-TOF mass spectrum MALDI-TOF-MS spectra MALDI-TOF-MS spectrum matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrum CHMO:0001183 matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrum CHMO:0001183 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the mass-to-charge ratio is determined from the time they take to reach a detector. The sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T11:48:29Z GEMMA CHMO:0001184 gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis CHMO:0001184 A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T11:51:26Z ESI-GEMMA CHMO:0001185 electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis CHMO:0001185 A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T11:53:30Z nESI-GEMMA nanoESI-GEMMA CHMO:0001186 nano electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis CHMO:0001186 A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac702463z A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T11:59:01Z GEMMA spectra GEMMA spectrum CHMO:0001187 gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis spectrum CHMO:0001187 A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field. https://doi.org/10.1039/b822799c A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field. The complexes are charged by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T12:49:47Z ESI-GEMMA spectra ESI-GEMMA spectrum CHMO:0001188 electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis spectrum CHMO:0001188 A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field. The complexes are charged by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://doi.org/10.1039/b822799c Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes oxygen-17 nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T12:56:26Z FIX:0000597 17O NMR 17O NMR spectrometry 17O NMR spectroscopy 17O nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 17O-NMR oxygen-17 magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001189 17O nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001189 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes oxygen-17 nuclei. rsc:pr Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes oxygen-17 nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T12:58:14Z 17O MAS NMR 17O MAS-NMR 17O magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR 17O-MAS-NMR CHMO:0001190 17O magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001190 Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes oxygen-17 nuclei. rsc:pr Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes vanadium-51 nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T12:59:57Z 51V MAS NMR 51V MAS-NMR 51V magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR 51V-MAS-NMR CHMO:0001191 51V magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001191 Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes vanadium-51 nuclei. rsc:pr Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes 7Li nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T05:26:33Z FIX:0001081 7Li NMR 7Li NMR spectrometry 7Li NMR spectroscopy 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 7Li-NMR lithium-7 NMR lithium-7 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001192 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001192 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes 7Li nuclei. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 14N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T05:28:56Z 14N MAS NMR 14N MAS-NMR 14N magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR 14N-MAS-NMR CHMO:0001193 14N magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001193 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 14N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 14N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T05:29:46Z 14N NMR 14N NMR spectrometry 14N NMR spectroscopy 14N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 14N-NMR CHMO:0001194 14N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001194 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 14N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:36927 FIX:0001043 rsc:pr An NMR experiment in which multiple frequencies in an NMR spectrum are excited simultaneously over a broad frequency rnage using polychromatic pulses. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-19T05:34:21Z Hadamard NMR spectroscopy Hadamard encoded NMR Hadamard nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Hadamard-encoded NMR CHMO:0001195 Hadamard-encoded nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001195 An NMR experiment in which multiple frequencies in an NMR spectrum are excited simultaneously over a broad frequency rnage using polychromatic pulses. ISBN:0854042997 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. All of the resonances in the spin system are excited by selecting only one line for excitation and the final spectrum consists of a series of 1D sub-spectra, each representing one spin system. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-20T10:04:46Z 2D Hadamard encoded TOCSY Hadamard TOCSY Hadamard-TOCSY CHMO:0001196 Hadamard-encoded total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001196 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. All of the resonances in the spin system are excited by selecting only one line for excitation and the final spectrum consists of a series of 1D sub-spectra, each representing one spin system. ISBN:0854042997 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-20T10:12:51Z 2D TOCSY 2D-TOCSY two-dimensional TOCSY CHMO:0001197 two-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001197 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. An individual 1H resonance is selected and inverted to yield a spectrum of all hydrogens directly or indirectly scalar coupled to it. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-20T10:15:12Z 1D TOCSY 1D-TOCSY one-dimensional TOCSY CHMO:0001198 one-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001198 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. An individual 1H resonance is selected and inverted to yield a spectrum of all hydrogens directly or indirectly scalar coupled to it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and which reveal correlations between all 13C nuclei of a spin-system. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-20T10:23:27Z 13C-13C TOCSY 13C-13C total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001199 13C–13C total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001199 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and which reveal correlations between all 13C nuclei of a spin-system. rsc:pr The detection of luminescence emitted by electrochemically-generated intermediates during an electrochemical reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-23T11:41:32Z electrogenerated chemiluminescence ECL CHMO:0001200 electrochemiluminescence detection CHMO:0001200 The detection of luminescence emitted by electrochemically-generated intermediates during an electrochemical reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 ECL An NMR experiment used for half-integer quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-23T01:19:47Z MQMAS MQMAS NMR multiple-quantum MAS multiple-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning CHMO:0001201 multiple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning CHMO:0001201 An NMR experiment used for half-integer quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. ISBN:3540221689 An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Central transitions are detected first, followed by satellite transitions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-23T01:21:32Z STMAS satellite-transition MAS satellite-transition magic angle spinning satellite-transition magic-angle spinning CHMO:0001202 satellite transition magic angle spinning CHMO:0001202 An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Central transitions are detected first, followed by satellite transitions. ISBN:354020539X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00805-8 An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. In conventional magic angle spinning the spinning angle μst be very accurate, but this technique can self-compensate magic-angle errors of up to (+/- 1.0°). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-23T01:51:38Z SCAM-STMAS CHMO:0001203 satellite transition magic angle spinning with self-compensation for the magic angle misset CHMO:0001203 An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. In conventional magic angle spinning the spinning angle μst be very accurate, but this technique can self-compensate magic-angle errors of up to (+/- 1.0°). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0203869 An NMR experiment used for 3/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-23T01:59:19Z 3QMAS 3QMAS NMR TQMAS TQMAS-NMR triple-quantum MAS triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning CHMO:0001204 triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning CHMO:0001204 An NMR experiment used for 3/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. ISBN:3540221689 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00124a023 An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-23T02:02:11Z CTMAS CTMAS NMR central-transition magic-angle spinning CHMO:0001205 central transition magic angle spinning CHMO:0001205 An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2003.11.049 An NMR experiment used for 5/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-23T02:14:02Z 5QMAS 5QMAS NMR five-quantum MAS five-quantum excitation in combination with magic-angle spinning CHMO:0001206 five-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning CHMO:0001206 An NMR experiment used for 5/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-7807(03)00124-1 An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Satellite transitions are detected first, followed by central transitions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-23T02:18:23Z I-STMAS ISTMAS inverse-STMAS CHMO:0001207 inverse satellite transition magic angle spinning CHMO:0001207 An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Satellite transitions are detected first, followed by central transitions. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-2040(03)00011-0 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 87Rb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-23T02:25:06Z 87Rb NMR 87Rb NMR spectrometry 87Rb NMR spectroscopy 87Rb nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 87Rb-NMR CHMO:0001208 87Rb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001208 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 87Rb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52459 rsc:pr Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:14:40Z anion chromatography anion exchange chromatography CHMO:0001209 anion-exchange chromatography CHMO:0001209 Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. FIX:0000798 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Column chromatography where cations are retained by negatively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:18:12Z cation chromatography cation exchange chromatography CHMO:0001210 cation-exchange chromatography CHMO:0001210 Column chromatography where cations are retained by negatively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. FIX:0000799 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:20:53Z titrimetic analysis titrimetry CHMO:0001211 titration CHMO:0001211 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06387 The process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid or base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base or acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:27:08Z acid-base titration acid/base titration CHMO:0001212 acid–base titration CHMO:0001212 The process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid or base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base or acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. OrangeBook:6.2 Acid-base titration where the sample is a base and the titrant is an acid. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:32:04Z acidimetry CHMO:0001213 acidimetric titration CHMO:0001213 Acid-base titration where the sample is a base and the titrant is an acid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Acid-base titration where the sample is an acid and the titrant is a base. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:33:54Z alkalimetry CHMO:0001214 alkalimetric titration CHMO:0001214 Acid-base titration where the sample is an acid and the titrant is a base. OrangeBook:6.2 Any technique which detects the response of spins to a perturbing magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:36:57Z FIX:0000012 CHMO:0001215 magnetic resonance method CHMO:0001215 Any technique which detects the response of spins to a perturbing magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarisation or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:38:35Z ODMR CHMO:0001216 optically detected magnetic resonance CHMO:0001216 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarisation or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04278 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels at zero applied magnetic field are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarisation or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:40:10Z ZF-ODMR ZFODMR Zf-ODMR zero-field (zf) ODMR zero-field ODMR zf-ODMR CHMO:0001217 zero-field optically detected magnetic resonance CHMO:0001217 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels at zero applied magnetic field are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarisation or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. ISBN:0824792653 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/17/8/006 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by light absorption. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:49:13Z ADMR CHMO:0001218 absorption detected magnetic resonance CHMO:0001218 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by light absorption. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04278 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed light emission. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:53:02Z DEDMR CHMO:0001219 delayed emission detected magnetic resonance CHMO:0001219 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed light emission. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04278 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:54:19Z DFDMR CHMO:0001220 delayed fluorescence detected magnetic resonance CHMO:0001220 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04278 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:56:33Z FDMR CHMO:0001221 fluorescence detected magnetic resonance CHMO:0001221 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04278 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by phosphorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:57:46Z PDMR CHMO:0001222 phosphorescence detected magnetic resonance CHMO:0001222 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by phosphorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04278 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by means of reaction yield. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T11:59:11Z RYDMR CHMO:0001223 reaction yield detected magnetic resonance CHMO:0001223 A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by means of reaction yield. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04278 A kind of elemental or isotopic analysis based on the measurement of characteristic radiation from nuclides formed directly or indirectly by activation of the test portion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T12:02:33Z CHMO:0001224 activation analysis CHMO:0001224 A kind of elemental or isotopic analysis based on the measurement of characteristic radiation from nuclides formed directly or indirectly by activation of the test portion. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00096 A kind of activation analysis in which the elemental concentrations in the material are calculated from known nuclear constants, irradiation and measurement parameters, rather than by comparing with known standards. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T12:05:01Z CHMO:0001225 absolute activation analysis CHMO:0001225 A kind of activation analysis in which the elemental concentrations in the material are calculated from known nuclear constants, irradiation and measurement parameters, rather than by comparing with known standards. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00018 The measurement of the enthalpy change during chemical reaction in order to determine quantitative values of a reactant or catalyst. In general, at least one reactant is a liquid or solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T12:09:47Z CHMO:0001226 analytical solution calorimetry CHMO:0001226 The measurement of the enthalpy change during chemical reaction in order to determine quantitative values of a reactant or catalyst. In general, at least one reactant is a liquid or solution. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02131 The measurement of the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction in order to measure the amount of the imiting reagent. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T01:17:35Z batch-injection enthalpimetry direct-injection calorimetry direct-injection enthalpimetry CHMO:0001227 batch injection calorimetry CHMO:0001227 The measurement of the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction in order to measure the amount of the imiting reagent. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D00171 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration performed in a calorimeter which produces a plot of heat change vs. volume of titrant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T01:21:27Z CHMO:0001228 calorimetric titration CHMO:0001228 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration performed in a calorimeter which produces a plot of heat change vs. volume of titrant. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00785 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration involves a catalyst, and the end-point is detected by the sudden increase or decrease in the rate of a reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T01:22:48Z CHMO:0001229 catalymetric titration CHMO:0001229 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration involves a catalyst, and the end-point is detected by the sudden increase or decrease in the rate of a reaction. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00872 The process of determining the quantity of a sample (metal cation) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a chelating agent) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T01:25:08Z CHMO:0001230 chelatometric titration CHMO:0001230 The process of determining the quantity of a sample (metal cation) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a chelating agent) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. USPatent:3878059 The detection of luminescence resulting from a thermal electron-transfer reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T01:30:44Z CIEEL catalysed chemiluminescence catalyzed chemiluminescence chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence chemically-initiated electron exchange luminescence CHMO:0001231 catalysed chemiluminescence detection CHMO:0001231 The detection of luminescence resulting from a thermal electron-transfer reaction. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01080 A term used to describe methods wherein a reagent is continuously fed into a flowing analyte stream and the temperature difference is measured before and after a reactor (mixing chamber). Alternatively, the temperature may be measured in a differential manner between a reference and a reactor chamber. The analyte concentration is directly proportional to the measured temperature difference. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T01:36:55Z continuous flow enthalpimetric analysis continuous flow enthalpimetry continuous-flow calorimetry continuous-flow enthalpimetry CHMO:0001232 continuous-flow calorimetry CHMO:0001232 A term used to describe methods wherein a reagent is continuously fed into a flowing analyte stream and the temperature difference is measured before and after a reactor (mixing chamber). Alternatively, the temperature may be measured in a differential manner between a reference and a reactor chamber. The analyte concentration is directly proportional to the measured temperature difference. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C0130 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is constant and sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T01:42:16Z constant current chronopotentiometric stripping constant current stripping potentiometry constant-current stripping potentiometry CHMO:0001233 constant-current chronopotentiometric stripping CHMO:0001233 An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is constant and sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://doi.org/10.1039/b822274f A piece of apparatus used to measure a spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T01:54:09Z spectrograph spectroscope CHMO:0001234 spectrometer CHMO:0001234 A piece of apparatus used to measure a spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that consists of a laser, a beam splitter, an interferometer and a detector and is used to measure Raman spectra. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T01:55:39Z CHMO:0001235 Raman spectrometer CHMO:0001235 A piece of apparatus that consists of a laser, a beam splitter, an interferometer and a detector and is used to measure Raman spectra. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CHMO:0001236 true A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser beam (<10 μm diameter), a monochromator and a detector coupled to an optical microscope, which is used to measure Raman spectra. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T02:05:53Z Raman confocal microscope confocal Raman microspectrometer CHMO:0001237 confocal Raman microscope CHMO:0001237 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser beam (<10 μm diameter), a monochromator and a detector coupled to an optical microscope, which is used to measure Raman spectra. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A two-dimensional NMR experiment which shows correlations between all the nuclei of a spin system and also allows determination of T1 relaxation rates. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T02:22:47Z IR-TOCSY inversion recovery TOCSY inversion-recovery TOCSY CHMO:0001238 inversion recovery total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001238 A two-dimensional NMR experiment which shows correlations between all the nuclei of a spin system and also allows determination of T1 relaxation rates. rsc:pr An NMR experiment which measures spin-lattice (T1) relaxation rates by acquiring spectra at different delay times following inversion of the spin-state populations. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T02:26:05Z IRFT inversion recovery Fourier transform CHMO:0001239 inversion recovery CHMO:0001239 An NMR experiment which measures spin-lattice (T1) relaxation rates by acquiring spectra at different delay times following inversion of the spin-state populations. FIX:0000211 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected as it changes upon interaction of the molecule with its environment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T02:34:11Z DSF differential scanning fluorimetry CHMO:0001240 differential scanning fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0001240 Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected as it changes upon interaction of the molecule with its environment. https://doi.org/10.1039/b814377c A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing an ion beam at the sample and detecting recoiled atoms. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T02:46:12Z ERDA HFS elastic recoil detection forward recoil scattering hydrogen forward scattering ERD CHMO:0001241 elastic recoil detection analysis CHMO:0001241 A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing an ion beam at the sample and detecting recoiled atoms. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing a heavy-ion (such as iodine-127) beam at the sample and detecting the recoiled atoms. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-25T02:51:45Z HERDA HI ERDA HI-ERDA heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis heavy-ion ERDA CHMO:0001242 heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis CHMO:0001242 A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing a heavy-ion (such as iodine-127) beam at the sample and detecting the recoiled atoms. https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/16/7/009 A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional triangular-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-26T12:13:46Z CELIV CELIV method carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage CHMO:0001243 carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage method CHMO:0001243 A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional triangular-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. ISBN:3527404562 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4946 A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying a short (ns) laser pulse to generate charge carriers. These charge carriers are then detected by applying a linearly increasing voltage and measuring the resulting current. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-26T12:47:33Z photo-CELIV photoinduced CELIV photoinduced charge-carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage CHMO:0001244 photoinduced carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage CHMO:0001244 A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying a short (ns) laser pulse to generate charge carriers. These charge carriers are then detected by applying a linearly increasing voltage and measuring the resulting current. ISBN:3527312714 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1882753 A method for measuring charge transport by sandwhiching the sample between two parallel electrodes, one of which has to be semitransparent. A short light pulse is applied to the sample giving rise to charge carriers, which traverse through the sample generating a current which is then measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-26T12:57:59Z TOF TOF method TOF technique time-of-flight technique CHMO:0001245 time-of-flight method CHMO:0001245 A method for measuring charge transport by sandwhiching the sample between two parallel electrodes, one of which has to be semitransparent. A short light pulse is applied to the sample giving rise to charge carriers, which traverse through the sample generating a current which is then measured. ISBN:3527404562 A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional square-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-26T01:11:53Z CEPV carrier extraction using pulsed voltage charge-carrier extraction using pulsed voltage CHMO:0001246 carrier extraction using pulsed voltage method CHMO:0001246 A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional square-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.01.042 Any technique for measuring charge transport. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-26T01:21:58Z CHMO:0001247 charge transport measurement method CHMO:0001247 Any technique for measuring charge transport. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining charge transport by incorporating the sample (as a thin film) into an FET. An electric field is applied to the sample (by means of the gate electrode) and the change in conductance between the source and drain electrodes is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-26T01:26:14Z FET method FET technique field effect transistor method field-effect transistor (FET) method CHMO:0001248 field-effect transistor method CHMO:0001248 A method for determining charge transport by incorporating the sample (as a thin film) into an FET. An electric field is applied to the sample (by means of the gate electrode) and the change in conductance between the source and drain electrodes is measured. ISBN:1586032712 A method for measuring density-of-state (DOS) distributions by injecting a nonequilibrium density of charges and measuring the resulting current. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-26T01:33:46Z SCLC method SCLC technique space charge limited current space-charge-limited current CHMO:0001249 space-charge-limited current method CHMO:0001249 A method for measuring density-of-state (DOS) distributions by injecting a nonequilibrium density of charges and measuring the resulting current. ISBN:1860944671 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are generated from the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) by bombarding it with a stream of primary noble gas atoms. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-26T02:10:41Z FAB mass spectrum CHMO:0001250 fast-atom bombardment mass spectrum CHMO:0001250 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are generated from the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) by bombarding it with a stream of primary noble gas atoms. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of magneto-optical activity by placing the sample in a strong magnetic field and observing a beam of plane-polarized light which is directed along the magnetic field axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-03-27T03:28:25Z MORD magnetic optical rotatory dispersion CHMO:0001251 magneto-optical rotatory dispersion CHMO:0001251 The measurement of magneto-optical activity by placing the sample in a strong magnetic field and observing a beam of plane-polarized light which is directed along the magnetic field axis. FIX:0000227 ISBN:0471713732 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 183W nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. 2009-04-02T04:47:07Z 183W NMR 183W NMR spectrometry 183W NMR spectroscopy 183W nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 183W-NMR CHMO:0001252 183W nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001252 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 183W nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the ultraviolet region (190–400 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-03T09:52:05Z UV spectrophotometry UV spectroscopic measurements UV spectroscopy ultra-violet spectrometry ultra-violet spectrophotometry ultra-violet spectroscopy ultraviolet spectrometry ultraviolet spectroscopy CHMO:0001253 ultraviolet spectrophotometry CHMO:0001253 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the ultraviolet region (190–400 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation from the ultraviolet region (190–400 nm) range. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-03T09:54:55Z UV spectra UV spectrum ultra-violet spectra ultra-violet spectrum ultraviolet spectra ultraviolet spectrum CHMO:0001254 ultraviolet spectrum CHMO:0001254 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation from the ultraviolet region (190–400 nm) range. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the application of an electric current or a strong electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-03T03:47:05Z EL detection CHMO:0001255 electroluminescence detection CHMO:0001255 The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the application of an electric current or a strong electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The detection of short bursts of light emitted from a liquid sample excited by sound. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-03T03:49:45Z SL detection CHMO:0001256 sonoluminescence detection CHMO:0001256 The detection of short bursts of light emitted from a liquid sample excited by sound. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of irradiation with light. Photoluminescence includes both fluorescence and phosphorescence. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-03T03:54:57Z PL detection CHMO:0001257 photoluminescence detection CHMO:0001257 The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of irradiation with light. Photoluminescence includes both fluorescence and phosphorescence. FIX:0000428 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through electroluminescence (emission of light as a result of the application of a current or an electric field) against wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-03T04:03:03Z EL spectra EL spectrum electroluminescence spectra CHMO:0001258 electroluminescence spectrum CHMO:0001258 A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through electroluminescence (emission of light as a result of the application of a current or an electric field) against wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Liquid chromatography where the inlet pressure is relatively high and the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase (which consists of very small particles), for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-03T04:11:45Z RHPLC RP-HPLC gradient reverse HPLC gradient reverse high-performance liquid chromatography reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography reverse-phase HPLC reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography reversed-phase HPLC reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography CHMO:0001259 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0001259 Liquid chromatography where the inlet pressure is relatively high and the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase (which consists of very small particles), for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the volatile pyrolysates are then separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-06T11:38:22Z Py-GC py-GC pyrolysis GC pyrolysis-GC pyrolysis-gas chromatography CHMO:0001260 pyrolysis gas chromatography CHMO:0001260 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the volatile pyrolysates are then separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. OrangeBook:5.3 A method where a sample mixture is first chemically degraded by heating then separated by gas chromatography then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-06T11:43:32Z Py-GC-MS py-GC-MS pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectroscopy pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy CHMO:0001261 pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry CHMO:0001261 A method where a sample mixture is first chemically degraded by heating then separated by gas chromatography then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method where a sample mixture is first separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, then the absorption of radiation from the infrared region by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-06T11:47:54Z GC IR GC-IR GC/IR GCIR gas chromatography infrared spectrometry gas chromatography infrared spectroscopy gas chromatography-infrared spectrometry CHMO:0001262 gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0001262 Any method where a sample mixture is first separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, then the absorption of radiation from the infrared region by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method where a sample mixture is first chemically degraded by heating then separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, then the absorption of radiation from the infrared region by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-06T11:52:44Z Py-GC-IR py-GC-IR pyrolysis gas chromatography infrared spectrometry pyrolysis gas chromatography infrared spectroscopy pyrolysis-gas chromatography-infrared spectrometry pyrolysis-gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0001263 pyrolysis gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0001263 Any method where a sample mixture is first chemically degraded by heating then separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, then the absorption of radiation from the infrared region by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-06T11:56:10Z Py-IR Py/IR py-IR pyrolysis IR pyrolysis-IR CHMO:0001264 pyrolysis infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0001264 Spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) is measured. OrangeBook:5.3 Spectrometry where the sample is chemically degraded by thermal energy then converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-06T11:59:51Z Py-MS Py/MS py-MS py/MS pyrolysis mass spectroscopy pyrolysis-mass spectrometry pyrolysis-mass spectroscopy CHMO:0001265 pyrolysis mass spectrometry CHMO:0001265 Spectrometry where the sample is chemically degraded by thermal energy then converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. OrangeBook:5.3 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays (generated in a synchrotron) scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-16T10:48:27Z synchrotron SAXS synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) CHMO:0001266 synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0001266 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays (generated in a synchrotron) scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). https://doi.org/10.1039/b903382c CHMO:0001267 true Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved using a corona discharge which directs a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-16T04:01:41Z DAPCI-MS DAPCI/MS CHMO:0001268 desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0001268 Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved using a corona discharge which directs a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of less than the standard length of 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-04-20T03:57:43Z short column chromatography CHMO:0001269 short-column chromatography CHMO:0001269 A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of less than the standard length of 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac971247q https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01182 A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against the magnetic field strength. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-05T02:24:11Z continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum cw-EPR spectra cw-EPR spectrum cw-ESR spectra cw-ESR spectrum CHMO:0001270 continuous-wave electron spin resonance spectrum CHMO:0001270 A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against the magnetic field strength. ISBN:0198506341 A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation. A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of electrons in the same magnetic environment, obtained from spectroscopy ased on the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) effect, where a sequence of four microwave pulses is applied to the sample and the stimulated spin-echo produced is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-05T02:34:45Z HYSCORE spectra HYSCORE spectrum CHMO:0001271 hyperfine sublevel correlation spectrum CHMO:0001271 A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation. A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of electrons in the same magnetic environment, obtained from spectroscopy ased on the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) effect, where a sequence of four microwave pulses is applied to the sample and the stimulated spin-echo produced is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-05T02:40:32Z ESEEM electron spin echo envelope modulation CHMO:0001272 electron spin-echo envelope modulation CHMO:0001272 A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. FIX:0000035 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to electron spin-echo envelope modulation against the resonant frequency of the unpaired electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-05T02:43:03Z ESEEM spectrum CHMO:0001273 electron spin-echo envelope modulation spectrum CHMO:0001273 A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to electron spin-echo envelope modulation against the resonant frequency of the unpaired electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is an initial electrospray ionisation stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T01:57:05Z electrospray-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0001274 electrospray-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0001274 Time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is an initial electrospray ionisation stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is an initial electrospray ionisation stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T02:03:36Z ESI QTOF MS/MS ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS ESI-QTOF MS/MS electrospray-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0001275 electrospray-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0001275 Tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is an initial electrospray ionisation stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of column chromatography where a sample mixture is first separated according to molecular size, then subjected to chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T02:09:20Z SEC-HPLC SEC/HPLC SECHPLC size exclusion chromatography high performance liquid chromatography size-exclusion chromatography-high peressure liquid chromatography CHMO:0001276 size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0001276 A type of column chromatography where a sample mixture is first separated according to molecular size, then subjected to chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T02:16:07Z RP-HPLC-ICPMS reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry reversed-phase HPLC-ICPMS reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0001277 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0001277 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles held in a tube of diameter less than a millimetre, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T02:22:31Z capillary HPLC capillary high performance liquid chromatography capillary high pressure liquid chromatography capillary high-pressure liquid chromatography capillary-HPLC CHMO:0001278 capillary high-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0001278 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles held in a tube of diameter less than a millimetre, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T02:27:36Z nHPLC nano HPLC nano flow HPLC nano high performance liquid chromatography nano high pressure liquid chromatography nano high-performance liquid chromatography nano high-pressure liquid chromatography nano-HPLC nanoHPLC nanoflow HPLC nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography nanoflow high-pressure liquid chromatography nanoflow liquid chromatography nanoflowHPLC CHMO:0001279 nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0001279 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, which consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T02:32:59Z reversed phase nano high performance liquid chromatography reversed phase nano high pressure liquid chromatography reversed phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography reversed phase nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography reversed-phase nHPLC reversed-phase nano HPLC reversed-phase nano flow HPLC reversed-phase nano high-performance liquid chromatography reversed-phase nano high-pressure liquid chromatography reversed-phase nano-HPLC reversed-phase nanoHPLC reversed-phase nanoflow HPLC reversed-phase nanoflow high-pressure liquid chromatography reversed-phase nanoflow-HPLC reversed-phase nanoflowHPLC CHMO:0001280 reversed-phase nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0001280 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, which consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (flow rate nL min-1) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T02:39:15Z nHPLC-ICPMS nanoHPLC-ICPMS nanoflow HPLC ICP MS nanoflow HPLC-ICP-MS nanoflow HPLC-ICPMS nanoflow HPLC/ICP-MS nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography-ICPMS nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography inductively coupled mass spectroscopy CHMO:0001281 nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0001281 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (flow rate nL min-1) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T02:50:24Z nHPLC-ESI-MS/MS nHPLC-ESI-MS2 nanoHPLC-ESI MS/MS nanoHPLC-ESI-MSMS nanoflow HPLC ESI MS-MS nanoflow HPLC ESI MS/MS nanoflow HPLC-ESI-MS-MS nanoflow HPLC-ESI-MS/MS nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy CHMO:0001282 nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0001282 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by reversed-phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T02:56:31Z reversed phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry reversed phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography-ICPMS reversed phase nanoflow high pressure liquid chromatography inductively coupled mass spectroscopy reversed-phase nHPLC-ICPMS reversed-phase nanoHPLC-ICPMS reversed-phase nanoflow HPLC ICP MS reversed-phase nanoflow HPLC-ICP-MS reversed-phase nanoflow HPLC-ICPMS reversed-phase nanoflow HPLC/ICP-MS CHMO:0001283 reversed-phase nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0001283 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by reversed-phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is a nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography separation step and an electrospray-ionisation mass selection step. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T03:00:50Z nHPLC-ESI QTOF MS/MS nanoESI QTOF MS/MS nanoESI-Q-TOF MS/MS nanoHPLC-ESI QTOF MS/MS nanoHPLC-ESI QTOF MS2 nanoHPLC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS nanoflow high-pressure liquid chromatography electrospray-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0001284 nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0001284 Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is a nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography separation step and an electrospray-ionisation mass selection step. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method used to determine an analyte on the basis of a mass of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T03:21:36Z CHMO:0001285 gravimetric analysis CHMO:0001285 A method used to determine an analyte on the basis of a mass of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A method used to measure the mass (micrograms) per unit area of a sample using a quartz crystal microbalance (a piece of apparatus that measures the change in frequency of a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes as a function of the mass of the sample). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T03:22:12Z QCM measurements QCM technique CHMO:0001286 quartz crystal microgravimetry CHMO:0001286 A method used to measure the mass (micrograms) per unit area of a sample using a quartz crystal microbalance (a piece of apparatus that measures the change in frequency of a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes as a function of the mass of the sample). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that is used to measure the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-06T03:31:19Z CHMO:0001287 calorimeter CHMO:0001287 A piece of apparatus that is used to measure the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-07T03:31:21Z SFG SFG spectroscopy SFG vibrational spectroscopy VSFG spectroscopy sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy sum frequency generation spectroscopy vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy CHMO:0001288 sum-frequency generation spectroscopy CHMO:0001288 A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9831453 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by vaporisation and ionisation using a high-energy pulsed laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-08T11:53:32Z LDI mass spectra LDI mass spectrum LDI-MS spectra LDI-MS spectrum LDIMS spectrum laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrum CHMO:0001289 laser desorption–ionisation mass spectrum CHMO:0001289 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by vaporisation and ionisation using a high-energy pulsed laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a laser pulse, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-11T09:43:39Z TRMC time resolved microwave conductivity CHMO:0001290 time-resolved microwave conductivity CHMO:0001290 A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a laser pulse, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers. https://doi.org/10.1039/FT9949003315 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06384 A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical pulse-radiolysis TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a nanosecond pulse of 3-MeV electrons, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the electrogenerated carriers. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-11T09:53:21Z pulse radiolysis TRMC pulse radiolysis time resolved microwave conductivity pulse-radiolysis TRMC pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity CHMO:0001291 pulse radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity CHMO:0001291 A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical pulse-radiolysis TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a nanosecond pulse of 3-MeV electrons, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the electrogenerated carriers. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100140a051 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06384 The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a vapour, at sub-atmospheric pressure, onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-11T11:20:12Z vacuum coating vacuum-coating vacuum-deposition CHMO:0001292 vacuum deposition CHMO:0001292 The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a vapour, at sub-atmospheric pressure, onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a low angle (<5 deg) toward an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-11T12:59:58Z GIXRR glancing incidence X-ray reflectivity glancing incidence X-ray reflectometry glancing incidence XRR glancing-incidence X-ray reflectivity glancing-incidence XRR CHMO:0001293 glancing-incidence X-ray reflectometry CHMO:0001293 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a low angle (<5 deg) toward an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A range of techniques used to determine the structure of thin films by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Techniques include glancing-incidence X-ray reflectivity and pole figure measurements. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-11T01:16:52Z thin film X-ray diffraction thin film XRD thin-film XRD CHMO:0001294 thin-film X-ray diffraction CHMO:0001294 A range of techniques used to determine the structure of thin films by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Techniques include glancing-incidence X-ray reflectivity and pole figure measurements. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 23Na nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-14T11:58:58Z 23Na NMR 23Na NMR spectroscopy 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 23Na-NMR sodium-23 NMR sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance CHMO:0001295 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001295 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 23Na nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52634 FIX:0000997 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states 23Na nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-14T12:35:58Z 23Na solid-state NMR CHMO:0001296 23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001296 Spectroscopy where the energy states 23Na nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 23Na nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-14T12:38:04Z 23Na MAS NMR 23Na MAS-NMR 23Na magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR 23Na-MAS-NMR CHMO:0001297 23Na magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001297 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 23Na nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are sodium-23 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-14T12:42:01Z 23Na MAS NMR spectrum 23Na MAS-NMR spectra 23Na MAS-NMR spectrum CHMO:0001298 sodium-23 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001298 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are sodium-23 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr A plot of the resonance frequency of nuclei in the same magnetic environment on a scale relative to their resonance frequency and with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei in those environments for solid samples. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-14T12:45:06Z solid-state NMR spectra solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra CHMO:0001299 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001299 A plot of the resonance frequency of nuclei in the same magnetic environment on a scale relative to their resonance frequency and with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei in those environments for solid samples. rsc:pr A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for sodium-23 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-14T12:47:35Z 23Na solid-state NMR spectra 23Na solid-state NMR spectrum 23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra 23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum sodium-23 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra solid-state 23Na NMR spectra solid-state 23Na NMR spectrum CHMO:0001300 sodium-23 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001300 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for sodium-23 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr A method used to synthesise a sample. CHMO:0001301 synthesis method CHMO:0001301 A method used to synthesise a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure. CHMO:0001302 assembly CHMO:0001302 The process of individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a polymer that forms a single layer of molecular chains on the surface. This layer is then transferred from the water to the substrate. Langmuir-Blodgett assembly Langmuir-Blodgett technique CHMO:0001303 Langmuir–Blodgett assembly CHMO:0001303 A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a polymer that forms a single layer of molecular chains on the surface. This layer is then transferred from the water to the substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method in which thin films of oppositely charged layers are deposited in sequence. Positive or negative charged species are adsorbed onto the sample surface by dipping the substrate into solutions. The excess solution, after each adsorption step, is rinsed with solvent. ESA ESD LBL LBL assembly LbL LbL assembly electrostatic self-assembly electrostatic self-assembly deposition layer-by-layer adsorption CHMO:0001304 layer-by-layer assembly CHMO:0001304 A synthesis method in which thin films of oppositely charged layers are deposited in sequence. Positive or negative charged species are adsorbed onto the sample surface by dipping the substrate into solutions. The excess solution, after each adsorption step, is rinsed with solvent. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process where the components of a sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming an organised structure or pattern. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly. SA CHMO:0001305 self-assembly CHMO:0001305 A process where the components of a sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming an organised structure or pattern. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method in which a drop of solvent is placed on the components to be assembled and allowed to dry freely in air. The solvent evaporation causes the spontaneous association of individual components into an organised structure or pattern. EISA evaporation induced self assembly evaporation induced self-assembly CHMO:0001306 evaporation-induced self-assembly CHMO:0001306 A synthesis method in which a drop of solvent is placed on the components to be assembled and allowed to dry freely in air. The solvent evaporation causes the spontaneous association of individual components into an organised structure or pattern. https://doi.org/10.1039/b208520h A process where molecules spontaneously adopt a defined arrangement. molecular self assembly CHMO:0001307 molecular self-assambly CHMO:0001307 A process where molecules spontaneously adopt a defined arrangement. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming a organised structure or pattern on a physical template. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly. TSA templated self assembly CHMO:0001308 templated self-assembly CHMO:0001308 A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming a organised structure or pattern on a physical template. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The method of using hexagonally-packed water microspheres as templates for the fabrication of microporous polymer films. BF method breath figure method breath figure templating breath figure-driven templating breath-figure method breath-figure templating CHMO:0001309 breath-figure templating CHMO:0001309 The method of using hexagonally-packed water microspheres as templates for the fabrication of microporous polymer films. ISBN:3540691383 The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution, suspension or vapour onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. deposition CHMO:0001310 sample deposition CHMO:0001310 The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution, suspension or vapour onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 deposition A thin film deposition technique based on the sequential reaction of gaseous precursors at a surface to produce a monolayer ALD atomic-layer deposition CHMO:0001311 atomic layer deposition CHMO:0001311 A thin film deposition technique based on the sequential reaction of gaseous precursors at a surface to produce a monolayer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. CBD CSD chemical bath deposition chemical deposition chemical-bath deposition chemical-solution deposition CHMO:0001312 chemical solution deposition CHMO:0001312 The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in ceramic materials. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a substrate by spinning, dipping or coating, or transferred to a mould. The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product. colloid process colloidal processing sol-gel method sol-gel process sol-gel processing solgel method solgel process solgel processing sol–gel processing CHMO:0001313 sol–gel method CHMO:0001313 The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in ceramic materials. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a substrate by spinning, dipping or coating, or transferred to a mould. The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. CVD CVD (chemical vapour deposition) synthesis chemical vapor deposition chemical-vapor deposition chemical-vapour deposition CHMO:0001314 chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001314 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more involatile precursors, suspended in a liquid–gas aerosol (generated ultrasonically), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. AACVD aerosol assisted CVD aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition aerosol-assisted CVD aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition CHMO:0001315 aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001315 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more involatile precursors, suspended in a liquid–gas aerosol (generated ultrasonically), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. APCVD atmospheric pressure CVD atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition atmospheric-pressure CVD atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition CHMO:0001316 atmospheric-pressure chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001316 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a monolayer deposit. The surface reaction is self-limiting resulting in a nanometre thickness of film. ALCVD atomic layer CVD atomic layer chemical vapor deposition atomic-layer CVD atomic-layer chemical vapor deposition atomic-layer chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001317 atomic layer chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001317 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a monolayer deposit. The surface reaction is self-limiting resulting in a nanometre thickness of film. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02697156 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more liquid precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. DLICVD direct liquid injection CVD direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition direct-liquid-injection CVD direct-liquid-injection chemical vapor deposition direct-liquid-injection chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001318 direct liquid injection chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001318 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more liquid precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose (catalysed by a hot filament) on the surface to produce a deposit. HFCVD HWCVD cat-CVD catalytic CVD catalytic chemical vapor deposition catalytic chemical vapour deposition hot filament CVD hot filament chemical vapor deposition hot filament chemical vapour deposition hot wire CVD hot wire chemical vapor deposition CHMO:0001319 hot wire chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001319 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose (catalysed by a hot filament) on the surface to produce a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method that involves both the chemical decomposition of a precursor gas and the vaporization of a solid source e.g. the growth of MgB2 involves both diborane gas and solid Mg. HPCVD hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition hybrid physical-chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001320 hybrid physical–chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001320 A synthesis method that involves both the chemical decomposition of a precursor gas and the vaporization of a solid source e.g. the growth of MgB2 involves both diborane gas and solid Mg. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where a laser-heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. LCVD laser CVD laser assisted CVD laser assisted chemical vapor deposition laser assisted chemical vapour deposition laser chemical vapor deposition laser induced CVD laser-assisted CVD laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition laser-induced CVD laser-induced chemical vapor deposition laser-induced chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001321 laser chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001321 A synthesis method where a laser-heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. ISBN:0121742318 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at less than atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. LPCVD low pressure CVD low pressure chemical vapor deposition low pressure chemical vapour deposition low-pressure CVD low-pressure chemical vapor deposition CHMO:0001322 low-pressure chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001322 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at less than atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors under ultrahigh vacuum (<10^{-6} Pa), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. UHV CVD UHVCVD ultra-high vacuum CVD ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition ultra-high vacuum chemical vapour deposition ultra-high-vacuum CVD ultra-high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition ultra-high-vacuum chemical vapour deposition ultrahigh vacuum CVD ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition ultrahigh-vacuum CVD ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition CHMO:0001323 ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001323 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors under ultrahigh vacuum (<10^{-6} Pa), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to volatile precursors (one of which is an organometallic compound) which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. MOCVD OMCVD metal-organic chemical vapor deposition metal-organic chemical vapour deposition metalorganic CVD metalorganic chemical vapor deposition metalorganic chemical vapour deposition organometallic chemical vapor deposition organometallic chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001324 metal–organic chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001324 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to volatile precursors (one of which is an organometallic compound) which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a plasma (a partially ionised gas, containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. PACVD PECVD plasma assisted CVD plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition plasma enhanced CVD plasma-assisted CVD plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition plasma-enhanced CVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001325 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001325 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a plasma (a partially ionised gas, containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. https://doi.org/10.1039/b816034a A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. MPCVD microwave plasma assisted CVD microwave plasma enhanced CVD microwave plasma-assisted CVD microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition microwave plasma-enhanced CVD CHMO:0001326 microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001326 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors which react or decompose in a plasma (a partially ionised gas, containing free electrons) and are then transferred to the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction. RPECVD remote plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition remote plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition remote plasma-assisted CVD remote plasma-enhanced CVD remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001327 remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001327 A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors which react or decompose in a plasma (a partially ionised gas, containing free electrons) and are then transferred to the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where a rapidly heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. RTCVD rapid thermal CVD rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition CHMO:0001328 rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0001328 A synthesis method where a rapidly heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a gas or vapor onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. CHMO:0001329 dry deposition CHMO:0001329 The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a gas or vapor onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any synthesis process where colloidal particles suspended in a liquid medium migrate under the influence of an electric field and are deposited on an electrode. EPD CHMO:0001330 electrophoretic deposition CHMO:0001330 Any synthesis process where colloidal particles suspended in a liquid medium migrate under the influence of an electric field and are deposited on an electrode. https://doi.org/10.1039/b208520h A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. cathodic electrodeposition electrocoating electrodeposition electroplating CHMO:0001331 electrochemical deposition CHMO:0001331 A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, accompanied by irradiation with UV light, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. CHMO:0001332 photoelectrochemical deposition CHMO:0001332 A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, accompanied by irradiation with UV light, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. https://doi.org/10.1039/b900623K A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface. No external power source is required, but a reductant is added to the solution to initiate the reduction of the metal ions. CHMO:0001333 electroless metal deposition CHMO:0001333 A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface. No external power source is required, but a reductant is added to the solution to initiate the reduction of the metal ions. ISBN:1856174514 A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with a solution containing silver acetate and hydroquinone which causes the reduction of silver ions, producing a silver deposit on the exisiting gold layer. multi-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks. MMD multi-metal-deposition multimetal deposition CHMO:0001334 multi-metal deposition CHMO:0001334 A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with a solution containing silver acetate and hydroquinone which causes the reduction of silver ions, producing a silver deposit on the exisiting gold layer. multi-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks. ISBN:0415271754 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.12.009 A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with another solution containing gold chloride and hydroxylamine which causes the reduction of gold ion, producing a further gold deposit on the exisiting gold layer. Single-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks. SMD CHMO:0001335 single-metal deposition CHMO:0001335 A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with another solution containing gold chloride and hydroxylamine which causes the reduction of gold ion, producing a further gold deposit on the exisiting gold layer. Single-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.12.009 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. CHMO:0001336 epitaxy CHMO:0001336 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method that consists of depositing alternating monolayers of two elements onto a substrate. The deposition is self-limiting and is completed when all available chemisorption sites are occupied. Film thickness is controlled by the number of precursor cycles. ALE atomic-layer epitaxy CHMO:0001337 atomic layer epitaxy CHMO:0001337 A synthesis method that consists of depositing alternating monolayers of two elements onto a substrate. The deposition is self-limiting and is completed when all available chemisorption sites are occupied. Film thickness is controlled by the number of precursor cycles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) of one substance, on a monocrystalline substrate of a different substance. CHMO:0001338 heteroepitaxy CHMO:0001338 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) of one substance, on a monocrystalline substrate of a different substance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate of the same substance. CHMO:0001339 homoepitaxy CHMO:0001339 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate of the same substance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or melt precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. LPE liquid phase epitaxy CHMO:0001340 liquid-phase epitaxy CHMO:0001340 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or melt precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. MBE molecular-beam epitaxy CHMO:0001341 molecular beam epitaxy CHMO:0001341 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of reactive gases) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). CBE chemical beam epitaxy chemical-beam epitaxy gas source MBE gas source molecular beam epitaxy gas-source MBE CHMO:0001342 gas-source molecular beam epitaxy CHMO:0001342 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of reactive gases) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of organometallic precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). MOMBE metal-organic MBE metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy CHMO:0001343 metal–organic molecular beam epitaxy CHMO:0001343 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of organometallic precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a beam of evapourated metal particles) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). solid source MBE solid-source MBE solid-source molecular beam epitaxy solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy CHMO:0001344 solid-source molecular beam epitaxy CHMO:0001344 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a beam of evapourated metal particles) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which consists of depositing an amorphous film on a monocrystalline substrate, then heating the substrate to crystallise the film. solid phase epitaxy SPE CHMO:0001345 solid-phase epitaxy CHMO:0001345 A synthesis method which consists of depositing an amorphous film on a monocrystalline substrate, then heating the substrate to crystallise the film. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 SPE A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from vapour-phase precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. VPE vapor phase epitaxy vapor-phase epitaxy vapour phase epitaxy vapour-phase epitaxial growth CHMO:0001346 vapour-phase epitaxy CHMO:0001346 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from vapour-phase precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from vapour-phase precursors (in hydrogen or ammonia carrier gases), on a monocrystalline substrate. HVPE hydride vapor phase epitaxy hydride vapor-phase epitaxy hydride vapour phase epitaxy CHMO:0001347 hydride vapour-phase epitaxy CHMO:0001347 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from vapour-phase precursors (in hydrogen or ammonia carrier gases), on a monocrystalline substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from organometallic vapour-phase precursors, on a monocrystalline substrate. MOVPE OMVPE metal organic vapor phase epitaxy metal organic vapour phase epitaxy metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy organometallic vapor phase epitaxy organometallic vapour phase epitaxy CHMO:0001348 metal–organic vapour-phase epitaxy CHMO:0001348 A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from organometallic vapour-phase precursors, on a monocrystalline substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where a flow of precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. JD CHMO:0001349 jet deposition CHMO:0001349 A synthesis method where a flow of precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where an aerosol containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. AJD aerosol JD CHMO:0001350 aerosol jet deposition CHMO:0001350 A synthesis method where an aerosol containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. GJD JVD PJD VJD gas-jet deposition jet vapor deposition jet vapour deposition jet-vapor deposition jet-vapour deposition physical JD physical jet deposition physical-jet deposition vapor jet deposition vapor-jet deposition vapour jet deposition vapour-jet deposition CHMO:0001351 gas jet deposition CHMO:0001351 A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/17/11/018 A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas (moving faster than the speed of sound) containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. ultrasonic GJD ultrasonic JVD ultrasonic VJD ultrasonic jet vapor deposition ultrasonic jet vapour deposition ultrasonic vapor jet deposition ultrasonic vapour jet deposition CHMO:0001352 ultrasonic gas jet deposition CHMO:0001352 A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas (moving faster than the speed of sound) containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. plasma JD CHMO:0001353 plasma jet deposition CHMO:0001353 A synthesis method where a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where a pattern or ink layer is deposited on a substrate using a liquid dispensed through a microsized conical nozzle. The movement of the 'micropen' is controlled by a computer program. micro-pen lithography CHMO:0001354 micropen lithography CHMO:0001354 A synthesis method where a pattern or ink layer is deposited on a substrate using a liquid dispensed through a microsized conical nozzle. The movement of the 'micropen' is controlled by a computer program. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where a monomer is irradiated with UV light, causing cross-linking and the deposition of a polymer film on a substrate. CHMO:0001355 photodeposition CHMO:0001355 A synthesis technique where a monomer is irradiated with UV light, causing cross-linking and the deposition of a polymer film on a substrate. https://doi.org/10.1021/la981593i A synthesis technique where vaporized molecules or atoms condense on a surface, forming a thin layer. The process is purely physical; no chemical reaction occurs at the surface. PVD physical vapor deposition CHMO:0001356 physical vapour deposition CHMO:0001356 A synthesis technique where vaporized molecules or atoms condense on a surface, forming a thin layer. The process is purely physical; no chemical reaction occurs at the surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where an electric arc is used to vaporize material from a cathode target. The vaporized material then condenses on a substrate, forming a thin film. arc physical vapor deposition arc physical vapour deposition arc-PVD arc-physical vapor deposition arc-physical vapour deposition CHMO:0001357 cathodic arc deposition CHMO:0001357 A synthesis technique where an electric arc is used to vaporize material from a cathode target. The vaporized material then condenses on a substrate, forming a thin film. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where an electron beam is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition of a solid on a nearby substrate. EB deposition EBD EBID electron beam deposition electron beam-induced deposition electron-beam deposition CHMO:0001358 electron-beam-induced deposition CHMO:0001358 A synthesis method where an electron beam is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition of a solid on a nearby substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where an ion beam (e.g. Ga+) is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition on a nearby substrate. FIBID IBID focused-ion-beam-induced deposition focussed-ion-beam-induced deposition ion beam induced deposition ion-beam-induced deposition CHMO:0001359 ion beam-induced deposition CHMO:0001359 A synthesis method where an ion beam (e.g. Ga+) is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition on a nearby substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where the material to be deposited is heated until evaporation in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and eventually deposits as a thin film by condensing on a (cold) substrate. TE evaporative deposition) filament evaporation thermal deposition vacuum condensation vacuum thermal evporation CHMO:0001360 thermal evaporation CHMO:0001360 A synthesis technique where the material to be deposited is heated until evaporation in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and eventually deposits as a thin film by condensing on a (cold) substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and a metal electrode (e.g. Au, Cr, Zn or Pt) is melted and evaporated by passing a current through it. When the metal atoms hit the (μch cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. ME MET metal evaporation technique metal shadowing CHMO:0001361 metal evaporation CHMO:0001361 A synthesis technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and a metal electrode (e.g. Au, Cr, Zn or Pt) is melted and evaporated by passing a current through it. When the metal atoms hit the (μch cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. ISBN:0763701920 A development technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (10^{-4} Pa) and two metal electrodes are melted and evaporated (sequentionally) by passing a current through them. When the metal atoms hit the (μch cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. When vacuum metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks on polymer surfaces, a Au layer is applied first, followed by a μch thicker Zn layer (which does not deposit on the fingermark ridges). VMD vacuum-metal deposition CHMO:0001362 vacuum metal deposition CHMO:0001362 A development technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (10^{-4} Pa) and two metal electrodes are melted and evaporated (sequentionally) by passing a current through them. When the metal atoms hit the (μch cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. When vacuum metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks on polymer surfaces, a Au layer is applied first, followed by a μch thicker Zn layer (which does not deposit on the fingermark ridges). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.01.012 A synthesis technique where a high-power pulsed laser beam is focused (inside a vacuum chamber) onto a target of the desired composition. Material is then vaporized from the target ('ablation') and deposited as a thin film on a substrate facing the target. PLA deposition PLD laser ablation growth pulsed laser ablation deposition pulsed-laser ablation deposition pulsed-laser deposition CHMO:0001363 pulsed laser deposition CHMO:0001363 A synthesis technique where a high-power pulsed laser beam is focused (inside a vacuum chamber) onto a target of the desired composition. Material is then vaporized from the target ('ablation') and deposited as a thin film on a substrate facing the target. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons or energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. sputter coating sputtering CHMO:0001364 sputter deposition CHMO:0001364 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons or energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Sputter deposition where the substrate is held in a barrel which is swung from side-to-side to ensure even deposition. barrel sputtering barrel-sputtering CHMO:0001365 barrel sputter deposition CHMO:0001365 Sputter deposition where the substrate is held in a barrel which is swung from side-to-side to ensure even deposition. https://doi.org/10.1039/b817740f Sputter deposition where a secondary ion beam is then used to remove any partially bound atoms from the substrate surface. IAD IBAD ion beam assisted deposition ion-beam-assisted deposition CHMO:0001366 ion-assisted deposition CHMO:0001366 Sputter deposition where a secondary ion beam is then used to remove any partially bound atoms from the substrate surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Sputter deposition where the energetic ions come from an external ion source, which generates a focused ion beam. ion-assisted sputtering ion-beam sputtering ion-beam-assisted sputtering IBS CHMO:0001367 ion-beam sputter deposition CHMO:0001367 Sputter deposition where the energetic ions come from an external ion source, which generates a focused ion beam. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Sputter deposition where the ion source is a magnetron. The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. magnetron sputtering CHMO:0001368 magnetron sputter deposition CHMO:0001368 Sputter deposition where the ion source is a magnetron. The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Magnetron sputter deposition where the ionisation process uses extremely high power densities of the order of kW cm-2 in short pulses. HIPIMS HPPMS high impact power magnetron sputter deposition high impact power magnetron sputtering high power impulse magnetron sputter deposition high power impulse magnetron sputtering high power pulsed magnetron sputter deposition high power pulsed magnetron sputtering CHMO:0001369 high power impulse magnetron sputter deposition CHMO:0001369 Magnetron sputter deposition where the ionisation process uses extremely high power densities of the order of kW cm-2 in short pulses. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) generated in a magnetron (a device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The sign of the anode-cathode bias is varied at a high rate to avoid charge build-up on insulating targets. RF sputter deposition RF sputtering CHMO:0001370 radio frequency sputter deposition CHMO:0001370 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) generated in a magnetron (a device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The sign of the anode-cathode bias is varied at a high rate to avoid charge build-up on insulating targets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionisation of the neutral gas atoms requires a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) source to be generated by passing an electrical discharge through the chamber, with the target acting as the cathode. plasma sputter coating plasma sputtering CHMO:0001371 plasma sputter deposition CHMO:0001371 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionisation of the neutral gas atoms requires a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) source to be generated by passing an electrical discharge through the chamber, with the target acting as the cathode. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionisation of the neutral gas atoms requires an external plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) source, which generates an ion beam. high-target-utilization sputtering CHMO:0001372 high-target-utilization sputter deposition CHMO:0001372 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionisation of the neutral gas atoms requires an external plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) source, which generates an ion beam. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then react with a gas that is introduced into the chamber and the products deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. reactive sputtering CHMO:0001373 reactive sputter deposition CHMO:0001373 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then react with a gas that is introduced into the chamber and the products deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where a metal-containing precursor, dissolved in a solvent, is atomised and ignited. During combustion the flame is directed at the substrate resulting in the deposition of a thin layer of metal. RSD flame-assisted deposition CHMO:0001374 reactive spray deposition CHMO:0001374 A synthesis technique where a metal-containing precursor, dissolved in a solvent, is atomised and ignited. During combustion the flame is directed at the substrate resulting in the deposition of a thin layer of metal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where a solid material is dissolved in a supercritical fluid (at elevated pressure) which is forced through a small orifice into a region of relatively low pressure. This produces a molecular spray which is directed against a substrate where it deposits as a thin film. supercritical fluid molecular spray film deposition CHMO:0001375 supercritical spray deposition CHMO:0001375 A synthesis method where a solid material is dissolved in a supercritical fluid (at elevated pressure) which is forced through a small orifice into a region of relatively low pressure. This produces a molecular spray which is directed against a substrate where it deposits as a thin film. USPatent:4582731 Any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers. thin film deposition CHMO:0001376 thin-film deposition CHMO:0001376 Any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure. hydrothermal method hydrothermal process hydrothermal reaction CHMO:0001377 hydrothermal synthesis CHMO:0001377 A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure. ISBN:0387462708 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid or vapor. CHMO:0001378 infiltration CHMO:0001378 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid or vapor. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour. CVI CHMO:0001379 chemical vapour infiltration CHMO:0001379 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour, accelerated by a temperature gradient. TG-CVI temperature gradient CVI temperature gradient chemical vapour infiltration temperature-gradient CVI CHMO:0001380 temperature-gradient chemical vapour infiltration CHMO:0001380 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour, accelerated by a temperature gradient. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour held at high pressure. forced-flow CVI CHMO:0001381 forced-flow chemical vapour infiltration CHMO:0001381 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour held at high pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour which is applied as a series of high pressure pulses. This results in a multilayer structure. P-CVI pressure pulsed CVI pressure-pulsed CVI CHMO:0001382 pressure-pulsed chemical vapour infiltration CHMO:0001382 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour which is applied as a series of high pressure pulses. This results in a multilayer structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a gas. CHMO:0001383 gas-phase infiltration CHMO:0001383 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a gas. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with polymer precursors. LPI PIP polymer infiltration and pyrolysis CHMO:0001384 liquid polymer infiltration CHMO:0001384 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with polymer precursors. ISBN:402081332 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid. melt infiltration CHMO:0001385 liquid-phase infiltration CHMO:0001385 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, liquid silicon. CHMO:0001386 liquid silicon infiltration CHMO:0001386 The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, liquid silicon. ISBN:402081332 A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an ionic liquid in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure. CHMO:0001387 ionothermal synthesis CHMO:0001387 A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an ionic liquid in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure. https://doi.org/10.1039/b513458g Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. lithographic patterning CHMO:0001388 lithography CHMO:0001388 Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles through a mask composed of a close-packed colloidal array. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. CHMO:0001389 colloidal lithography CHMO:0001389 Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles through a mask composed of a close-packed colloidal array. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0319083 Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a microsized pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties which changes its response to a developer solution (making it either soluble or insoluble). The desired pattern is then obtained by removing any excess resist with the developer. CHMO:0001412 CHMO:0001390 microlithography CHMO:0001390 Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a microsized pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties which changes its response to a developer solution (making it either soluble or insoluble). The desired pattern is then obtained by removing any excess resist with the developer. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material. CHMO:0001391 nanolithography CHMO:0001391 Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. NIL nano-imprinting lithography nanoimprinting lithography CHMO:0001392 nanoimprint lithography CHMO:0001392 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.588605 A synthesis technique that uses an electrochemical reaction to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A superionic conductor (e.g. Ag2S) stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is pressed onto a metal substrate. When a voltage is applied across the substrate and stamp, metal ions move from the substrate to the stamp leaving behind the complementary pattern. electrochemical nanoimprinting superionic electrochemical nanoimprinting CHMO:0001393 electrochemical nanoimprint lithography CHMO:0001393 A synthesis technique that uses an electrochemical reaction to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A superionic conductor (e.g. Ag2S) stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is pressed onto a metal substrate. When a voltage is applied across the substrate and stamp, metal ions move from the substrate to the stamp leaving behind the complementary pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on a silicon substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and a single laser pulse (XeCl excimer laser) is applied to melt the top layer of silicon. The molten silicon flows into the pattern then rapidly solidifies. LADI laser assisted direct imprint laser assisted direct imprint lithography laser assisted direct imprinting laser-assisted direct imprint laser-assisted direct imprinting CHMO:0001394 laser-assisted direct imprint lithography CHMO:0001394 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on a silicon substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and a single laser pulse (XeCl excimer laser) is applied to melt the top layer of silicon. The molten silicon flows into the pattern then rapidly solidifies. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. T-NIL CHMO:0001395 thermoplastic nanoimprint lithography CHMO:0001395 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then held above the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. During the heat–cool cycle the initially flat polymer film self-assembles into periodic supramolecular pillar arrays. LISA lithographically-induced self-assembly CHMO:0001396 lithographically induced self-assembly CHMO:0001396 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then held above the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. During the heat–cool cycle the initially flat polymer film self-assembles into periodic supramolecular pillar arrays. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is placed on the substrate. A roller, heated to the glass transition temperature of the resist, is then used to press the stamp into the resist. The resist is cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. CHMO:0001397 roller nanoimprint lithography CHMO:0001397 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is placed on the substrate. A roller, heated to the glass transition temperature of the resist, is then used to press the stamp into the resist. The resist is cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. fused silica) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching. P-NIL CHMO:0001398 photo nanoimprint lithography CHMO:0001398 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. fused silica) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive organosilicon resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching. SFIL step and flash imprint lithography CHMO:0001399 step-and-flash imprint lithography CHMO:0001399 A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive organosilicon resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of lithography where electrons or ions are used to generate pattern, which is transferred to a resist. CHMO:0001400 particle-beam lithography CHMO:0001400 A type of lithography where electrons or ions are used to generate pattern, which is transferred to a resist. ISBN:0824790243 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (10–20 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. EB lithography EBDW EBL e-beam lithography e-beam patterning electron beam (EB) lithography electron beam lithography electron beam patterning electron-beam direct-write lithography electron-beam patterning EPL CHMO:0001401 electron-beam lithography CHMO:0001401 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (10–20 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. ISBN:0824790243 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist') and a beam of electrons (1 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. LEEB LEEBI LEEBL LVEBL low energy electron beam irradiation low energy electron-beam irradiation low-energy electron-beam irradiation low-voltage electron beam lithography low-voltage energy beam lithography CHMO:0001402 low-energy electron-beam lithography CHMO:0001402 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist') and a beam of electrons (1 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9317(03)00164-3 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of moderately low energy electrons (2 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask (held up to 50 μm from the substrate surface). The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). LEEPL e-beam proximity lithography ebeam proximity lithography electron-beam proximity lithography CHMO:0001403 low-energy e-beam proximity lithography CHMO:0001403 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of moderately low energy electrons (2 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask (held up to 50 μm from the substrate surface). The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). ISBN:0824790243 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. EPL e-beam projection lithography ebeam projection lithography electron projection lithography electron-projection lithography CHMO:0001404 electron-beam projection lithography CHMO:0001404 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The lens system used to focus the electron beam has a 4-times magnification and a 250 μm2 exposure field, and was developed by IBM and Nikon. PREVAIL CHMO:0001405 projection reduction exposure with variable axis immersion lense CHMO:0001405 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The lens system used to focus the electron beam has a 4-times magnification and a 250 μm2 exposure field, and was developed by IBM and Nikon. ISBN:0824790243 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across an ultrathin (<150 nm thickness) low-atomic-number patterned mask. Many of the electrons are scattered by the mask, so the image is formed only by those electrons that pass through the membrane without scattering. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). SCALPEL CHMO:0001406 scattering with angular limitation projection electron-beam lithography CHMO:0001406 A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across an ultrathin (<150 nm thickness) low-atomic-number patterned mask. Many of the electrons are scattered by the mask, so the image is formed only by those electrons that pass through the membrane without scattering. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). ISBN:0824790243 A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The ions induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). ion beam lithography CHMO:0001407 ion-beam lithography CHMO:0001407 A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The ions induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). ISBN:0824753747 A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across a patterned mask inducing chemical reactions in the resist. The desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). IPL ion-projection lithography CHMO:0001408 ion projection lithography CHMO:0001408 A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across a patterned mask inducing chemical reactions in the resist. The desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). ISBN:0824753747 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent PDMS mask with the desired pattern (in relief) on its surface is placed in contact with the photoresist layer. UV light (300–460 nm) is then used to cross-link the polymer. Light passing through the stamp is modulated in the near-field by the relief of the mask such that the edges of the relief structures correspond to nulls in the intensity of the light. The polymer is cross-linked in the remaining areas. NFPSL near field optical lithography near field phase shift lithography near field photolithography near-field conformational photolithography near-field optical lithography near-field phase-shift lithography near-field photolithography CHMO:0001409 near-field phase shift lithography CHMO:0001409 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent PDMS mask with the desired pattern (in relief) on its surface is placed in contact with the photoresist layer. UV light (300–460 nm) is then used to cross-link the polymer. Light passing through the stamp is modulated in the near-field by the relief of the mask such that the edges of the relief structures correspond to nulls in the intensity of the light. The polymer is cross-linked in the remaining areas. ISBN:1860944809 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense (typically UV) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. optical lithography UV lithography ultra-violet lithography ultraviolet lithography CHMO:0001410 photolithography CHMO:0001410 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense (typically UV) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to two different patterns of intense (typically UV) light using two different masks. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. DPL double-patterning lithography CHMO:0001411 double patterning lithography CHMO:0001411 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to two different patterns of intense (typically UV) light using two different masks. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CHMO:0001412 true A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then immersed in a liquid with RI >1 (e.g. highly purified water) and exposed to a pattern of intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. CHMO:0001413 immersion lithography CHMO:0001413 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then immersed in a liquid with RI >1 (e.g. highly purified water) and exposed to a pattern of intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of two or more coherent light sources. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. HIL holographic interference lithography holographic lithography CHMO:0001414 interference lithography CHMO:0001414 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of two or more coherent light sources. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of multiple coherent lasers. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. CHMO:0001415 multiple-laser-beam interference lithography CHMO:0001415 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of multiple coherent lasers. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. A reduced image of the desired pattern is then projected on the photoresist using a microscope and the substrate is exposed to intense (typically UV) light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. MPP MPPL microscope-projection photolithography CHMO:0001416 microscope projection photolithography CHMO:0001416 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. A reduced image of the desired pattern is then projected on the photoresist using a microscope and the substrate is exposed to intense (typically UV) light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. https://doi.org/10.1021/la010655t A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. CHMO:0001417 ultraviolet lithography CHMO:0001417 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. A mask ('photomask') with the desired pattern is then placed in contact with the substrate and both are exposed to intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. contact printing CHMO:0001418 contact lithography CHMO:0001418 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. A mask ('photomask') with the desired pattern is then placed in contact with the substrate and both are exposed to intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a continuous stream of resist inside a microchannel, leading to the formation of solid structures almost instantaneously. continuous flow lithography CFL CHMO:0001419 continuous-flow lithography CHMO:0001419 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a continuous stream of resist inside a microchannel, leading to the formation of solid structures almost instantaneously. https://doi.org/10.1039/b703457a CFL A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer inside microchannel. Objects generated by this process are 'locked' by relief structures in the channel, before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner. LRL lock release lithography CHMO:0001420 lock-release lithography CHMO:0001420 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer inside microchannel. Objects generated by this process are 'locked' by relief structures in the channel, before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner. https://doi.org/10.1039/b821930c A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV (240 nm) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. deep ultraviolet lithography deep-UV lithography CHMO:0001421 deep-ultraviolet lithography CHMO:0001421 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV (240 nm) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense EUV (13.5 nm) light in a vacuum. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. EUV lithography EUVL extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography extreme-ultraviolet lithography soft X-ray reflective lithography CHMO:0001422 extreme ultraviolet lithography CHMO:0001422 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense EUV (13.5 nm) light in a vacuum. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer, which is sandwiched inside a microchannel before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner. SFL stop flow lithography CHMO:0001423 stop-flow lithography CHMO:0001423 A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer, which is sandwiched inside a microchannel before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner. https://doi.org/10.1039/b703457a A synthesis method which uses light and a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of an alkanethiol is deposited on the substrate, forming a SAM. UV light (244 nm) from a scanning near-field optical microscope (aperture size = 50 nm) is then used to oxidise the SAM in certain areas. Either the oxidised areas of the SAM, or the gold corresponding to those areas, is then removed by etching. SNP CHMO:0001424 scanning near-field photolithography CHMO:0001424 A synthesis method which uses light and a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of an alkanethiol is deposited on the substrate, forming a SAM. UV light (244 nm) from a scanning near-field optical microscope (aperture size = 50 nm) is then used to oxidise the SAM in certain areas. Either the oxidised areas of the SAM, or the gold corresponding to those areas, is then removed by etching. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl025754l SNP Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, moulds, and conformable photomasks prepared from liquid polymer precursors. CHMO:0001425 soft lithography CHMO:0001425 Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, moulds, and conformable photomasks prepared from liquid polymer precursors. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, molds, and conformable photomasks prepared from multiple liquid polymer precursors. MSL multi layer soft lithography CHMO:0001426 multi-layer soft lithography CHMO:0001426 Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, molds, and conformable photomasks prepared from multiple liquid polymer precursors. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape. molding CHMO:0001427 moulding CHMO:0001427 Any process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is heated and shaped into a tube then a pressurized gas, usually air, is used to expand the plastic and press it against the mould. blow forming blow molding CHMO:0001428 blow moulding CHMO:0001428 A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is heated and shaped into a tube then a pressurized gas, usually air, is used to expand the plastic and press it against the mould. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The pre-heated material is first placed in an open, heated mould which is then closed before pressure is applied to it. The applied pressure forces the softened polymer to adopt the shape of the mould. compression molding CHMO:0001429 compression moulding CHMO:0001429 A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The pre-heated material is first placed in an open, heated mould which is then closed before pressure is applied to it. The applied pressure forces the softened polymer to adopt the shape of the mould. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mould. injection molding CHMO:0001430 injection moulding CHMO:0001430 A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mould. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. micromolding CHMO:0001431 micromoulding CHMO:0001431 A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable polymer material using multiple microsized rigid frames or models called 'moulds'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. MMM multi layer micromolding multi layer micromoulding multi-layer micromolding CHMO:0001432 multi-layer micromoulding CHMO:0001432 A process for shaping pliable polymer material using multiple microsized rigid frames or models called 'moulds'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is brought into contact with a rigid substrate, forming microchannels. The polymer material (in fluid form) fills these microchannels by capillary action. The polymer material is then cooled or cross-linked. MIMIC micromolding in capillaries CHMO:0001433 micromoulding in capillaries CHMO:0001433 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is brought into contact with a rigid substrate, forming microchannels. The polymer material (in fluid form) fills these microchannels by capillary action. The polymer material is then cooled or cross-linked. SBN:0849380804 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is wetted with a thin layer of solvent. When the polymer is brought into contact with the mould, the top layer of polymer dissolves and expands, filling the mould. The solvent is then allowed to evaporate. SAMIM solvent-assisted micromolding CHMO:0001434 solvent-assisted micromoulding CHMO:0001434 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is wetted with a thin layer of solvent. When the polymer is brought into contact with the mould, the top layer of polymer dissolves and expands, filling the mould. The solvent is then allowed to evaporate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is placed in a heated mould, which is slowly rotated causing the melted plastic to flow into to the mould and stick to its walls. rotational molding rotomolding rotomoulding CHMO:0001435 rotational moulding CHMO:0001435 A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is placed in a heated mould, which is slowly rotated causing the melted plastic to flow into to the mould and stick to its walls. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. transfer molding TM CHMO:0001436 transfer moulding CHMO:0001436 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 TM A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. micro TM micro-transfer molding micro-transfer moulding microtransfer molding CHMO:0001437 microtransfer moulding CHMO:0001437 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a nanosized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. nTM nano TM nano-transfer molding nano-transfer moulding nanotransfer molding CHMO:0001438 nanotransfer moulding CHMO:0001438 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a nanosized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A mould is cast from the object to be replicated. This mould is then filled with a prepolymer, which is cross-linked and the resulting polymer is peeled off the mould. Using a mould, rather than the object itself, allows multiple copies to be made without damaging the original. replica molding REM CHMO:0001439 replica moulding CHMO:0001439 A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A mould is cast from the object to be replicated. This mould is then filled with a prepolymer, which is cross-linked and the resulting polymer is peeled off the mould. Using a mould, rather than the object itself, allows multiple copies to be made without damaging the original. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method for transferring a pattern to a gold surface. A PDMS stamp is coated in an alkanethiol and then brought into contact with a gold surface. Thiol from the wet region generates patterned features of SAMs on the gold surface. mCP micro CP micro contact printing micro-contact printing CHMO:0001440 microcontact printing CHMO:0001440 A synthesis method for transferring a pattern to a gold surface. A PDMS stamp is coated in an alkanethiol and then brought into contact with a gold surface. Thiol from the wet region generates patterned features of SAMs on the gold surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A PDMS mould is etched with a fluoride-containing substance (breaking Si–O bonds at the surface). The fresh PDMS surface then reacts with a prepolymer. PENs CHMO:0001441 patterning by etching at the nanoscale CHMO:0001441 A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A PDMS mould is etched with a fluoride-containing substance (breaking Si–O bonds at the surface). The fresh PDMS surface then reacts with a prepolymer. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm062988n A synthesis technique which uses X-rays to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of X-rays is scanned across a patterned mask. The mask consists of an X-ray absorber (e.g. Au) on a membrane that is transparent to X-rays (e.g. SiC). The X-rays induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). PXL proximity X-ray lithography XL CHMO:0001442 X-ray lithography CHMO:0001442 A synthesis technique which uses X-rays to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of X-rays is scanned across a patterned mask. The mask consists of an X-ray absorber (e.g. Au) on a membrane that is transparent to X-rays (e.g. SiC). The X-rays induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 XL A synthesis method in which the reaction outcome is determined by the use of mechanical constraints to direct reactive molecules to specific molecular sites. CHMO:0001443 mechanosynthesis CHMO:0001443 A synthesis method in which the reaction outcome is determined by the use of mechanical constraints to direct reactive molecules to specific molecular sites. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics). CHMO:0001444 reforming CHMO:0001444 Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The reaction of biomass-derived oxygenated compounds (e.g. glycerol) in aqueous solution at low temperature in the presence of a platinum catalyst to produce hydrogen. APR aqueous phase reforming CHMO:0001445 aqueous-phase reforming CHMO:0001445 The reaction of biomass-derived oxygenated compounds (e.g. glycerol) in aqueous solution at low temperature in the presence of a platinum catalyst to produce hydrogen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. CHMO:0001446 catalytic reforming CHMO:0001446 Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a metal catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. An electric current is used to heat the catalyst. ECR CHMO:0001447 electrochemical catalytic reforming CHMO:0001447 Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a metal catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. An electric current is used to heat the catalyst. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810851j Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) by exposing the hydrocarbons to high pressures and temperatures. CHMO:0001448 thermal reforming CHMO:0001448 Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) by exposing the hydrocarbons to high pressures and temperatures. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen and carbon dioxide at 950–1100 °C to form syngas. ATR CHMO:0001449 autothermal reforming CHMO:0001449 The reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen and carbon dioxide at 950–1100 °C to form syngas. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 ATR The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in order to produce hydrogen. hydrogen reforming SR CHMO:0001450 steam reforming CHMO:0001450 The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in order to produce hydrogen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 SR The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. CSR CHMO:0001451 catalytic steam reforming CHMO:0001451 The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The reaction of methanol with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. CSRM methanol steam reforming CHMO:0001452 catalytic steam reforming of methanol CHMO:0001452 The reaction of methanol with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. ISBN:3527320954 The reaction of natural gas with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. SMR CHMO:0001453 steam methane reforming CHMO:0001453 The reaction of natural gas with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The reaction of natural gas or syngas with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. The nickel catalyst is then oxidised with air and finally reduced back to the metal using more hydrocarbon gas. UMR CHMO:0001454 unmixed reforming CHMO:0001454 The reaction of natural gas or syngas with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. The nickel catalyst is then oxidised with air and finally reduced back to the metal using more hydrocarbon gas. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46922-7_3 The reaction of ethanol with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. ethanol steam reforming CHMO:0001455 catalytic steam reforming of ethanol CHMO:0001455 The reaction of ethanol with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any synthesis technique where a scanning probe microscope is used to pattern surfaces either constructively (by depositing a substance) or destructively (by etching a pattern in a surface). SPL CHMO:0001456 scanning probe lithography CHMO:0001456 Any synthesis technique where a scanning probe microscope is used to pattern surfaces either constructively (by depositing a substance) or destructively (by etching a pattern in a surface). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where an atomic force microscope is used to pattern surfaces with molecules or particles. An AFM tip is coated with a chemical compound or biomolecule and put in contact with a substrate, where transfer takes place. DPN CHMO:0001457 dip-pen nanolithography CHMO:0001457 A synthesis technique where an atomic force microscope is used to pattern surfaces with molecules or particles. An AFM tip is coated with a chemical compound or biomolecule and put in contact with a substrate, where transfer takes place. https://doi.org/10.1039/b813249f A synthesis method for growing single crystals from a non-aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure. solvothermal method solvothermal process solvothermal reaction solvothermal treatment CHMO:0001458 solvothermal synthesis CHMO:0001458 A synthesis method for growing single crystals from a non-aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method which relies on the use of reversible noncovalent bonding interactions between molecular building blocks in order to preorganise them into a certain relative geometry as a prelude to covalent bond formation. supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis template-directed covalent synthesis CHMO:0001459 template-directed synthesis CHMO:0001459 A synthesis method which relies on the use of reversible noncovalent bonding interactions between molecular building blocks in order to preorganise them into a certain relative geometry as a prelude to covalent bond formation. https://doi.org/10.1039/b513441m Reversal of coagulation or flocculation, i.e., the dispersion of aggregates to form a colloidally stable suspension or emulsion https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-18T09:45:58Z deflocculation peptization CHMO:0001460 peptisation CHMO:0001460 Reversal of coagulation or flocculation, i.e., the dispersion of aggregates to form a colloidally stable suspension or emulsion https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200779101801 CHMO:0001461 true A solution that contains a conjugate acid–base pair in equilibria and hence resists changes to its pH near the pK value of the acid. batchelorc 2009-05-18T02:57:14Z CHMO:0001462 buffer solution CHMO:0001462 A solution that contains a conjugate acid–base pair in equilibria and hence resists changes to its pH near the pK value of the acid. ISBN:0716719207 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by a boric acid–borate anion equilibrium. batchelorc 2009-05-18T02:58:20Z borate buffer solution CHMO:0001463 borate buffer CHMO:0001463 A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by a boric acid–borate anion equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. age hardening aging dispersion hardening precipitate ageing precipitation hardening CHMO:0001464 ageing CHMO:0001464 Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. OrangeBook:9.5 A heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness CHMO:0001465 annealing CHMO:0001465 A heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components. atomization CHMO:0001466 atomisation CHMO:0001466 The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The heating of a sample to high temperatures in air or oxygen. calcining CHMO:0001467 calcination CHMO:0001467 The heating of a sample to high temperatures in air or oxygen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process in which a metal oxide is reduced in the presence of carbon or a carbon-containing compound. carbo reduction carboreduction CHMO:0001468 carbo-reduction CHMO:0001468 A process in which a metal oxide is reduced in the presence of carbon or a carbon-containing compound. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. ceramization CHMO:0001469 ceramisation CHMO:0001469 A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The application of a thin cover to a sample. CHMO:0001470 coating method CHMO:0001470 The application of a thin cover to a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal'), and allowing it to drain. dip-coating CHMO:0001471 dip coating CHMO:0001471 The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal'), and allowing it to drain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A coating method for applying a thin (<1 μm thickness) cover to flat substrates where an excess amount of coating solution (in a volatile solvent) is placed on the substrate, which is then rotated at high speed (8000 rpm) for approximately 30 s in order to spread the solution by centripetal force. The solvent then evaporates, leaving a thin film. spin casting spin-casting spin-coating CHMO:0001472 spin coating CHMO:0001472 A coating method for applying a thin (<1 μm thickness) cover to flat substrates where an excess amount of coating solution (in a volatile solvent) is placed on the substrate, which is then rotated at high speed (8000 rpm) for approximately 30 s in order to spread the solution by centripetal force. The solvent then evaporates, leaving a thin film. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light. burning CHMO:0001473 combustion CHMO:0001473 An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The transfer of thermal energy from a sample to its surrounding environment. CHMO:0001474 sample cooling CHMO:0001474 The transfer of thermal energy from a sample to its surrounding environment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique for cooling atoms by directing two laser beams (with energy just below an electronic transition) at the sample from opposite directions. Scattering of the laser photons by the atoms in the sample reduces their kinetic energy. CHMO:0001475 laser cooling CHMO:0001475 A technique for cooling atoms by directing two laser beams (with energy just below an electronic transition) at the sample from opposite directions. Scattering of the laser photons by the atoms in the sample reduces their kinetic energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of allowing a sample (a glass or polymer) at its melting point to cool at a controlled rate in order to cause changes in morphology or properties. melt-cooling CHMO:0001476 melt cooling CHMO:0001476 The process of allowing a sample (a glass or polymer) at its melting point to cool at a controlled rate in order to cause changes in morphology or properties. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. crystallization CHMO:0001477 crystallisation CHMO:0001477 The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. FIX:0000214 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01434 The simultaneous crystallisation of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. co crystallisation co crystallization co-crystallisation co-crystallization cocrystallization CHMO:0001478 cocrystallisation CHMO:0001478 The simultaneous crystallisation of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. https://doi.org/10.1039/a801863d The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. fractional crystallization CHMO:0001479 fractional crystallisation CHMO:0001479 The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A chemical process in which a prepolymer or polymer is converted into a polymer of higher molar mass and then into a network. CHMO:0001480 curing CHMO:0001480 A chemical process in which a prepolymer or polymer is converted into a polymer of higher molar mass and then into a network. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with an electron beam. E-beam curing EB curing e-beam curing electron-beam curing CHMO:0001481 electron beam curing CHMO:0001481 A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with an electron beam. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light. photocuring CHMO:0001482 photochemical curing CHMO:0001482 A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon application of heat. thermocuring CHMO:0001483 thermal curing CHMO:0001483 A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon application of heat. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The removal of impurities and elimination of pores from a xerogel (a gel that has been dried with unhindered shrinkage). CHMO:0001484 densification CHMO:0001484 The removal of impurities and elimination of pores from a xerogel (a gel that has been dried with unhindered shrinkage). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derivatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. derivatization CHMO:0001485 derivatisation CHMO:0001485 The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derivatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') following column chromatography into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. post column derivatisation post column derivatization post-column derivatization CHMO:0001486 post-column derivatisation CHMO:0001486 The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') following column chromatography into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The breakdown of a single phase into two or more phases by heating or treatment with acid, alkali or enzymes. CHMO:0001487 decomposition CHMO:0001487 The breakdown of a single phase into two or more phases by heating or treatment with acid, alkali or enzymes. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01547 The breakdown of a single entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate, etc.) into two or more fragments CHMO:0001488 chemical decomposition CHMO:0001488 The breakdown of a single entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate, etc.) into two or more fragments https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01020 The decomposition of a sample into liquid form by treatment with enzymes or strong acids or alkalis. CHMO:0001489 sample digestion CHMO:0001489 The decomposition of a sample into liquid form by treatment with enzymes or strong acids or alkalis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The decomposition of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents in order to solubilise it. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-27T10:55:29Z WD CHMO:0001490 wet digestion CHMO:0001490 The decomposition of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents in order to solubilise it. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01335-3 The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. acid-digestion CHMO:0001491 acid digestion CHMO:0001491 The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. OrangeBook:10.3.4.9.5 The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. bomb-digestion CHMO:0001492 bomb digestion CHMO:0001492 The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. OrangeBook:10.3.4.9.5 The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form. alkali digestion CHMO:0001493 base digestion CHMO:0001493 The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form. rsc:hib The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form. enzymic digestion CHMO:0001494 enzyme digestion CHMO:0001494 The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The decomposition of only part of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents to solubilise it. CHMO:0001495 partial sample digestion CHMO:0001495 The decomposition of only part of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents to solubilise it. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04411 The assisted solubilisation of a sample by the application of radiation in the 1-1000 mm region. MAD MOD microwave oven digestion microwave sample digestion microwave-assisted digestion CHMO:0001496 microwave digestion CHMO:0001496 The assisted solubilisation of a sample by the application of radiation in the 1-1000 mm region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The decomposition of a sample by placing it in an organic matrix and irradiating the matrix with radiation in the range 200-435 nm (indirectly, using a mirror). OH radicals generated from the matrix react with the sample, degrading it. UV photolysis digestion UVPD CHMO:0001497 ultraviolet photolysis digestion CHMO:0001497 The decomposition of a sample by placing it in an organic matrix and irradiating the matrix with radiation in the range 200-435 nm (indirectly, using a mirror). OH radicals generated from the matrix react with the sample, degrading it. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01335-3 The conversion of a high-molecular-mass species into a lower-molecular-mass species using an enzyme. enzymic decomposition CHMO:0001498 enzymic decomposition CHMO:0001498 The conversion of a high-molecular-mass species into a lower-molecular-mass species using an enzyme. OrangeBook:10.3.4.9.5 A clustering reaction in a homogeneous, supersaturated solution (solid or liquid) which is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations in density or composition. The solution therefore separates spontaneously into two phases, starting with small fluctuations and proceeding with a decrease in the Gibbs energy without a nucleation barrier. CHMO:0001499 spinodal decomposition CHMO:0001499 A clustering reaction in a homogeneous, supersaturated solution (solid or liquid) which is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations in density or composition. The solution therefore separates spontaneously into two phases, starting with small fluctuations and proceeding with a decrease in the Gibbs energy without a nucleation barrier. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05869 The separation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds by heating it to a high temperature (approx. 1000 °C). CHMO:0001500 thermal decomposition CHMO:0001500 The separation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds by heating it to a high temperature (approx. 1000 °C). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The conversion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass) into CO and H2 by heating with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called a 'syngas'. CHMO:0001501 gasification CHMO:0001501 The conversion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass) into CO and H2 by heating with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called a 'syngas'. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy. The term pyrolysis generally refers to heating in an inert environment. destructive distillation dry distillation CHMO:0001502 pyrolysis CHMO:0001502 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy. The term pyrolysis generally refers to heating in an inert environment. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04961 The characterisation, in an inert atmosphere, of a material or a chemical process by a chemical degradation reaction induced by thermal energy. CHMO:0001503 analytical pyrolysis CHMO:0001503 The characterisation, in an inert atmosphere, of a material or a chemical process by a chemical degradation reaction induced by thermal energy. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00336 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst. CHMO:0001504 catalytic pyrolysis CHMO:0001504 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst. OrangeBook:5.3 The chemical degradation of a sample caused by a fast rate of temperature increase (10,000 K/s). CHMO:0001505 flash pyrolysis CHMO:0001505 The chemical degradation of a sample caused by a fast rate of temperature increase (10,000 K/s). OrangeBook:5.3 The chemical degradation of different fractions of the same sample by heating at different temperatures for different times. CHMO:0001506 fractionated pyrolysis CHMO:0001506 The chemical degradation of different fractions of the same sample by heating at different temperatures for different times. OrangeBook:5.3 The chemical degradation of a sample caused by passing a carrier gas (H2, O2, N2 etc.) over the sample in a heated furnace. CHMO:0001507 furnace pyrolysis CHMO:0001507 The chemical degradation of a sample caused by passing a carrier gas (H2, O2, N2 etc.) over the sample in a heated furnace. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02561 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the reactor is located within the ion source of a mass spectrometer. CHMO:0001508 try to find a located_in relationship ion-source pyrolysis CHMO:0001508 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the reactor is located within the ion source of a mass spectrometer. OrangeBook:5.3 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the temperature is held constant. CHMO:0001509 isothermal pyrolysis CHMO:0001509 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the temperature is held constant. OrangeBook:5.3 A technique used to synthesize ultrafine powders by heating a mixture of reactant vapour and inert gas with a laser. CHMO:0001510 laser pyrolysis CHMO:0001510 A technique used to synthesize ultrafine powders by heating a mixture of reactant vapour and inert gas with a laser. ISBN:3527303022 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the products of a reaction are trapped before analysis. offline pyrolysis CHMO:0001511 off-line pyrolysis CHMO:0001511 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the products of a reaction are trapped before analysis. OrangeBook:5.3 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an oxidative atmosphere. CHMO:0001512 oxidative pyrolysis CHMO:0001512 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an oxidative atmosphere. OrangeBook:5.3 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the pressure of the volatile pyrolysates is recorded. pressure monitored pyrolysis CHMO:0001513 pressure-monitored pyrolysis CHMO:0001513 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the pressure of the volatile pyrolysates is recorded. OrangeBook:5.3 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an reductive atmosphere. CHMO:0001514 reductive pyrolysis CHMO:0001514 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an reductive atmosphere. OrangeBook:5.3 The repeated chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy under the same conditions of time, temperature etc. CHMO:0001515 sequential pyrolysis CHMO:0001515 The repeated chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy under the same conditions of time, temperature etc. OrangeBook:5.3 The chemical degradation of a sample caused by spraying it, as a liquid mixture, onto a heated substrate. CHMO:0001516 spray pyrolysis CHMO:0001516 The chemical degradation of a sample caused by spraying it, as a liquid mixture, onto a heated substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The chemical degradation of a sample caused by heating it, as a vapour, with steam. CHMO:0001517 steam pyrolysis CHMO:0001517 The chemical degradation of a sample caused by heating it, as a vapour, with steam. USPatent:5780518 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the temperature is raised in a stepwise manner and the pyrolysates are recorded between each step. CHMO:0001518 stepwise pyrolysis CHMO:0001518 The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the temperature is raised in a stepwise manner and the pyrolysates are recorded between each step. OrangeBook:5.3 The chemical degradation of a sample (usually an organic material) by heating it in a vacuum in order to decrease its boiling point and avoid adverse chemical reactions. CHMO:0001519 vacuum pyrolysis CHMO:0001519 The chemical degradation of a sample (usually an organic material) by heating it in a vacuum in order to decrease its boiling point and avoid adverse chemical reactions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The uncatalysed cleavage of one or more covalent bonds resulting from exposure of a compound to a raised temperature, or a process in which such cleavage is an essential part. CHMO:0001520 thermolysis CHMO:0001520 The uncatalysed cleavage of one or more covalent bonds resulting from exposure of a compound to a raised temperature, or a process in which such cleavage is an essential part. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06326 The reaction of a molecule by exposing it to a short thermal shock at high temperature, usually in the gas phase. FVP FVT flash vacuum pyrolysis flash vacuum thermal decomposition CHMO:0001521 flash vacuum thermolysis CHMO:0001521 The reaction of a molecule by exposing it to a short thermal shock at high temperature, usually in the gas phase. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02420 The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. CHMO:0001522 dialysis CHMO:0001522 The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The selective separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric field. CHMO:0001523 electrodialysis CHMO:0001523 The selective separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric field. ISBN:0824705092 The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is attached to a small probe (<10 μm diameter) which is inserted into the sample. microdialysis CHMO:0001524 micro-dialysis CHMO:0001524 The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is attached to a small probe (<10 μm diameter) which is inserted into the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature. CHMO:0001525 sample dispersion CHMO:0001525 The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A sample preparation method where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid phase. CHMO:0001526 colloidal dispersion CHMO:0001526 A sample preparation method where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid phase. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01174 A technique for the preparation and extraction of solid and viscous samples. The sample is blended with a bonded-phase solid support (such as silica) using a glass pestle to obtain a semi-dry material. The blended sample is then packed into a cartridge and eluted. MSPD CHMO:0001527 matrix solid-phase dispersion CHMO:0001527 A technique for the preparation and extraction of solid and viscous samples. The sample is blended with a bonded-phase solid support (such as silica) using a glass pestle to obtain a semi-dry material. The blended sample is then packed into a cartridge and eluted. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00055-2 The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure. anatomization CHMO:0001528 dissection CHMO:0001528 The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The disassembly of a small part of an object (<10 μm diameter) to determine its internal structure. microdissection CHMO:0001529 micro-dissection CHMO:0001529 The disassembly of a small part of an object (<10 μm diameter) to determine its internal structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of dissection where a laser is coupled to a microscope and focused onto a biological sample (e.g. tissue) on the slide. laser microdissection CHMO:0001530 laser micro-dissection CHMO:0001530 A type of dissection where a laser is coupled to a microscope and focused onto a biological sample (e.g. tissue) on the slide. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue using a microscope coupled to a UV laser. LCM laser capture microdissection laser-capture micro-dissection laser-capture microdissection CHMO:0001531 laser capture micro-dissection CHMO:0001531 A method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue using a microscope coupled to a UV laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. CHMO:0001532 distillation CHMO:0001532 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. Distillation is completed before more sample mixture is added. CHMO:0001533 batch distillation CHMO:0001533 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. Distillation is completed before more sample mixture is added. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The distillation is ongoing with sample mixture being continuously added. CHMO:0001534 continuous distillation CHMO:0001534 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The distillation is ongoing with sample mixture being continuously added. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating two components of very similar boiling point from a mixture. A third, miscible and high-boiling-point solvent is added to the mixture which causes a change in the volatilities of the components. These components are then vaporised by the application of heat and cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. CHMO:0001535 extractive distillation CHMO:0001535 A method of separating two components of very similar boiling point from a mixture. A third, miscible and high-boiling-point solvent is added to the mixture which causes a change in the volatilities of the components. These components are then vaporised by the application of heat and cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise into a condenser where they are cooled by water. The vapours stick to the inside surface of the condenser where they continue to be heated until they vaporise again. CHMO:0001536 fractional distillation CHMO:0001536 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise into a condenser where they are cooled by water. The vapours stick to the inside surface of the condenser where they continue to be heated until they vaporise again. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating a lower-boiling-point product from its reactants in a reaction mixture. The product is vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. CHMO:0001537 reactive distillation CHMO:0001537 A method of separating a lower-boiling-point product from its reactants in a reaction mixture. The product is vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. This method can only be used to separate mixtures where the components differ widely in boiling point (by approx. 25°). CHMO:0001538 simple distillation CHMO:0001538 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. This method can only be used to separate mixtures where the components differ widely in boiling point (by approx. 25°). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by bubbling steam through it and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. CHMO:0001539 steam distillation CHMO:0001539 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by bubbling steam through it and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. low temperature distillation low-temperature distillation CHMO:0001540 vacuum distillation CHMO:0001540 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The vacuum is replaced by an inert gas once the distillation is complete. CHMO:0001541 air-sensitive vacuum distillation CHMO:0001541 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The vacuum is replaced by an inert gas once the distillation is complete. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure (< 0.01 Torr) and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. CHMO:0001542 molecular distillation CHMO:0001542 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure (< 0.01 Torr) and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures because it allows a lower boiling temperature to be used. short path distillation CHMO:0001543 short-path distillation CHMO:0001543 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures because it allows a lower boiling temperature to be used. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The controlled dropwise release of a liquid. drop dispensing CHMO:0001544 droplet dispensing CHMO:0001544 The controlled dropwise release of a liquid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The dropwise release of a liquid using a focused acoustic beam to eject a controlled droplet from an open pool of liquid. When the acoustic beam strikes the liquid surface, the pressure causes the fluid to rise up and a droplet breaks off. acoustic drop dispensing CHMO:0001545 acoustic droplet dispensing CHMO:0001545 The dropwise release of a liquid using a focused acoustic beam to eject a controlled droplet from an open pool of liquid. When the acoustic beam strikes the liquid surface, the pressure causes the fluid to rise up and a droplet breaks off. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The dispensing of droplets from an electrode surface after an applied voltage has been removed. Periodic bumps along the length of the electrodes promote droplet formation by establishing an initial, static perturbation. DEP drop dispensing DEP droplet dispensing CHMO:0001546 dielectrophoretic droplet dispensing CHMO:0001546 The dispensing of droplets from an electrode surface after an applied voltage has been removed. Periodic bumps along the length of the electrodes promote droplet formation by establishing an initial, static perturbation. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/17/5/027 The dispensing of droplets by applying a pattern of piezoelectric acceleration and deceleration to the droplets such that inertial force can overcome adhesion force, resulting in droplet detachment from the device. inertial drop dispensing CHMO:0001547 inertial droplet dispensing CHMO:0001547 The dispensing of droplets by applying a pattern of piezoelectric acceleration and deceleration to the droplets such that inertial force can overcome adhesion force, resulting in droplet detachment from the device. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The dispensing of droplets between two electrodes by applying an electric field. EHD dispensing EHD droplet dispensing electrohydrodynamic droplet dispensing CHMO:0001548 electrohydrodynamic droplet dispensing CHMO:0001548 The dispensing of droplets between two electrodes by applying an electric field. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2005.11.015 The process of removing a solvent from a substance. drying CHMO:0001549 sample drying CHMO:0001549 The process of removing a solvent from a substance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 drying The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1–1000 mm) radiation. CHMO:0001550 dielectric drying CHMO:0001550 The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1–1000 mm) radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air. CHMO:0001551 direct drying CHMO:0001551 The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum. CHMO:0001552 drum drying CHMO:0001552 The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 °C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime. cryodesiccation freeze-drying lyophilization CHMO:0001553 freeze drying CHMO:0001553 The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 °C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of solvent from a sample by heating in an oven. CHMO:0001554 oven drying CHMO:0001554 The removal of solvent from a sample by heating in an oven. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of water from a liquid sample by pumping it through an atomiser (to produce a spray of fine droplets) then passing a hot gas (e.g. air or N2) through it. spray-drying CHMO:0001555 spray drying CHMO:0001555 The removal of water from a liquid sample by pumping it through an atomiser (to produce a spray of fine droplets) then passing a hot gas (e.g. air or N2) through it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary, by immersion in a supercritical fluid and de-pressurisation. critical point drying critical-point drying super-critical point drying CHMO:0001556 supercritical drying CHMO:0001556 The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary, by immersion in a supercritical fluid and de-pressurisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of water from a sample by placing it under reduced pressure. This allows water to evaporate from (heat-sensitive) samples at a lower temperature. CHMO:0001557 vacuum drying CHMO:0001557 The removal of water from a sample by placing it under reduced pressure. This allows water to evaporate from (heat-sensitive) samples at a lower temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of chemically removing a thin layer from a sample surface, usually to leave behind a pattern. CHMO:0001558 etching CHMO:0001558 The process of chemically removing a thin layer from a sample surface, usually to leave behind a pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by sputtering or dissolving using reactive ions or a vapour-phase etchant CHMO:0001559 dry etching CHMO:0001559 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by sputtering or dissolving using reactive ions or a vapour-phase etchant https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). RIE reactive ion etching reactive-ion etching CHMO:0001560 plasma etching CHMO:0001560 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. DRIE pulsed etching time-multiplexed etching CHMO:0001561 deep reactive-ion etching CHMO:0001561 The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a silicon surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-usually SF6–-containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer (e.g. C4F8). ASE advanced silicon etch CHMO:0001562 advanced silicon etching CHMO:0001562 The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a silicon surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-usually SF6–-containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer (e.g. C4F8). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface (cooled to -110 °C) using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. cryo-DRIE CHMO:0001563 cryogenic deep reactive-ion etching CHMO:0001563 The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface (cooled to -110 °C) using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of removing the unprotected areas of a surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution in the presence of an electric current. electroetching CHMO:0001564 electrolytic etching CHMO:0001564 The process of removing the unprotected areas of a surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution in the presence of an electric current. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of removing the unprotected areas of a silicon surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution (KOH, HF or TMAH) in the presence of an electric current. When the silicon substrate is in contact with a noble metal (Au or Cr) a Galvanic cell is formed and the silicon is oxidized. CHMO:0001565 Galvanic etching CHMO:0001565 The process of removing the unprotected areas of a silicon surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution (KOH, HF or TMAH) in the presence of an electric current. When the silicon substrate is in contact with a noble metal (Au or Cr) a Galvanic cell is formed and the silicon is oxidized. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A patterning process which involves using a focused Ga+ beam to cut trenches into substrates. ion-beam patterning CHMO:0001566 ion beam patterning CHMO:0001566 A patterning process which involves using a focused Ga+ beam to cut trenches into substrates. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of generating a pattern in a photosensitive sample by irradiating it with UV light. After exposure, the plate is 'developed' by washing away the unexposed resist. photo-etching photochemical etching photochemical machining photochemical milling photoetching PCM CHMO:0001567 photo etching CHMO:0001567 The process of generating a pattern in a photosensitive sample by irradiating it with UV light. After exposure, the plate is 'developed' by washing away the unexposed resist. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with energetic ions. ion etching ion milling CHMO:0001568 sputter etching CHMO:0001568 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with energetic ions. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05895 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. electronic sputtering CHMO:0001569 electronic sputter etching CHMO:0001569 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. When the multiply charged ions recombine on the sample surface their potential energy is liberated, accelerating the process. potential sputtering CHMO:0001570 potential sputter etching CHMO:0001570 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. When the multiply charged ions recombine on the sample surface their potential energy is liberated, accelerating the process. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of using strong acids/alkalis to cut into the unprotected parts of a surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. CHMO:0001571 wet etching CHMO:0001571 The process of using strong acids/alkalis to cut into the unprotected parts of a surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of using strong acids/alkalis to remove a thin layer of the unprotected parts of a sample surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. Anisotropic etching occurs when different etch rates are observed in different directions in the sample (e.g. for different crystal faces). wet anisotropic etching CHMO:0001572 anisotropic wet etching CHMO:0001572 The process of using strong acids/alkalis to remove a thin layer of the unprotected parts of a sample surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. Anisotropic etching occurs when different etch rates are observed in different directions in the sample (e.g. for different crystal faces). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CHMO:0001573 true The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic. CHMO:0001574 evaporation CHMO:0001574 The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02227 The evaporation of solvent from a sample by placing it a centrifuge and spinning it rapidly. CHMO:0001575 centrifugal evaporation CHMO:0001575 The evaporation of solvent from a sample by placing it a centrifuge and spinning it rapidly. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of solvent from a sample by applying heat and lowering the pressure above the sample whilst rotating it at 10–300 rpm. CHMO:0001576 rotary evaporation CHMO:0001576 The removal of solvent from a sample by applying heat and lowering the pressure above the sample whilst rotating it at 10–300 rpm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. CHMO:0001577 extraction CHMO:0001577 The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. OrangeBook:9.4.1 The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase. co-extraction CHMO:0001578 coextraction CHMO:0001578 The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase. OrangeBook:9.4.1 The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. CHMO:0001579 headspace extraction CHMO:0001579 The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas. purge and trap purge and trap extraction CHMO:0001580 dynamic headspace extraction CHMO:0001580 The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas. ISBN:0471328456 The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. The process is repeated multiple times, allowing the new equilibrium to form at each stage. CHMO:0001581 multiple headspace extraction CHMO:0001581 The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. The process is repeated multiple times, allowing the new equilibrium to form at each stage. ISBN:0471328456 The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. equilibrium headspace extraction SHE CHMO:0001582 static headspace extraction CHMO:0001582 The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. ISBN:0471328456 SHE The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles). liquid-solid extraction solid phase extraction solid-phase extraction sorbent extraction sorptive extraction LSE SPE CHMO:0001583 liquid-solid extraction CHMO:0001583 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles). ISBN:0-13-147835-4 LSE SPE The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (polar) liquid sample through a (non-polar) stationary phase. normal phase SPE normal phase solid-phase extraction normal-phase SPE CHMO:0001584 normal-phase solid-phase extraction CHMO:0001584 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (polar) liquid sample through a (non-polar) stationary phase. ISBN:0-13-147835-4 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (non-polar) liquid sample through a (polar) stationary phase. reverse phase SPE reverse phase solid-phase extraction reverse-phase SPE reverse-phase solid-phase extraction reversed phase SPE reversed-phase SPE CHMO:0001585 reversed-phase solid-phase extraction CHMO:0001585 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (non-polar) liquid sample through a (polar) stationary phase. ISBN:0-13-147835-4 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 μm diameter). SPME solid phase microextraction solid-phase microextraction CHMO:0001586 solid-phase micro-extraction CHMO:0001586 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 μm diameter). ISBN:0-13-147835-4 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary. CME capillary microextraction CHMO:0001587 capillary micro-extraction CHMO:0001587 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary. ISBN:0444505113 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small sol–gel-coated fused-silica capillary. sgCME sol-gel CME sol-gel capillary micro-extraction sol-gel capillary microextraction solgel CME solgel capillary microextraction CHMO:0001588 sol–gel capillary micro-extraction CHMO:0001588 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small sol–gel-coated fused-silica capillary. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0109523 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by exposing a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 μm diameter) to the headspace above the liquid sample. HSPME HSSE hSPME headspace solid-phase micro-extraction headspace solid-phase microextraction headspace sorptive extraction CHMO:0001589 headspace solid-phase micro-extraction CHMO:0001589 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by exposing a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 μm diameter) to the headspace above the liquid sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (1 mg) packed into a microlitre syringe. MEPS micro extraction by packed sorbent micro-extraction in packed syringe microextraction in a packed syringe microextraction in packed syringe packed syringe micro-extraction packed syringe microextraction packed-syringe micro-extraction packed-syringe microextraction CHMO:0001590 micro-extraction in a packed syringe CHMO:0001590 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (1 mg) packed into a microlitre syringe. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.73 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by attaching a stationary phase to a stir bar which moves throughout the liquid sample. SBSE solid pahse stir bar extraction solid phase stir-bar extraction solid-phase stir bar extraction solid-phase stir-bar extraction stir bar extraction stir bar solid phase extraction stir bar solid-phase extraction stir bar sorptive extraction stir-bar solid phase extraction stir-bar sorptive extraction CHMO:0001591 stir-bar solid-phase extraction CHMO:0001591 The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by attaching a stationary phase to a stir bar which moves throughout the liquid sample. ISBN:0-13-147835-4 A method for extracting biological molecules from a biological sample by functionalising a magnetic bead (0.001–200 μm diameter) with a molecule specific to the target molecule (e.g. complementary DNA or a specific antibody) and placing it in the sample solution. The bead is removed from the solution using a magnetized source. magnetic separation magnetic-bead extraction MS CHMO:0001592 magnetic bead extraction CHMO:0001592 A method for extracting biological molecules from a biological sample by functionalising a magnetic bead (0.001–200 μm diameter) with a molecule specific to the target molecule (e.g. complementary DNA or a specific antibody) and placing it in the sample solution. The bead is removed from the solution using a magnetized source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 MS The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous membrane. CHMO:0001593 membrane extraction CHMO:0001593 The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous membrane. ISBN:0824705092 The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane first extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. MESI membrane extraction sorbent interface membrane extraction with sorbent interface membrane extraction with trapping on a sorbent interface CHMO:0001594 membrane extraction with a sorbent interface CHMO:0001594 The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane first extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. https://doi.org/10.1039/b202960j The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous sillicon rubber membrane. PME CHMO:0001595 polymeric membrane extraction CHMO:0001595 The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous sillicon rubber membrane. ISBN:0824705092 The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous liquid membrane. SLM extraction SLME supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction CHMO:0001596 supported liquid membrane extraction CHMO:0001596 The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous liquid membrane. ISBN:0824705092 An analytical process that sequentially chemically leaches metals from soils, sludges or sediments. sequential chemical extraction CHMO:0001597 sequentional extraction CHMO:0001597 An analytical process that sequentially chemically leaches metals from soils, sludges or sediments. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50043a017 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase. CHMO:0001598 solvent extraction CHMO:0001598 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase. OrangeBook:9.4.1 A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid. gas-liquid extraction sublation CHMO:0001599 gas–liquid extraction CHMO:0001599 A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid. OrangeBook:9.4.1 The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. LLE liquid phase extraction liquid-liquid distribution liquid-liquid extraction liquid-liquid partition liquid-phase extraction CHMO:0001600 liquid–liquid extraction CHMO:0001600 The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. OrangeBook:9.4.1 The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase. CPE cloud point extraction CHMO:0001601 cloud-point extraction CHMO:0001601 The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase. https://doi.org/10.1039/b901007f The process of transferring a microlitre amount of a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa). LLME LPME liquid phase micro-extraction liquid phase microextraction liquid-liquid microextraction liquid-phase microextraction CHMO:0001602 liquid-phase micro-extraction CHMO:0001602 The process of transferring a microlitre amount of a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. A microdrop of organic solvent (8 μL), is suspended from the end of Teflon rod immersed in a stirred aqueous solution of the sample. The sample solution is stirred until equilibrium is reached, after which, the drop is retracted into the Teflon rod. SDME single drop microextraction single-drop microextraction CHMO:0001603 single-drop micro-extraction CHMO:0001603 The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. A microdrop of organic solvent (8 μL), is suspended from the end of Teflon rod immersed in a stirred aqueous solution of the sample. The sample solution is stirred until equilibrium is reached, after which, the drop is retracted into the Teflon rod. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac035437e The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50–200 °C) and pressure (7–20 MPa). PFE PLE PSE accelerated solvent extraction accelerated-solvent extraction pressurised fluid extraction pressurised liquid extraction pressurised solvent extraction pressurised-liquid extraction pressurised-solvent extraction pressurized fluid extraction pressurized liquid extraction pressurized solvent extraction pressurized-fluid extraction pressurized-liquid extraction pressurized-solvent extraction CHMO:0001604 pressurised-fluid extraction CHMO:0001604 The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50–200 °C) and pressure (7–20 MPa). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00077-1 The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (organic) phase (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a porous hydrophobic membrane the pores of which are filled with the same acceptor phase. MMLLE microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction microporous membrane solvent extraction CHMO:0001605 microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction CHMO:0001605 The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (organic) phase (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a porous hydrophobic membrane the pores of which are filled with the same acceptor phase. ISBN: 0824705092 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, during which the sample and solvent are kept in contact in a mechanical shaker. shake flask extraction CHMO:0001606 shake-flask extraction CHMO:0001606 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, during which the sample and solvent are kept in contact in a mechanical shaker. https://doi.org/10.1039/a808582j The process of transferring the soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a solvent. solid-liquid extraction dry extraction CHMO:0001607 solid–liquid extraction CHMO:0001607 The process of transferring the soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a solvent. ISBN:0-13-147835-4 The process of transferring the organic components of a solid to an organic liquid phase. The process is accelerated by directing radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) at the sample. MAE microwave extraction CHMO:0001608 microwave-assisted extraction CHMO:0001608 The process of transferring the organic components of a solid to an organic liquid phase. The process is accelerated by directing radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) at the sample. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01335-3 The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent. CHMO:0001609 Soxhlet extraction CHMO:0001609 The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. SCFE SFE supercritical extraction supercritical fluid extraction CHMO:0001610 supercritical fluid extraction CHMO:0001610 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. OrangeBook:9.2.7.7 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media. UE ultrasonic accelerated extraction ultrasonic assisted extraction ultrasonic extraction ultrasonic-accelerated extraction ultrasonic-assisted extraction CHMO:0001611 ultrasound extraction CHMO:0001611 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to another where the amount of reagent used is lower than that dictated by stoichiometry. CHMO:0001612 substoichiometric extraction CHMO:0001612 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to another where the amount of reagent used is lower than that dictated by stoichiometry. OrangeBook:9.2.7.7 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die. extrusion molding extrusion moulding CHMO:0001613 extrusion CHMO:0001613 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at room temperature. CHMO:0001614 cold extrusion CHMO:0001614 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at room temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at elevated temperatures (up to 2000 °C). CHMO:0001615 hot extrusion CHMO:0001615 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at elevated temperatures (up to 2000 °C). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die in the presence of a pressurised fluid. CHMO:0001616 hydrostatic extrusion CHMO:0001616 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die in the presence of a pressurised fluid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at a temperature that is above room temperature, but below the recrystallisation temperature of the material (400–900 °C). CHMO:0001617 warm extrusion CHMO:0001617 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at a temperature that is above room temperature, but below the recrystallisation temperature of the material (400–900 °C). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to create polymer fibers using a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) to form multiple continuous filaments. CHMO:0001618 spinning CHMO:0001618 A process used to create polymer fibers using a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) to form multiple continuous filaments. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and the solvent is removed from the polymer fibres by evaporation. CHMO:0001619 dry spinning CHMO:0001619 A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and the solvent is removed from the polymer fibres by evaporation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to created very fine (μm or nm scale) fibres from a liquid. A high voltage is applied to a droplet of the liquid sample which is drawn out into fibres and cooled in air. electro-spinning CHMO:0001620 electrospinning CHMO:0001620 A process used to created very fine (μm or nm scale) fibres from a liquid. A high voltage is applied to a droplet of the liquid sample which is drawn out into fibres and cooled in air. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer in a gel state is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head). The fibres are then air dried and cooled in a liquid bath. dry-wet spinning CHMO:0001621 gel spinning CHMO:0001621 A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer in a gel state is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head). The fibres are then air dried and cooled in a liquid bath. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to create polymer fibers. Molten polymer is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and cooled to form multiple continuous filaments. melt-spinning CHMO:0001622 melt spinning CHMO:0001622 A process used to create polymer fibers. Molten polymer is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and cooled to form multiple continuous filaments. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) into a chemical bath which causes the polymer to precipitate as it emerges. wet-spinning CHMO:0001623 wet spinning CHMO:0001623 A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) into a chemical bath which causes the polymer to precipitate as it emerges. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products. CHMO:0001624 fermentation CHMO:0001624 The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02337 The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties. CHMO:0001625 fractionation CHMO:0001625 The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any separation technique based on the application of a field perpendicular to a flow stream in a narrow channel. FFF field flow fractionation CHMO:0001626 field-flow fractionation CHMO:0001626 Any separation technique based on the application of a field perpendicular to a flow stream in a narrow channel. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. EF-FFF ElFFF electric FFF electric field field-flow fractionation electrical FFF CHMO:0001627 electrical field-flow fractionation CHMO:0001627 A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an alternating electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. CEFFF CElFFF cyclic electric FFF cyclic electrical FFF cyclic-electric FFF cyclic-electrical FFF CHMO:0001628 cyclic electrical field-flow field fractionation CHMO:0001628 A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an alternating electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a carrier liquid flow perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles elute in order of decreasing diffusion coefficient. FIFFF flow FFF flow field flow fractionation CHMO:0001629 flow field-flow fractionation CHMO:0001629 A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a carrier liquid flow perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles elute in order of decreasing diffusion coefficient. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique for separating small particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of particle size. G-FFF GFFF GrFFF gravitational FFF CHMO:0001630 gravitational field-flow fractionation CHMO:0001630 A technique for separating small particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of particle size. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00807-X A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel, such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel, and varying the ionic strength of the solution or Hamaker constant/surface potential of the particles. PBGFFF potential barrier GFFF potential barrier GrFFF CHMO:0001631 potential barrier field-flow fractionation CHMO:0001631 A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel, such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel, and varying the ionic strength of the solution or Hamaker constant/surface potential of the particles. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02271013 A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of magnetic susceptibility. MFFF MgFFF magnetic FFF CHMO:0001632 magnetic field-flow fractionation CHMO:0001632 A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of magnetic susceptibility. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac050611f A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel within a centrifuge such that the centripetal force is applied perpendicular to the flow stream (driving the particles towards the walls of the channel). A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel removing the smallest particles first. SdFFF sedimentation FFF sedimentation field flow fractionation CHMO:0001633 sedimentation field-flow fractionation CHMO:0001633 A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel within a centrifuge such that the centripetal force is applied perpendicular to the flow stream (driving the particles towards the walls of the channel). A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel removing the smallest particles first. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique for separating large (= channel width) particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel. Normally particles migrate towards the walls of the channel but large particles are unable to approach the walls and when a carrier liquid is passed through the channel, these particles are removed first. StFFF steric FFF steric field flow fractionation CHMO:0001634 steric field-flow fractionation CHMO:0001634 A technique for separating large (= channel width) particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel. Normally particles migrate towards the walls of the channel but large particles are unable to approach the walls and when a carrier liquid is passed through the channel, these particles are removed first. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique for separating polymer particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and heating one end, whilst cooling the other. The polymer particles migrate towards the cooler plate and are then removed with a carrier liquid. ThFFF thermal FFF thermal field flow fractionation CHMO:0001635 thermal field-flow fractionation CHMO:0001635 A technique for separating polymer particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and heating one end, whilst cooling the other. The polymer particles migrate towards the cooler plate and are then removed with a carrier liquid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separation in which a component of the bulk liquid is preferentially adsorbed at the liquid–vapour interface and is removed by foaming. CHMO:0001636 foam fractionation CHMO:0001636 A method of separation in which a component of the bulk liquid is preferentially adsorbed at the liquid–vapour interface and is removed by foaming. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02468 The process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that contains less of the dissolved material than the remaining solution. normal freezing progressive freezing CHMO:0001637 freeze distillation CHMO:0001637 The process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that contains less of the dissolved material than the remaining solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions (e.g. temperature or acidity) of the plasma, causing precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. plasma-protein fractionation CHMO:0001638 plasma protein fractionation CHMO:0001638 A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions (e.g. temperature or acidity) of the plasma, causing precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions of the plasma by simultaneous cooling and addition of alcohol. This causes precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. Cohn process CHMO:0001639 Cohn process CHMO:0001639 A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions of the plasma by simultaneous cooling and addition of alcohol. This causes precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of segregation of phases; the separation of suspended solids from a liquid or gas, usually by forcing a carrier gas or liquid through a porous medium. CHMO:0001640 filtration CHMO:0001640 The process of segregation of phases; the separation of suspended solids from a liquid or gas, usually by forcing a carrier gas or liquid through a porous medium. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02388 A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger than 0.1 micrometre are rejected. microfiltration CHMO:0001641 micro-filtration CHMO:0001641 A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger than 0.1 micrometre are rejected. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.MT06887 A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger 200 Da are rejected. NF nanofiltration CHMO:0001642 nano-filtration CHMO:0001642 A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger 200 Da are rejected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation process which involves using pressure to force a solution through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side and allowing the pure solvent to pass to the other side. (This is the reverse of the normal osmosis process, which is the natural movement of solvent from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration.) RO CHMO:0001643 reverse osmosis CHMO:0001643 A separation process which involves using pressure to force a solution through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side and allowing the pure solvent to pass to the other side. (This is the reverse of the normal osmosis process, which is the natural movement of solvent from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration.) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The separation of a solid phase from a liquid phase by passing the sample through a porous medium under pressure. vacuum filtration CHMO:0001644 suction filtration CHMO:0001644 The separation of a solid phase from a liquid phase by passing the sample through a porous medium under pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation process whereby a solution containing a solute of molecular size significantly greater than that of the solvent molecule is removed from the solvent by the application of hydraulic pressure which forces only the solvent to flow through a suitable membrane, usually having a pore size in the range 0.001–0.1 μm. UF ultrafiltration CHMO:0001645 ultra-filtration CHMO:0001645 A separation process whereby a solution containing a solute of molecular size significantly greater than that of the solvent molecule is removed from the solvent by the application of hydraulic pressure which forces only the solvent to flow through a suitable membrane, usually having a pore size in the range 0.001–0.1 μm. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.U06548 The formation of a gel or solidification of a gelatin solution caused by a change in conditions (such as temperature or pH). CHMO:0001646 gelation CHMO:0001646 The formation of a gel or solidification of a gelatin solution caused by a change in conditions (such as temperature or pH). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The formation of a gel from a solution by electrochemical oxidation. CHMO:0001647 electrochemical gelation CHMO:0001647 The formation of a gel from a solution by electrochemical oxidation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The formation of a gel from a solution by irradiation with light from the visible region (400–800 nm). CHMO:0001648 light-induced gelation CHMO:0001648 The formation of a gel from a solution by irradiation with light from the visible region (400–800 nm). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The formation of a gel from a solution by altering the pH of the solution. CHMO:0001649 pH-induced gelation CHMO:0001649 The formation of a gel from a solution by altering the pH of the solution. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9710185 The formation of a gel from a solution by the application of ultrasound (sound waves >20 kHz frequency). CHMO:0001650 sound-induced gelation CHMO:0001650 The formation of a gel from a solution by the application of ultrasound (sound waves >20 kHz frequency). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja050809h The formation of a gel from a solution by heating. heat-induced gelation CHMO:0001651 thermal gelation CHMO:0001651 The formation of a gel from a solution by heating. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting. dry grinding milling solid-state grinding solvent-free grinding CHMO:0001652 grinding CHMO:0001652 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03928 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of solvent. LAG solvent-drop grinding CHMO:0001653 liquid-assisted grinding CHMO:0001653 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of solvent. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint, or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating around a horizontal axis. CHMO:0001654 ball milling CHMO:0001654 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint, or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating around a horizontal axis. ISBN:0824798422 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls. HSBM high speed ball milling CHMO:0001655 high-speed ball milling CHMO:0001655 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls. ISBN:0824798422 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed (up to 650 rpm) around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls which are held in vacuum or in an inert gas (e.g. Ar). HEBM high energy ball milling CHMO:0001656 high-energy ball milling CHMO:0001656 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed (up to 650 rpm) around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls which are held in vacuum or in an inert gas (e.g. Ar). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of liquid (which is not a solvent for the solid). CHMO:0001657 wet grinding CHMO:0001657 The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of liquid (which is not a solvent for the solid). OrangeBook:10.3.4.9.3 The physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by removing electrons. ionization method CHMO:0001658 ionisation method CHMO:0001658 The physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by removing electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. electrospray ionization ESI CHMO:0001659 electrospray ionisation CHMO:0001659 An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 ESI An ionisation method where charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field are directed at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. DESI desorption electrospray ionization CHMO:0001660 desorption electrospray ionisation CHMO:0001660 An ionisation method where charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field are directed at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c005327a An ionisation method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. ELDI electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionization electrospray-assisted laser desorption–ionisation electrospray-assisted laser desorption–ionization laser desorption electrospray ionisation laser desorption electrospray ionization CHMO:0001661 laser desorption electrospray ionisation CHMO:0001661 An ionisation method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2243 An ionisation method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological and held in an organic acid matrix) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. MALDESI matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization CHMO:0001662 matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation CHMO:0001662 An ionisation method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological and held in an organic acid matrix) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 An ionisation method where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionised by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 μL min-1) into an electric field. EESI extraction electrospray ionization CHMO:0001663 extraction electrospray ionisation CHMO:0001663 An ionisation method where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionised by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 μL min-1) into an electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method where the sample is vaporised using a high-energy pulsed laser and then ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. LAESI laser ablation electrospray ionization CHMO:0001664 laser ablation electrospray ionisation CHMO:0001664 An ionisation method where the sample is vaporised using a high-energy pulsed laser and then ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac071181r Any ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma–-a partially ionised gas (such as Ar) containing free electrons. CHMO:0001665 plasma ionisation CHMO:0001665 Any ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma–-a partially ionised gas (such as Ar) containing free electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method where a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) is directed onto the sample surface causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionisation. PADI plasma-assisted desorption ionization CHMO:0001666 plasma-assisted desorption ionisation CHMO:0001666 An ionisation method where a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) is directed onto the sample surface causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionisation. https://doi.org/10.1039/b903382c An ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge under reduced pressure between two electrodes. GDI glow discharge ionization glow-discharge ionisation glow-discharge ionization CHMO:0001667 glow discharge ionisation CHMO:0001667 An ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge under reduced pressure between two electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method when the sample is ionised, at atmospheric pressure, in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. APGD APGDI atmospheric pressure glow discharge ionization CHMO:0001668 atmospheric pressure glow discharge ionisation CHMO:0001668 An ionisation method when the sample is ionised, at atmospheric pressure, in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. CI chemical ionisation chemical ionization CHMO:0001669 chemical ionisation CHMO:0001669 An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01026 An ionisation method in which a corona discharge is used to direct a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. DAPCI desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization CHMO:0001670 desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation CHMO:0001670 An ionisation method in which a corona discharge is used to direct a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an alternating voltage across a dielectric layer between two electrodes. DBDI dielectric barrier discharge ionization CHMO:0001671 dielectric barrier discharge ionisation CHMO:0001671 An ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an alternating voltage across a dielectric layer between two electrodes. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2007.07.027 An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. DART CHMO:0001672 direct analysis in real time CHMO:0001672 An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. https://doi.org/10.1039/b613200f The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. CHMO:0001673 isostatic pressing CHMO:0001673 The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid at elevated temperatures so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. HIP HIPping hipping CHMO:0001674 hot isostatic pressing CHMO:0001674 The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid at elevated temperatures so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached. labeling CHMO:0001675 labelling CHMO:0001675 The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached. CHEBI:35209 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of covalently attaching a chemically-reactive derivative of a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. fluorescence labeling fluorescence labelling fluorescent labeling CHMO:0001676 fluorescent labelling CHMO:0001676 The process of covalently attaching a chemically-reactive derivative of a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element. isotope labeling isotopic labelling CHMO:0001677 isotopic labelling CHMO:0001677 The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. CHMO:0001678 deuterium labelling CHMO:0001678 The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element. radio isotopic labeling radio isotopic labelling radio labeling radio labelling radioactive labeling radioisotopic labeling radioisotopic labelling CHMO:0001679 radioactive labelling CHMO:0001679 The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. phosphorescence labeling phosphorescence labelling phosphoresent labeling CHMO:0001680 phosphorescent labelling CHMO:0001680 The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The dissolution of material from a solid phase into a liquid in which it is not wholly soluble. CHMO:0001681 leaching CHMO:0001681 The dissolution of material from a solid phase into a liquid in which it is not wholly soluble. OrangeBook:9.4.1 The process of heating a substance to cause the solid–liquid phase change. CHMO:0001682 sample melting CHMO:0001682 The process of heating a substance to cause the solid–liquid phase change. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The melting of a material within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. skull melting process skull melting technique CHMO:0001683 skull melting CHMO:0001683 The melting of a material within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. ISBN:0387462708 The melting of a material by high-frequency induction within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. ISM CHMO:0001684 induction skull melting CHMO:0001684 The melting of a material by high-frequency induction within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. ISBN:0387462708 The combining of components, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state. The mixing may be achieved manually or mechanically by shifting the material with stirrers or pumps or by revolving or shaking the container. The process μst not permit segregation of particles of different size or properties. Homogeneity may be considered to have been achieved in a practical sense when the sampling error of the processed portion is negligible compared to the total error of the measurement system. CHMO:0001685 mixing CHMO:0001685 The combining of components, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state. The mixing may be achieved manually or mechanically by shifting the material with stirrers or pumps or by revolving or shaking the container. The process μst not permit segregation of particles of different size or properties. Homogeneity may be considered to have been achieved in a practical sense when the sampling error of the processed portion is negligible compared to the total error of the measurement system. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03945 The growth of larger crystals from those of smaller size, which have a higher solubility than the larger ones. Ostwald-ripening CHMO:0001686 Ostwald ripening CHMO:0001686 The growth of larger crystals from those of smaller size, which have a higher solubility than the larger ones. OrangeBook:9.5 The photochemical transformation of a molecule into lower molecular weight fragments, usually in an oxidation process. photo-degradation CHMO:0001687 photodegradation CHMO:0001687 The photochemical transformation of a molecule into lower molecular weight fragments, usually in an oxidation process. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04595 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution in which the material is present in amounts greater than its solubility in the liquid. CHMO:0001688 precipitation CHMO:0001688 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution in which the material is present in amounts greater than its solubility in the liquid. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04795 The selective sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid sample containing a ligand and a target protein. The precipitate evolves after the application of a suitable stimulus (e.g. Ca2+ or Ba2+). CHMO:0001689 affinity precipitation CHMO:0001689 The selective sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid sample containing a ligand and a target protein. The precipitate evolves after the application of a suitable stimulus (e.g. Ca2+ or Ba2+). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2003.08.013 The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a macro-component from the same solution by the formation of mixed crystals, by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. coprecipitation CHMO:0001690 co-precipitation CHMO:0001690 The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a macro-component from the same solution by the formation of mixed crystals, by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01339 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of an antigen–specific antibody complex, from solution. IP CHMO:0001691 immunoprecipitation CHMO:0001691 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of an antigen–specific antibody complex, from solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of a specific protein–antibody complex, from a solution containing many different proteins. Co-IP CHMO:0001692 individual protein immunoprecipitation CHMO:0001692 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of a specific protein–antibody complex, from a solution containing many different proteins. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a arger protein complex) from solution. CHMO:0001693 protein complex immunoprecipitation CHMO:0001693 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a arger protein complex) from solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a protein–DNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of DNA binding sites on the genome for particular proteins of interest. ChIP CHMO:0001694 chromatin immunoprecipitation CHMO:0001694 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a protein–DNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of DNA binding sites on the genome for particular proteins of interest. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is part of a protein–RNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of RNA binding sites for particular proteins of interest. RIP RNA immunoprecipitation CHMO:0001695 ribonucleic acid immunoprecipitation CHMO:0001695 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is part of a protein–RNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of RNA binding sites for particular proteins of interest. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The subsequent precipitation of a chemically different species upon the surface of an initial precipitate usually, but not necessarily, including a common ion. CHMO:0001696 postprecipitation CHMO:0001696 The subsequent precipitation of a chemically different species upon the surface of an initial precipitate usually, but not necessarily, including a common ion. OrangeBook:9.5 The planned repetition of a precipitation to remove impurities from a precipitate or improve its stoichiometry. CHMO:0001697 reprecipitation CHMO:0001697 The planned repetition of a precipitation to remove impurities from a precipitate or improve its stoichiometry. OrangeBook:9.5 The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy radiation. CHMO:0001698 radiolysis CHMO:0001698 The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy radiation. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05112 The cleavage of one or more bonds in a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its own radioactive decay. CHMO:0001699 autoradiolysis CHMO:0001699 The cleavage of one or more bonds in a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its own radioactive decay. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00534 The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to a beam of highly accelerated (10 MeV) electrons. Pulse radiolysis is a method of initiating reactions which occur on a timescale faster than 100 μs. CHMO:0001700 pulse radiolysis CHMO:0001700 The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to a beam of highly accelerated (10 MeV) electrons. Pulse radiolysis is a method of initiating reactions which occur on a timescale faster than 100 μs. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. CHMO:0001701 sintering CHMO:0001701 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample (consisting of a powder and a liquid) below the melting point of the solid until its particles adhere to each other. liquid state sintering CHMO:0001702 liquid-state sintering CHMO:0001702 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample (consisting of a powder and a liquid) below the melting point of the solid until its particles adhere to each other. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The fusing together of small particles by heating a powder sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. solid state sintering CHMO:0001703 solid-state sintering CHMO:0001703 The fusing together of small particles by heating a powder sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The fusing together of small particles by heating the powder sample below its melting point (without applied pressure) until its particles adhere to each other. CHMO:0001704 pressureless sintering CHMO:0001704 The fusing together of small particles by heating the powder sample below its melting point (without applied pressure) until its particles adhere to each other. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a high-energy laser, until its particles adhere to each other. SLS CHMO:0001705 selective laser sintering CHMO:0001705 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a high-energy laser, until its particles adhere to each other. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a direct current, until its particles adhere to each other. FAST PECS SPS field assisted sintering technique field-assisted sintering technique pulsed electric current sintering CHMO:0001706 spark plasma sintering CHMO:0001706 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a direct current, until its particles adhere to each other. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The irradiation of a liquid sample with sound (20 Hz-20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. CHMO:0001707 sonication CHMO:0001707 The irradiation of a liquid sample with sound (20 Hz-20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05766 The irradiation of a liquid sample with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. ultra-sonication CHMO:0001708 ultrasonication CHMO:0001708 The irradiation of a liquid sample with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method used to indicate the presence of a substance within a sample. CHMO:0001709 detection method CHMO:0001709 A method used to indicate the presence of a substance within a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method where metastable Ar atoms are used to ionise the sample, which is held in a carrier gas. The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. AID argon ionization detection CHMO:0001710 argon ionisation detection CHMO:0001710 A detection method where metastable Ar atoms are used to ionise the sample, which is held in a carrier gas. The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is atomised and excited by an excitation source and the characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. AED atomic-emission detection CHMO:0001711 atomic emission detection CHMO:0001711 A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is atomised and excited by an excitation source and the characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing C–H bonds. An electric current is passed through a tiny coil of platinum wire embedded in a catalytic ceramic bead (heated to 500 °C by the coil). A flow of air carries the sample to the bed and when a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon molecule impacts the hot coil, it combusts on the surface raising the temperature and resistance of the platinum wire. The resistance change is then measured. CCD CHMO:0001712 catalytic combustion detection CHMO:0001712 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing C–H bonds. An electric current is passed through a tiny coil of platinum wire embedded in a catalytic ceramic bead (heated to 500 °C by the coil). A flow of air carries the sample to the bed and when a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon molecule impacts the hot coil, it combusts on the surface raising the temperature and resistance of the platinum wire. The resistance change is then measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CCD A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured. coulometric detection ED CHMO:0001713 electrochemical detection CHMO:0001713 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is subject to a periodic potential. The current produced is then measured. PED CHMO:0001714 pulsed electrochemical detection CHMO:0001714 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is subject to a periodic potential. The current produced is then measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. The pyrolysed sample is dissolved in water, forming aqueous solutions of HBr or HCl. The change in electrical conductivity of the solution is then measured. Coulson electrolytic conductivity detection ELCD HECD Hall electrolytic conductivity detection CHMO:0001715 electrolytic conductivity detection CHMO:0001715 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. The pyrolysed sample is dissolved in water, forming aqueous solutions of HBr or HCl. The change in electrical conductivity of the solution is then measured. ISBN:0873719239 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. A carrier gas flow containing the sample is heated in a ceramic chamber to 1000 °C, forming gaseous Cl and Br ions. The change in electrical conductivity of the gas-phase current is then measured. DELCD CHMO:0001716 dry electrolytic conductivity detection CHMO:0001716 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. A carrier gas flow containing the sample is heated in a ceramic chamber to 1000 °C, forming gaseous Cl and Br ions. The change in electrical conductivity of the gas-phase current is then measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method that is sensitive to electronegative compounds (e.g. halogenated compounds). A beta-particle emitter (e.g. 63Ni) is used to produce an electron beam, which is passed between two electrodes. As the sample is passed through the e-beam, organic functional groups interact with the electrons, interrupting the current. ECD electron capture dissociation CHMO:0001717 electron capture detection CHMO:0001717 A detection method that is sensitive to electronegative compounds (e.g. halogenated compounds). A beta-particle emitter (e.g. 63Ni) is used to produce an electron beam, which is passed between two electrodes. As the sample is passed through the e-beam, organic functional groups interact with the electrons, interrupting the current. ISBN:0748405658 A detection method where a liquid containing the sample is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample. ELSD evaporative light scattering ELS CHMO:0001718 evaporative light scattering detection CHMO:0001718 A detection method where a liquid containing the sample is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method which is sensitive to compounds containing C–H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. FID CHMO:0001719 flame ionisation detection CHMO:0001719 A detection method which is sensitive to compounds containing C–H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. ISBN:0-13-147835-4 FID A detection method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. FPD SCD sulfur chemiluminescence detection CHMO:0001720 flame photometric detection CHMO:0001720 A detection method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. FD fluorescence detection CHMO:0001721 obsolete: fluorescence detection for separation methods true CHMO:0001721 A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. ISBN:0824728041 A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by a focused ultraviolet laser and any fluorescence is detected. LIF laser induced fluorescence detection CHMO:0001722 laser-induced fluorescence detection CHMO:0001722 A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by a focused ultraviolet laser and any fluorescence is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by irradiation with beta-particles from a radioactive source) ionise the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. HID helium ionization detection CHMO:0001723 helium ionisation detection CHMO:0001723 A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by irradiation with beta-particles from a radioactive source) ionise the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. ISBN:0471229830 A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by an electric arc) ionise the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. HDID helium discharge ionization detection CHMO:0001724 helium discharge ionisation detection CHMO:0001724 A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by an electric arc) ionise the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. ISBN:0471229830 A detection method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionise the sample (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. PDHID pulse-discharge helium ionisation detection pulse-discharge helium ionization detection pulsed discharge helium ionization detection CHMO:0001725 pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection CHMO:0001725 A detection method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionise the sample (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.083 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing N and P. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air in the presence of a small, heated bead of an alkali salt such as Rb2SO4. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured. nitrogen-phosphorus detection NPD CHMO:0001726 nitrogen–phosphorus detection CHMO:0001726 A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing N and P. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air in the presence of a small, heated bead of an alkali salt such as Rb2SO4. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured. ISBN:0-13-147835-4 A detection method that is based on light emitting diodes (LEDs). One LED functions as a light source and the other LED is reverse biased to function as a light detector. Light from the source LED is passed through the sample and the intensity received by the detector LED is measured. PEDD paired emitter-detector diode detection CHMO:0001727 paired emitter–detector diode detection CHMO:0001727 A detection method that is based on light emitting diodes (LEDs). One LED functions as a light source and the other LED is reverse biased to function as a light detector. Light from the source LED is passed through the sample and the intensity received by the detector LED is measured. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2003.10.034 A detection method that is sensitive to organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190–1100 nm and any absorption is detected by a photodiode array. DAD PDA CHMO:0001728 photodiode array detection CHMO:0001728 A detection method that is sensitive to organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190–1100 nm and any absorption is detected by a photodiode array. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method that is sensitive to volatile organic compounds. A carrier gas (e.g. methane) containing the sample is bombarded with high-energy (UV) photons, resulting in ionisation. The current generated by these gaseous ions is then measured. PID photoionization detection CHMO:0001729 photoionisation detection CHMO:0001729 A detection method that is sensitive to volatile organic compounds. A carrier gas (e.g. methane) containing the sample is bombarded with high-energy (UV) photons, resulting in ionisation. The current generated by these gaseous ions is then measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light is passed through a hollow prism and focused on a photocell. When a liquid containing the sample is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. RI detection RID CHMO:0001730 refractive index detection CHMO:0001730 A detection method based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light is passed through a hollow prism and focused on a photocell. When a liquid containing the sample is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method that is sensitive to inorganic gases. A hot (450 °C) filament is used to heat a carrier gas containing the sample and the difference in thermal conductivity caused by the presence of the sample is measured. TCD CHMO:0001731 thermal conductivity detection CHMO:0001731 A detection method that is sensitive to inorganic gases. A hot (450 °C) filament is used to heat a carrier gas containing the sample and the difference in thermal conductivity caused by the presence of the sample is measured. ISBN:0471229830 A detection method that is sensitive to molecules containing NO and NO2 groups. The sample is pyrolysed (at 275 °C) producing radicals, which react with ozone under low pressure to produce chemiluminescence. TEA CHMO:0001732 thermal energy analyser detection CHMO:0001732 A detection method that is sensitive to molecules containing NO and NO2 groups. The sample is pyrolysed (at 275 °C) producing radicals, which react with ozone under low pressure to produce chemiluminescence. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60357a073 A detection method which is sensitive to unsaturated organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190-350nm and any absorption is detected. UV detection ultra-violet detection CHMO:0001733 ultraviolet detection CHMO:0001733 A detection method which is sensitive to unsaturated organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190-350nm and any absorption is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by phosphoric acid-phosphate anion or phosphate-hydrogen phosphate equilibria. batchelorc 2009-05-18T02:59:44Z phosphate buffer solution CHMO:0001734 phosphate buffer CHMO:0001734 A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by phosphoric acid-phosphate anion or phosphate-hydrogen phosphate equilibria. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An experiment in which a separation method is coupled to a detection method in order to detect one or more different components of a sample. CHMO:0001735 obsolete: separation method-detection method true CHMO:0001735 An experiment in which a separation method is coupled to a detection method in order to detect one or more different components of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Flame ionisation detection that is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. The eluent is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured. FIX:0000859 GC-FID GC/FID GCFID gas chromatography flame ionisation detection gas chromatography flame ionization detection gas chromatography-flame ionization detection CHMO:0001736 gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection CHMO:0001736 Flame ionisation detection that is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. The eluent is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured. ISBN:0-13-147835-4 Nitrogen-phosphorus detection where the input is from a gas chromatography separation. GC-NPD GC/NPD GCNPD gas chromatography nitrogen phosphorus detection gas chromatography nitrogen-phosphorus detection gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection CHMO:0001737 gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection CHMO:0001737 Nitrogen-phosphorus detection where the input is from a gas chromatography separation. ISBN:0-13-147835-4 Photodiode array detection where input is the mobile phase from a liquid chromatography separation. CHMO:0001743 LC-DAD LC-PAD LC-PDA LC/DAD LC/PAD LC/PDA LCDAD LCPAD LCPDA liquid chromatography photodiode array detection CHMO:0001738 liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection CHMO:0001738 Photodiode array detection where input is the mobile phase from a liquid chromatography separation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to compounds containing NO and NO2 groups. The eluent is pyrolysed (at 275 deg C) producing radicals, which react with ozone under low pressure to produce chemiluminescence. GC-TEA GC/TEA GCTEA gas chromatography thermal energy analysis gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis CHMO:0001739 gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis CHMO:0001739 A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to compounds containing NO and NO2 groups. The eluent is pyrolysed (at 275 deg C) producing radicals, which react with ozone under low pressure to produce chemiluminescence. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60357a073 Thermal conductivity detection where the sample is the eluent from a gas chromatography separation. GC-TCD GC/CD GCTCD gas chromatography thermal conductivity detection CHMO:0001740 gas chromatography-thermal conductivity detection CHMO:0001740 Thermal conductivity detection where the sample is the eluent from a gas chromatography separation. ISBN:0471229830 A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. The eluent is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. GC-FPF GC/FPD GC/SCD GC-SCD GCFPD GCSCD gas chromatography sulfur chemiluminescence detection gas chromatography-flame photometric detection gas chromatography-sulfur chemiluminescence detection CHMO:0001741 gas chromatography-flame photometric detection CHMO:0001741 A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. The eluent is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A liquid chromatography method that is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the mobile phase passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. LC-FD LC/FD LCFD liquid chromatography fluorescence detection CHMO:0001742 liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection CHMO:0001742 A liquid chromatography method that is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the mobile phase passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. ISBN:0824728041 CHMO:0001743 true A liquid chromatography method where detection is based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light passes through a hollow prism and is focused on a photocell. When the mobile phase is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. LC-RID LC/RID LCRID liquid chromatography refractive index detection CHMO:0001744 liquid chromatography-refractive index detection CHMO:0001744 A liquid chromatography method where detection is based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light passes through a hollow prism and is focused on a photocell. When the mobile phase is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A liquid chromatography method where the mobile phase is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample. LC-ELS LC-ELSD LC/ELS LC/ELSD LCELS liquid chromatography evaporative light scattering liquid chromatography evaporative light scattering detection liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering CHMO:0001745 liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection CHMO:0001745 A liquid chromatography method where the mobile phase is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A liquid chromatography method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. The mobile phase passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured. LC-ED LC/ED LCEC LCED liquid chromatography electrochemical detection liquid chromatography electrochemistry liquid chromatography-electrochemistry liquid chromatography/electrochemistry CHMO:0001746 liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection CHMO:0001746 A liquid chromatography method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. The mobile phase passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionise the eluent (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. GC-PDHID GC/PDHID GCPDHID gas chromatography pulse-discharge helium ionisation detection gas chromatography pulse-discharge helium ionization detection gas chromatography pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection gas chromatography pulsed discharge helium ionization detection gas chromatography-pulse-discharge helium ionisation detection gas chromatography-pulse-discharge helium ionization detection CHMO:0001747 gas chromatography-pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection CHMO:0001747 A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionise the eluent (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.083 A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by an acetic acid-acetate equilibrium. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:00:58Z CHMO:0001748 acetate buffer CHMO:0001748 A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by an acetic acid-acetate equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A borate buffer solution prepared from Tris, boric acid, and EDTA. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:02:09Z TBE buffer TBE buffer solution CHMO:0001749 Tris-borate-EDTA buffer CHMO:0001749 A borate buffer solution prepared from Tris, boric acid, and EDTA. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An acetate buffer solution prepared from Tris, acetic acid, and EDTA. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:04:31Z TAE buffer TAE buffer solution Tris-acetate-EDTA buffer CHMO:0001750 Tris–acetate–EDTA buffer CHMO:0001750 An acetate buffer solution prepared from Tris, acetic acid, and EDTA. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A phosphate buffer, prepared from sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate and sodium chloride, where the pH is maintained by a phosphate–phosphoric acid equilibrium. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:06:11Z PBS PBS buffer PBS solution phosphate buffered saline phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution phosphate-buffered salt solution CHMO:0001751 phosphate-buffered saline solution CHMO:0001751 A phosphate buffer, prepared from sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate and sodium chloride, where the pH is maintained by a phosphate–phosphoric acid equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an acid–base equilibrium involving one of Good's buffer substances (CHEBI:39011). batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:09:59Z CHMO:0001752 Good's buffer CHMO:0001752 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an acid–base equilibrium involving one of Good's buffer substances (CHEBI:39011). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)ammonio]ethanesulfonate anion equilibrium. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:11:13Z ACES buffer solution CHMO:0001753 ACES buffer CHMO:0001753 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)ammonio]ethanesulfonate anion equilibrium. CHEBI:39061 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer where the pH is maintained by a Tris–HTris equilibrium. Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:16:13Z CHMO:0001754 Tris buffer CHMO:0001754 A buffer where the pH is maintained by a Tris–HTris equilibrium. Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. CHEBI:46097 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and HCl solution. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:17:11Z CHMO:0001755 Tris-HCl buffer CHMO:0001755 A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and HCl solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2,2'-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)imino]diacetic acid. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:22:43Z ADA buffer solution CHMO:0001756 ADA buffer CHMO:0001756 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2,2'-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)imino]diacetic acid. CHEBI:39048 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:25:34Z BES buffer solution CHMO:0001757 BES buffer CHMO:0001757 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid CHEBI:39043 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:26:44Z bicine buffer solution CHMO:0001758 bicine buffer CHMO:0001758 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine. CHEBI:39065 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:27:59Z CHMO:0001759 HEPES buffer CHMO:0001759 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid. CHEBI:46756 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:31:46Z MES buffer solution CHMO:0001760 MES buffer CHMO:0001760 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid. CHEBI:39010 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:33:25Z MOPS buffer solution CHMO:0001761 MOPS buffer CHMO:0001761 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid. CHEBI:39074 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a 2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonic acid–2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonate equilibrium. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:34:39Z PIPES buffer solution CHMO:0001762 PIPES buffer CHMO:0001762 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a 2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonic acid–2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonate equilibrium. CHEBI:39033 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-ammonioethanesulfonate equilibrium. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:36:08Z TES buffer solution CHMO:0001763 TES buffer CHMO:0001763 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-ammonioethanesulfonate equilibrium. CHEBI:39035 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylammonioacetate equilibrium. batchelorc 2009-05-18T03:37:32Z CHMO:0001764 tricine buffer CHMO:0001764 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylammonioacetate equilibrium. CHEBI:46760 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for tin-119 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-18T03:49:29Z 119Sn NMR spectra 119Sn NMR spectrum tin-119 NMR spectra tin-119 NMR spectrum CHMO:0001765 tin-119 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001765 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for tin-119 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample is detected. The light is collected from the non-illuminated side of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T10:12:23Z TRS transmission Raman transmission Raman scattering spectroscopy transmission Raman spectrometry CHMO:0001766 transmission Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0001766 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample is detected. The light is collected from the non-illuminated side of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample (e.g. a biological cell) constrained using optical tweezers is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T10:18:22Z OTRS Raman tweezers CHMO:0001767 optical tweezers Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0001767 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample (e.g. a biological cell) constrained using optical tweezers is detected. https://doi.org/10.1039/b815253e Any method used to trap a sample for further analysis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T10:29:44Z CHMO:0001768 trapping method CHMO:0001768 Any method used to trap a sample for further analysis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T10:35:42Z laser tweezing optical trapping optical tweezing CHMO:0001769 laser trapping CHMO:0001769 The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T10:55:16Z C-DLTS CDLTS DLTS capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy deep level transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001770 deep-level transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001770 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1663719 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the average capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at a fixed temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate is characteristic for each type of defect. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T11:05:17Z L-DLTS LDLTS LTDLTS Laplace DLTS Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy Laplace transform DLTS Laplace transform deep level transient spectroscopy Laplace transform deep-level transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001771 Laplace deep-level transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001771 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the average capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at a fixed temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate is characteristic for each type of defect. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.357126 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By holding the capacitance constant and monitoring the carrier emission produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T11:09:55Z CC-DLTS CCDLTS constant capacitance DLTS constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy constant capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy constant-capacitance DLTS CHMO:0001772 constant-capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001772 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By holding the capacitance constant and monitoring the carrier emission produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. ISBN:0471739065 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.326546 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T11:15:51Z I-DLTS IDLTS current DLTS current-DLTS CHMO:0001773 current deep-level transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001773 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. ISBN:0471739065 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(97)01099-1 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T11:23:58Z ICTS CHMO:0001774 isothermal capactiance transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001774 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. ISBN:0127521607 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T11:40:17Z N-ICTS NICTS normalised ICTS normalised-ICTS normalized ICTS normalized isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy normalized-ICTS CHMO:0001775 normalised isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001775 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1148105 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the differential of the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T11:43:54Z D-ICTS DICTS differential ICTS differential-ICTS CHMO:0001776 differential isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001776 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the differential of the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1148105 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying an optical pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T11:46:33Z PICTS photo induced current transient spectroscopy photo-induced current transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001777 photoinduced current transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001777 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying an optical pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying a microwave pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T11:55:32Z MD-PICTS microwave detected PICTS microwave detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy microwave-detected PICTS microwave-detected photo-induced current transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001778 microwave-detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy CHMO:0001778 A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying a microwave pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An NMR experiment used for 23Na nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T12:47:22Z 23Na TQMAS 23Na TQMAS-NMR CHMO:0001779 23Na triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning CHMO:0001779 An NMR experiment used for 23Na nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. ISBN:3540221689 https://doi.org/1021/ja00124a023 An NMR experiment used for 27Al nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T12:49:47Z 27Al TQMAS 27Al TQMAS-NMR CHMO:0001780 27Al triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning CHMO:0001780 An NMR experiment used for 27Al nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. ISBN:3540221689 https://doi.org/1021/ja00124a023 An NMR experiment used for 45Sc nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T12:50:28Z 45Sc TQMAS 45Sc TQMAS-NMR CHMO:0001781 45Sc triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning CHMO:0001781 An NMR experiment used for 45Sc nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. ISBN:3540221689 https://doi.org/1021/ja00124a023 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 45Sc nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T12:53:04Z 45Sc NMR 45Sc NMR spectroscopy 45Sc nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 45Sc-NMR CHMO:0001782 45Sc nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001782 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 45Sc nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52635 rsc:pr A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric mould is placed on a polymer that has been spin-coated onto a substrate. The system is then heated above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T12:56:49Z CFL CHMO:0001783 capillary force lithography CHMO:0001783 A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric mould is placed on a polymer that has been spin-coated onto a substrate. The system is then heated above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095 A method for the separation of liquid mixtures based on diffusion rate and membrane affinity. The sample mixture is placed in contact with one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuum is applied to the other side. The components in the liquid stream permeate through the membrane, evaporate, and are then condensed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T01:45:31Z CHMO:0001784 pervaporation CHMO:0001784 A method for the separation of liquid mixtures based on diffusion rate and membrane affinity. The sample mixture is placed in contact with one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuum is applied to the other side. The components in the liquid stream permeate through the membrane, evaporate, and are then condensed. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry that uses sinusoidal radio frequency fields (in the x- and y- direction, differing in phase by 90°) during ion detection. The ions of a particular mass travel in a helix and impact an ion detector, generating a pattern consisting of a set of concentric circles. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T01:56:23Z RFMS rotating field MS rotating field mass spectrometry CHMO:0001785 rotating-field mass spectrometry CHMO:0001785 Mass spectrometry that uses sinusoidal radio frequency fields (in the x- and y- direction, differing in phase by 90°) during ion detection. The ions of a particular mass travel in a helix and impact an ion detector, generating a pattern consisting of a set of concentric circles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry, developed by BioTrove, which uses microfluidics to aspirate an aliquot of sample directly from a quenched assay plate and performs a solid-phase extraction on the sample before ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T02:01:38Z RF-MS RapidFire mass spectrometry CHMO:0001786 RapidFire(R) mass spectrometry CHMO:0001786 Mass spectrometry, developed by BioTrove, which uses microfluidics to aspirate an aliquot of sample directly from a quenched assay plate and performs a solid-phase extraction on the sample before ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with a laser (e.g. a CO2 laser) below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T02:16:41Z LS CHMO:0001787 laser sintering CHMO:0001787 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with a laser (e.g. a CO2 laser) below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. https://doi.org/10.1039/b823329b LS The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with an Ar plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) until the particles adhere to each other. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T02:21:51Z CHMO:0001788 argon plasma sintering CHMO:0001788 The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with an Ar plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) until the particles adhere to each other. https://doi.org/10.1039/b823329b Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. In normal-phase HPLC, the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T02:25:01Z NP-HPLC normal phase HPLC normal-phase HPLC CHMO:0001789 normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0001789 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. In normal-phase HPLC, the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where the sample is first transferred from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. In the second step, the mixture in the carrier gas stream is further separated by gas chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T02:28:45Z MESI-GC membrane extraction with sorbent interface gas chromatography membrane extraction with sorbent interface-gas chromatography CHMO:0001790 membrane extraction with a sorbent interface-gas chromatography CHMO:0001790 A separation method where the sample is first transferred from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. In the second step, the mixture in the carrier gas stream is further separated by gas chromatography. https://doi.org/10.1039/b202960j Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated (to <1000 °C) by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T02:37:17Z LTETV-ICPMS LTEV-ICPMS low temperature electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry low temperature electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry low-temperature electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0001791 low-temperature electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0001791 Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated (to <1000 °C) by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac035437e A method consisting of a sample transformation method coupled to a detection method. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T02:47:37Z CHMO:0001792 obsolete: sample transformation method-detection method true CHMO:0001792 A method consisting of a sample transformation method coupled to a detection method. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method consisting of a sample transformation method coupled to a measurement method. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T02:49:30Z CHMO:0001793 obsolete: sample transformation method-measurement method true CHMO:0001793 A method consisting of a sample transformation method coupled to a measurement method. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy where the sample is initially transferred from a matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T02:49:54Z SFE-FTIR supercritical fluid extraction-Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0001794 supercritical fluid extraction-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0001794 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy where the sample is initially transferred from a matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of the absorption of radio frequency radiation vs. frequency for spin-active nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T03:10:21Z NMR absorption spectra NMR absorption spectrum c.w. NMR spectra c.w. NMR spectrum continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectra continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectra cw-NMR spectra cw-NMR spectrum CHMO:0001795 continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001795 A plot of the absorption of radio frequency radiation vs. frequency for spin-active nuclei. rsc:pr A plot of the absorption of radio frequency radiation vs. frequency for hydrogen-1 nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-20T03:18:38Z 1H NMR absorption spectra 1H NMR absorption spectrum 1H c.w. NMR spectra 1H c.w. NMR spectrum 1H cw-NMR spectra 1H cw-NMR spectrum CHMO:0001796 1H continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001796 A plot of the absorption of radio frequency radiation vs. frequency for hydrogen-1 nuclei. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-21T10:21:39Z 1H NMR absorption spectroscopy 1H c.w. NMR 1H continuous wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 1H cw-NMR CHMO:0001797 1H continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001797 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low-incident-angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-21T10:50:58Z FT-IRAS FT-IRRAS Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometry Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy RA FT-IR RA FTIR RA-FTIR reflection absorption (RA) FT-IR reflection absorption Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometry reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0001798 reflection–absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0001798 Spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low-incident-angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. ISBN:0-471-96523-5 https://doi.org/10.1039/b821475a A method used to determine the ratio of the mass, deposited at the electrode surface during an electrochemical reaction, to the total charge passed through the electrode (the 'current efficiency'). The electrode surface is deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal, and the change in resonance frequency of the crystal is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-21T12:56:07Z EQCM measurements EQCM technique eQCM measurements eQCM technique electrochemical QCM electrochemical QCM measurements electrochemical QCM technique electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique CHMO:0001799 electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry CHMO:0001799 A method used to determine the ratio of the mass, deposited at the electrode surface during an electrochemical reaction, to the total charge passed through the electrode (the 'current efficiency'). The electrode surface is deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal, and the change in resonance frequency of the crystal is measured. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(85)80057-7 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage under vacuum, and detecting the transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons, and characteristic X-rays emitted. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-21T01:44:13Z EM image EM micrograph electron microphotograph electron microscopy image CHMO:0001800 electron micrograph CHMO:0001800 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage under vacuum, and detecting the transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons, and characteristic X-rays emitted. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by scanning a finely-focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam across the specimen under vacuum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-21T01:50:33Z SEM image SEM images SEM micrograph SEM micrographs scanning electron micrograph scanning electron microphotograph scanning electron microscope (SEM) image scanning electron microscope (SEM) images scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image CHMO:0001801 scanning electron micrograph CHMO:0001801 An image obtained by scanning a finely-focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam across the specimen under vacuum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-21T01:51:51Z TEM image TEM images TEM micrograph transmission electron micrograph transmission electron microphotograph transmission electron microscope (TEM) image transmission electron microscope image transmission electron microscope images transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image CHMO:0001802 transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0001802 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the range ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-21T02:46:45Z UV-VIS absorption spectrophotometer UV-VIS spectrometer UV-VIS spectrophotometer UV-Vis molecular absorption spectrometer UV-Vis spectrometer UV-vis absorption spectrometer UV-vis absorption spectrophotometer UV-vis spectrometer UV-vis spectrophotometer UV-visible spectrometer UV/VIS absorption spectrophotometer UV/VIS spectrometer UV/VIS spectrophotometer UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometer UV/Vis spectrometer UV/Vis spectrophotometer UV–vis spectrometer UV–visible spectrometer absorption spectrophotometer electronic absorption spectrometer molecular electronic absorption spectrometer ultra-violet-visible spectrometer ultraviolet-visible spectrometer ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer CHMO:0001803 ultraviolet–visible spectrometer CHMO:0001803 A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the range ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the ultraviolet range (190–400 nm). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-21T03:05:48Z UV spectrometer UV spectrophotometer ultra-violet spectrometer CHMO:0001804 ultraviolet spectrometer CHMO:0001804 A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the ultraviolet range (190–400 nm). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) radiation reflected from an uneven surface at a number of angles by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-21T03:11:21Z UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectrum diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectra diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectrum diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectra CHMO:0001805 diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectrum CHMO:0001805 A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) radiation reflected from an uneven surface at a number of angles by the sample. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100173a016 A technique or procedure applied in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-22T11:04:59Z CHMO:0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method CHMO:0001806 A technique or procedure applied in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. rsc:pr A piece of apparatus used to conduct NMR experiments consisting of a magnet housing a sample space surrounded by two coils which act to transmit radio frequency radiation to the sample and to detect the response of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-26T09:33:29Z NMR spectrometer CHMO:0001807 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer CHMO:0001807 A piece of apparatus used to conduct NMR experiments consisting of a magnet housing a sample space surrounded by two coils which act to transmit radio frequency radiation to the sample and to detect the response of the sample. rsc:pr A plot of the change in intensity of absorption vs. the change in frequency as a function of the frequency of radiation applied, for spin-active nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-26T09:41:02Z first derivative NMR spectra first derivative NMR spectrum CHMO:0001808 first derivative nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001808 A plot of the change in intensity of absorption vs. the change in frequency as a function of the frequency of radiation applied, for spin-active nuclei. rsc:pr A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electron source, a grating and a semiconductor detector, which is used to measure the X-ray emissions of a sample as a function of wavelength. The X-rays emerging from the sample pass through a slit then the grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by the detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-26T09:50:21Z EDS spectrometer EDX spectrometer EDXA spectrometer X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer CHMO:0001809 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer CHMO:0001809 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electron source, a grating and a semiconductor detector, which is used to measure the X-ray emissions of a sample as a function of wavelength. The X-rays emerging from the sample pass through a slit then the grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by the detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A large-scale particle accelerator in which a magnetic field is used to create the particle orbits. Synchrotrons produce X-ray, vacuum ultraviolet and broadband infrared radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-26T10:20:04Z synchrotrons CHMO:0001810 synchrotron CHMO:0001810 A large-scale particle accelerator in which a magnetic field is used to create the particle orbits. Synchrotrons produce X-ray, vacuum ultraviolet and broadband infrared radiation. ISBN:0306474530 A method for determining crystal orientation, using X-ray diffraction, which involves systematically rotating the sample about well defined angles until all possible lattice planes are reflected, and measuring the reflection intensity as a function of angle. The results are plotted as a pole figure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-26T10:27:40Z CHMO:0001811 pole figure measurement CHMO:0001811 A method for determining crystal orientation, using X-ray diffraction, which involves systematically rotating the sample about well defined angles until all possible lattice planes are reflected, and measuring the reflection intensity as a function of angle. The results are plotted as a pole figure. ISBN:9056992244 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. X-Rays are generated in a synchrotron. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-26T10:58:55Z synchrotron XRS CHMO:0001812 synchrotron X-ray scattering CHMO:0001812 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. X-Rays are generated in a synchrotron. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an optical microscope coupled to a reflecting magnifying mirror system, which is used to collect spatially resolved infrared spectra of the surface of a specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-26T12:36:47Z IR microscope CHMO:0001813 infrared microscope CHMO:0001813 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an optical microscope coupled to a reflecting magnifying mirror system, which is used to collect spatially resolved infrared spectra of the surface of a specimen. ISBN:2884490736 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser beam (<10 μm diameter), a monochromator and a detector coupled to an optical microscope, which is used to measure Raman spectra. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-26T01:03:35Z CHMO:0001236 Raman microspectrometer CHMO:0001814 Raman microscope CHMO:0001814 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser beam (<10 μm diameter), a monochromator and a detector coupled to an optical microscope, which is used to measure Raman spectra. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus consisting of a quartz crystal resonator, which is used to measure the current efficiency (mass-to-charge ratio) during an electrochemical reaction, by measuring the change in resonance frequency of the crystal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-26T01:25:01Z EQCM CHMO:0001815 electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance CHMO:0001815 A piece of apparatus consisting of a quartz crystal resonator, which is used to measure the current efficiency (mass-to-charge ratio) during an electrochemical reaction, by measuring the change in resonance frequency of the crystal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The Fourier transform of a plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T10:02:42Z FT photoacoustic spectra FT photoacoustic spectrum Fourier transform photoacoustic spectra CHMO:0001816 Fourier transform photoacoustic spectrum CHMO:0001816 The Fourier transform of a plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk. https://doi.org/FT9938900749 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T10:03:27Z S-IR imaging S-IR microscopy S-IR spectromicroscopy SIR imaging SIR microscopy SIR microspectroscopy SIR-MSP SIRM synchrotron infra-red microspectrometry synchrotron infra-red microspectroscopy synchrotron infrared microspectrometry synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy synchrotron infrared spectromicroscopy CHMO:0001817 synchrotron infrared microscopy CHMO:0001817 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron. https://doi.org/10.1039/b805223a A type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis that probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T10:08:22Z vibrational microspectroscopy vibrational spectroscopic imaging CHMO:0001818 vibrational microscopy CHMO:0001818 A type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis that probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. FIX:0000695 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption or emission of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse generated in a synchrotron. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T10:35:25Z S-FTIR spectra S-FTIR spectrum SFT-IR spectra SFT-IR spectrum SFTIR spectra SFTIR spectrum synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectra synchrotron-based FTIR spectra CHMO:0001819 synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectrum CHMO:0001819 A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption or emission of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse generated in a synchrotron. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron, and are subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T10:42:50Z S-FTIR imaging S-FTIR mapping S-FTIR microscopy S-FTIR microspectroscopy SFT-IR imaging SFT-IR microscopy SFTIR-MSP synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microscopy synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microspectrometry synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microscopy synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy synchrotron-based FTIR microscopy synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microscopy CHMO:0001820 synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microscopy CHMO:0001820 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron, and are subject to a Fourier transform. https://doi.org/10.1039/b805223a Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm), produced in a synchrotron, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T10:47:32Z S-FTIR S-FTIR spectrometry S-FTIR spectroscopy SFT-IR SFTIR synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy synchrotron Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (S-FTIR) synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectrometry synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy synchrotron-based FTIR CHMO:0001821 synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0001821 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm), produced in a synchrotron, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser, a beam splitter and a detector (a CCD), which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T11:40:58Z IR spectrometer IR spectrophotometer infra-red spectrometer CHMO:0001822 infrared spectrometer CHMO:0001822 A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser, a beam splitter and a detector (a CCD), which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser, an interferometer and a detector, which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range. The spectrometer measures the amount of infrared radiation not absorbed by the sample, and the application of a Fourier transform converts the resulting time domain digital signal into a frequency domain digital signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T11:49:02Z FT-IR spectrometer FTIR spectrometer FTIR spectrophotometer CHMO:0001823 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer CHMO:0001823 A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser, an interferometer and a detector, which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range. The spectrometer measures the amount of infrared radiation not absorbed by the sample, and the application of a Fourier transform converts the resulting time domain digital signal into a frequency domain digital signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A magnified image obtained using a microscope to view a small object (or specimen). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T12:57:20Z microphotograph microscope image microscopy image CHMO:0001824 micrograph CHMO:0001824 A magnified image obtained using a microscope to view a small object (or specimen). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light, and using a system of magnifying lenses. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T01:01:56Z light microscope image light microscopy image optical microphotograph optical microscope image optical microscopy image photomicrograph CHMO:0001825 optical micrograph CHMO:0001825 An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light, and using a system of magnifying lenses. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of a sample of colloidal particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time dependent fluctuations in the frequency of the scattered light caused by an oscillating electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-28T02:45:39Z ELS CHMO:0001826 electrophoretic light scattering CHMO:0001826 A method for determining the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of a sample of colloidal particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time dependent fluctuations in the frequency of the scattered light caused by an oscillating electric field. ISBN:0792363000 Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T09:50:23Z OKE spectroscopy OKES optical Kerr effect spectroscopy optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy optical-Kerr-effect (OKE) spectroscopy optical-Kerr-effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001827 Kerr effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001827 Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. ISBN:0471574678 Spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T09:52:38Z RIKES Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001828 Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001828 Spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. ISBN:9810233191 Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of laser light reflected by a magnetized sample (the 'magneto-optic Kerr effect') is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T10:34:33Z MOKE spectroscopy magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy magneto-optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy magnetooptical Kerr spectroscopy CHMO:0001829 magneto optical Kerr effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001829 Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of laser light reflected by a magnetized sample (the 'magneto-optic Kerr effect') is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T11:18:03Z OHD-RIKES OHRIKE spectroscopy OHRIKES optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001830 optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001830 Spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. ISBN:9810245203 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between infrared signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T11:07:26Z confocal IR spectromicroscopy confocal IR-MSP confocal infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry confocal infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy confocal infra-red microscopy confocal infrared chemical imaging spectrometry confocal infrared chemical imaging spectroscopy confocal infrared mapping confocal infrared microspectrophotometry confocal infrared microspectroscopy confocal infrared spectromicroscopy CHMO:0001831 confocal infrared microscopy CHMO:0001831 The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between infrared signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment of a sample mixture separated by liquid chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T11:18:58Z LC mass spectra LC mass spectrum LC-MS spectra LC-MS spectrum LC/MS spectra LC/MS spectrum LCMS spectra LCMS spectrum liquid chromatography mass spectra CHMO:0001832 liquid chromatography mass spectrum CHMO:0001832 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment of a sample mixture separated by liquid chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.Information is obtained regarding ultrafast solvent dynamics by measuring the time response of a transient birefringence that is induced in the sample by a polarized femtosecond optical pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T11:30:19Z FRIKES femtosecond Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy fs RIKES fs-RIKES CHMO:0001833 femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001833 Spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.Information is obtained regarding ultrafast solvent dynamics by measuring the time response of a transient birefringence that is induced in the sample by a polarized femtosecond optical pulse. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja027801h A method where a sample mixture is first separated by nanoflow liquid chromatography (flow rate of nL min-1) before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance, by two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T11:41:12Z nLC-MS2 nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy nanoLC-MS-MS nanoLC-MS/MS nanoLC-MSMS nanoLC/MS/MS nanoLCMSMS nanoflow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0001834 nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0001834 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by nanoflow liquid chromatography (flow rate of nL min-1) before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance, by two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, an initial separation proceeds in a primary column (commonly ion-exchange), and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column (commonly reverse phase). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T11:51:06Z 2D liquid chromatography 2D-LC LC-LC LC/LC LCxLC CHMO:0001835 two-dimensional liquid chromatography CHMO:0001835 A type of chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, an initial separation proceeds in a primary column (commonly ion-exchange), and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column (commonly reverse phase). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated sequentially using two different liquid chromatography columns (commonly, ion-exchange followed by reversed-phase) before being analysed by two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T11:58:40Z FIX:0001156 2D-LC-MS/MS 2DLC-MS-MS 2DLC-MS/MS 2DLC-MS2 2DLC-MSMS 2DLC/MS/MS 2DLCMSMS two-dimensional chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy two-dimensional chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0001836 two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0001836 A method where a sample mixture is first separated sequentially using two different liquid chromatography columns (commonly, ion-exchange followed by reversed-phase) before being analysed by two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where time response of a transient birefringence induced in the sample by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:41:32Z TR-OKE spectroscopy TROKE spectroscopy TROKES time resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy time-resolved OKE spectroscopy time-resolved OKES CHMO:0001837 time-resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001837 Spectroscopy where time response of a transient birefringence induced in the sample by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja027801h Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to optical Kerr effect spectroscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T01:05:55Z HOKE spectroscopy HOKES OHD-OKE heterodyne optical Kerr effect (HOKE) spectroscopy heterodyne optical Kerr effect spectroscopy heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy optically heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001838 optically-heterodyned Kerr effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001838 Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to optical Kerr effect spectroscopy. ISBN:9810245203 Spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T01:13:26Z femtosecond OHD-RIKES femtosecond OHRIKES femtosecond optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy femtosecond optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectroscopy fs-OHD-RIKES fs-OHRIKE spectroscopy fs-OHRIKES fsOHD-RIKES fsOHRIKES CHMO:0001839 femtosecond optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy CHMO:0001839 Spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. ISBN:9810245203 CHMO:0001840 true A series of short (microsecond) bursts (pulses) of rf radiation separated by delays (of defined duration) designed to interact with, and manipulate the magnetic moments of spin-active nuclei during NMR spectroscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T01:41:59Z NMR pulse sequence pulse sequence CHMO:0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence CHMO:0001841 A series of short (microsecond) bursts (pulses) of rf radiation separated by delays (of defined duration) designed to interact with, and manipulate the magnetic moments of spin-active nuclei during NMR spectroscopy. rsc:pr A short (microsecond) period of radio frequency wavelength radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T01:44:50Z CHMO:0001842 radio frequency pulse CHMO:0001842 A short (microsecond) period of radio frequency wavelength radiation. rsc:pr A pulse cluster (a spin echo on 1H with inversion of 13C in the centre) used to achieve selective inversion of 12C-bound protons, thus achieving the removal of signals due to 12C-bound nuclei. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (1982), 93, pg 504 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z BIRD bilinear rotation decoupling CHMO:0001843 bilinear rotation decoupling pulse sequence CHMO:0001843 A pulse cluster (a spin echo on 1H with inversion of 13C in the centre) used to achieve selective inversion of 12C-bound protons, thus achieving the removal of signals due to 12C-bound nuclei. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (1982), 93, pg 504 rsc:pr An NMR pulse sequence that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z CHMO:0001844 decoupling pulse sequence CHMO:0001844 An NMR pulse sequence that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. rsc:pr An NMR pulse sequence, employing composite pulses, which decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z CPD CHMO:0001845 composite pulse decoupling sequence CHMO:0001845 An NMR pulse sequence, employing composite pulses, which decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. rsc:pr A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z DIPSI DIPSI pulse sequence DIPSI sequence CHMO:0001846 decoupling in the presence of scalar interactions CHMO:0001846 A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. rsc:pr A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1985), 64, pg 547. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z GARP GARP pulse sequence GARP sequence globally-optimized alternating phase rectangular pulse CHMO:0001847 globally optimized alternating phase rectangular pulse CHMO:0001847 A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1985), 64, pg 547. rsc:pr A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 43, pg 502. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z MLEV MLEV pulse sequence MLEV sequence CHMO:0001848 Malcolm Levitt pulse sequence CHMO:0001848 A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 43, pg 502. rsc:pr A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z PAR pulse sequence PAR sequence phase alternated rotation of magnetization phase-alternated rotation of magnetisation phase-alternated rotation of magnetization PAR CHMO:0001849 phase alternated rotation of magnetisation CHMO:0001849 A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. rsc:pr PAR A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1994), 106, pg 241. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z SUSAN SUSAN pulse sequence SUSAN sequence CHMO:0001850 spin decoupling employing ultra-broadband-inversion sequences generated via siμlated annealing CHMO:0001850 A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1994), 106, pg 241. rsc:pr A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). J. Magn. Reson., (1983), 52, pg 335. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z WALTZ WALTZ pulse sequence WALTZ sequence CHMO:0001851 wideband alternating-phase low-power technique for zero residual splitting CHMO:0001851 A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). J. Magn. Reson., (1983), 52, pg 335. rsc:pr An NMR pulse sequence, used in magic angle spinning, that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z CHMO:0001852 magic angle spinning decoupling pulse sequence CHMO:0001852 An NMR pulse sequence, used in magic angle spinning, that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. rsc:pr A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. A train/sequence of pulses is used to cyclically manipulate the signal whilst stroboscopic sampling ensures the effects of coupling are unobserved. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 44, pg 173. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z BLEW BLEW pulse sequence BLEW sequence Burum-Linder-Ernst windowless pulse sequence Burum-Linder-Ernst windowless sequence CHMO:0001853 Burum, Linder, Ernst windowless pulse sequence CHMO:0001853 A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. A train/sequence of pulses is used to cyclically manipulate the signal whilst stroboscopic sampling ensures the effects of coupling are unobserved. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 44, pg 173. rsc:pr A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (2004), 398, pg 532. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z DUMBO DUMBO pulse sequence DUMBO sequence decoupling using mind boggling optimisation decoupling using mind boggling optimization decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation decoupling using mind-boggling optimization CHMO:0001854 decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation pulse sequence CHMO:0001854 A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (2004), 398, pg 532. rsc:pr A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1997), 125, pg 291. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z MSHOT3 MSHOT3 pulse sequence MSHOT3 sequence magic sandwich high order truncation magic sandwich high-order truncation CHMO:0001855 magic sandwich high-order truncation pulse sequence CHMO:0001855 A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1997), 125, pg 291. rsc:pr A continuous sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of heteronuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1996), 103, pg 6951. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z TPPM TPPM pulse sequence TPPM sequence two pulse phase modulation two-pulse phase modulation CHMO:0001856 two pulse phase modulation pulse sequence CHMO:0001856 A continuous sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of heteronuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1996), 103, pg 6951. rsc:pr A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev. Lett., (1968), 20, pg 180. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z WAHUHA WAHUHA pulse sequence WAHUHA sequence Waugh Huber Haeberlin sequence Waugh, Huber, Haeberlin pulse sequence Waugh-Huber-Haeberlin pulse sequence Waugh-Huber-Haeberlin sequence CHMO:0001857 Waugh, Huber, Haeberlin pulse sequence CHMO:0001857 A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev. Lett., (1968), 20, pg 180. rsc:pr A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1973), 59, pg 3740. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z MREV MREV pulse sequence MREV sequence Mansfield Rhim Elleman Vaughn sequence Mansfield, Rhim, Elleman, Vaughn sequence Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughn pulse sequence Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughn sequence CHMO:0001858 Mansfield, Rhim, Elleman, Vaughn pulse sequence CHMO:0001858 A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1973), 59, pg 3740. rsc:pr A pulse sequence used to selectively excite a frequency range by applying a series of very short pulses to manipulate, or nutate, the magnetisation vectors of the desired spins, interspersed with delays which cause the off-resonance magnetisation to receive a different phase. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., (1978), 29, pg 433. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z DANTE DANTE pulse sequence DANTE sequence CHMO:0001859 delays alternating with nutation for tailored excitation CHMO:0001859 A pulse sequence used to selectively excite a frequency range by applying a series of very short pulses to manipulate, or nutate, the magnetisation vectors of the desired spins, interspersed with delays which cause the off-resonance magnetisation to receive a different phase. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., (1978), 29, pg 433. rsc:pr An NMR pulse sequence in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a doubled spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1995), 112, pg 275. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z DPFGSE DPFGSE excitation DPFGSE pulse sequence DPFGSE sequence double pulsed field gradient spin echo double pulsed field gradient spin-echo double pulsed field gradient spin-echo pulse sequence CHMO:0001860 double pulsed field gradient spin echo pulse sequence CHMO:0001860 An NMR pulse sequence in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a doubled spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1995), 112, pg 275. FIX:0000465 rsc:pr A pulse sequence used to selectively resolve the signals from two coupled nuclei, see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 4286. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z DOUBTFUL DOUBTFUL pulse sequence DOUBTFUL sequence CHMO:0001861 double quantum transitions for finding unresolved lines CHMO:0001861 A pulse sequence used to selectively resolve the signals from two coupled nuclei, see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 4286. rsc:pr A sequence of composite pulses designed to allow isotropic mixing of magnetisation between nuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn.Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z FLOPSY flip-flop spectroscopy CHMO:0001862 flip flop spectroscopy CHMO:0001862 A sequence of composite pulses designed to allow isotropic mixing of magnetisation between nuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn.Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. rsc:pr An NMR pulse sequence used to transfer magnetisation between protons and covalently bound (spin active) heteronuclei via isotropic mixing of their magnetisation. Used to e.g. enhance the NMR signal of heteronuclei or to correlate chemical shifts of protons with heteronuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1991), 91, pg 444. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z HEHAHA HEHAHA pulse sequence HEHAHA sequence heteronuclear Hartman-Hahn pulse sequence heteronuclear Hartman-Hahn sequence heteronuclear Hartmann Hahn CHMO:0001863 heteronuclear Hartmann Hahn pulse sequence CHMO:0001863 An NMR pulse sequence used to transfer magnetisation between protons and covalently bound (spin active) heteronuclei via isotropic mixing of their magnetisation. Used to e.g. enhance the NMR signal of heteronuclei or to correlate chemical shifts of protons with heteronuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1991), 91, pg 444. rsc:pr An NMR pulse sequence that is used to suppress or remove the solvent signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z CHMO:0001864 solvent suppression pulse sequence CHMO:0001864 An NMR pulse sequence that is used to suppress or remove the solvent signal. rsc:pr A pulse cluster used for solvent suppression consisting of two rf pulses separated by a delay with conditions set such that the solvent signal alone is rendered unobservable by the second pulse. For the pulse sequence see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 7310. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z JR JR pulse sequence JR sequence jump and return jump-and-return jump-and-return pulse sequence CHMO:0001865 jump and return pulse sequence CHMO:0001865 A pulse cluster used for solvent suppression consisting of two rf pulses separated by a delay with conditions set such that the solvent signal alone is rendered unobservable by the second pulse. For the pulse sequence see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 7310. rsc:pr A pulse cluster used to suppress solvent (water) signals exploiting the differing relaxation properties of solvent and sample. Resonances are inverted and the subsequent recovery period is chosen such that the solvent signal is at a null point when the signal is detected. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1972), 56, pg 3182. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z WEFT WEFT pulse sequence WEFT sequence water-elimination Fourier transform CHMO:0001866 water elimination Fourier transform CHMO:0001866 A pulse cluster used to suppress solvent (water) signals exploiting the differing relaxation properties of solvent and sample. Resonances are inverted and the subsequent recovery period is chosen such that the solvent signal is at a null point when the signal is detected. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1972), 56, pg 3182. rsc:pr A pulse cluster used for solvent (water) suppression. The solvent resonances are selectively excited and pulsed field gradients used to destroy the signal. For the pulse sequence see J. Biomol. NMR, (1992), 2, pg 661. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z WATERGATE WATERGATE pulse sequence WATERGATE sequence CHMO:0001867 water suppression through gradient tailored excitation CHMO:0001867 A pulse cluster used for solvent (water) suppression. The solvent resonances are selectively excited and pulsed field gradients used to destroy the signal. For the pulse sequence see J. Biomol. NMR, (1992), 2, pg 661. rsc:pr A pulse cluster used in NMR experiments which manipulates signals such that, at the end of the sequence, the effects of chemical shift differences have been compensated/removed. Used most simply to compensate for inhomogeneities in the magnetic field but delays in the sequence also permit various possible manipulations of the magnetisation. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev., (1950), 80, pg 580. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z spin echo sequence spin-echo pulse sequence spin-echo sequence CHMO:0001868 spin echo pulse sequence CHMO:0001868 A pulse cluster used in NMR experiments which manipulates signals such that, at the end of the sequence, the effects of chemical shift differences have been compensated/removed. Used most simply to compensate for inhomogeneities in the magnetic field but delays in the sequence also permit various possible manipulations of the magnetisation. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev., (1950), 80, pg 580. rsc:pr A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR experiments to remove additional signals resulting from spinning the sample too slowly to obtain a response composed solely of isotropic chemical shifts. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z TOSS TOSS pulse sequence TOSS sequence CHMO:0001869 total suppression of sidebands pulse sequence CHMO:0001869 A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR experiments to remove additional signals resulting from spinning the sample too slowly to obtain a response composed solely of isotropic chemical shifts. rsc:pr A selective or shaped pulse, which is designed to excite only a specific region of a spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z soft pulse CHMO:0001870 shaped radio frequency pulse CHMO:0001870 A selective or shaped pulse, which is designed to excite only a specific region of a spectrum. rsc:pr An adiabatic shaped pulse. The resonance frequency is swept through a defined rf range during application of the pulse. Allows excitation of a broader range of frequencies than the size of the rf field. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1993), 102, pg 293. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z CHIRP CHIRP pulse chirp pulse CHMO:0001871 chirped pulse CHMO:0001871 An adiabatic shaped pulse. The resonance frequency is swept through a defined rf range during application of the pulse. Allows excitation of a broader range of frequencies than the size of the rf field. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1993), 102, pg 293. rsc:pr An adiabatic shaped pulse incorporating a linear sweep through a frequency range used for selective inversion of spin state populations over wide ranges. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1995), 115, pg 273. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z WURST WURST pulse wideband, uniform rate and smooth truncation CHMO:0001872 wideband, uniform rate and smooth truncation pulse CHMO:0001872 An adiabatic shaped pulse incorporating a linear sweep through a frequency range used for selective inversion of spin state populations over wide ranges. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1995), 115, pg 273. rsc:pr A dimensionality reduction technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments. A nD NMR experiment is represented in n-1 dimensions by concerted, simultaneous interrogation of two spectral dimensions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00369a027 CHMO:0001873 accordion spectroscopy CHMO:0001873 A dimensionality reduction technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments. A nD NMR experiment is represented in n-1 dimensions by concerted, simultaneous interrogation of two spectral dimensions. rsc:pr A technique used in 2D NMR whereby the chemical shift frequency modulation of the FIDs necessary to interrogate the second dimension is achieved by moving the position of a rf pulse within a fixed time period on subsequent repeats of the experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z CT experiment CT method constant time experiment constant time method CHMO:0001874 constant time method CHMO:0001874 A technique used in 2D NMR whereby the chemical shift frequency modulation of the FIDs necessary to interrogate the second dimension is achieved by moving the position of a rf pulse within a fixed time period on subsequent repeats of the experiment. rsc:pr An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting particular spin systems of interest according to the number of nuclei present within them. Usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z MQF CHMO:0001875 multiple quantum filter CHMO:0001875 An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting particular spin systems of interest according to the number of nuclei present within them. Usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. rsc:pr An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z DQF CHMO:0001876 double quantum filter CHMO:0001876 An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. rsc:pr An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only uncoupled spins (singlets), usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z SQF CHMO:0001877 single quantum filter CHMO:0001877 An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only uncoupled spins (singlets), usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. rsc:pr An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only three-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z TQF CHMO:0001878 triple quantum filter CHMO:0001878 An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only three-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver rsc:pr A technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest, elimination of artefacts and more effective noise reduction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z phase sequence CHMO:0001879 phase cycle CHMO:0001879 A technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest, elimination of artefacts and more effective noise reduction. rsc:pr A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest and more effective noise reduction. For the technique see Progr. NMR Spectr., (1978), 12, pg 41. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z CYCLOPS CHMO:0001880 cyclically ordered phase sequence CHMO:0001880 A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest and more effective noise reduction. For the technique see Progr. NMR Spectr., (1978), 12, pg 41. rsc:pr A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment to eliminate spectral artefacts. Exorcycle takes its name from the fact that it is used to remove 'phantom' and 'ghost' peaks. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1977), 27, pg 511. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z EXORCYCLE CHMO:0001881 exorcycle CHMO:0001881 A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment to eliminate spectral artefacts. Exorcycle takes its name from the fact that it is used to remove 'phantom' and 'ghost' peaks. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1977), 27, pg 511. rsc:pr An NMR technique whereby particular resonances are saturated (their spin-state populations are equalised). Commonly used to suppress solvent signals. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z CHMO:0001882 presaturation CHMO:0001882 An NMR technique whereby particular resonances are saturated (their spin-state populations are equalised). Commonly used to suppress solvent signals. rsc:pr A tool employed in NMR experiments; spatially inhomogeneous magnetic fields applied with a defined gradient. Used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z FIX:0000463 PFG ge-NMR gradient NMR gradient-enhanced NMR gradient-selected NMR gs-NMR pulsed-field gradient CHMO:0001883 pulsed field gradient CHMO:0001883 A tool employed in NMR experiments; spatially inhomogeneous magnetic fields applied with a defined gradient. Used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. rsc:pr A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. For each value of the evolution time, two FIDs are recorded and the signal is sine-modulated. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z CHMO:0001884 States acquisition CHMO:0001884 A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. For each value of the evolution time, two FIDs are recorded and the signal is sine-modulated. rsc:pr A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. It combines the States and TPPI methods. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z states-TPPI states-TPPI acquisition CHMO:0001885 States–time proportional phase incrementation CHMO:0001885 A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. It combines the States and TPPI methods. rsc:pr A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. For each value of the evolution time, a single FID is recorded and the phase of the preparation pulse is changed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z TPPI CHMO:0001886 time proportional phase incrementation CHMO:0001886 A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. For each value of the evolution time, a single FID is recorded and the phase of the preparation pulse is changed. rsc:pr A technique used in solid-state NMR experiments to achieve the controlled reintroduction of dipolar couplings by varying the angle at which the sample is spun relative to the applied magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z VAS variable-angle spinning CHMO:0001887 variable angle spinning CHMO:0001887 A technique used in solid-state NMR experiments to achieve the controlled reintroduction of dipolar couplings by varying the angle at which the sample is spun relative to the applied magnetic field. rsc:pr A technique used in NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to select for, or to remove signals of protons bound to a particular isotope. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z heteronuclear nXQF element CHMO:0001888 X-filter CHMO:0001888 A technique used in NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to select for, or to remove signals of protons bound to a particular isotope. rsc:pr A technique used in 2D NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to remove signals of protons which are not bound to a particular isotope from one of the two domains of the experiment. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1986), 70, pg 500. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z X half-filter CHMO:0001889 X half filter CHMO:0001889 A technique used in 2D NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to remove signals of protons which are not bound to a particular isotope from one of the two domains of the experiment. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1986), 70, pg 500. rsc:pr A technique used in NMR experiments to remove unwanted signals from the spectrum by destroying the magnetisation giving rise to these signals using a pulsed filed gradient whilst the magnetisation of interest is maintained in a state which is unaffected by the pulsed field gradient (ZZ-state). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-05-29T12:00:00Z ZZ filter CHMO:0001890 ZZ-filter CHMO:0001890 A technique used in NMR experiments to remove unwanted signals from the spectrum by destroying the magnetisation giving rise to these signals using a pulsed filed gradient whilst the magnetisation of interest is maintained in a state which is unaffected by the pulsed field gradient (ZZ-state). rsc:pr A data set derived from microspectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents spectral wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per spectral wavelength sequentially. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-01T10:34:07Z CHMO:0001891 chemical map CHMO:0001891 A data set derived from microspectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents spectral wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per spectral wavelength sequentially. http://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/NIR_14_3.pdf A data set derived from FTIR microscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per infrared wavelength sequentially. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-01T10:41:13Z FT-IR map FT-IR microspectroscopic image FT-IR spectral map FTIR map FTIR microspectroscopic image FTIR spectral map CHMO:0001892 Fourier transform infrared map CHMO:0001892 A data set derived from FTIR microscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per infrared wavelength sequentially. http://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/NIR_14_3.pdf A data set derived from infrared microscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per infrared wavelength sequentially. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-01T10:47:29Z IR chemical map IR map IR microspectroscopic image IR spectral map infrared chemical map infrared map infrared microspectroscopic image infrared spectral map CHMO:0001893 infrared map CHMO:0001893 A data set derived from infrared microscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per infrared wavelength sequentially. http://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/NIR_14_3.pdf An imaging method that uses infrared (900-14 000 nm) radiation and allows variation in temperature to be observed (typically brighter areas in the image represent higher temperatures). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-01T10:52:23Z IR imaging IR thermography infrared imaging infrared thermography thermal imaging thermographic imaging CHMO:0001894 thermography CHMO:0001894 An imaging method that uses infrared (900-14 000 nm) radiation and allows variation in temperature to be observed (typically brighter areas in the image represent higher temperatures). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with (usually) ultraviolet light, and collecting the light emitted by chromophores in the specimen (fluorescence) using a system of magnifying lenses. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-01T04:32:42Z fluorescence microphotograph fluorescence microscope image fluorescence microscopy image CHMO:0001895 fluorescence micrograph CHMO:0001895 An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with (usually) ultraviolet light, and collecting the light emitted by chromophores in the specimen (fluorescence) using a system of magnifying lenses. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-02T10:51:10Z AC-mode AFM AFM tapping-mode DFM DSFM dynamic force AFM dynamic scanning force microscopy intermittant contact AFM intermittant contact atomic force microscopy intermittant-contact AFM intermittant-contact atomic force microscopy tapping mode AFM tapping mode atomic force microscopy tapping-mode AFM CHMO:0001896 dynamic force microscopy CHMO:0001896 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the frictional force experienced by the tip as a function of position (the 'twist' of the tip). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-02T10:58:31Z LFM lateral force AFM lateral-force AFM lateral-force microscopy CHMO:0001897 lateral force microscopy CHMO:0001897 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the frictional force experienced by the tip as a function of position (the 'twist' of the tip). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. FIX:0000115 ISBN:1-86094-199-0 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates in the 'attractive' force region, i.e. avoiding sample contact. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-02T11:02:43Z DFM-AR DFMAR DSFM-AR DSFMA DSFMAR NC-AFM NC-SFM attractive dynamic scanning force microscopy dynamic AFM dynamic force microscopy in attractive regime dynamic mode AFM dynamic scanning force microscopy in attractive regime dynamic-mode AFM non-contact mode AFM noncontact atomic force microscopy noncontact mode AFM noncontact mode scanning force microscopy noncontact scanning force microscopy CHMO:0001898 non-contact mode atomic force microscopy CHMO:0001898 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates in the 'attractive' force region, i.e. avoiding sample contact. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. FIX:0000117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.05.019 https://doi.org/10.1039/b817510a An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase, and finally depressurised, collected and subjected to gas chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-02T11:26:37Z SFE-SFC-GC SFE-SFC/GC SFE/SFC/GC supercritical fluid extraction supercritical fluid chromatography gas chromatography supercritical-fluid extraction supercritical-fluid chromatography gas chromatography CHMO:0001899 supercritical-fluid extraction-supercritical-fluid chromatography-gas chromatography CHMO:0001899 An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase, and finally depressurised, collected and subjected to gas chromatography. ISBN:0849371082 An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then depressurised, collected and subjected to gas chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-02T11:27:49Z SFE-GC SFE/GC supercritical fluid extraction gas chromatography supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography CHMO:0001900 supercritical-fluid extraction-gas chromatography CHMO:0001900 An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then depressurised, collected and subjected to gas chromatography. ISBN:0849371082 An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-02T11:28:09Z SFE-SFC SFE/SFC supercritical fluid extraction supercritical fluid chromatography supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography CHMO:0001901 supercritical-fluid extraction-supercritical-fluid chromatography CHMO:0001901 An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase. ISBN:0849371082 An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase, and finally depressurised, collected and subjected to liquid chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-02T03:02:37Z SFE-SFC-LC SFE-SFC/LC SFE/SFC/LC supercritical fluid extraction supercritical fluid chromatography liquid chromatography supercritical-fluid extraction supercritical-fluid chromatography liquid chromatography CHMO:0001902 supercritical-fluid extraction-supercritical-fluid chromatography-liquid chromatography CHMO:0001902 An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase, and finally depressurised, collected and subjected to liquid chromatography. ISBN:0849371082 A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a supercritical fluid and this mixture is then expanded using a restrictor, causing the solid to precipitate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T09:34:21Z RESS CHMO:0001903 rapid expansion of supercritical solutions CHMO:0001903 A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a supercritical fluid and this mixture is then expanded using a restrictor, causing the solid to precipitate. ISBN:0824748050 Any material processing method that uses a supercritical fluid. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T09:36:47Z CHMO:0001904 supercritical fluid method CHMO:0001904 Any material processing method that uses a supercritical fluid. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then injected into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T09:44:30Z SAS SF antisolvent process supercritical anti-solvent fractionation supercritical anti-solvent precipitation supercritical anti-solvent process supercritical antisolvent fractionation supercritical antisolvent precipitation supercritical fluid antisolvent process CHMO:0001905 supercritical antisolvent technique CHMO:0001905 A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then injected into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. ISBN:0896035719 A solid sample is heated above its melting point and combining the molten material with a supercritical fluid. The solution is then expanded through a nozzle, causing the precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T09:55:31Z PGSS expansion from gas saturated solutions particles from gas saturated solutions CHMO:0001906 particles from gas-saturated solutions CHMO:0001906 A solid sample is heated above its melting point and combining the molten material with a supercritical fluid. The solution is then expanded through a nozzle, causing the precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. ISBN:0824748050 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.05 s per spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T10:09:14Z rapid scan IR rapid scan IR spectroscopy rapid scan infrared absorption spectroscopy rapid scan infrared spectroscopy rapid-scan IR rapid-scan IR spectroscopy rapid-scan infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0001907 rapid-scan infrared absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0001907 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.05 s per spectrum. ISBN:1574445391 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.001 s per spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T10:12:17Z ultra rapid scan IR ultra rapid scan IR spectroscopy ultra rapid scan infrared absorption spectroscopy ultra rapid scan infrared spectroscopy ultra-rapid-scan IR ultra-rapid-scan IR spectroscopy ultra-rapid-scan infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0001908 ultra-rapid-scan infrared absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0001908 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.001 s per spectrum. ISBN:1574445391 A sensing device, consisting of an array of light-sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens, that is sensitive to infrared radiation. The device operates by converting infrared photons to an electrical signal, and using it to construct an image of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T10:26:20Z FPA focal plane array staring array staring plane array staring-plane array CHMO:0001909 focal-plane array CHMO:0001909 A sensing device, consisting of an array of light-sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens, that is sensitive to infrared radiation. The device operates by converting infrared photons to an electrical signal, and using it to construct an image of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Data obtained from a structure determination method. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T03:25:14Z CHMO:0001910 structure data CHMO:0001910 Data obtained from a structure determination method. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Data which is obtained from an X-ray scattering experiment where the X-rays are scattered by the sample at low angles (0–10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T03:27:04Z SAXS data SAXS image SAXS pattern small angle X-ray scattering data small angle X-ray scattering pattern small-angle X-ray scattering pattern CHMO:0001911 small-angle X-ray scattering data CHMO:0001911 Data which is obtained from an X-ray scattering experiment where the X-rays are scattered by the sample at low angles (0–10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are aluminium-27 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T03:32:52Z 27Al MAS NMR spectra 27Al MAS NMR spectrum 27Al MAS-NMR spectra 27Al MAS-NMR spectrum CHMO:0001912 aluminium-27 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001912 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are aluminium-27 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T03:38:59Z CP-MAS NMR spectra CP-MAS NMR spectrum CP/MAS NMR spectra CP/MAS NMR spectrum CPMAS NMR spectra CPMAS NMR spectrum cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001913 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001913 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T03:43:54Z 31P CP-MAS NMR spectra 31P CP-MAS NMR spectrum 31P CP/MAS NMR spectra 31P CP/MAS NMR spectrum 31P CPMAS NMR spectra 31P CPMAS NMR spectrum phosphorus-31 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra phosphorus-31 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra phosphorus-31 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001914 phosphorus-31 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001914 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. rsc:pr A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T03:47:49Z 13C CP-MAS NMR spectra 13C CP-MAS NMR spectrum 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra 13C CP/MAS NMR spectrum 13C CPMAS NMR spectra 13C CPMAS NMR spectrum 13C CPMAS spectra 13C CPMAS spectrum carbon-13 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra carbon-13 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra carbon-13 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001915 carbon-13 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001915 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 13C nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T03:51:05Z 13C CP-MAS 13C CP-MAS NMR 13C CP/MAS 13C CP/MAS NMR 13C CPMAS 13C CPMAS NMR 13C cross polarisation magic angle spinning 13C cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 13C cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy carbon-13 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning CHMO:0001916 13C cross-polarisation magic angle spinning CHMO:0001916 A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 13C nuclei. FIX:0001003 ISBN:0-19-855567-9 Spectroscopy where the time decay of the fluorescence of molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T04:28:14Z time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy time resolved fluorimetry time resolved fluorometry time resolved spectrofluorometry time-resolved fluorimetry time-resolved fluorometry time-resolved spectrofluorometry CHMO:0001917 time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0001917 Spectroscopy where the time decay of the fluorescence of molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected. FIX:0000109 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarised light and the decay time and polarization of the fluorescence is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T04:18:42Z TRFA time resolved FA time resolved fluorescence anisotropy time-resolved FA time-resolved fluorescence polarisation spectroscopy time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy CHMO:0001918 time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy CHMO:0001918 A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarised light and the decay time and polarization of the fluorescence is measured. FIX:0000129 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the fluorescence of a single molecule excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T04:39:00Z single molecule fluorescence spectrometry single molecule fluorimetry single molecule fluorometry single molecule spectrofluorometry single-molecule fluorescence spectrometry single-molecule fluorimetry single-molecule fluorometry single-molecule spectrofluorometry CHMO:0001919 single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0001919 Spectroscopy where the fluorescence of a single molecule excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength. FIX:0000111 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of fluorescence intensity vs. time. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T04:42:36Z fluorescence decay curves CHMO:0001920 fluorescence decay curve CHMO:0001920 A plot of fluorescence intensity vs. time. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of fluorescence anisotropy (the difference in polarisation between incident and fluorescent light) vs. time. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-03T04:45:16Z fluorescence anisotropy decay curves fluorescence anisotropy decays CHMO:0001921 fluorescence anisotropy decay curve CHMO:0001921 A plot of fluorescence anisotropy (the difference in polarisation between incident and fluorescent light) vs. time. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the impact of high-energy electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-04T01:36:35Z CHMO:0001922 cathodoluminescence detection CHMO:0001922 The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the impact of high-energy electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates parallel to the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-04T04:31:08Z SMFM ShFM dynamic shear force microscopy shear force AFM shear force atomic force microscopy shear force modulation microscopy shear force modulation mode AFM shear force modulation mode atomic force microscopy shear-force AFM shear-force atomic force microscopy shear-force controlled AFM shear-force microscopy CHMO:0001923 shear force microscopy CHMO:0001923 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates parallel to the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.106940 A method for determining molecular motion by measuring the time it takes for a particle in a highly-scattering suspension (e.g. a colloid) to move a distance comparable to the wavelength of light. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-04T04:40:17Z DWS diffusing-wave spectroscopy diffusive wave spectroscopy diffusive-wave spectroscopy CHMO:0001924 diffusing wave spectroscopy CHMO:0001924 A method for determining molecular motion by measuring the time it takes for a particle in a highly-scattering suspension (e.g. a colloid) to move a distance comparable to the wavelength of light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of optical microscopy which is used to monitor Brownian fluctuations in the separation between a single microscopic sphere and a flat plate in aqueous media. The sphere is levitated above the plate by colloidal forces such as double-layer or steric repulsion. Changes in elevation as small as 1 nm can be detected by measuring the light scattered by a single sphere when illuminated by an evanescent wave. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-04T04:46:13Z TIRM CHMO:0001925 total internal reflection microscopy CHMO:0001925 A type of optical microscopy which is used to monitor Brownian fluctuations in the separation between a single microscopic sphere and a flat plate in aqueous media. The sphere is levitated above the plate by colloidal forces such as double-layer or steric repulsion. Changes in elevation as small as 1 nm can be detected by measuring the light scattered by a single sphere when illuminated by an evanescent wave. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010377t Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation (200–400 nm). The optical activity of the sample is monitored using electronic transitions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-05T11:39:13Z ECD spectrometry ECD spectroscopy electronic CD electronic circular dichroism electronic circular dichroism spectrometry ECD CHMO:0001926 electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0001926 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation (200–400 nm). The optical activity of the sample is monitored using electronic transitions. ISBN:0471330035 ECD A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation as a function of wavelength. ECD spectra can also be derived computationally. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-05T11:47:11Z ECD spectra ECD spectrum electronic circular dichroism spectra CHMO:0001927 electronic circular dichroism spectrum CHMO:0001927 A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation as a function of wavelength. ECD spectra can also be derived computationally. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-05T01:35:38Z 1D NMR spectra 1D NMR spectrum 1D-NMR spectra 1D-NMR spectrum CHMO:0001928 one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001928 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr A three-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of three frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other two, by the chemical shifts of correlated nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-05T02:50:36Z 3D NMR spectra 3D NMR spectrum 3D-NMR spectra 3D-NMR spectrum CHMO:0001929 three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001929 A three-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of three frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other two, by the chemical shifts of correlated nuclei. rsc:pr A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, taking the form of an existing lithographically templated structure or pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-08T09:52:23Z DSA DSL directed self assembly directional self assembly directional self-assembly CHMO:0001930 directed self-assembly CHMO:0001930 A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, taking the form of an existing lithographically templated structure or pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first adsorbed onto packed tubes (e.g. Tenax) then each tube is automatically moved into a desorption oven and heated (100–280 °C for 5–20 min) to promote thermal desorption of the mixture into the headspace of the tube. The headspace is sampled and used for gas chromatography and the eluent is then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-08T01:31:14Z ATC-GCMS ATD, GC/MS ATD-GC-MS ATD-GC/MS ATD/GC-MS ATD/GC/MS automated thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry automated thermodesorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry CHMO:0001931 automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry CHMO:0001931 A method where a sample mixture is first adsorbed onto packed tubes (e.g. Tenax) then each tube is automatically moved into a desorption oven and heated (100–280 °C for 5–20 min) to promote thermal desorption of the mixture into the headspace of the tube. The headspace is sampled and used for gas chromatography and the eluent is then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. ISBN:0751401587 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas (e.g. helium) and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-08T01:50:24Z PDD pulse discharge detection pulsed discharge detection pulsed-discharge detection CHMO:0001932 pulse-discharge detection CHMO:0001932 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas (e.g. helium) and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. ISBN:0444511075 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-08T01:58:31Z PDPID pulse discharge photoionisation detection pulse discharge photoionization detection pulse-discharge photoionization detection pulsed discharge photoionisation detection pulsed discharge photoionization detection pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection pulses-discharge photoionization detection CHMO:0001933 pulse-discharge photoionisation detection CHMO:0001933 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. ISBN:0444511075 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through argon gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-08T02:03:18Z Ar-PDPID Ar/PDPID argon pulse discharge photoionisation detection argon pulse discharge photoionization detection argon pulse-discharge photoionization detection argon pulsed discharge photoionisation detection argon pulsed discharge photoionization detection argon pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection argon pulsed-discharge photoionization detection CHMO:0001934 argon pulse-discharge photoionisation detection CHMO:0001934 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through argon gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. ISBN:0444511075 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through krypton gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-08T02:03:44Z Kr-PDPID Kr/PDPID krypton pulse discharge photoionisation detection krypton pulse discharge photoionization detection krypton pulse-discharge photoionization detection krypton pulsed discharge photoionisation detection krypton pulsed discharge photoionization detection krypton pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection krypton pulsed-discharge photoionization detection CHMO:0001935 krypton pulse-discharge photoionisation detection CHMO:0001935 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through krypton gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. ISBN:0444511075 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through helium gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-08T02:03:47Z He-PDPID He/PDPID helium pulse discharge photoionisation detection helium pulse discharge photoionization detection helium pulse-discharge photoionization detection helium pulsed discharge photoionisation detection helium pulsed discharge photoionization detection helium pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection helium pulsed-discharge photoionization detection CHMO:0001936 helium pulse-discharge photoionisation detection CHMO:0001936 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through helium gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. ISBN:0444511075 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements a sample obtained by gas chromatography, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-08T02:12:16Z GC-PDPID GC/PDPID GCPDPID gas chromatography pulse discharge photoionisation detection gas chromatography pulse discharge photoionization detection gas chromatography-pulse-discharge photoionization detection gas chromatography-pulsed-discharge photoionisation detection gas chromatography-pulsed-discharge photoionization detection CHMO:0001937 gas chromatography-pulse-discharge photoionisation detection CHMO:0001937 A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements a sample obtained by gas chromatography, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. ISBN:0-13-147835-4 A fragmentation method where the sample is ionised, and selected ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules, resulting in fragmentation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-08T04:07:29Z CAD CID collision activated dissociation collision induced dissociation collision-activated dissociation collisionally activated dissociation collisionally-activated dissociation CHMO:0001938 collision-induced dissociation CHMO:0001938 A fragmentation method where the sample is ionised, and selected ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules, resulting in fragmentation. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the probe laser has a lower frequency than the pump laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T09:51:36Z Raman gain spectroscopy SRGS CHMO:0001939 stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy CHMO:0001939 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the probe laser has a lower frequency than the pump laser. ISBN:0824705572 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the pump laser has a lower frequency than the probe laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T09:55:17Z IRGS IRS Raman loss spectroscopy SRLS inverse Raman gain spectroscopy inverse Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0001940 stimulated Raman loss spectroscopy CHMO:0001940 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the pump laser has a lower frequency than the probe laser. ISBN:0824705572 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. Two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') are mixed and focused on the sample cell. When the frequency difference between the lasers corresponds to a Raman transition, an acoustic signal (a sound wave produced by an increase in pressure) is generated and detected by a sensitive microphone. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T10:02:35Z PARS CHMO:0001941 photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0001941 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. Two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') are mixed and focused on the sample cell. When the frequency difference between the lasers corresponds to a Raman transition, an acoustic signal (a sound wave produced by an increase in pressure) is generated and detected by a sensitive microphone. ISBN:0824705572 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. The molecules in the sample are ionised using an ultraviolet laser in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T10:14:20Z IDSRS ionization-detected stimulated Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0001942 ionisation-detected stimulated Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0001942 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. The molecules in the sample are ionised using an ultraviolet laser in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum. ISBN:0824705572 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a two-colour laser, by a sample is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T10:23:02Z HORSES higher order Raman spectral excitation studies higher-order Raman spectral excitation spectroscopy higher-order Raman spectral excitation studies CHMO:0001943 higher-order Raman spectral excitation spectroscopy CHMO:0001943 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a two-colour laser, by a sample is detected. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00750953 A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D NMR experiment are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T12:54:02Z 3D DOSY 3D DOSY NMR 3D-DOSY CHMO:0001944 three-dimensional diffusion-ordered spectroscopy CHMO:0001944 A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D NMR experiment are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800127e A technique where a solid sample is first partially dissolved in a organic solvent in a vessel. The solution is then pressurised with a dense gas or supercritical fluid resulting in precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T10:59:22Z GAS GAS recrystallisation GAS recrystallization GASP GASR gas anti-solvent precipitation gas anti-solvent reaction gas anti-solvent recrystallisation gas anti-solvent recrystallization gas antisolvent precipitation gas antisolvent reaction gas antisolvent recrystallisation gas antisolvent recrystallization CHMO:0001945 gas antisolvent technique CHMO:0001945 A technique where a solid sample is first partially dissolved in a organic solvent in a vessel. The solution is then pressurised with a dense gas or supercritical fluid resulting in precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie049495h A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave (using a nozzle with two or three coaxial channels) resulting in precipitation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T10:59:48Z SEDS solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids solution-enhanced dispersion of solids CHMO:0001946 solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids CHMO:0001946 A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave (using a nozzle with two or three coaxial channels) resulting in precipitation. ISBN:0824748050 A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a vessel pressurised with a dense gas (e.g. supercritical CO2) This results in a large decrease in solution density and precipitation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T11:02:33Z precipitation using compressed anti-solvent precipitation using compressed antisolvent precipitation with compressed anti-solvent PCA CHMO:0001947 precipitation with compressed antisolvent CHMO:0001947 A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a vessel pressurised with a dense gas (e.g. supercritical CO2) This results in a large decrease in solution density and precipitation. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie049495h PCA A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent, mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave. This leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T11:04:28Z ASES CHMO:0001948 aerosol solvent extraction system CHMO:0001948 A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent, mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave. This leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. ISBN:0849370892 A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. A surface vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency is used to atomise the solution jet into microdroplets during spraying, increasing turbulence and mixing (resulting in higher mass transfer and smaller particles). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T11:05:18Z SAS-EM SAS/EM SASEM supercritical anti-solvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer supercritical anti-solvent with enhanced mass transfer supercritical antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer CHMO:0001949 supercritical antisolvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer CHMO:0001949 A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. A surface vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency is used to atomise the solution jet into microdroplets during spraying, increasing turbulence and mixing (resulting in higher mass transfer and smaller particles). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010040r A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T12:57:24Z 3D DOSY-TOCSY 3D TOCSY-DOSY DOSY-TOCSY TOCSY-DOSY total correlation spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy CHMO:0001950 diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001950 A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D COSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T01:01:04Z 3D COSY-DOSY 3D DOSY-COSY COSY-DOSY DOSY-COSY correlation spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy CHMO:0001951 diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0001951 A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D COSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D HMQC spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T01:03:28Z 3D DOSY-HMQC 3D HMQC-DOSY DOSY-HMQC HMQC-DOSY diffusion-ordered spectroscopy- heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence CHMO:0001952 heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy CHMO:0001952 A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D HMQC spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D J-spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-10T01:30:28Z 2DJ-DOSY 3D 2DJ-DOSY 3D DOSY-2DJ DOSY-2DJ diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-two-dimensional J-spectroscopy CHMO:0001953 two-dimensional J-spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy CHMO:0001953 A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D J-spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-11T02:08:27Z 29Si solid state NMR 29Si solid-state NMR CHMO:0001954 29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001954 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0001095 rsc:pr A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for silicon-29 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-11T02:12:57Z 29Si solid-state NMR spectra 29Si solid-state NMR spectrum 29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra 29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum silicon-29 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra solid-state 29Si NMR spectra solid-state 29Si NMR spectrum CHMO:0001955 silicon-29 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0001955 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for silicon-29 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light, and passing the light through pinhole before it reaches a system of magnifying lenses. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-11T02:15:58Z confocal microscopy image CHMO:0001956 confocal micrograph CHMO:0001956 An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light, and passing the light through pinhole before it reaches a system of magnifying lenses. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a flow cell, a laser and a detector, which detects the fluorescence and light scattering of individual particles (e.g. cells). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-11T02:20:37Z CHMO:0001957 flow cytometer CHMO:0001957 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a flow cell, a laser and a detector, which detects the fluorescence and light scattering of individual particles (e.g. cells). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam, produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission), across the specimen under vacuum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-16T10:31:00Z FE-SEM image FE-SEM images FE-SEM micrograph FESEM image FESEM images FESEM micrographs field emission scanning electron micrograph field-emission scanning electron microphotograph field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) image field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image CHMO:0001958 field-emission scanning electron micrograph CHMO:0001958 An image obtained by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam, produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission), across the specimen under vacuum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation from the visible region (380–800 nm) range. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-16T11:19:02Z VIS spectra VIS spectrum optical absorption spectra optical absorption spectrum visible spectra CHMO:0001959 visible spectrum CHMO:0001959 A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation from the visible region (380–800 nm) range. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. In holographic laser trapping, computer-generated holograms are used to split single laser beams into multiple beams, creating three-dimensional configurations. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-16T06:11:19Z holographic laser tweezing holographic optical trapping holographic optical tweezing CHMO:0001960 holographic laser trapping CHMO:0001960 The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. In holographic laser trapping, computer-generated holograms are used to split single laser beams into multiple beams, creating three-dimensional configurations. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using laser pulses. The absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T12:56:23Z L-TAS LTAS laser transient absorbance spectroscopy CHMO:0001961 laser transient absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0001961 Spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using laser pulses. The absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. ISBN:9810217498 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured in the following fs–ns timescale is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:11:06Z ultrafast laser spectroscopy CHMO:0001962 ultra-fast laser spectroscopy CHMO:0001962 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured in the following fs–ns timescale is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method that is used to measure the relaxation rate of molecules in fluorescent samples. A laser pulse excites the molecule, and the time taken for it to emit a single photon is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:12:56Z TC-SPC TCSPC time correlated single photon counting CHMO:0001963 time-correlated single photon counting CHMO:0001963 A method that is used to measure the relaxation rate of molecules in fluorescent samples. A laser pulse excites the molecule, and the time taken for it to emit a single photon is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the distribution of enzyme activity in a sample by photobleaching a specific fluorescent metabolite during microscopy, and monitoring its enzymatically-driven recovery. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:22:24Z ED-FRAP ED/FRAP enzyme dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching CHMO:0001964 enzyme-dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching CHMO:0001964 A method for determining the distribution of enzyme activity in a sample by photobleaching a specific fluorescent metabolite during microscopy, and monitoring its enzymatically-driven recovery. FIX:0000868 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 111Cd nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:27:59Z 111Cd NMR 111Cd NMR spectrometry 111Cd NMR spectroscopy 111Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 111Cd-NMR cadmium-111 NMR cadmium-111 magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001965 111Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001965 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 111Cd nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52619 FIX:0000900 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 57Fe nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:30:07Z 57Fe NMR 57Fe NMR spectrometry 57Fe NMR spectroscopy 57Fe nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 57Fe-NMR iron-57 NMR iron-57 magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001966 57Fe nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001966 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 57Fe nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52623 FIX:0000759 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 17O nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:35:07Z 17O ENDOR 17O ENDOR spectroscopy oxygen-17 ENDOR oxygen-17 ENDOR spectroscopy CHMO:0001967 17O electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001967 Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 17O nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. FIX:0000671 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 57Fe nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:37:30Z 57Fe ENDOR 57Fe ENDOR spectroscopy iron-57 ENDOR iron-57 ENDOR spectroscopy CHMO:0001968 57Fe electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001968 Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 57Fe nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. FIX:0000755 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 95Mo nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:38:47Z 95Mo ENDOR 95Mo ENDOR spectroscopy molybdenum-95 ENDOR molybdenum-95 ENDOR spectroscopy CHMO:0001969 95Mo electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001969 Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 95Mo nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. FIX:0000758 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 1H nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:42:55Z 1H ENDOR 1H ENDOR spectroscopy hydrogen-1 ENDOR hydrogen-1 ENDOR spectroscopy proton ENDOR proton ENDOR spectroscopy CHMO:0001970 1H electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001970 Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 1H nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. FIX:0000598 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 3He nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:52:23Z 3He NMR 3He NMR spectrometry 3He NMR spectroscopy 3He nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 3He-NMR helium-3 NMR helium-3 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001971 3He nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001971 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 3He nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:30218 FIX:0001064 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 6Li nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:55:22Z 6Li NMR 6Li NMR spectrometry 6Li NMR spectroscopy 6Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 6Li-NMR lithium-6 NMR lithium-6 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001972 6Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001972 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 6Li nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52621 FIX:0001080 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 9Be nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T01:58:26Z 9Be NMR 9Be NMR spectrometry 9Be NMR spectroscopy 9Be nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 9Be-NMR beryllium-9 NMR beryllium-9 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001973 9Be nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001973 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 9Be nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52628 FIX:0001083 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 89Y nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:00:24Z 89Y nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 89Y NMR 89Y NMR spectrometry 89Y NMR spectroscopy 89Y-NMR yttrium-89 NMR yttrium-89 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001974 89Y nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001974 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 89Y nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52622 FIX:0001100 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 63Cu nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:02:55Z 63Cu NMR 63Cu NMR spectrometry 63Cu NMR spectroscopy 63Cu nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 63Cu-NMR copper-63 NMR copper-63 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001975 63Cu nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001975 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 63Cu nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52630 FIX:0001103 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 39K nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:05:06Z 39K NMR 39K NMR spectrometry 39K NMR spectroscopy 39K nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 39K-NMR potassium-39 NMR potassium-39 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001976 39K nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001976 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 39K nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52632 FIX:0001119 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 139La nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:06:43Z 139La NMR 139La NMR spectrometry 139La NMR spectroscopy 139La nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 139La-NMR lanthanum-139 NMR lanthanum-139 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001977 139La nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001977 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 139La nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52627 FIX:0001122 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 127I nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:08:43Z 127I NMR 127I NMR spectrometry 127I NMR spectroscopy 127I nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 127I-NMR iodine-127 NMR iodine-127 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001978 127I nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001978 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 127I nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52631 FIX:0000600 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 121Sb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:10:25Z 121Sb NMR 121Sb NMR spectrometry 121Sb NMR spectroscopy 121Sb nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 121Sb-NMR antimony-121 NMR antimony-121 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001979 121Sb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001979 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 121Sb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52624 FIX:0000744 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 123Sb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:11:57Z 123Sb NMR 123Sb NMR spectrometry 123Sb NMR spectroscopy 123Sb nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 123Sb-NMR antimony-123 NMR antimony-123 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001980 123Sb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001980 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 123Sb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52626 FIX:0000745 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 95Mo nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:13:38Z 95Mo NMR 95Mo NMR spectrometry 95Mo NMR spectroscopy 95Mo nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 95Mo-NMR molybdenum-95 NMR molybdenum-95 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001981 95Mo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001981 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 95Mo nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52633 FIX:0000757 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 113Cd nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:15:15Z 113Cd NMR 113Cd NMR spectrometry 113Cd NMR spectroscopy 113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 113Cd-NMR cadmium-113 NMR cadmium-113 magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001982 113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0001982 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 113Cd nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52620 FIX:0000434 rsc:pr A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in 14N nuclei as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:21:50Z 14N ESEEM 14N electron spin echo envelope modulation nitrogen-14 ESEEM nitrogen-14 electron spin echo envelope modulation CHMO:0001983 14N electron spin-echo envelope modulation CHMO:0001983 A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in 14N nuclei as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. FIX:0001045 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the two pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:26:11Z two pulse ESEEM two pulse electron spin echo envelope modulation two-pulse ESEEM CHMO:0001984 two-pulse electron spin-echo envelope modulation CHMO:0001984 A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the two pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. FIX:0000036 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the three pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T02:28:32Z three pulse ESEEM three pulse electron spin echo envelope modulation three-pulse ESEEM CHMO:0001985 three-pulse electron spin-echo envelope modulation CHMO:0001985 A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the three pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. FIX:0000037 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-17T03:24:06Z non resonance Raman spectroscopy non resonant Raman spectroscopy non-resonance Raman non-resonant Raman non-resonant Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0001986 non-resonance Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0001986 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. FIX:0000026 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary, by immersion in supercritical CO2 and de-pressurisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-18T10:00:03Z CO2 critical point drying CO2 critical-point drying CO2 super-critical point drying supercritical CO2 drying CHMO:0001987 supercritical carbon dioxide drying CHMO:0001987 The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary, by immersion in supercritical CO2 and de-pressurisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for the synthesis of solid particles from an aerosol. The desired solid particles are suspended in a liquid, which is heated to 275–330 °C under pressure and passed through an orifice so that an aerosol forms. The particles in the aerosol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-18T10:08:38Z aerosol process aerosol processing CHMO:0001988 aerosol method CHMO:0001988 A method for the synthesis of solid particles from an aerosol. The desired solid particles are suspended in a liquid, which is heated to 275–330 °C under pressure and passed through an orifice so that an aerosol forms. The particles in the aerosol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent. ISBN:0815515804 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-18T10:18:25Z EtOH extraction CHMO:0001989 ethanol extraction CHMO:0001989 The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of two individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-18T10:35:02Z Co-assembly coassembly CHMO:0001990 co-assembly CHMO:0001990 The process of two individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a beam splitter, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. The beam splitter is used to create multiple laser beams that interfere forming multiple optical traps. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-18T02:22:15Z HOTs holographic optical trap CHMO:0001991 holographic optical tweezers CHMO:0001991 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a beam splitter, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. The beam splitter is used to create multiple laser beams that interfere forming multiple optical traps. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1148883 A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-18T02:10:30Z adsorption-desorption isotherm adsorption/desorption isotherm CHMO:0001992 adsorption-desorption isotherm CHMO:0001992 A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of N2 gas that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-18T02:14:05Z N2 adsorption and desorption isotherm N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms CHMO:0001993 nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm CHMO:0001993 A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of N2 gas that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that measures surface profiles by dragging a (diamond) stylus across the sample surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the stylus and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-18T03:13:06Z stylus profilometer surface profilometer CHMO:0001994 profilometer CHMO:0001994 A piece of apparatus that measures surface profiles by dragging a (diamond) stylus across the sample surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the stylus and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectrometry where the sample is atomised and converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T10:37:49Z atomic MS CHMO:0001995 atomic mass spectrometry CHMO:0001995 Spectrometry where the sample is atomised and converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectrometry where the sample is converted into gaseous molecular ions, which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T10:52:47Z molecular MS CHMO:0001996 molecular mass spectrometry CHMO:0001996 Spectrometry where the sample is converted into gaseous molecular ions, which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. An initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T10:59:52Z multi-dimensional HPLC multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography multidimensional HPLC multidimensional high-pressure liquid chromatography CHMO:0001997 multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0001997 A type of column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. An initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. An initial separation proceeds in a primary ion-exchange column (the particles of which shows no loss or gain of charge with varying pH) and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T11:05:17Z SCX-RP HPLC SCX-RP-HPLC strong cation exchange reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography strong-cation-exchang reversed-phase HPLC strong-cation-exchang reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography strong-cation-exchange reverse-phase HPLC strong-cation-exchange reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography CHMO:0001998 strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0001998 A type of column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. An initial separation proceeds in a primary ion-exchange column (the particles of which shows no loss or gain of charge with varying pH) and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method that results in the separation of two or more components along two physical axes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T11:38:17Z CHMO:0001999 multi-dimensional separation method CHMO:0001999 A method that results in the separation of two or more components along two physical axes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the sample is first subjected to two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (passed through two columns in sequence –-a primary ion-exchange column where the particles show no loss or gain of charge with varying pH, and a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase). The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T11:44:18Z SCX-RP HPLC-ICP-MS CHMO:0002000 strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0002000 A method where the sample is first subjected to two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (passed through two columns in sequence –-a primary ion-exchange column where the particles show no loss or gain of charge with varying pH, and a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase). The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T11:45:14Z CHMO:0002001 multi-dimensional chromatography CHMO:0002001 A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An experiment in which a two-dimensional separation method is coupled to a detection method in order to detect one or more different components of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T11:59:17Z CHMO:0002002 obsolete: two-dimensional separation method-detection method true CHMO:0002002 An experiment in which a two-dimensional separation method is coupled to a detection method in order to detect one or more different components of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of chromatography where an initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T11:48:19Z CHMO:0002003 two-dimensional column chromatography CHMO:0002003 A type of chromatography where an initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method is coupled to mass spectrometry. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T12:00:43Z CHMO:0002004 two-dimensional chromatography-mass spectrometry CHMO:0002004 A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method is coupled to mass spectrometry. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T11:52:32Z CHMO:0002005 multi-dimensional electrophoresis CHMO:0002005 A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the sample is first subjected to column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. The sample passes through two columns (anion and cation exchange) in series. The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised in a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T01:34:38Z tandem dual-column HPLC-ICP-MS CHMO:0002006 tandem dual-column high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0002006 A method where the sample is first subjected to column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. The sample passes through two columns (anion and cation exchange) in series. The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised in a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. ISBN:0471213861 A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method , where the mobile phase is a liquid, is coupled to mass spectrometry, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T01:37:29Z CHMO:0002007 two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry CHMO:0002007 A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method , where the mobile phase is a liquid, is coupled to mass spectrometry, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method , where the mobile phase is a liquid and the inlet pressure is relatively high, is coupled to mass spectrometry, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T01:39:11Z 2D HPLC-MS CHMO:0002008 two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry CHMO:0002008 A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method , where the mobile phase is a liquid and the inlet pressure is relatively high, is coupled to mass spectrometry, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the sample is first subjected to two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (passed through two columns in sequence –-a primary ion-exchange column where the particles show no loss or gain of charge with varying pH, and a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase). The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. The sample is analysed by two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T01:45:33Z SCX-RP HPLC-APCI-MS/MS SCX-RP HPLC-APCI-MS2 CHMO:0002009 strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0002009 A method where the sample is first subjected to two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (passed through two columns in sequence –-a primary ion-exchange column where the particles show no loss or gain of charge with varying pH, and a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase). The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. The sample is analysed by two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. During centrifugation the sample can be monitored in real time through an optical detection system or using ultraviolet light absorption. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T01:54:54Z CHMO:0002010 analytical centrifugation CHMO:0002010 A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. During centrifugation the sample can be monitored in real time through an optical detection system or using ultraviolet light absorption. FIX:0000255 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T01:59:21Z CHMO:0002011 sequential centrifugation CHMO:0002011 A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at <5000 rpm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:00:33Z low speed centrifugation CHMO:0002012 low-speed centrifugation CHMO:0002012 A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at <5000 rpm. FIX:0000261 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at >5000 rpm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:03:14Z high speed centrifugation CHMO:0002013 high-speed centrifugation CHMO:0002013 A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at >5000 rpm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample is purified by removing impurities on the basis of their density in a centrifuge. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:05:24Z CHMO:0002014 preparative centrifugation CHMO:0002014 A method where a sample is purified by removing impurities on the basis of their density in a centrifuge. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where the components of a cell are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps; each time the pellet is removed and the speed increased. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:10:04Z CHMO:0002015 differential centrifugation CHMO:0002015 A separation method where the components of a cell are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps; each time the pellet is removed and the speed increased. FIX:0000264 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in an ultracentrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:13:13Z ultra-centrifugation CHMO:0002016 ultracentrifugation CHMO:0002016 A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in an ultracentrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:18:10Z density gradient centrifugation CHMO:0002017 density-gradient centrifugation CHMO:0002017 A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to buoyant density. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:20:10Z CHMO:0002507 equilibrium centrifugation sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation CHMO:0002018 isopycnic centrifugation CHMO:0002018 A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to buoyant density. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to mass. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:23:02Z rate zonal centrifugation CHMO:0002019 rate-zonal centrifugation CHMO:0002019 A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to mass. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical. FIX:0000263 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The intensive mixing of μtually insoluble phases (sometimes with addition of surfactants) to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:29:46Z homogenation homogenization CHMO:0002020 homogenisation CHMO:0002020 The intensive mixing of μtually insoluble phases (sometimes with addition of surfactants) to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is a linear sequence of three quadrupole mass-to-charge analysers, which hold the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:31:09Z triple quadrapole mass spectrometer triple-qudrupole mass spectrometer CHMO:0002021 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer CHMO:0002021 A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is a linear sequence of three quadrupole mass-to-charge analysers, which hold the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-19T02:41:40Z APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionization CHMO:0002022 atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation CHMO:0002022 An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the separation is caused by differences in ion-exchange affinity. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T09:28:45Z IE-HPLC IEX-HPLC ion exchange HPLC ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography ion-exchange HPLC ion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography CHMO:0002023 ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0002023 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the separation is caused by differences in ion-exchange affinity. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the sample is first subjected to column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. The sample passes through two columns (anion and cation exchange) in series. The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure, and then analysed by two mass spectrometers in series. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T10:12:28Z tandem dual-column HPLC-APCI-MS/MS CHMO:0002024 tandem dual-column high-performance liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0002024 A method where the sample is first subjected to column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. The sample passes through two columns (anion and cation exchange) in series. The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure, and then analysed by two mass spectrometers in series. ISBN:0471213861 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by observing the changes in sucessive NMR spectra, taken after each addition of titrant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T03:17:26Z NMR titration CHMO:0002025 nuclear magnetic resonance titration CHMO:0002025 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by observing the changes in sucessive NMR spectra, taken after each addition of titrant. rsc:pr A method for determining structure by directing polarised neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T03:59:47Z PNR polarised neutron reflection polarised neutron reflectivity polarized neutron reflection polarized neutron reflectivity polarized neutron reflectometry spin polarised neutron reflectivity spin polarized neutron reflectivity spin-polarised reflection measurements spin-polarized reflection measurements CHMO:0002026 polarised neutron reflectometry CHMO:0002026 A method for determining structure by directing polarised neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing two beams of polarised neutrons (one spin 'up' and one spin 'down') onto the sample, which contains a ferromagnetic reference layer, and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons in the presence of an applied magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T04:09:32Z MCNR magnetic contrast neutron reflection magnetic contrast neutron reflectivity magnetic contrast reflection measurements magnetic-contrast neutron reflection magnetic-contrast neutron reflectometry magnetic-contrast reflection measurements CHMO:0002027 magnetic contrast neutron reflectometry CHMO:0002027 A method for determining structure by directing two beams of polarised neutrons (one spin 'up' and one spin 'down') onto the sample, which contains a ferromagnetic reference layer, and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons in the presence of an applied magnetic field. https://doi.org/10.1039/b822411k Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129Xe nuclei is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T04:27:35Z 129Xe Moessbauer spectrometry 129Xe Moessbauer spectroscopy 129Xe Mossbauer spectrometry 129Xe Mossbauer spectroscopy 129Xe Mössbauer spectrometry 129Xe Mössbauer spectroscopy 129Xe Mößbauer spectrometry 129Xe Mößbauer spectroscopy 129Xe recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy xenon-129 Moessbauer spectroscopy xenon-129 Mößbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002028 129Xe Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002028 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129Xe nuclei is detected. CHEBI:52453 FIX:0000750 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 127I nuclei is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T04:30:39Z 127I Moessbauer spectroscopy 127I Mossbauer spectroscopy 127I Mössbauer spectroscopy 127I Mößbauer spectroscopy 127I recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy iodine-127 Moessbauer spectroscopy iodine-127 Mößbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002029 127I Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002029 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 127I nuclei is detected. CHEBI:52631 FIX:0000737 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 57Fe nuclei is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T04:33:40Z 57Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy 57Fe Mößbauer spectroscopy 57Fe recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy iron-57 Moessbauer spectroscopy iron-57 Mößbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002030 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002030 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 57Fe nuclei is detected. CHEBI:52623 FIX:0000732 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 119Sn nuclei is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T04:35:04Z 119Sn Moessbauer spectroscopy 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy 119Sn Mößbauer spectroscopy 119Sn recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy tin-119 Moessbauer spectroscopy tin-119 Mößbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002031 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002031 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 119Sn nuclei is detected. CHEBI:52230 FIX:0000733 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 121Sb nuclei is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T04:43:30Z 121Sb Moessbauer spectroscopy 121Sb Mossbauer spectroscopy 121Sb recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy antimony-121 Moessbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002032 121Sb Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002032 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 121Sb nuclei is detected. CHEBI:52624 FIX:0000734 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 125Te nuclei is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T04:46:12Z FIX:0000735 125Te Moessbauer spectroscopy 125Te Mossbauer spectroscopy 125Te recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy tellurium-125 Moessbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002033 125Te Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002033 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 125Te nuclei is detected. CHEBI:52452 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 151Eu nuclei is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T04:47:53Z FIX:0000736 151Eu Moessbauer spectroscopy 151Eu Mossbauer spectroscopy 151Eu recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy europium-151 Moessbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002034 151Eu Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002034 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 151Eu nuclei is detected. CHEBI:52637 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129I nuclei is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T04:49:05Z 129I Moessbauer spectroscopy 129I Mossbauer spectroscopy 129I recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy iodine-129 Moessbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002035 129I Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002035 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129I nuclei is detected. CHEBI:52636 FIX:0000754 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 197Au nuclei is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-22T04:55:14Z 197Au Moessbauer spectroscopy 197Au Mossbauer spectroscopy 197Au recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption spectroscopy gold-197 Moessbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002036 197Au Mossbauer spectroscopy CHMO:0002036 Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 197Au nuclei is detected. CHEBI:52454 FIX:0000738 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CHMO:0002037 true A method in which a two-dimensional separation method is coupled to a measurement method. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-23T04:50:10Z CHMO:0002038 obsolete: two-dimensional separation method-measurement method true CHMO:0002038 A method in which a two-dimensional separation method is coupled to a measurement method. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the light transmitted through a sample for a given wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-29T05:59:59Z O.D. measurement OD measurement optical densiometry optical densitometry CHMO:0002039 optical density measurement CHMO:0002039 The measurement of the light transmitted through a sample for a given wavelength. ISBN:038733341X A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-29T06:08:54Z ADV UDV acoustic Doppler velocimetry acoustic velocimetry sonic velocimetry ultrasound Doppler velocimetry ultrasound-Doppler velocimetry velocity measurement using ultrasound CHMO:0002040 ultrasonic velocimetry CHMO:0002040 A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation. ISBN:047139484X A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by microwave radiation. This is the method used by police to measure the speed of a vehicle using a radar gun. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-29T06:15:35Z microwave Doppler velocimetry CHMO:0002041 microwave velocimetry CHMO:0002041 A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by microwave radiation. This is the method used by police to measure the speed of a vehicle using a radar gun. ISBN:047139484X The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using light. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-29T06:15:46Z CHMO:0002042 optical velocimetry CHMO:0002042 The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the velocity or zeta-potential of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by light. A laser beam is directed at a series of fine particles in the medium of interest, and the reflected (or Doppler-shifted) beam then produces an interference pattern with a reference beam. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-29T06:17:58Z LDA laser Doppler anemometry laser anemometry optical anemometry CHMO:0002043 laser Doppler velocimetry CHMO:0002043 A method for determining the velocity or zeta-potential of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by light. A laser beam is directed at a series of fine particles in the medium of interest, and the reflected (or Doppler-shifted) beam then produces an interference pattern with a reference beam. ISBN:047139484X A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-29T06:36:27Z USV ultrasonic speckle velocity measurement CHMO:0002044 ultrasonic speckle velocimetry CHMO:0002044 A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz). https://doi.org/10.1039/b906274b A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz) as a function of time. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-29T06:51:17Z time-resolved ultrasonic speckle velocity measurement CHMO:0002045 time-resolved ultrasonic speckle velocimetry CHMO:0002045 A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz) as a function of time. https://doi.org/10.1039/b906274b The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using an NMR signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-29T06:52:14Z NMR velocimetry nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) velocimetry CHMO:0002046 nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry CHMO:0002046 The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using an NMR signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining the velocity of a fluid by tagging (presaturating the magnetisation in) a particular group of spins and tracking them in a fluid flow using NMR spectroscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-29T06:54:09Z ST spin tagging spin tagging NMR velocimetry spin tagging nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry CHMO:0002047 spin tagging velocimetry CHMO:0002047 A method for determining the velocity of a fluid by tagging (presaturating the magnetisation in) a particular group of spins and tracking them in a fluid flow using NMR spectroscopy. ISBN:3527320083 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of an NMR signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-29T06:54:24Z PC velocimetry phase contrast velocimetry phase-contrast NMR velocimetry phase-contrast nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry CHMO:0002048 phase-contrast velocimetry CHMO:0002048 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of an NMR signal. ISBN:3527320083 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of the NMR signal. All other contributions to the magnetic gradient phase are set to zero; the only velocity contribution to the phase is due to the flow of the sample ('flow compensation'). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T09:01:09Z flow-compensated phase contrast NMR velocimetry flow-compensated phase contrast nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry CHMO:0002049 flow-compensated phase-contrast velocimetry CHMO:0002049 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of the NMR signal. All other contributions to the magnetic gradient phase are set to zero; the only velocity contribution to the phase is due to the flow of the sample ('flow compensation'). ISBN:3527320083 A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T09:31:43Z LITA velocimetry laser-induced thermal acoustic (LITA) velocimetry laser-induced thermal acoustic velocimetry CHMO:0002050 laser-induced thermal-acoustic velocimetry CHMO:0002050 A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.25.000224 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by encoding it into an NMR signal. The NMR signal is produced using multiple spin echoes from several radio frequency pulses in the presence of a constant magnetic field gradient. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T09:02:55Z MMMEV multiple modulation multiple echo velocimetry CHMO:0002051 multiple-modulation multiple-echo velocimetry CHMO:0002051 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by encoding it into an NMR signal. The NMR signal is produced using multiple spin echoes from several radio frequency pulses in the presence of a constant magnetic field gradient. ISBN:3527320083 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using a pulsed-field gradient spin echo sequence to encode the velocity into an NMR signal. Both flow and Brownian motion components of the velocity are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T09:18:50Z pulsed gradient spin echo NMR velocimetry pulsed gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry pulsed gradient spin echo velocimetry CHMO:0002052 pulsed-field gradient velocimetry CHMO:0002052 A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using a pulsed-field gradient spin echo sequence to encode the velocity into an NMR signal. Both flow and Brownian motion components of the velocity are measured. ISBN:3527320083 A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. Heterodyne signal detection (non-linear mixing with radiation of a reference frequency) is employed to recover the Doppler shift. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T09:40:59Z heterodyne LITA velocimetry heterodyne laser-induced thermal acoustic velocimetry CHMO:0002053 laser-induced thermal-acoustic velocimetry with heterodyne detection CHMO:0002053 A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. Heterodyne signal detection (non-linear mixing with radiation of a reference frequency) is employed to recover the Doppler shift. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.25.000224 A method for detemining the velocity of metallic or semiconductor melts (at ~1000 °C) by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T09:45:56Z HITUV igh temperature ultrasonic velocimetry CHMO:0002054 high-temperature ultrasonic velocimetry CHMO:0002054 A method for detemining the velocity of metallic or semiconductor melts (at ~1000 °C) by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation. http://www.ktu.lt/ultra/journal/pdf_63_2/63-2008-No.2_01-Kazys.pdf Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which four independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing three magnetisation transfer steps). Each signal is described by four frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within an axis of cubes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T10:00:27Z 4D NMR 4D-NMR four-dimensional NMR CHMO:0002055 four-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002055 Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which four independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing three magnetisation transfer steps). Each signal is described by four frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within an axis of cubes. FIX:0000145 rsc:pr CHMO:0002056 true CHMO:0002057 true CHMO:0002058 true CHMO:0002059 true A 2D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons with the chemical shifts of all (of one type of) their covalently bound heteronuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T10:23:52Z 2D HSQC-NOESY 2D NOESY-HSQC two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy CHMO:0002060 two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence-nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy CHMO:0002060 A 2D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons with the chemical shifts of all (of one type of) their covalently bound heteronuclei. FIX:0000183 rsc:pr A 2D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of all the protons in a spin system with the chemical shifts of all (of one type of) their covalently bound heteronuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T10:27:20Z 2D HSQC-TOCSY 2D TOCSY-HSQC two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002061 two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence-total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002061 A 2D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of all the protons in a spin system with the chemical shifts of all (of one type of) their covalently bound heteronuclei. FIX:0000182 rsc:pr A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in concentrated or opaque solutions by illuminating the sample with two laser beams and cross-correlating the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T10:32:52Z PCCS CHMO:0002062 photon cross correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002062 A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in concentrated or opaque solutions by illuminating the sample with two laser beams and cross-correlating the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method for the synthesis or processing of colloids (mixtures where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T10:40:32Z CHMO:0002063 colloid method CHMO:0002063 Any method for the synthesis or processing of colloids (mixtures where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T10:41:01Z emulsification emulsion process emulsion processing CHMO:0002064 emulsion method CHMO:0002064 A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquid by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. The emulsion is stablised by adding finely divided insoluble solid particles (e.g. latex or silica). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-06-30T10:43:24Z Pickering emulsification Pickering emulsion process Pickering emulsion processing CHMO:0002065 Pickering emulsion method CHMO:0002065 A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquid by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. The emulsion is stablised by adding finely divided insoluble solid particles (e.g. latex or silica). https://doi.org/10.1039/CT9079102001 Purification of crude chemical compounds containing solid impurities where a solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble (or vice versa). The crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered away, leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-01T02:42:13Z CHMO:0002066 trituration CHMO:0002066 Purification of crude chemical compounds containing solid impurities where a solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble (or vice versa). The crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered away, leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarised UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-01T02:56:43Z VAPAS variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0002067 variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0002067 Spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarised UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.356142 Variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy where the angle-independent s-polarisation of the light is also measured as a reference. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-01T02:56:55Z RVAPAS VAPRAS ratio variable angle polarised absorption spectroscopy ratio variable angle polarized absorption spectroscopy ratio variable-angle polarized absorption spectroscopy variable angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy variable angle polarization referenced absorbtion spectroscopy variable angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy variable-angle polarised-referenced absorption spectroscopy variable-angle polarized-referenced absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0002068 ratio variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0002068 Variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy where the angle-independent s-polarisation of the light is also measured as a reference. http://depts.washington.edu/eooptic/NSF/RVAPAS.pdf https://doi.org/10.1063/1.345121 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). TE buffer is used to protect DNA or RNA from degradation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-01T06:35:19Z TE buffer solution CHMO:0002069 TE buffer CHMO:0002069 A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). TE buffer is used to protect DNA or RNA from degradation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed by the sample within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-01T04:51:37Z NEXAF spectra NEXAF spectrum X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra X-ray absorption near edge structure spectrum XANES spectra XANES spectrum near edge X-ray absorption spectrum near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra CHMO:0002070 near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum CHMO:0002070 A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed by the sample within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of energy against time obtained from the measurement of the heat evolved during a chemical or biochemical reaction (such as protein-receptor binding). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-01T06:40:49Z ITC curve ITC curves ITC-curve isothermal titration calorimetric curve CHMO:0002071 isothermal titration calorimetry curve CHMO:0002071 A plot of energy against time obtained from the measurement of the heat evolved during a chemical or biochemical reaction (such as protein-receptor binding). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp057554e https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (190-2000 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-01T06:48:29Z UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectrometer UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer UV-vis-NIR absorption spectrometer UV-visible-near IR absorption spectrometer UV-visible-near IR spectrometer ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorption spectrometer ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrometer CHMO:0002072 ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrometer CHMO:0002072 A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (190-2000 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of weight% vs. temperature, usually consisting of a series of steps, obtained by measuring the mass of a sample during heating. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T09:45:39Z TGA curve TGA curves TGA plot TGA profile TGA profiles TGA thermogram TGA thermograms thermal gravimetric analysis curve thermo-gravimetric analysis curve thermogram thermograms thermogravimetric analysis curve thermogravimetric curve thermogravimetric curves CHMO:0002073 thermogravimetry curve CHMO:0002073 A plot of weight% vs. temperature, usually consisting of a series of steps, obtained by measuring the mass of a sample during heating. https://doi.org/10.1039/b609733b Spectroscopy where the energy states of 79Br nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T01:34:48Z 79Br NMR 79Br NMR spectrometry 79Br NMR spectroscopy 79Br nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 79Br-NMR bromine-79 NMR bromine-79 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002074 79Br nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002074 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 79Br nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52743 rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 29Si nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T02:24:00Z 29Si CP-MAS 29Si CP-MAS NMR 29Si CP/MAS 29Si CP/MAS NMR 29Si CPMAS 29Si CPMAS NMR 29Si cross polarisation magic angle spinning 29Si cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 29Si cross polarization magic angle spinning 29Si cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 29Si cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 29Si cross-polarization magic angle spinning 29Si cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy silicon-29 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning CHMO:0002075 29Si cross-polarisation magic angle spinning CHMO:0002075 A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 29Si nuclei. FIX:0001059 ISBN:0-19-855567-9 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a chemical or biochemical reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T03:28:24Z CHMO:0002076 isothermal calorimetry CHMO:0002076 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a chemical or biochemical reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant pressure during a chemical or biochemical reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T03:32:15Z constant pressure calorimetry constant-pressure calorimetry CHMO:0002077 isobaric calorimetry CHMO:0002077 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant pressure during a chemical or biochemical reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T03:38:23Z CHMO:0002078 scanning calorimetry CHMO:0002078 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. Scanning rates on the order of a few mK min-1 are used and a constant power is continuously applied to (or extracted from) the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T03:39:03Z ASC CHMO:0002079 adiabatic scanning calorimetry CHMO:0002079 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. Scanning rates on the order of a few mK min-1 are used and a constant power is continuously applied to (or extracted from) the sample. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0110396 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T03:40:26Z TCSC CHMO:0002080 temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry CHMO:0002080 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the pressure, whilst the temperature is kept constant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T03:41:33Z PCSC CHMO:0002081 pressure-controlled scanning calorimetry CHMO:0002081 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the pressure, whilst the temperature is kept constant. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction as a function of temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T03:49:42Z CHMO:0002082 dynamic scanning calorimetry CHMO:0002082 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction as a function of temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T03:54:18Z DDSC CHMO:0002083 dynamic differential scanning calorimetry CHMO:0002083 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. ISBN:0803128878 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a sine wave. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T03:54:53Z MDSC CHMO:0002084 modulated differential scanning calorimetry CHMO:0002084 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a sine wave. ISBN:0803128878 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T03:56:31Z TMDSC CHMO:0002085 temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry CHMO:0002085 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. ISBN:0803128878 A sample preparation method where (contaminated) material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. An energy transfer medium is illuminated with the laser beam, and preferentially absorbs energy into capillary spaces under and around the particles on the contaminated specimen. This energy transfer causes explosive evaporation of the energy transfer medium, and the propulsion of particles off the specimen μch like a small rocket engine. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T05:10:45Z LAPR laser assisted particle removal CHMO:0002086 laser-assisted particle removal CHMO:0002086 A sample preparation method where (contaminated) material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. An energy transfer medium is illuminated with the laser beam, and preferentially absorbs energy into capillary spaces under and around the particles on the contaminated specimen. This energy transfer causes explosive evaporation of the energy transfer medium, and the propulsion of particles off the specimen μch like a small rocket engine. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.51020 A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T05:17:56Z thermophoretic analysis CHMO:0002087 thermophoresis CHMO:0002087 A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T05:19:27Z laser induced thermophoresis laser-induced thermophoretic analysis optically induced thermophoresis optically-induced thermophoresis CHMO:0002088 laser-induced thermophoresis CHMO:0002088 A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where two or more particles (e.g. proteins) are separated according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-02T05:21:16Z Optically induced simultaneous thermophoresis optically induced simultaneous thermophoresis optically-induced simultaneous thermophoresis CHMO:0002089 laser-induced simultaneous thermophoresis CHMO:0002089 A separation method where two or more particles (e.g. proteins) are separated according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. The temperature and pressure is measured whilst the sample volume is slightly perturbed by the extension of piezoelectric crystals. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-03T09:02:54Z VPC volume perturbation calorimetry volume-controlled scanning calorimetry volume-perturbation calorimetry CHMO:0002090 volume perturbation calorimetry CHMO:0002090 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. The temperature and pressure is measured whilst the sample volume is slightly perturbed by the extension of piezoelectric crystals. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-022X(89)90079-1 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure (10-100 atm) is kept constant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-03T09:08:14Z PPC pressure-perturbation calorimetry CHMO:0002091 pressure perturbation calorimetry CHMO:0002091 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure (10-100 atm) is kept constant. https://doi.org/10.1039/b901695c A method for determining the exact amount of an analyte by adding an equivalent amount of a reagent of exactly known concentration to the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-03T09:40:56Z CHMO:0002092 volumetry CHMO:0002092 A method for determining the exact amount of an analyte by adding an equivalent amount of a reagent of exactly known concentration to the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for separating cells, where each one is suspended in a single aqueous droplet. A fluorogenic substrate is embedded in each cell and any cellular enzymes present bind to it producing fluorescence. The droplets then flow over a microfluidic chip which sorts each one according to the intensity of the fluorescence. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T08:53:28Z FADS fluorescence activated droplet sorting CHMO:0002093 fluorescence-activated droplet sorting CHMO:0002093 A method for separating cells, where each one is suspended in a single aqueous droplet. A fluorogenic substrate is embedded in each cell and any cellular enzymes present bind to it producing fluorescence. The droplets then flow over a microfluidic chip which sorts each one according to the intensity of the fluorescence. https://doi.org/10.1039/b902504a The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the neutral buoyancy of an object (the point at which it maintains a constant depth) in the solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-03T09:43:13Z neutral buoyancy densitometry neutral-buoyancy densiometry neutral-buoyancy densitometry CHMO:0002094 neutral buoyancy densiometry CHMO:0002094 The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the neutral buoyancy of an object (the point at which it maintains a constant depth) in the solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the density of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-03T09:43:27Z densiometric measurements densitometric measurements densitometry CHMO:0002095 densiometry CHMO:0002095 The measurement of the density of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the resonant frequency of a quartz U-tube which holds about 1 mL of sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-03T09:45:03Z vibrating tube densiometry vibrating tube densitometry CHMO:0002096 vibrating-tube densiometry CHMO:0002096 The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the resonant frequency of a quartz U-tube which holds about 1 mL of sample. https://doi.org/10.1039/b901695c A detection method that is sensitive to peptides. Anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides inducing fragmentation of the peptide backbone. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T09:02:51Z electron transfer dissociation ETD CHMO:0002097 electron transfer detection CHMO:0002097 A detection method that is sensitive to peptides. Anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides inducing fragmentation of the peptide backbone. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402700101 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, where anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides (resulting in fragmentation) between each mass-selection stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T09:37:08Z ETD MS/MS ETD-MS-MS ETD-MS/MS ETD-MS2 electron transfer detection tandem mass spectrometry electron transfer dissociation tandem mass spectroscopy electron-transfer dissociation-tandem mass spectrometry electron-transfer dissociation-tandem mass spectroscopy CHMO:0002098 electron transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0002098 Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, where anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides (resulting in fragmentation) between each mass-selection stage. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac801560k The recording of an interference pattern on a photographic film. Coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object and combined at the film with light from a reference beam. Both the phase and amplitude of the light scattered by the object is recorded. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T09:52:01Z laser holography optical holography CHMO:0002099 holography CHMO:0002099 The recording of an interference pattern on a photographic film. Coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object and combined at the film with light from a reference beam. Both the phase and amplitude of the light scattered by the object is recorded. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T10:15:57Z FWM spectroscopy four-wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy CHMO:0002100 four-wave mixing spectroscopy CHMO:0002100 Spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where three femtosecond pulse incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T10:16:43Z femtosecond two-colour four-wave spectroscopy fsTC-FWM spectroscopy CHMO:0002101 femtosecond two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy CHMO:0002101 Spectroscopy where three femtosecond pulse incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where one laser beam is split into three beams. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T10:22:58Z DFWM spectroscopy degenerate four-wave spectroscopy CHMO:0002102 degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy CHMO:0002102 Spectroscopy where one laser beam is split into three beams. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T10:24:01Z TC-FWM spectroscopy CHMO:0002103 two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy CHMO:0002103 Spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where three incident terahertz laser beams are mixed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T10:28:27Z CHMO:0002104 terahertz four-wave mixing spectroscopy CHMO:0002104 Spectroscopy where three incident terahertz laser beams are mixed. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T10:55:54Z CHMO:0002105 X-ray diffractometer CHMO:0002105 A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The process of making a polymer blend by mechanically mixing different polymers together in the melt. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T11:06:28Z mechanical mixing CHMO:0002106 physical blending CHMO:0002106 The process of making a polymer blend by mechanically mixing different polymers together in the melt. ISBN:1569902372 Oximetry used to determine the extent of oxygenation of an enzyme, based on the absorption of light by the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T11:22:43Z CHMO:0002107 enzyme oximetry CHMO:0002107 Oximetry used to determine the extent of oxygenation of an enzyme, based on the absorption of light by the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T12:47:53Z CHMO:0002108 oximetry CHMO:0002108 A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Oximetry used to determine the extent of oxygenation of haemoglobin based on the red (600-750 nm) and infrared (800-1000 nm) light absorption characteristics of the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T12:48:35Z CHMO:0002109 pulse oximetry CHMO:0002109 Oximetry used to determine the extent of oxygenation of haemoglobin based on the red (600-750 nm) and infrared (800-1000 nm) light absorption characteristics of the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample by measuring the enhancement of relaxation rates (proportional to O2 concentration) of paramagnetic species ('labels' or 'probes', e.g. nitroxides) in solution with O2, using ESR spectroscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T12:48:47Z EPR oximetry EPR spin-label oximetry EPR spin-probe oximetry ESR oximetry ESR spin-label oximetry ESR spin-probe oximetry electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry electron paramagnetic resonance spin-label oximetry electron paramagnetic resonance spin-probe oximetry electron spin resonance spin-label oximetry electron spin resonance spin-probe oximetry spin-label oximetry spin-probe oximetry CHMO:0002110 electron spin resonance oximetry CHMO:0002110 A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample by measuring the enhancement of relaxation rates (proportional to O2 concentration) of paramagnetic species ('labels' or 'probes', e.g. nitroxides) in solution with O2, using ESR spectroscopy. ISBN:1600214231 A technique used to determine the amount of oxygen in sample based on the absorption of laser radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T12:49:30Z CHMO:0002111 laser oximetry CHMO:0002111 A technique used to determine the amount of oxygen in sample based on the absorption of laser radiation. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.238814 A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarisation from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T01:06:35Z DNP oximetry dynamic nuclear polarization oximetry CHMO:0002112 dynamic nuclear polarisation oximetry CHMO:0002112 A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarisation from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. ISBN:1600214231 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised near-infrared radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T01:44:31Z NIR-MCD NIR-MCD spectrometry NIR-MCD spectroscopy NIRMCD near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectrometry CHMO:0002113 near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0002113 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised near-infrared radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. FIX:0001136 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser (called a 'Kugelrohr') where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for small amounts of samples with high boiling points (usually >300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T01:47:30Z CHMO:0002114 Kugelrohr distillation CHMO:0002114 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser (called a 'Kugelrohr') where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for small amounts of samples with high boiling points (usually >300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of % oxygen vs. time, measured during a process where oxygen is consumed or evolved. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T01:53:59Z oximetric data oximetry data oximetry spectra CHMO:0002115 oximetry spectrum CHMO:0002115 A plot of % oxygen vs. time, measured during a process where oxygen is consumed or evolved. https://doi.org/10.1039/b006860h Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the resonant frequency of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T02:26:05Z FM-AFM frequency modulation AFM frequency modulation atomic force microscopy frequency-modulation AFM CHMO:0002116 frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy CHMO:0002116 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the resonant frequency of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen that is immersed in a liquid cell. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-06T02:30:09Z liquid AFM solution atomic force microscopy solution-state AFM solution-state atomic force microscopy CHMO:0002117 liquid atomic force microscopy CHMO:0002117 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen that is immersed in a liquid cell. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CHMO:0002118 true The measurement of the size distribution in a collection of grains. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-08T09:57:28Z CHMO:0002119 granulometry CHMO:0002119 The measurement of the size distribution in a collection of grains. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that transmits a narrow band of wavelengths of light or other radiation (e.g. X-rays) chosen from a wider range of wavelengths available at the input. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-08T10:17:24Z CHMO:0002120 monochromator CHMO:0002120 A piece of apparatus that transmits a narrow band of wavelengths of light or other radiation (e.g. X-rays) chosen from a wider range of wavelengths available at the input. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a quartz or alumina chamber, a balance, a sample pan and a heating mechanism, which is used to record the mass of a sample as a function of increasing temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-08T10:19:18Z TGA instrument thermo-gravimetric apparatus thermogravimetric analysis apparatus thermogravimetric analyzer thermogravimetric apparatus TG TGA CHMO:0002121 thermogravimetric analyser CHMO:0002121 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a quartz or alumina chamber, a balance, a sample pan and a heating mechanism, which is used to record the mass of a sample as a function of increasing temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an anode (the specimen) a cathode (the source of sputter atoms or 'target') and a magnet, all held inside a vacuum chamber, which is used to coat specimens with a thin layer of atoms (e.g. Au) prior to microscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-08T10:37:10Z CHMO:0002122 sputter coater CHMO:0002122 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an anode (the specimen) a cathode (the source of sputter atoms or 'target') and a magnet, all held inside a vacuum chamber, which is used to coat specimens with a thin layer of atoms (e.g. Au) prior to microscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the overall charge a particle acquires in a specific medium. A number of different experimental methods can be used including electrophoretic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-08T10:41:53Z zeta potential analysis zeta potential measurement zeta-potential analysis zeta-potential measurements zeta-potential studies CHMO:0002123 zeta-potential measurement CHMO:0002123 The measurement of the overall charge a particle acquires in a specific medium. A number of different experimental methods can be used including electrophoretic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-08T04:06:02Z CHMO:0002124 blow drying CHMO:0002124 The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with several finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beams under vacuum and using the phase contrast between transmitted interfering electron waves. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-08T04:08:57Z HRTEM image high resolution (HR) TEM images high-resolution TEM image high-resolution TEM images high-resolution transmission electron image high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image phase contrast TEM image phase-contrast TEM image phase-contrast TEM images phase-contrast TEM micrograph phase-contrast transmission electron micrograph phase-contrast transmission electron microphotograph phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image CHMO:0002125 high-resolution transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002125 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with several finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beams under vacuum and using the phase contrast between transmitted interfering electron waves. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-08T04:13:06Z CHMO:0002126 amplifier CHMO:0002126 A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that is used to increase the amplitude of either the voltage or the current output from a patch-clamp (ion-channel measurement) experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-08T04:17:42Z patch clamp amplifier CHMO:0002127 patch-clamp amplifier CHMO:0002127 A piece of apparatus that is used to increase the amplitude of either the voltage or the current output from a patch-clamp (ion-channel measurement) experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 73Ge nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-08T04:21:33Z 73Ge NMR 73Ge NMR spectrometry 73Ge NMR spectroscopy 73Ge nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 73Ge-NMR germanium-73 NMR germanium-73 magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002128 73Ge nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002128 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 73Ge nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52758 rsc:pr An NMR experiment used to enhance the sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to the spin-spin relaxation rate (T2) and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. The solid sample is spun rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) to reduce line broadening. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T09:45:38Z MAS QCPMG MAS-QCPMG QCPMG MAS QCPMG-MAS CHMO:0002129 quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill using magic-angle spinning CHMO:0002129 An NMR experiment used to enhance the sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to the spin-spin relaxation rate (T2) and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. The solid sample is spun rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) to reduce line broadening. rsc:pr An NMR experiment for 73Ge nuclei where spin-spin (T2) relaxation times are measured whilst the solid sample is spun rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) to reduce line broadening. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T09:51:58Z 73Ge MAS QCPMG 73Ge MAS-QCPMG 73Ge QCPMG MAS 73Ge QCPMG-MAS 73Ge QCPMG-MAS NMR CHMO:0002130 73Ge quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill using magic-angle spinning CHMO:0002130 An NMR experiment for 73Ge nuclei where spin-spin (T2) relaxation times are measured whilst the solid sample is spun rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) to reduce line broadening. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 73Ge nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T09:55:04Z 73Ge MAS NMR 73Ge MAS-NMR 73Ge-MAS-NMR CHMO:0002131 73Ge magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002131 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 73Ge nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for germanium-73 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T09:58:48Z 73Ge NMR spectra 73Ge NMR spectrum germanium-73 NMR spectra germanium-73 NMR spectrum CHMO:0002132 germanium-73 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0002132 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for germanium-73 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 67Zn nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T10:01:36Z 67Zn NMR 67Zn NMR spectrometry 67Zn NMR spectroscopy 67Zn-NMR zinc-67 NMR CHMO:0002133 67Zn nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002133 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 67Zn nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52761 rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 25Mg nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T10:04:43Z 25Mg NMR 25Mg NMR spectrometry 25Mg NMR spectroscopy 25Mg nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 25Mg-NMR magnesium-25 NMR magnesium-25 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002134 25Mg nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002134 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 25Mg nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. CHEBI:52763 rsc:pr Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas and the stationary phase is a chiral, high-boiling-point, thermally-stable liquid such as a chiral polysiloxane. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T10:14:07Z CSP GC CSP-GC GC on a chiral stationary phase chiral GC CHMO:0002135 chiral stationary phase gas chromatography CHMO:0002135 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas and the stationary phase is a chiral, high-boiling-point, thermally-stable liquid such as a chiral polysiloxane. ISBN:0199632715 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small chiral particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T10:17:20Z CSP HPLC CSP-HPLC HPLC on a chiral stationary phase chiral HPLC chiral stationary phase high-pressure liquid chromatography CHMO:0002136 chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0002136 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small chiral particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. https://doi.org/10.1039/b910475e An NMR experiment used to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of quadropolar nucei by acquiring multiple spin echos with the intensity decay of the echos proportional to T2. In the solid state, this is also used to enhance sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to T2 and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T10:35:33Z QCPMG experiment CHMO:0002137 quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill experiment CHMO:0002137 An NMR experiment used to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of quadropolar nucei by acquiring multiple spin echos with the intensity decay of the echos proportional to T2. In the solid state, this is also used to enhance sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to T2 and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. rsc:pr A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T10:41:38Z QCPMG spectra QCPMG spectrum solid-state QCPMG spectra solid-state QCPMG spectum CHMO:0002138 solid-state quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum CHMO:0002138 A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. rsc:pr A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. Line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T10:44:32Z MAS QCPMG spectra MAS QCPMG spectum MAS-QCPMG spectra MAS-QCPMG spectrum QCPMG MAS spectra QCPMG MAS spectrum QCPMG-MAS spectra QCPMG-MAS spectrum CHMO:0002139 magic-angle spinning quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum CHMO:0002139 A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. Line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency for 73Ge nuclei vs. intensity, composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. Line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T10:50:20Z 73Ge MAS QCPMG spectra 73Ge MAS QCPMG spectum 73Ge MAS-QCPMG spectra 73Ge MAS-QCPMG spectrum 73Ge QCPMG MAS spectra 73Ge QCPMG MAS spectrum 73Ge QCPMG-MAS spectra 73Ge QCPMG-MAS spectrum CHMO:0002140 germanium-73 magic-angle spinning quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum CHMO:0002140 A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency for 73Ge nuclei vs. intensity, composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. Line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence and the sample is held inside a single fused silica microcapillary under high pressure (up to 300 MPa). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T06:24:34Z high pressure FCS high pressure fluorescence correlation spectroscopy high-pressure FCS CHMO:0002141 high-pressure fluorescence correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002141 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence and the sample is held inside a single fused silica microcapillary under high pressure (up to 300 MPa). FIX:0000760 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74694-3 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a continuous sine wave and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T06:30:20Z CSCV continuous scan CV continuous scan cyclic voltammetry continuous-scan CV CHMO:0002142 continuous-scan cyclic voltammetry CHMO:0002142 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a continuous sine wave and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. FIX:0000762 https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(92)90020-E The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T06:37:39Z CHMO:0002143 conductometric titration CHMO:0002143 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution. FIX:0000771 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution, the current is provided by a high-frequency source. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T06:43:40Z high frequency conductometric titration CHMO:0002144 high-frequency conductometric titration CHMO:0002144 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution, the current is provided by a high-frequency source. FIX:0000774 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60125a033 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by the observing the precipitation of silver compounds following the addition of silver nitrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-09T06:46:28Z argentimetric titration CHMO:0002145 argentometric titration CHMO:0002145 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by the observing the precipitation of silver compounds following the addition of silver nitrate. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac000666b Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-11T12:11:10Z CHMO:0002146 patterning CHMO:0002146 Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any patterning technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-11T12:12:17Z CHMO:0002147 electrokinetic patterning CHMO:0002147 Any patterning technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-11T12:12:38Z optically-induced electrokinetic patterning opto-electrokinetic patterning optoelectrokinetic patterning CHMO:0002148 optically induced electrokinetic patterning CHMO:0002148 Any technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. Particles suspended in DI water are placed between two parallel ITO electrodes biased with an AC signal. Light of wavelength 1064 nm is used to heat the fluid sample and induce an electrohydrodynamic microvortex, bringing the particles towards its centre, forming a pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-11T12:13:07Z REP CHMO:0002149 rapid electrokinetic patterning CHMO:0002149 A technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. Particles suspended in DI water are placed between two parallel ITO electrodes biased with an AC signal. Light of wavelength 1064 nm is used to heat the fluid sample and induce an electrohydrodynamic microvortex, bringing the particles towards its centre, forming a pattern. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810787d A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids as micrometre-sized droplets by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-11T03:52:20Z microemulsion methods microemulsion technique CHMO:0002150 microemulsion method CHMO:0002150 A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids as micrometre-sized droplets by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-11T04:28:44Z CHMO:0002151 passivation CHMO:0002151 Any process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodisation proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-11T04:30:04Z anodization CHMO:0002152 anodisation CHMO:0002152 An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodisation proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any eletrochemical process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-11T04:45:20Z electrolytic passivation CHMO:0002153 electrochemical passivation CHMO:0002153 Any eletrochemical process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The deposition of a layer of metal on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallisation including evaporation and sputter coating. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-13T01:06:46Z metal deposition metalization metallization CHMO:0002154 metallisation CHMO:0002154 The deposition of a layer of metal on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallisation including evaporation and sputter coating. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The deposition of a layer of aluminium on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallisation including evaporation and sputter coating. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-13T01:10:59Z Al metalization Al metallisation Al metallization aluminium metallization aluminum metalization aluminum metallization CHMO:0002155 aluminium metallisation CHMO:0002155 The deposition of a layer of aluminium on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallisation including evaporation and sputter coating. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The deposition of a layer of silane-like molecules on a surface (e.g. glass or mica) through self-assembly. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-13T01:14:15Z silanization CHMO:0002156 silanisation CHMO:0002156 The deposition of a layer of silane-like molecules on a surface (e.g. glass or mica) through self-assembly. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-13T01:17:32Z deionization CHMO:0002157 deionisation method CHMO:0002157 The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of producing large single crystals (of semiconductors or metals) by inserting a small seed crystal into a crucible filled with similar molten material, then slowly pulling the seed up from the melt while rotating it. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-13T01:35:58Z CHMO:0002158 Czochralski process CHMO:0002158 A method of producing large single crystals (of semiconductors or metals) by inserting a small seed crystal into a crucible filled with similar molten material, then slowly pulling the seed up from the melt while rotating it. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for preparing synthetic gemstones. A finely powdered sample is melted in an hydrogen-oxygen flame (2000 °C) and crystallising the melted droplets on a boule (a single crystal). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-13T01:37:26Z flame fusion CHMO:0002159 Verneuil process CHMO:0002159 A method for preparing synthetic gemstones. A finely powdered sample is melted in an hydrogen-oxygen flame (2000 °C) and crystallising the melted droplets on a boule (a single crystal). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of growing a single crystal 'ingot' or 'boule'. The polycrystalline sample is heated in a container above its melting point and slowly cooled from one end where a seed crystal is located. Single crystal material is then progressively formed along the length of the container. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-13T01:43:03Z Bridgman technique Bridgman-Stockbarger technique CHMO:0002160 Bridgeman technique CHMO:0002160 A method of growing a single crystal 'ingot' or 'boule'. The polycrystalline sample is heated in a container above its melting point and slowly cooled from one end where a seed crystal is located. Single crystal material is then progressively formed along the length of the container. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The deposition of a layer of metal on DNA by chemically reducing DNA-complexed metal salts (e.g., Ag, Pd, Pt, and Cu). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-13T02:05:02Z DNA metalization DNA metallization CHMO:0002161 DNA metallisation CHMO:0002161 The deposition of a layer of metal on DNA by chemically reducing DNA-complexed metal salts (e.g., Ag, Pd, Pt, and Cu). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja055517v A plot of volume of titrant vs. an independent variable (e.g., pH or enthalpy) obtained from a titration experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-13T04:23:05Z titration data titration plot CHMO:0002162 titration curve CHMO:0002162 A plot of volume of titrant vs. an independent variable (e.g., pH or enthalpy) obtained from a titration experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The application of a thin cover to a sample by depositing consecutive drops of a solution on its surface, and allowing the solvent to evaporate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-14T09:53:36Z drop-coating CHMO:0002163 drop coating CHMO:0002163 The application of a thin cover to a sample by depositing consecutive drops of a solution on its surface, and allowing the solvent to evaporate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of the settling of metal ions from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-14T10:01:47Z metal ion deposition CHMO:0002164 metal-ion deposition CHMO:0002164 The process of the settling of metal ions from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of Raman spectroscopy where the spectral signal is enhanced by pre-concentration of the sample. Drops of the sample in solution are deposited onto a surface and dry in a 'coffee-ring' pattern. Spectra are then obtained from this ring of excess of material, after evaporation has completed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-14T10:12:49Z DCD Raman spectroscopy DCDR DCDR spectroscopy drop coating deposition Raman (DCDR) spectroscopy drop-coating deposition Raman spectroscopy drop-coating-deposition Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0002165 drop coating deposition Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0002165 A type of Raman spectroscopy where the spectral signal is enhanced by pre-concentration of the sample. Drops of the sample in solution are deposited onto a surface and dry in a 'coffee-ring' pattern. Spectra are then obtained from this ring of excess of material, after evaporation has completed. https://doi.org/10.1039/b701541k A thick-walled steel vessel used during synthesis methods that require both high pressures and high temperatures. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-15T01:19:11Z CHMO:0002166 autoclave CHMO:0002166 A thick-walled steel vessel used during synthesis methods that require both high pressures and high temperatures. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s. The ethylene glycol acts as both the solvent and reducing agent. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-15T01:40:35Z polyol process CHMO:0002167 polyol method CHMO:0002167 The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s. The ethylene glycol acts as both the solvent and reducing agent. ISBN:1848009356 The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s heated by microwave irradiation. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-15T01:43:07Z MW-polyol method microwave-assisted polyol method microwave-polyol method CHMO:0002168 microwave-polyol method CHMO:0002168 The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s heated by microwave irradiation. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2009.478 The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol) which is irradiated with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-15T01:44:23Z ultrasonically-assisted polyol method CHMO:0002169 ultrasound-assisted polyol method CHMO:0002169 The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol) which is irradiated with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-15T01:53:16Z AFM image AFM images atomic force microscope (AFM) image atomic force microscope (AFM) images atomic force microscope image atomic force microscope images atomic force microscopy image atomic force microscopy images CHMO:0002170 atomic force micrograph CHMO:0002170 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. ISBN:1860941990 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the drop in amplitude of the oscillating cantilever as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-15T01:57:10Z phase AFM image phase AFM images phase atomic force microscope (AFM) image phase atomic force microscope (AFM) images phase atomic force microscope image phase atomic force microscope images phase atomic force microscopy image phase atomic force microscopy images CHMO:0002171 phase atomic force micrograph CHMO:0002171 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the drop in amplitude of the oscillating cantilever as a function of position. ISBN:1860941990 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the height moved by the tip as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-15T01:57:13Z AFM height image AFM topography image height AFM image height AFM images height atomic force microscope (AFM) image height atomic force microscope (AFM) images height atomic force microscope image height atomic force microscope images height atomic force microscopy image height atomic force microscopy images topography AFM image topography AFM images topological AFM image topological atomic force micrograph CHMO:0002172 height atomic force micrograph CHMO:0002172 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the height moved by the tip as a function of position. ISBN:1860941990 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-15T01:57:16Z amplitude AFM image amplitude AFM images amplitude atomic force microscope (AFM) image amplitude atomic force microscope (AFM) images amplitude atomic force microscope image amplitude atomic force microscope images amplitude atomic force microscopy image amplitude atomic force microscopy images CHMO:0002173 amplitude atomic force micrograph CHMO:0002173 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-16T09:38:11Z MS detection CHMO:0002174 mass detection CHMO:0002174 A detection method where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-16T02:18:04Z LSPR spectroscopy localised SPR spectroscopy localized SPR spectroscopy localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002175 localised surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002175 Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of reflectance vs. incident frequency or angle obtained by measuring the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-16T02:19:49Z LSPR spectra LSPR spectrum localised surface plasmon resonance spectra localized surface plasmon resonance spectra localized surface plasmon resonance spectrum CHMO:0002176 localised surface plasmon resonance spectrum CHMO:0002176 A plot of reflectance vs. incident frequency or angle obtained by measuring the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Microscopy where the sample is illuminated with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-16T02:28:55Z dark-field optical microscopy darkfield microscopy darkfield optical microscopy CHMO:0002177 dark-field microscopy CHMO:0002177 Microscopy where the sample is illuminated with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T11:43:07Z dark-field microscope image dark-field optical image CHMO:0002178 dark-field optical micrograph CHMO:0002178 An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a dark-field optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T02:15:34Z DFOMS SNOMS dark-field single-nanoparticle optical microscopy and spectroscopy darkfield optical microscopy and spectroscopy CHMO:0002179 dark-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy CHMO:0002179 Spectroscopy where a dark-field optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. https://doi.org/10.1039/bnr00053d A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, condenser and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. In an inverted microscope the light source and condenser are mounted above the stage, while the objective lens and turret are mounted below the stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T04:06:13Z inverted optical microscope CHMO:0002180 inverted microscope CHMO:0002180 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, condenser and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. In an inverted microscope the light source and condenser are mounted above the stage, while the objective lens and turret are mounted below the stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a CCD (a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge) and then reproduces an image of the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T04:14:40Z CCD camera charge coupled device (CCD) camera charge coupled device camera charge-coupled device (CCD) digital camera CHMO:0002181 charge-coupled-device camera CHMO:0002181 A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a CCD (a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge) and then reproduces an image of the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a potential difference. The device contains a gain register that amplifies the electrical signal by impact ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T04:26:59Z EMCCD Impactron CCD L3CCD L3Vision CCD electron multiplying CCD electron multiplying charge coupled device electron-multiplying CCD CHMO:0002182 electron-multiplying charge-coupled device CHMO:0002182 A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a potential difference. The device contains a gain register that amplifies the electrical signal by impact ionisation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a EMCCD and then reproduces an image of the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T04:31:23Z EMCCD camera electron multiplying charge coupled device camera electron-multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera CHMO:0002183 electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device camera CHMO:0002183 A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a EMCCD and then reproduces an image of the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the amount of light transmitted through a sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T05:04:02Z extinction spectroscopy optical transmission spectroscopy CHMO:0002184 optical extinction spectroscopy CHMO:0002184 Spectroscopy where the amount of light transmitted through a sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of extinction (or transmittance) vs. wavelength (or wavenumber) obtained by measuring the amount of radiation transmitted through a sample as a function of the wavelength of the incident radiation. Optical extinction spectra can also be derived theoretically. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T05:12:14Z optical transmission spectrum CHMO:0002185 optical extinction spectrum CHMO:0002185 A plot of extinction (or transmittance) vs. wavelength (or wavenumber) obtained by measuring the amount of radiation transmitted through a sample as a function of the wavelength of the incident radiation. Optical extinction spectra can also be derived theoretically. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarised laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarisation of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T05:26:01Z polarization spectroscopy PS CHMO:0002186 polarisation spectroscopy CHMO:0002186 Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarised laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarisation of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where a spectral shift, in fluorescence spectrum, which depends on the phase of lipid membranes is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T05:26:54Z GP spectroscopy generalized polarization spectroscopy CHMO:0002187 generalised polarisation spectroscopy CHMO:0002187 Spectroscopy where a spectral shift, in fluorescence spectrum, which depends on the phase of lipid membranes is measured. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68764-1 Spectroscopy where the difference between the red and blue fluorescence emission of the fluorescent probe laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2- dimethylaminonaphthalene), which depends on the phase of lipid membranes, is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T05:27:23Z Laurdan generalized polarization spectroscopy generalized polarization of Laurdan fluorescence laurdan fluorescence spectroscopy laurdan generalized polarization (GP) measurements laurdan generalized polarization spectroscopy CHMO:0002188 laurdan generalised polarisation spectroscopy CHMO:0002188 Spectroscopy where the difference between the red and blue fluorescence emission of the fluorescent probe laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2- dimethylaminonaphthalene), which depends on the phase of lipid membranes, is measured. ISBN:3540307001 A type of chemical imaging where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for fluorescence spectroscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-17T05:42:41Z flourescence imaging CHMO:0002189 microspectrofluorometry CHMO:0002189 A type of chemical imaging where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for fluorescence spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1039/b317047k Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a powder and the X-rays are incident on the sample at small angles (0-10 degrees). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-21T09:04:40Z low-angle powder X-ray diffraction data low-angle powder X-ray diffraction pattern small-angle powder X-ray diffraction pattern CHMO:0002190 small-angle powder X-ray diffraction data CHMO:0002190 Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a powder and the X-rays are incident on the sample at small angles (0-10 degrees). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A patterning technique that involves the self-assembly of nanospheres into a two-dimensional mask (by e.g. spin coating or drop coating). Following self-assembly, a metal is then deposited (e.g. by thermal evaporation, electron beam deposition or pulsed laser deposition) and the nanosphere mask is removed by sonicating the entire sample in a solvent, leaving behind the pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-21T10:12:29Z NSL CHMO:0002191 nanosphere lithography CHMO:0002191 A patterning technique that involves the self-assembly of nanospheres into a two-dimensional mask (by e.g. spin coating or drop coating). Following self-assembly, a metal is then deposited (e.g. by thermal evaporation, electron beam deposition or pulsed laser deposition) and the nanosphere mask is removed by sonicating the entire sample in a solvent, leaving behind the pattern. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp010657m A process for applying a thin cover to flat substrates by placing a drop of the coating solution on the substrate and then placing it inside a cooled box (to control the speed of evaporation) at an angle of 9° (to initiate evaporation evaporation from the top of the substrate). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-21T10:15:31Z thermo-electric cooled angle coating thermo-electrically cooled angle coating CHMO:0002192 thermoelectrically cooled angle coating CHMO:0002192 A process for applying a thin cover to flat substrates by placing a drop of the coating solution on the substrate and then placing it inside a cooled box (to control the speed of evaporation) at an angle of 9° (to initiate evaporation evaporation from the top of the substrate). https://doi.org/10.1021/la00009a012 A synthesis method in which colloidal particle suspensions in thin evaporating films spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-21T10:29:22Z convective assembly CHMO:0002193 convective self-assembly CHMO:0002193 A synthesis method in which colloidal particle suspensions in thin evaporating films spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions. https://doi.org/10.1039/b612091a Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. In epifluorescence microscopy light is transmitted through the objective lens onto the specimen, eliminating the need to filter out unwanted light directly from the source. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-21T10:34:34Z CHMO:0002194 epifluorescence microscopy CHMO:0002194 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. In epifluorescence microscopy light is transmitted through the objective lens onto the specimen, eliminating the need to filter out unwanted light directly from the source. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The specimen is stained with heavy metals salts (e.g. uranyl acetate) to improve contrast. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-21T01:15:45Z negative stained transmission electron micrograph negative-stain TEM image negative-stain TEM images negative-stain TEM micrograph negative-stain TEM micrographs negative-stained TEM image negatively stained TEM image negatively stained transmission electron micrograph negatively-stained TEM micrograph negatively-stained TEM micrographs CHMO:0002195 negative-stained transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002195 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The specimen is stained with heavy metals salts (e.g. uranyl acetate) to improve contrast. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any process that involves preparing or exciting a sample for a subsequent reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-21T03:00:23Z CHMO:0002196 activation CHMO:0002196 Any process that involves preparing or exciting a sample for a subsequent reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process that involves improving the adhesion properties of a sample using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-21T03:01:01Z plasma functionalisation plasma functionalization CHMO:0002197 plasma activation CHMO:0002197 A process that involves improving the adhesion properties of a sample using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-22T09:23:11Z re-crystallisation re-crystallization recrystallization CHMO:0002198 recrystallisation CHMO:0002198 A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus consisting of a motor unit that rotates the evaporation flask, a vacuum system, a heated water bath and a condenser, which is used to remove solvents from samples under reduced pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-22T09:35:05Z Rotavapor rotavap CHMO:0002199 rotary evaporator CHMO:0002199 A piece of apparatus consisting of a motor unit that rotates the evaporation flask, a vacuum system, a heated water bath and a condenser, which is used to remove solvents from samples under reduced pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that is used to measure the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes for both a sample and a reference. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-23T10:05:13Z CHMO:0002200 differential scanning calorimeter CHMO:0002200 A piece of apparatus that is used to measure the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes for both a sample and a reference. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-23T03:39:09Z MALDI mass spectra MALDI mass spectrum MALDI spectra MALDI spectrum matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectra matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrum CHMO:0002201 matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrum CHMO:0002201 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A mass spectrometer that uses a plate to hold the sample in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) whilst it is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-23T03:47:52Z MALDI mass spectrometer matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometer CHMO:0002202 matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometer CHMO:0002202 A mass spectrometer that uses a plate to hold the sample in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) whilst it is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A extremely flat surface that holds the sample during a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The surface of the plate may be chemically functionalised for a specific sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-23T03:48:32Z MALDI plate CHMO:0002203 matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation plate CHMO:0002203 A extremely flat surface that holds the sample during a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The surface of the plate may be chemically functionalised for a specific sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and drawing off the solvent to leave a polymer film adhering to the mould. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-24T01:41:25Z CHMO:0002204 solvent casting CHMO:0002204 A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and drawing off the solvent to leave a polymer film adhering to the mould. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and particles of known dimension, and drawing off the solvent to leave a composite polymer-particle film adhering to the mould. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-24T01:43:14Z SCPL CHMO:0002205 solvent casting and particulate leaching CHMO:0002205 A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and particles of known dimension, and drawing off the solvent to leave a composite polymer-particle film adhering to the mould. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique used to isolate and purify polymers. The polymer sample is dissolved in a 'good' organic solvent, and this solution is then poured into a 'poor' solvent . Introduction of the polymer to the poor solvent causes the polymer chains to collapse, aggregate and come out of solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-24T02:15:51Z CHMO:0002206 polymer precipitation CHMO:0002206 A technique used to isolate and purify polymers. The polymer sample is dissolved in a 'good' organic solvent, and this solution is then poured into a 'poor' solvent . Introduction of the polymer to the poor solvent causes the polymer chains to collapse, aggregate and come out of solution. ISBN:0873552210 The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a polymer component from the same solution by the formation of a composite by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-24T02:18:50Z CHMO:0002207 polymer co-precipitation CHMO:0002207 The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a polymer component from the same solution by the formation of a composite by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The removal of solvent from a sample, usually by the application of heat. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-24T02:31:03Z drying CHMO:0002208 solvent evaporation CHMO:0002208 The removal of solvent from a sample, usually by the application of heat. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-24T04:41:36Z WAXRD CHMO:0002209 wide-angle X-ray diffraction CHMO:0002209 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where a Pt metal target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin film of Pt, on a substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-24T05:00:41Z Pt sputtering platinum sputtering CHMO:0002210 platinum sputter deposition CHMO:0002210 A synthesis technique where a Pt metal target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin film of Pt, on a substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the powdered sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-24T05:06:55Z WAPXRD wide-angle X-ray powder diffraction CHMO:0002211 wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction CHMO:0002211 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the powdered sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted, by a single particle, due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T01:00:33Z single particle EDS single particle EDX single particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy single particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy single-particle EDS single-particle EDS analysis single-particle EDX single-particle EDX analysis single-particle X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy single-particle X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy single-particle energy dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission analysis CHMO:0002212 single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0002212 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted, by a single particle, due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method used to prepare a polymer sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T01:18:54Z CHMO:0002213 polymer synthesis method CHMO:0002213 Any method used to prepare a polymer sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method for the synthesis of polymer membranes that involves the polymer transforming from the liquid phase of the cast solution to the solid phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T01:20:14Z phase inversion method phase inversion precipitation technique phase-inversion method phase-inversion technique CHMO:0002214 phase inversion technique CHMO:0002214 Any method for the synthesis of polymer membranes that involves the polymer transforming from the liquid phase of the cast solution to the solid phase. https://doi.org/10.1021/la960243y A technique for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing polymer and solvent, then casting this solution onto a surface and allowing the solvent to partially evaporate. The film is them immersed in a nonsolvent causing solidification. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T01:21:07Z Loeb-Sourirajan method Loeb-Sourirajan technique dry-wet phase inversion technique CHMO:0002215 dry-wet phase inversion technique CHMO:0002215 A technique for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing polymer and solvent, then casting this solution onto a surface and allowing the solvent to partially evaporate. The film is them immersed in a nonsolvent causing solidification. ISBN:3540739939 A method for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing the polymer with a substance that acts as a solvent a high temperature and casting the solution into a film. When the solution is cooled, solidification occurs. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T01:23:05Z TIPS thermally-induced phase separation CHMO:0002216 thermally induced phase separation CHMO:0002216 A method for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing the polymer with a substance that acts as a solvent a high temperature and casting the solution into a film. When the solution is cooled, solidification occurs. ISBN:3540739939 Any technique used to purify a sample by forcing it to pass from the solid to gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T03:22:04Z CHMO:0002217 sample sublimation CHMO:0002217 Any technique used to purify a sample by forcing it to pass from the solid to gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for purifying samples by heating the sample under reduced pressure and allowing the fractions to sublime order of increasing sublimation temperature (a function of vapor pressure). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T03:22:24Z CHMO:0002218 fractional sublimation CHMO:0002218 A method for purifying samples by heating the sample under reduced pressure and allowing the fractions to sublime order of increasing sublimation temperature (a function of vapor pressure). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60144a021 A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under vacuum. The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T03:23:24Z vacuum-sublimation method CHMO:0002219 vacuum sublimation CHMO:0002219 A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under vacuum. The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under high vacuum (<0.1 Pa). The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T03:23:35Z high vacuum sublimation CHMO:0002220 high-vacuum sublimation CHMO:0002220 A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under high vacuum (<0.1 Pa). The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for crystal growth where polycrystalline SiC lumps are carefully packed between two concentric graphite tubes. The inner tube is then withdrawn leaving a porous SiC layer inside the outer tube. The outer tube is then heated (~2500 °C) in Ar, causing the SiC powder to sublime and nucleate on a cooler surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T04:03:12Z Lely technique CHMO:0002221 Lely method CHMO:0002221 A method for crystal growth where polycrystalline SiC lumps are carefully packed between two concentric graphite tubes. The inner tube is then withdrawn leaving a porous SiC layer inside the outer tube. The outer tube is then heated (~2500 °C) in Ar, causing the SiC powder to sublime and nucleate on a cooler surface. ISBN:3540003673 A technique for growing crystals of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 °C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed'). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T03:25:09Z modified Lely method seed sublimation seeded sublimation method seeded sublimation technique seeded-sublimation growth technique seeded-sublimation method seeded-sublimation technique CHMO:0002222 seeded sublimation CHMO:0002222 A technique for growing crystals of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 °C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed'). ISBN:0815514530 A technique for growing thick (micrometre) epitaxial layers of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 °C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed') placed a few mm away. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T03:26:30Z SSM close space sublimation close-space sublimation sandwich sublimation method sandwich sublimation technique sandwich-sublimation method sublimation sandwich method sublimation-sandwich method CHMO:0002223 sandwich sublimation CHMO:0002223 A technique for growing thick (micrometre) epitaxial layers of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 °C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed') placed a few mm away. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any synthesis method used to grow crystals. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T04:05:29Z CHMO:0002224 crystal growth method CHMO:0002224 Any synthesis method used to grow crystals. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for growing low-purity polycrystalline SiC. A mixture of silica, carbon, sawdust and NaCl is heated to 2700 °C in a furnace, and the temperature gradually decreased. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T04:20:26Z Acheson technique CHMO:0002225 Acheson method CHMO:0002225 A method for growing low-purity polycrystalline SiC. A mixture of silica, carbon, sawdust and NaCl is heated to 2700 °C in a furnace, and the temperature gradually decreased. ISBN:3540003673 A data set derived from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents X-ray energy. The image is obtained by stacking one EDX spectrum per energy value sequentially. Energy values are characteristic of the elements in the sample thus giving a distribution of elements in the imaged area. EDX chemical maps are sometimes shown in false colour. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T05:13:43Z EDS chemical map EDX chemical map EDX concentration map EDX elemental map EDX map X-ray elemental distribution map energy dispersive X-ray chemical map CHMO:0002226 energy-dispersive X-ray chemical map CHMO:0002226 A data set derived from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents X-ray energy. The image is obtained by stacking one EDX spectrum per energy value sequentially. Energy values are characteristic of the elements in the sample thus giving a distribution of elements in the imaged area. EDX chemical maps are sometimes shown in false colour. ISBN:1402080034 A plot of energy (keV) vs. intensity for X-rays emitted by a sample due to core-to-core transitions, following bombardment with electrons. The energies of the emitted X-rays are characteristic of the elements in the sample, therefore peaks are usually labelled with the corresponding element symbol. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-28T05:21:13Z EDS spectra EDS spectrum EDX data EDX pattern EDX spectra EDX spectrum CHMO:0002227 energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum CHMO:0002227 A plot of energy (keV) vs. intensity for X-rays emitted by a sample due to core-to-core transitions, following bombardment with electrons. The energies of the emitted X-rays are characteristic of the elements in the sample, therefore peaks are usually labelled with the corresponding element symbol. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials using a cone calorimeter. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-29T09:37:53Z CHMO:0002228 cone calorimetry CHMO:0002228 The measurement of thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials using a cone calorimeter. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a cone-shaped heater, a hood to collect evolving gases and a laser beam, that is used to measure thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-29T09:40:58Z CHMO:0002229 cone calorimeter CHMO:0002229 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a cone-shaped heater, a hood to collect evolving gases and a laser beam, that is used to measure thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-29T09:59:13Z CHMO:0002230 ultrasonic dispersion CHMO:0002230 The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any technique used to physically separate an analyte from byproducts, reagents or contaminating substances. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-29T03:59:53Z CHMO:0002231 purification CHMO:0002231 Any technique used to physically separate an analyte from byproducts, reagents or contaminating substances. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus used to measure a spectrum by illumination with visible light. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-29T04:30:04Z CHMO:0002232 spectrophotometer CHMO:0002232 A piece of apparatus used to measure a spectrum by illumination with visible light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type spectroscopy where a sub-ensemble of molecules within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band is selectively excited by means of a narrow-band laser and the fluorescence and phosphorescence signal is detected with a monochromator or interferometer. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-31T10:54:02Z CHMO:0002233 site-selection spectroscopy CHMO:0002233 A type spectroscopy where a sub-ensemble of molecules within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band is selectively excited by means of a narrow-band laser and the fluorescence and phosphorescence signal is detected with a monochromator or interferometer. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.40.100189.002435 A type of laser spectroscopy where a dye laser is used to remove, from an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line, a narrow homogenous line causing the appearance of a dip ( or 'hole') in a spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-31T10:58:46Z hole burning spectroscopy holeburning spectroscopy laser hole-burning spectroscopy spectroscopic hole burning CHMO:0002234 hole-burning spectroscopy CHMO:0002234 A type of laser spectroscopy where a dye laser is used to remove, from an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line, a narrow homogenous line causing the appearance of a dip ( or 'hole') in a spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-31T01:46:06Z AC-HAADF-STEM abberration corrected high angular annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy abberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002235 abberration-corrected high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002235 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200502201 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, a condenser lens, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. An opaque disc is placed underneath the condenser lens, so that only light that is scattered by objects on the slide can reach the eye. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-31T01:56:03Z dark field microscope dark field optical microscope dark-field optical microscope CHMO:0002236 dark-field microscope CHMO:0002236 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, a condenser lens, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. An opaque disc is placed underneath the condenser lens, so that only light that is scattered by objects on the slide can reach the eye. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron- transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50-150 kV under vacuum. X-rays emerging from the sample (as a result of electron bombardment) pass through a slit, then a grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy (which is characteristic of atomic number) is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by a detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-31T04:13:12Z TEM/EDX transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer transmission electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer CHMO:0002237 transmission electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray analyser CHMO:0002237 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron- transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50-150 kV under vacuum. X-rays emerging from the sample (as a result of electron bombardment) pass through a slit, then a grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy (which is characteristic of atomic number) is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by a detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-07-31T04:20:12Z TEM-EDS TEM-EDX TEM/EDS TEM/EDX analysis CHMO:0002238 transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy CHMO:0002238 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Any method used to synthesise carbon nanotubes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-04T05:09:48Z CHMO:0002239 carbon nanotube synthesis method CHMO:0002239 Any method used to synthesise carbon nanotubes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in an inert gas such as He. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-04T05:10:07Z arc discharge method arc method arc-evaporation of graphite dc arc-discharge method direct current arc-discharge method direct-current arc-discharge method CHMO:0002240 arc-discharge method CHMO:0002240 A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in an inert gas such as He. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00446-8 A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in H2 gas. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-04T05:24:50Z H2 arc discharge method H2 dc arc-discharge method hydrogen arc discharge method hydrogen direct current arc-discharge method hydrogen direct-current arc discharge hydrogen direct-current arc-discharge method CHMO:0002241 hydrogen arc-discharge method CHMO:0002241 A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in H2 gas. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00446-8 A plot of heat release (W/m2) vs. time obtained during a calorimetry experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-04T05:58:47Z heat release rate curve heat-release rate curve heat-release-rate curves CHMO:0002242 heat-release-rate curve CHMO:0002242 A plot of heat release (W/m2) vs. time obtained during a calorimetry experiment. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00026g A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser of frequency ω whilst a direct-current electric field is applied, allowing the production of the second harmonic (2ω). This technique is used to induce an asymmetry in an otherwise symmetric material as a probe of the molecular hyperpolarisability. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T11:24:17Z EFISH EFISHG EFISHG spectroscopy electric field induced second harmonic generation electric field induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy electric-field-induced SHG electric-field-induced SHG spectroscopy electric-field-induced second harmonic generation electric-field-induced second-harmonic (EFISH) generation CHMO:0002243 electric-field-induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy CHMO:0002243 A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser of frequency ω whilst a direct-current electric field is applied, allowing the production of the second harmonic (2ω). This technique is used to induce an asymmetry in an otherwise symmetric material as a probe of the molecular hyperpolarisability. ISBN:8122404693 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp037635f Any piece of apparatus used to detect an analyte. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T11:58:48Z CHMO:0002244 detector CHMO:0002244 Any piece of apparatus used to detect an analyte. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detector that uses a silicon chip to convert light into electrical signal. When a photon is absorbed by the Si chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T11:59:36Z CCD (charge coupled device) detector CCD area detector CCD array detector CCD detector charge coupled device array detector charge coupled device detector CHMO:0002245 charge-coupled-device detector CHMO:0002245 A detector that uses a silicon chip to convert light into electrical signal. When a photon is absorbed by the Si chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac990035l A very sensitive room-temperature detector for mid-infrared range measurements that employs temperature-sensitive ferroelectric crystals of deuterated triglycine sulfate. As the temperature and hence polarisability of the crystals changes (due to the absorption of infrared radiation) a charge is generated which is detected by two parallel electrodes. The deuterated form of the crystals are used because they have a higher Curie point. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T12:00:07Z DGTS detector DTGS detector deuterated-triglycine sulfate (DTGS) detector CHMO:0002246 deuterated triglycine sulfate detector CHMO:0002246 A very sensitive room-temperature detector for mid-infrared range measurements that employs temperature-sensitive ferroelectric crystals of deuterated triglycine sulfate. As the temperature and hence polarisability of the crystals changes (due to the absorption of infrared radiation) a charge is generated which is detected by two parallel electrodes. The deuterated form of the crystals are used because they have a higher Curie point. ISBN:0824728246 ISBN:3540404589 A very sensitive temperature-controlled detector for mid-infrared range measurement that employs temperature-sensitive ferroelectric crystals of either deuterated lanthanum triglycine sulfate or deuterated L-alanine doped triglycine sulfate. As the temperature and hence polarisability of the crystals changes (due to the absorption of infrared radiation) a charge is generated which is detected by two parallel electrodes. The deuterated forms of the crystals are used because they have a higher Curie point. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T12:02:27Z DLATGS detector DLaTGS detector dLaTgS detector deuterated L-alanine doped triglycine sulfate. (DLaTGS) detector deuterated lanthanum triglycine sulfate (DLATGS) detector dlatgs detector CHMO:0002247 deuterated lanthanum triglycine sulfate detector CHMO:0002247 A very sensitive temperature-controlled detector for mid-infrared range measurement that employs temperature-sensitive ferroelectric crystals of either deuterated lanthanum triglycine sulfate or deuterated L-alanine doped triglycine sulfate. As the temperature and hence polarisability of the crystals changes (due to the absorption of infrared radiation) a charge is generated which is detected by two parallel electrodes. The deuterated forms of the crystals are used because they have a higher Curie point. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2008.12.020 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040133u A detector for infrared measurements that employs a thin layer of the semiconductor HgCdTe. Incident photons with energy greater than the semiconductor band-gap energy excite electrons into the conduction band, creating an increase in the conductivity of the layer which is detected by two electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T12:03:49Z MCT detector CHMO:0002248 mercury cadmium tellurium detector CHMO:0002248 A detector for infrared measurements that employs a thin layer of the semiconductor HgCdTe. Incident photons with energy greater than the semiconductor band-gap energy excite electrons into the conduction band, creating an increase in the conductivity of the layer which is detected by two electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T06:14:39Z CHMO:0002249 porosimetry CHMO:0002249 The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a thin porous film sample by measuring the changes in intensity and polarisation of reflected light during vapour adsorption and desorption. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T06:16:26Z EP CHMO:0002250 ellipsometric porosimetry CHMO:0002250 The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a thin porous film sample by measuring the changes in intensity and polarisation of reflected light during vapour adsorption and desorption. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.08.334 A method applied to polymer films to increase polymer chain mobility. The film is exposed to a solvent atmosphere at room-temperature causing it to swell. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T03:01:14Z SVA solvent vapor annealing CHMO:0002251 solvent vapour annealing CHMO:0002251 A method applied to polymer films to increase polymer chain mobility. The film is exposed to a solvent atmosphere at room-temperature causing it to swell. https://doi.org/10.1039/b907147d A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a monochromator (for selecting a specific excitation wavelength) and a detector, which is used to measure fluorescence spectra. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T06:38:17Z fluorescence spectrometer fluorescence spectrophotometer fluorimeter fluorometer fluorospectrophotometer spectrofluorometer CHMO:0002252 spectrofluorimeter CHMO:0002252 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a monochromator (for selecting a specific excitation wavelength) and a detector, which is used to measure fluorescence spectra. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a microwave radiation source, a resonator (a cavity), a magnet and a detector, that is used to measure electron spin resonance spectra. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-05T06:48:49Z EPR spectrometer ESR spectrometer electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer CHMO:0002253 electron spin resonance spectrometer CHMO:0002253 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a microwave radiation source, a resonator (a cavity), a magnet and a detector, that is used to measure electron spin resonance spectra. ISBN:047175496X An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. The pH gradient is formed during casting of the gels therefore cannot be altered during the experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-06T04:53:32Z IPG based-IEF IPG-IEF immobilised pH gradient-IEF immobilized pH gradient-IEF immobilized pH gradient-based isoelectric focussing CHMO:0002254 immobilised pH gradient-based isoelectric focusing CHMO:0002254 An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. The pH gradient is formed during casting of the gels therefore cannot be altered during the experiment. ISBN:0896033392 Affinity chromatography where proteins containing amino acids with a specific affinity for metal ions (e.g. His which has an affinity for Co and Zn ions) are retained by the column. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-06T04:59:26Z IMAC immobilised metal affinity chromatography CHMO:0002255 immobilized metal affinity chromatography CHMO:0002255 Affinity chromatography where proteins containing amino acids with a specific affinity for metal ions (e.g. His which has an affinity for Co and Zn ions) are retained by the column. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte-ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-06T05:14:29Z MOAC MOC metal oxide chromatography metal oxides chromatography metal-oxide chromatography CHMO:0002256 metal oxide affinity chromatography CHMO:0002256 A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte-ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200402049 A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte–ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-06T05:30:10Z HAMMOC hydroxy acid-modified MOAC hydroxy acid-modified MOC hydroxy acid-modified metal oxides chromatography hydroxy acid-modified metal-oxide chromatography CHMO:0002257 hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide chromatography CHMO:0002257 A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte–ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200402049 Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a permanent positive charge in aqueous solution, such as quaternary ammonium groups, in the stationary phase. batchelorc 2009-08-10T02:43:38Z SAX chromatography CHMO:0002258 strong-anion-exchange chromatography CHMO:0002258 Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a permanent positive charge in aqueous solution, such as quaternary ammonium groups, in the stationary phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a positive charge only at high pH, such as amine groups, in the stationary phase. batchelorc 2009-08-10T02:56:33Z WAX chromatography CHMO:0002259 weak-anion-exchange chromatography CHMO:0002259 Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a positive charge only at high pH, such as amine groups, in the stationary phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are permanently negatively charged in aqueous conditions, for example aliphatic sulfonic acid groups, in the stationary phase. batchelorc 2009-08-10T03:00:45Z CHMO:0002260 strong-cation-exchange chromatography CHMO:0002260 Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are permanently negatively charged in aqueous conditions, for example aliphatic sulfonic acid groups, in the stationary phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are negatively charged at low pH, for example aliphatic carboxylic acid groups, in the stationary phase. batchelorc 2009-08-10T03:02:20Z CHMO:0002261 weak-cation-exchange chromatography CHMO:0002261 Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are negatively charged at low pH, for example aliphatic carboxylic acid groups, in the stationary phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is hydrophilic, the mobile phase is organic and separation is achieved based on polarity. batchelorc 2009-08-14T10:53:59Z HILIC hydrophilic-interaction chromatography CHMO:0002262 hydrophilic interaction chromatography CHMO:0002262 Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is hydrophilic, the mobile phase is organic and separation is achieved based on polarity. https://doi.org/10.1039/b905580k A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a cation exchanger. batchelorc 2009-08-14T10:59:11Z CHMO:0002263 cation-exchange column CHMO:0002263 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a cation exchanger. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an ion exchanger. batchelorc 2009-08-14T11:10:24Z CHMO:0002264 ion-exchange column CHMO:0002264 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an ion exchanger. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an anion exchanger. batchelorc 2009-08-14T11:11:26Z CHMO:0002265 anion-exchange column CHMO:0002265 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an anion exchanger. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a strong cation exchanger. batchelorc 2009-08-14T11:13:31Z SCX column CHMO:0002266 strong cation-exchange column CHMO:0002266 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a strong cation exchanger. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a weak cation exchanger. batchelorc 2009-08-14T11:14:21Z WCX column CHMO:0002267 weak cation-exchange column CHMO:0002267 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a weak cation exchanger. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a strong anion exchanger. batchelorc 2009-08-14T11:16:01Z SAX column CHMO:0002268 strong anion-exchange column CHMO:0002268 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a strong anion exchanger. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a weak anion exchanger. batchelorc 2009-08-14T11:16:27Z WAX column CHMO:0002269 weak anion-exchange column CHMO:0002269 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a weak anion exchanger. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography where the chromatography column is an ion-exchange column and the mobile phase is predominantly organic. batchelorc 2009-08-14T11:24:05Z ERLIC electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography CHMO:0002270 electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography CHMO:0002270 Hydrophilic interaction chromatography where the chromatography column is an ion-exchange column and the mobile phase is predominantly organic. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac070997p A method for obtaining colloidal solutions of nanoparticles by the condensation of a plasma plume formed by the laser ablation of a bulk metal plate dipped in a solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-17T10:51:13Z LASiS LASiS technique CHMO:0002271 laser ablation synthesis in solution CHMO:0002271 A method for obtaining colloidal solutions of nanoparticles by the condensation of a plasma plume formed by the laser ablation of a bulk metal plate dipped in a solution. https://doi.org/10.1039/b900654k A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-17T01:54:12Z 2-D SAXS 2-dimensional SAXS 2-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering 2D SAXS 2D-SAXS SAXS with 2D detection two-dimensional SAXS CHMO:0002272 two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0002272 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Data which is obtained from an X-ray scattering experiment where two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10 deg). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-17T02:00:44Z 2D SAXS pattern 2D-SAXS image 2D-SAXS pattern two-dimensional (2D) SAXS pattern two-dimensional (2D) SAXS patterns CHMO:0002273 two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering data CHMO:0002273 Data which is obtained from an X-ray scattering experiment where two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10 deg). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction, and the emission of electromagnetic radiation from the sample at characteristic wavelengths is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-18T11:51:48Z SEC-ICP-AES SEC-ICP-OES size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0002274 size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0002274 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction, and the emission of electromagnetic radiation from the sample at characteristic wavelengths is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-19T11:34:28Z N-PAGE NPAGE native PAGE CHMO:0002275 native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0002275 A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-19T11:36:19Z BN-PAGE blue native PAGE blue-native PAGE CHMO:0002276 blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0002276 A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and is used to separate acidic water-soluble and membrane proteins. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-19T11:40:33Z CN-PAGE clear native PAGE clear-native PAGE colorless native PAGE colorless-native PAGE CHMO:0002277 clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0002277 A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and is used to separate acidic water-soluble and membrane proteins. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200500081 A separation method where metalloprotein molecules move at different speeds, in a buffer with pH 10, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and the concentration of metal atoms from the metallproteins is determined by ICP-MS. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-19T11:46:47Z CHMO:0002278 quantitative preparative native continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0002278 A separation method where metalloprotein molecules move at different speeds, in a buffer with pH 10, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and the concentration of metal atoms from the metallproteins is determined by ICP-MS. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-19T12:32:41Z native-native 2D PAGE native-native 2D-PAGE native–native 2D PAGE native–native 2D-PAGE CHMO:0002279 native–native two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0002279 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of column chromatography in which ions in solution can be 'paired' or neutralised and separated as an ion pair on a reversed-phase column. Ion-pairing agents are usually ionic compounds that contain a hydrocarbon chain. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-19T01:58:34Z IPC ion pair chromatography ion pairing chromatography ion-pairing chromatography CHMO:0002280 ion-pair chromatography CHMO:0002280 A type of column chromatography in which ions in solution can be 'paired' or neutralised and separated as an ion pair on a reversed-phase column. Ion-pairing agents are usually ionic compounds that contain a hydrocarbon chain. ISBN:9781439800966 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ion-pair chromatography (where sample ions are 'paired' or neutralised and separated as an ion pair on a reversed-phase column) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-19T02:02:55Z IP-ICP-MS IP-ICP/MS IPC-ICP-MS IPC-ICP/MS ion pairing chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ion-pair chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ion-pair chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy ion-pairing chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0002281 ion-pair chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0002281 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ion-pair chromatography (where sample ions are 'paired' or neutralised and separated as an ion pair on a reversed-phase column) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by scanning the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-20T01:25:52Z STEM image STEM images scanning transmission electron micrographs scanning transmission electron microscopy image scanning transmission electron microscopy images CHMO:0002282 scanning transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002282 An image obtained by scanning the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-20T02:30:26Z e-beam sputtering e-beam sputtering deposition electron beam sputtering electron sputter deposition electron-beam sputtering CHMO:0002283 electron-beam sputter deposition CHMO:0002283 A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. The temporal and spatial correlation between adjacent pixels, lines and frames is calculated allowing for the mapping of local translational diffusion coefficients. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-20T03:35:34Z RICS raster-scanning image correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002284 raster image correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002284 Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. The temporal and spatial correlation between adjacent pixels, lines and frames is calculated allowing for the mapping of local translational diffusion coefficients. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.068 Microscopy where a metal-coated AFM tip is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field) and an image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the change in the polarisation of incident light when it is reflected from a surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-21T01:12:23Z SNEM CHMO:0002285 scanning near-field ellipsometric microscopy CHMO:0002285 Microscopy where a metal-coated AFM tip is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field) and an image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the change in the polarisation of incident light when it is reflected from a surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00156e Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarised radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T12:48:20Z polarised FTIR polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy polarized FTIR polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0002286 polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0002286 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarised radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) is measured and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T12:53:20Z P-FTIR P/FTIR PFTIR Py-FTIR Py/FTIR py-FTIR pyrolysis FTIR pyrolysis-FTIR CHMO:0002287 pyrolysis Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0002287 Spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) is measured and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp972162w Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarised radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained, recorded as a function of time, is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T12:55:24Z time-resolved polarised FTIR time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectrometry time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy time-resolved polarized FTIR time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infra-red spectrometry time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0002288 time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0002288 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarised radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained, recorded as a function of time, is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a fast Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T01:00:06Z FFT-FTIR FFT/FTIR CHMO:0002289 fast Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0002289 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a fast Fourier transform. FIX:0000647 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie960134e Spectroscopy where the transmission of infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) through a sample is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T01:02:36Z IR transmission spectroscopy IR transmittance spectroscopy infrared transmittance spectroscopy transmission IR CHMO:0002290 infrared transmission spectroscopy CHMO:0002290 Spectroscopy where the transmission of infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) through a sample is detected. FIX:0000661 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). The infrared beam is passed through a diffraction grating which separates (or disperses) the wavelength of the light and directs each wavelength individually through a slit to a detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T01:12:29Z CHMO:0002291 dispersive infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0002291 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). The infrared beam is passed through a diffraction grating which separates (or disperses) the wavelength of the light and directs each wavelength individually through a slit to a detector. FIX:0000649 http://www.thermo.com/eThermo/CMA/PDFs/Product/productPDF_21615.pdf Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm) is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T02:10:05Z NIR SPR near-infrared SPR CHMO:0002292 near-infrared surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002292 Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm) is measured. FIX:0000394 A separation method where magnetic particles move at different speeds according to their magnetic susceptibilities in a separation medium, across which a magnetic field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T02:17:23Z CHMO:0002293 magnetophoresis CHMO:0002293 A separation method where magnetic particles move at different speeds according to their magnetic susceptibilities in a separation medium, across which a magnetic field is applied. FIX:0000689 A technique for separating magnetic and nonmagentic particles by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic field. Magnetic particles are dragged away from their stream into a separate buffer stream, leaving the nonmagnetic particles behind. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T02:23:42Z SPLITT fractionation split flow thin (SPLITT) fractionation CHMO:0002294 split flow thin fractionation CHMO:0002294 A technique for separating magnetic and nonmagentic particles by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic field. Magnetic particles are dragged away from their stream into a separate buffer stream, leaving the nonmagnetic particles behind. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac049183o Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident electrons is usually greater than the ionisation energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T02:32:13Z electron-induced PES CHMO:0002295 electron-induced photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0002295 Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident electrons is usually greater than the ionisation energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. FIX:0000667 CHMO:0002296 true X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T02:52:32Z EIXES electron-induced XES CHMO:0002297 electron-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0002297 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy electrons. FIX:0000682 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy protons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T02:53:46Z proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry proton-induced XES CHMO:0002298 proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy CHMO:0002298 X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy protons. FIX:0000102 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T04:05:09Z CHMO:0002299 phosphorescence detection CHMO:0002299 The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light. FIX:0000426 The detection of luminescence exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T04:12:25Z TL detection CHMO:0002300 thermoluminescence detection CHMO:0002300 The detection of luminescence exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. FIX:0000429 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 13C nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T04:14:21Z 13C-13C COSY 13C-13C correlated spectroscopy CC-COSY CHMO:0002301 13C–13C correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002301 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 13C nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). FIX:0000438 rsc:pr A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and non-polar, while the other is polar and moves in a definite direction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T04:18:04Z RPC reverse phase chromatography reverse-phase chromatography reversed phase chromatography CHMO:0002302 reversed-phase chromatography CHMO:0002302 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and non-polar, while the other is polar and moves in a definite direction. FIX:0000620 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In gradient-elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase is gradually increased during the separation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T04:21:27Z gradient elution chromatography CHMO:0002303 gradient-elution chromatography CHMO:0002303 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In gradient-elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase is gradually increased during the separation. FIX:0000621 ISBN:0123705371 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In isocratic elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase remains constant during the separation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T04:25:03Z isocratic elution chromatography CHMO:0002304 isocratic-elution chromatography CHMO:0002304 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In isocratic elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase remains constant during the separation. FIX:0000624 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In stepwise elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase is increased during the separation as a series of discrete steps. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-24T04:26:19Z stepwise elution chromatography stepwise-elution chromatography CHMO:0002305 step-wise elution chromatography CHMO:0002305 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In stepwise elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase is increased during the separation as a series of discrete steps. FIX:0000622 A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength in the presence of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T04:45:35Z MCD spectra MCD spectrum magnetic CD spectra magnetic CD spectrum magnetic circular dichroism spectra CHMO:0002306 magnetic circular dichroism spectrum CHMO:0002306 A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength in the presence of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A buffer where the pH is maintained by Tris–Htris, where Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-ammonioethanesulfonate equilibria. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T04:47:09Z TRIS-TRICINE buffer TRIS-tricine buffer TRIS–tricine buffer Tris-tricine buffer tris-tricine buffer tris–tricine buffer CHMO:0002307 Tris–tricine buffer CHMO:0002307 A buffer where the pH is maintained by Tris–Htris, where Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-ammonioethanesulfonate equilibria. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a Xe lamp, a sample holder and at least two polarising filters, that is used to measure optical rotations in solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T04:51:44Z CHMO:0002308 spectropolarimeter CHMO:0002308 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a Xe lamp, a sample holder and at least two polarising filters, that is used to measure optical rotations in solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A time-of-flight mass spectrometer that uses an orthogonal-acceleration ion source. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T04:54:47Z QTOF mass spectrometer quadrupolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer Q-TOF MS Q-TOF-MS QTOF MS QTOF-MS CHMO:0002309 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer CHMO:0002309 A time-of-flight mass spectrometer that uses an orthogonal-acceleration ion source. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. ISBN:9780470516348 A mass spectrometer which uses two time-of-flight mass-to-charge analysers in sequence to separate ions. The first time-of-flight analyser isolates precursor ions of choice using a velocity filter, and the second time-of-flight analyser detects the fragment ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T05:01:36Z TOF/TOF mass spectrometer tandem (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometer tandem TOF mass spectrometer CHMO:0002310 tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer CHMO:0002310 A mass spectrometer which uses two time-of-flight mass-to-charge analysers in sequence to separate ions. The first time-of-flight analyser isolates precursor ions of choice using a velocity filter, and the second time-of-flight analyser detects the fragment ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An imaging technique where a beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected as a function of wavelength and position. As these energies are element-specific, X-ray fluorescence microscopy can be used to determine spatially-resolved elemental composition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T05:09:12Z X-ray fluorescence imaging XFM XRF imaging x-ray fluorescence microprobe (XFM) analysis CHMO:0002311 X-ray fluorescence microscopy CHMO:0002311 An imaging technique where a beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected as a function of wavelength and position. As these energies are element-specific, X-ray fluorescence microscopy can be used to determine spatially-resolved elemental composition. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T05:09:56Z XM XRM CHMO:0002312 X-ray microscopy CHMO:0002312 An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. ISBN:030644433X An imaging technique where a finely focused beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T05:13:15Z TXM transmission XM CHMO:0002313 transmission X-ray microscopy CHMO:0002313 An imaging technique where a finely focused beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position. ISBN:030644433X An imaging technique where a finely focused (20–50 nm) beam of X-rays is scanned over the surface of the specimen, and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T05:15:17Z STXM STXRM scanning TXM scanning transmission XM CHMO:0002314 scanning transmission X-ray microscopy CHMO:0002314 An imaging technique where a finely focused (20–50 nm) beam of X-rays is scanned over the surface of the specimen, and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position. ISBN:030644433X A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (a field in which the voltage changes direction). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T05:26:16Z CHMO:0002315 pulsed-field electrophoresis CHMO:0002315 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (a field in which the voltage changes direction). FIX:0000629 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (one in which the voltage direction is periodically switched among three directions; one that runs through the central axis of the gel and two that run at an angle of 120° either side). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T05:28:46Z PFGE pulsed field gel electrophoresis CHMO:0002316 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis CHMO:0002316 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (one in which the voltage direction is periodically switched among three directions; one that runs through the central axis of the gel and two that run at an angle of 120° either side). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Column chromatography where both the mobile phase and the stationary phase are liquids. The stationary phase μst be immiscible and insoluble in the mobile phase and is usually supported on a suitable material such as a diatomaceous earth. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T05:34:00Z LLC liquid-liquid chromatography CHMO:0002317 liquid–liquid chromatography CHMO:0002317 Column chromatography where both the mobile phase and the stationary phase are liquids. The stationary phase μst be immiscible and insoluble in the mobile phase and is usually supported on a suitable material such as a diatomaceous earth. FIX:0000633 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and the stationary phase is a solid. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-26T05:36:45Z LSC liquid-solid chromatography CHMO:0002318 liquid–solid chromatography CHMO:0002318 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and the stationary phase is a solid. FIX:0000634 A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where an organometallic precursor (typically tungsten-based) is vaporised then heated in an Ar and C2H2 atmosphere to 950 °C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-28T06:34:26Z VPG vapor phase deposition vapor phase growth vapor-phase deposition vapor-phase growth vapour phase deposition vapour phase growth vapour-phase decomposition CHMO:0002319 vapour-phase growth CHMO:0002319 A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where an organometallic precursor (typically tungsten-based) is vaporised then heated in an Ar and C2H2 atmosphere to 950 °C. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-004-2988-0 A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where a hydrocarbon vapor (such as methane) is thermally decomposed in a tube furnace in the presence of a metal catalyst. Carbon nanotubes grow over the catalyst and are collected upon cooling. Low temperatures yield multi-walled carbon nanotubes, whereas high temperatures favour single-walled carbon nanotubes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-28T06:38:27Z CHMO:0002320 chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes CHMO:0002320 A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where a hydrocarbon vapor (such as methane) is thermally decomposed in a tube furnace in the presence of a metal catalyst. Carbon nanotubes grow over the catalyst and are collected upon cooling. Low temperatures yield multi-walled carbon nanotubes, whereas high temperatures favour single-walled carbon nanotubes. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00446-8 A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes that involves mixing high pressure (e.g. 30 atmospheres) CO that has been preheated (1000 °C) and a catalyst precursor gas (metal carbonyl or metallocene). Under these conditions the precursor decomposes forming metal particle clusters on which carbon nanotubes nucleate and grow. The carbon nanotubes are 99% single-walled carbon nanotubes with small diameters (e.g., (5,5) tubes). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-28T06:39:43Z HiPCO HiPCO method HiPco HiPco method high-pressure CO conversion CHMO:0002321 high-pressure carbon monoxide method CHMO:0002321 A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes that involves mixing high pressure (e.g. 30 atmospheres) CO that has been preheated (1000 °C) and a catalyst precursor gas (metal carbonyl or metallocene). Under these conditions the precursor decomposes forming metal particle clusters on which carbon nanotubes nucleate and grow. The carbon nanotubes are 99% single-walled carbon nanotubes with small diameters (e.g., (5,5) tubes). USPatent:7204970 A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a laser beam (typically a YAG laser) is focused onto a graphite–metal target located in a quartz tube surrounded by a furnace. The target is vaporised in high temperature Ar gas producing single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes which are collected at a trap. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-08-28T06:42:50Z laser furnace method laser vaporization method CHMO:0002322 laser vaporisation method CHMO:0002322 A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a laser beam (typically a YAG laser) is focused onto a graphite–metal target located in a quartz tube surrounded by a furnace. The target is vaporised in high temperature Ar gas producing single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes which are collected at a trap. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00446-8 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using several finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beams with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The amplitude of the interference of the transmitted electron waves is then measured and the phase contrast is used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-01T01:32:33Z high resolution transmission electron microscope HRTEM high-resolution (HR) TEM CHMO:0002323 high-resolution transmission electron microscope CHMO:0002323 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using several finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beams with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The amplitude of the interference of the transmitted electron waves is then measured and the phase contrast is used to produce an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-01T05:36:11Z density gradient ultracentrifugation CHMO:0002324 density-gradient ultracentrifugation CHMO:0002324 A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an alternating electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-01T05:40:13Z AC dielectrophoresis a.c. dielectrophoresis ac dielectrophoresis alternating current dielectrophoresis alternating current dielectrophoretic analysis CHMO:0002325 alternating-current dielectrophoresis CHMO:0002325 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an alternating electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a direct electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-01T05:43:34Z DC dielectrophoresis d.c. dielectrophoresis dc dielectrophoresis direct current dielectrophoresis direct current dielectrophoretic analysis CHMO:0002326 direct-current dielectrophoresis CHMO:0002326 A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a direct electric field is applied. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method for semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes where as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes are treated with a methane plasma at 400–600 °C in a vacuum and the metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes are selectively etched. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-02T11:02:46Z gas phase plasma hydrocarbonation CHMO:0002327 gas-phase plasma hydrocarbonation CHMO:0002327 A synthesis method for semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes where as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes are treated with a methane plasma at 400–600 °C in a vacuum and the metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes are selectively etched. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133781 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage under vacuum, and detecting the transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons, and characteristic X-rays emitted. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-02T12:58:35Z HREM image HREM images HREM micrograph high resolution electron micrograph CHMO:0002328 high-resolution electron micrograph CHMO:0002328 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage under vacuum, and detecting the transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons, and characteristic X-rays emitted. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. ISBN:0849375584 Microscopy where the specimen bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. HREM imaging is used to explore crystal structures and imperfections on the atomic scale. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-02T01:04:21Z HREM high resolution EM high resolution electron microscopy high-resolution EM CHMO:0002329 high-resolution electron microscopy CHMO:0002329 Microscopy where the specimen bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. HREM imaging is used to explore crystal structures and imperfections on the atomic scale. ISBN:0849375584 A synthesis method where a substrate is placed in a heated atmosphere (600–800 °C) and exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-02T01:14:09Z TCVD thermal CVD thermal chemical vapor deposition CHMO:0002330 thermal chemical vapour deposition CHMO:0002330 A synthesis method where a substrate is placed in a heated atmosphere (600–800 °C) and exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2004.04.016 A plot of current (or a first or higher derivative of current with respect to voltage) vs. voltage obtained by measuring the tunnelling current through a metal-oxide-metal sandwich. Molecules are adsorbed onto the oxide and these molecules can affect the tunnelling via the excitation of vibrational states. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-02T05:30:40Z IET spectra IET spectrum inelastic tunneling spectra inelastic tunneling spectrum inelastic tunnelling spectra CHMO:0002331 inelastic tunnelling spectrum CHMO:0002331 A plot of current (or a first or higher derivative of current with respect to voltage) vs. voltage obtained by measuring the tunnelling current through a metal-oxide-metal sandwich. Molecules are adsorbed onto the oxide and these molecules can affect the tunnelling via the excitation of vibrational states. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr000122k Spectroscopy where the energy states 19F nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-03T11:09:52Z 19F solid-state NMR CHMO:0002332 19F solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002332 Spectroscopy where the energy states 19F nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-03T11:11:46Z 2D blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis blue native 2D PAGE two-dimensional blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0002333 blue native two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis CHMO:0002333 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-03T11:16:33Z MALDI matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization CHMO:0002334 matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation CHMO:0002334 An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-03T11:16:54Z LDI laser desorption ionization CHMO:0002335 laser desorption ionisation CHMO:0002335 An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-03T11:19:42Z SELDI surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization surface-enhanced laser desorption–ionization CHMO:0002336 surface-enhanced laser desorption–ionisation CHMO:0002336 An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. ISBN:978-0-470-51634-8 A mass detection method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. The ions are then characterised by a mass-to-charge analyser that uses a quadrupolar potential (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain the trajectories of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-03T11:27:40Z ESI Q Trap ESI Q-TRAP ESI-Q-TRAP CHMO:0002337 electrospray ionisation quadrupole detection CHMO:0002337 A mass detection method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. The ions are then characterised by a mass-to-charge analyser that uses a quadrupolar potential (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain the trajectories of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A mass detection method where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution of the sample through a small heated capillary into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets (or by collision with solvent ions produced by the same process). The ions are then held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes (a 'quadrupole') and accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-03T11:33:51Z ESI Q-TOF ESI-Q-TOF CHMO:0002338 electrospray ionisation time-of-flight quadrupole detection CHMO:0002338 A mass detection method where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution of the sample through a small heated capillary into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets (or by collision with solvent ions produced by the same process). The ions are then held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes (a 'quadrupole') and accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A mass detection method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The ions are then characterised by two time-of-flight mass-to-charge analysers (where the ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured) in sequence. The first isolates precursor ions of choice using a velocity filter, and the second detects the fragment ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-03T11:37:53Z MALDI-TOF/TOF CHMO:0002339 matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation tandem time-of-flight detection CHMO:0002339 A mass detection method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The ions are then characterised by two time-of-flight mass-to-charge analysers (where the ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured) in sequence. The first isolates precursor ions of choice using a velocity filter, and the second detects the fragment ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal with a known carrier wave from an extremely noisy environment. A lock-in amplifier uses a frequency mixer to convert the signal's phase and amplitude into a DC voltage signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-03T03:37:30Z lock in amplifier phase-sensitive detector CHMO:0002340 lock-in amplifier CHMO:0002340 A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal with a known carrier wave from an extremely noisy environment. A lock-in amplifier uses a frequency mixer to convert the signal's phase and amplitude into a DC voltage signal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) and using a high-resolution magnetic susceptibility matching probe. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-04T04:00:03Z HR-MAS-NMR spectrum HRMAS spectra HRMAS spectrum HRMAS-NMR spectra high resolution MAS spectra high resolution MAS spectrum high-resolution MAS spectra high-resolution MAS spectrum HR MAS NMR spectrum CHMO:0002341 high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0002341 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) and using a high-resolution magnetic susceptibility matching probe. rsc:pr A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the exact mass is determined as opposed to the nominal mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-04T04:24:05Z HRESI mass spectra HRESI mass spectrum HRESI-MS spectra HRESI-MS spectrum high-resolution ESI spectra high-resolution ESI spectrum CHMO:0002342 high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrum CHMO:0002342 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the exact mass is determined as opposed to the nominal mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of relaxation variables in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-04T04:27:29Z relaxometric analysis CHMO:0002343 relaxometry CHMO:0002343 The measurement of relaxation variables in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrically-conducting piece of apparatus that exchanges electrons with an electrolyte as part of an electrical circuit. batchelorc 2009-09-11T10:48:45Z CHMO:0002344 electrode CHMO:0002344 An electrically-conducting piece of apparatus that exchanges electrons with an electrolyte as part of an electrical circuit. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electrode through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode. batchelorc 2009-09-11T10:56:03Z CHMO:0002345 reference electrode CHMO:0002345 An electrode through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode. OrangeBook:8.3 An electrode at which the potential is measured. batchelorc 2009-09-11T10:57:31Z test electrode working electrode CHMO:0002346 indicator electrode CHMO:0002346 An electrode at which the potential is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electrode that participates in a redox couple where the other partner is a gas. batchelorc 2009-09-11T11:04:07Z CHMO:0002347 gas electrode CHMO:0002347 An electrode that participates in a redox couple where the other partner is a gas. OrangeBook:8.3 A reference electrode based on the equilibrium between aqueous protons and electrons on one side and hydrogen gas on the other, in solutions saturated with hydrogen gas. Typically it is made of a thin foil of platinum electrolytically coated with a finely divided deposit of platinum or palladium metal. batchelorc 2009-09-11T11:04:46Z NHE SHE normal hydrogen electrode standard H2 electrode standard hydrogen electrode CHMO:0002348 hydrogen gas electrode CHMO:0002348 A reference electrode based on the equilibrium between aqueous protons and electrons on one side and hydrogen gas on the other, in solutions saturated with hydrogen gas. Typically it is made of a thin foil of platinum electrolytically coated with a finely divided deposit of platinum or palladium metal. Orange:3.4.12 A two-dimensional surface that separates two portions of material of different compositions. batchelorc 2009-09-11T11:09:10Z CHMO:0002349 boundary between portions of material CHMO:0002349 A two-dimensional surface that separates two portions of material of different compositions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A boundary between two electrolyte solutions of different composition, across which arises a potential difference, called the liquid junction potential. In an operational pH cell, the junction is between the test solution and the filling solution or bridge solution of the reference electrode. batchelorc 2009-09-11T11:16:35Z CHMO:0002350 liquid junction CHMO:0002350 A boundary between two electrolyte solutions of different composition, across which arises a potential difference, called the liquid junction potential. In an operational pH cell, the junction is between the test solution and the filling solution or bridge solution of the reference electrode. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus in which a current causes chemical reactions or chemical reactions cause a current to flow. batchelorc 2009-09-11T11:22:34Z CHMO:0002351 electrochemical cell CHMO:0002351 A piece of apparatus in which a current causes chemical reactions or chemical reactions cause a current to flow. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electrochemical cell which is used for practical pH measurements, consisting of a hydrogen ion-responsive electrode and a reference electrode immersed in the test solution. batchelorc 2009-09-11T11:25:26Z CHMO:0002352 operational pH cell CHMO:0002352 An electrochemical cell which is used for practical pH measurements, consisting of a hydrogen ion-responsive electrode and a reference electrode immersed in the test solution. OrangeBook:3.4.12 A hydrogen-ion-responsive electrode consisting of a piece, usually a bulb, of special glass attached to a stem of high-resistance glass complete with internal reference electrode and internal filling solution system. batchelorc 2009-09-11T11:28:36Z CHMO:0002353 pH glass electrode CHMO:0002353 A hydrogen-ion-responsive electrode consisting of a piece, usually a bulb, of special glass attached to a stem of high-resistance glass complete with internal reference electrode and internal filling solution system. OrangeBook:3.4.12 The measurement of pH, the negative logarithm to base ten of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. Operationally the pH of a solution X, pH(X), is measured relative to that of a standard reference solution, pH(S), and defined as pH(X) = pH(S) - (E(X) - E(S))/(RT/F)ln 10, where E(X) and E(S) are the electromotive forces measured in cells containing the solution X and the reference solution respectively. batchelorc 2009-09-11T11:37:04Z measurement of pH pH sensing sensing of pH CHMO:0002354 pH measurement CHMO:0002354 The measurement of pH, the negative logarithm to base ten of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. Operationally the pH of a solution X, pH(X), is measured relative to that of a standard reference solution, pH(S), and defined as pH(X) = pH(S) - (E(X) - E(S))/(RT/F)ln 10, where E(X) and E(S) are the electromotive forces measured in cells containing the solution X and the reference solution respectively. OrangeBook:3.4.3 A piece of apparatus which is used to measure pH. batchelorc 2009-09-11T11:42:57Z CHMO:0002355 pH sensor CHMO:0002355 A piece of apparatus which is used to measure pH. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between silver metal and silver(I) chloride. batchelorc 2009-09-11T01:14:08Z Ag-AgCl electrode Ag-AgCl reference electrode Ag/AgCl Ag/AgCl electrode Ag/AgCl reference electrode silver chloride electrode silver-silver chloride electrode CHMO:0002356 silver/silver chloride reference electrode CHMO:0002356 A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between silver metal and silver(I) chloride. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between mercury metal and mercury(I) chloride. batchelorc 2009-09-11T01:18:58Z SCE CHMO:0002357 saturated calomel electrode CHMO:0002357 A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between mercury metal and mercury(I) chloride. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electrode that serves merely to carry the current flowing through an electrochemical cell. batchelorc 2009-09-11T01:32:58Z counter electrode CHMO:0002358 auxiliary electrode CHMO:0002358 An electrode that serves merely to carry the current flowing through an electrochemical cell. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00535 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T10:41:37Z gCOSY gradient-selected COSY CHMO:0002359 gradient-selected correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002359 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. https://doi.org/10.1039/b912395b A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T10:45:19Z gHMQC gradient HMQC gradient heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence gradient-selected HMQC CHMO:0002360 gradient-selected heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence CHMO:0002360 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi700145t A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T10:53:15Z nanoESI mass spectra nanoESI mass spectrum CHMO:0002361 nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrum CHMO:0002361 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot obtained from a scattering experiment on large particles which is used to determine the average molecular weight of the (polymer) sample. The plot typically consists of a grid. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T10:57:58Z CHMO:0002362 Zimm plot CHMO:0002362 A plot obtained from a scattering experiment on large particles which is used to determine the average molecular weight of the (polymer) sample. The plot typically consists of a grid. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1746740 Data which is obtained from a scattering experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T11:01:50Z CHMO:0002363 scattering data CHMO:0002363 Data which is obtained from a scattering experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 μm diameter). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T03:18:02Z HF-LPME HFLPME hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction hollow-fiber LPME hollow-fiber based LPME hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction hollow-fiber-based LPME hollow-fibre LPME hollow-fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction hollow-fibre-based LPME CHMO:0002364 hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction CHMO:0002364 The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 μm diameter). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.08.034 The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 μm diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T03:12:18Z CFHF-LPME continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction CHMO:0002365 continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction CHMO:0002365 The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 μm diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9ay00015a A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the microlitre droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T03:21:04Z CF-LPME CFME continuous flow liquid phase microextraction continuous-flow liquid-phase microextraction continuous-flow micro-extraction continuous-flow microextraction CHMO:0002366 continuous-flow liquid-phase micro-extraction CHMO:0002366 A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the microlitre droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.12.033 The process of transferring a microlitre amount of an ionisable substance from an aqueous phase to another aqueous phase, via an organic phase, by performing simultaneous extraction and back-extraction between the phases. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T03:21:58Z LLLME liquid-liquid-liquid micro-extraction liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction CHMO:0002367 liquid-liquid-liquid micro-extraction CHMO:0002367 The process of transferring a microlitre amount of an ionisable substance from an aqueous phase to another aqueous phase, via an organic phase, by performing simultaneous extraction and back-extraction between the phases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.008 The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by suspending a microlitre-sized drop of the organic phase in a large volume of the aqueous phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T03:27:53Z static LPME static liquid-phase microextraction CHMO:0002368 static liquid-phase micro-extraction CHMO:0002368 The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by suspending a microlitre-sized drop of the organic phase in a large volume of the aqueous phase. https://doi.org/10.1039/b312227c The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T03:30:44Z dynamic LPME dynamic liquid-phase microextraction CHMO:0002369 dynamic liquid-phase micro-extraction CHMO:0002369 The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe. https://doi.org/10.1039/b312227c The process of transferring a substance from an organic phase to an aqueous phase (or vice versa) by heating the organic sample within a confined space in the presence of an aqueous acceptor droplet suspended on the tip of a microsyringe. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T03:33:18Z HS-LPME HSLPME headspace LPME headspace liquid-phase microextraction headspace micro-extraction headspace microextraction CHMO:0002370 headspace liquid-phase micro-extraction CHMO:0002370 The process of transferring a substance from an organic phase to an aqueous phase (or vice versa) by heating the organic sample within a confined space in the presence of an aqueous acceptor droplet suspended on the tip of a microsyringe. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.064 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the potential difference between indicator and reference electrodes under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T03:45:00Z potentiometric titrimetry CHMO:0002371 potentiometric titration CHMO:0002371 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the potential difference between indicator and reference electrodes under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. FIX:0000066 A piece of apparatus that measures and compares tastes using a number of discrete sensors; usually one for each of the five taste categories; sourness, saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T03:52:07Z CHMO:0002372 electronic tongue CHMO:0002372 A piece of apparatus that measures and compares tastes using a number of discrete sensors; usually one for each of the five taste categories; sourness, saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. rsc:ds Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:14:57Z FIX:0000078 CHMO:0002373 surface-enhanced non-resonance Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0002373 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 109Ag nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:19:03Z 109Ag NMR 109Ag NMR spectrometry 109Ag NMR spectroscopy 109Ag nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 109Ag-NMR silver-109 NMR silver-109 magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002374 109Ag nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002374 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 109Ag nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. FIX:0001015 rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 109Ag nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:21:53Z 109Ag CP-MAS 109Ag CP-MAS NMR 109Ag CP/MAS 109Ag CP/MAS NMR 109Ag CPMAS 109Ag CPMAS NMR 109Ag cross polarisation magic angle spinning 109Ag cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 109Ag cross polarization magic angle spinning 109Ag cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 109Ag cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 109Ag cross-polarization magic angle spinning 109Ag cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy silver-109 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning CHMO:0002375 109Ag cross-polarisation magic angle spinning CHMO:0002375 A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 109Ag nuclei. FIX:0001016 ISBN:0-19-855567-9 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 109Ag nuclei to which they are covalently bound. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:24:56Z 1H-109Ag HMQC 1H-109Ag heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence 1H–109Ag HMQC CHMO:0002376 1H–109Ag heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence CHMO:0002376 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 109Ag nuclei to which they are covalently bound. FIX:0001017 rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 113Cd nuclei to which they are covalently bound. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:28:45Z 1H-113Cd HMQC 1H-113Cd heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence 1H–113Cd HMQC CHMO:0002377 1H–113Cd heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence CHMO:0002377 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 113Cd nuclei to which they are covalently bound. FIX:0001021 rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 113Cd nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:31:03Z 113Cd-113Cd COSY 113Cd-113Cd correlated spectroscopy 113Cd–113Cd COSY CHMO:0002378 113Cd–113Cd correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002378 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 113Cd nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). FIX:0001020 rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 113Cd nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:35:51Z 1H-113Cd COSY 1H-113Cd HETCOR 1H-113Cd HETCORR 1H-113Cd HETCOSY 1H-113Cd HETEROCOR 1H–113Cd COSY 1H–113Cd HETCOR 1H–113Cd HETCORR 1H–113Cd HETCOSY 1H–113Cd HETEROCOR heteronuclear 113Cd-1H COSY CHMO:0002379 1H–113Cd heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002379 A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 113Cd nuclei. FIX:0001019 rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 13C nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:40:49Z 1H-13C COSY 1H-13C HETCOR 1H-13C HETCORR 1H-13C HETCOSY 1H-13C HETEROCOR 1H–13C COSY 1H–13C HETCOR 1H–13C HETCORR 1H–13C HETCOSY 1H–13C HETEROCOR heteronuclear 13C-1H COSY CHMO:0002380 1H–13C heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002380 A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 13C nuclei. FIX:0001026 rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 31P nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:43:08Z 1H-31P COSY 1H-31P HETCOR 1H-31P HETCORR 1H-31P HETCOSY 1H-31P HETEROCOR 1H–31P COSY 1H–31P HETCOR 1H–31P HETCORR 1H–31P HETCOSY 1H–31P HETEROCOR heteronuclear 31P-1H COSY CHMO:0002381 1H–31P heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002381 A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 31P nuclei. FIX:0001028 rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:47:13Z DQF-COSY double quantum filtered COSY double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy double-quantum-filtered COSY CHMO:0002382 double-quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002382 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment. FIX:0000175 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 113Cd nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T05:50:14Z 113Cd-113Cd DQF-COSY 113Cd–113Cd DQF-COSY CHMO:0002383 113Cd–113Cd double-quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002383 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 113Cd nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment. FIX:0001022 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the relative permittivity of the solution as a function of the solution volume. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T06:04:11Z CHMO:0002384 dielectrometric titration CHMO:0002384 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the relative permittivity of the solution as a function of the solution volume. FIX:0000772 Orange:8.5.4 Microscopy that involves the collection of spatially resolved mid-infrared spectra (3–8 μm). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T06:09:09Z mid infra red chemical imaging spectrometry mid infra red chemical imaging spectroscopy mid infra-red chemical imaging spectrometry mid infra-red chemical imaging spectroscopy mid infra-red microscopy mid infrared microscopy spectroscopy mid infrared optical microscopy mid-IR microscopy mid-IR spectromicroscopy mid-infra-red microscopy mid-infrared spectromicroscopy CHMO:0002385 mid-infrared microscopy CHMO:0002385 Microscopy that involves the collection of spatially resolved mid-infrared spectra (3–8 μm). FIX:0000698 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the relative permittivity of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-15T06:14:13Z FIX:0000706 CHMO:0002386 dielectrometry CHMO:0002386 The measurement of the relative permittivity of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. Orange:8.5.4 A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment. Different peaks in the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T08:53:50Z CHMO:0002387 chromatogram CHMO:0002387 A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment. Different peaks in the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T08:58:43Z CHMO:0002388 ion chromatogram CHMO:0002388 A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of the total ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. selectivity in the data. The total ion current chromatogram monitors a very large window often of several hundred mass-to-charge units. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T08:59:28Z TICs total ion chromatograms total ion current chromatogram TIC CHMO:0002389 total ion chromatogram CHMO:0002389 A plot of the total ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. selectivity in the data. The total ion current chromatogram monitors a very large window often of several hundred mass-to-charge units. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. The base peak intensity chromatogram represents the intensity of the most intense peak at any one time. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T09:00:06Z BPI chromatogram BPIs CHMO:0002390 base peak intensity chromatogram CHMO:0002390 A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. The base peak intensity chromatogram represents the intensity of the most intense peak at any one time. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. A small mass window is monitored such that the mass chromatogram represents detection of a very specific mass-to-charge ratio. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T09:01:03Z SIC SICs XIC extracted ion chromatogram individual ion chromatogram selected ion chromatograms single ion chromatogram CHMO:0002391 selected ion chromatogram CHMO:0002391 A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. A small mass window is monitored such that the mass chromatogram represents detection of a very specific mass-to-charge ratio. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample is ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T09:14:21Z EI mass spectra EI mass spectrum EI-MS spectra EI-MS spectrum electron impact (EI+) mass spectra electron impact mass spectra electron impact mass spectrum electron ionization mass spectra electron ionization mass spectrum CHMO:0002392 electron ionisation mass spectrum CHMO:0002392 A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample is ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrode which responds to the activity of a primary ion in presence of various other (interfering) ions in the sample solution. Ion-selective electrodes contain a selective membrane which contains fixed or mobile sites that interact with ions in solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:06:31Z ISE CHMO:0002393 ion-selective electrode CHMO:0002393 An electrode which responds to the activity of a primary ion in presence of various other (interfering) ions in the sample solution. Ion-selective electrodes contain a selective membrane which contains fixed or mobile sites that interact with ions in solution. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 An electrode formed by a sequence of mercury drops falling from a small aperture. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:07:36Z DME CHMO:0002394 dropping mercury electrode CHMO:0002394 An electrode formed by a sequence of mercury drops falling from a small aperture. ISBN:978-3-540-74597-6 An electrode formed of a partial mercury drop of controlled geometry and surface area at the end of a capillary. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:08:38Z HMDE SMDE static drop mercury electrode CHMO:0002395 hanging mercury drop electrode CHMO:0002395 An electrode formed of a partial mercury drop of controlled geometry and surface area at the end of a capillary. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus which is used to detect footwear marks and indented impressions of handwriting in paper. The sample sheet of paper is placed on a sintered copper plate, a vacuum is applied and a thin mylar plastic film is rolled over the sample. An electrostatic charge is then applied to the plastic by means of a corona discharge and the subsequent pattern of charging is then visualised using photocopier toner. The toner adheres to those areas corresponding to indentations. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:14:24Z ESDA CHMO:0002396 electrostatic detection apparatus CHMO:0002396 A piece of apparatus which is used to detect footwear marks and indented impressions of handwriting in paper. The sample sheet of paper is placed on a sintered copper plate, a vacuum is applied and a thin mylar plastic film is rolled over the sample. An electrostatic charge is then applied to the plastic by means of a corona discharge and the subsequent pattern of charging is then visualised using photocopier toner. The toner adheres to those areas corresponding to indentations. ISBN:0-85404-539-2 Spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a sample dissolved in a deuterated solvent, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:23:29Z FIX:0000470 solution NMR solution-state NMR CHMO:0002397 solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002397 Spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a sample dissolved in a deuterated solvent, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 15N nuclei to which they are covalently bound. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:25:56Z FIX:0000474 15N-1H HMQC 15N–1H HMQC 1H-15N HMQC 1H-15N heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence 1H–15N HMQC CHMO:0002398 1H–15N heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence CHMO:0002398 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 15N nuclei to which they are covalently bound. rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 13C nuclei to which they are covalently bound. The magnetisation of both the proton and the 13C nucleus is allowed to evolve over time. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:27:48Z FIX:0000475 13C-1H HMQC 13C–1H HMQC 1H-13C HMQC 1H-13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence 1H–13C HMQC CHMO:0002399 1H–13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence CHMO:0002399 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 13C nuclei to which they are covalently bound. The magnetisation of both the proton and the 13C nucleus is allowed to evolve over time. rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 15N nuclei which are J-coupled (usually ⩽3 bonds apart). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:29:08Z FIX:0000544 15N-15N COSY 15N-15N correlated spectroscopy 15N–15N COSY CHMO:0002400 15N–15N correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002400 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 15N nuclei which are J-coupled (usually ⩽3 bonds apart). rsc:pr A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and polar, while the other is non-polar and moves in a definite direction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:52:38Z NPC normal phase chromatography CHMO:0002401 normal-phase chromatography CHMO:0002401 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and polar, while the other is non-polar and moves in a definite direction. FIX:0000619 A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube and the mobile phase moves continuously through the column and the analyte is detected as it emerges from the column. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:54:28Z CHMO:0002402 elution chromatography CHMO:0002402 A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube and the mobile phase moves continuously through the column and the analyte is detected as it emerges from the column. FIX:0000617 Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the solubility of the sample components in the stationary phase (gas chromatography), or on differences between the solubilities of the components in the mobile and stationary phases (liquid chromatography) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T11:59:04Z CHMO:0002403 partition chromatography CHMO:0002403 Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the solubility of the sample components in the stationary phase (gas chromatography), or on differences between the solubilities of the components in the mobile and stationary phases (liquid chromatography) FIX:0000612 https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04436 A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 2H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 2H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T12:01:10Z 2H decoupled NMR 2H-decoupled NMR deuterium-decoupled NMR deuterium-decoupled NMR spectroscopy CHMO:0002404 deuterium-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002404 A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 2H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 2H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. FIX:0000589 rsc:pr The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In competition dialysis an array of nucleic acid structures and sequences is dialysed against a common test ligand solution. After equilibration, the amount of ligand bound to each structure or sequence is determined by absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Since all structures and sequences are in equilibrium with the same free ligand concentration, the amount bound is directly proportional to the ligand binding affinity. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T02:55:20Z CHMO:0002405 competition dialysis CHMO:0002405 The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In competition dialysis an array of nucleic acid structures and sequences is dialysed against a common test ligand solution. After equilibration, the amount of ligand bound to each structure or sequence is determined by absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Since all structures and sequences are in equilibrium with the same free ligand concentration, the amount bound is directly proportional to the ligand binding affinity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.09.010 Any method that involves observing, or measuring the time take for, loss of fluorescence in a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T02:59:19Z CHMO:0002406 fluorescence quenching method CHMO:0002406 Any method that involves observing, or measuring the time take for, loss of fluorescence in a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A phosphate buffer, containing citric acid and sodium phosphate, where the pH is maintained by citrate–citric acid and phosphate–hydrogen phosphate equilibria. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T03:04:43Z C-P buffer CP buffer C–P buffer citrate-phosphate (CP) buffer citrate-phosphate buffer citrate–phosphate (CP) buffer CHMO:0002407 citrate–phosphate buffer CHMO:0002407 A phosphate buffer, containing citric acid and sodium phosphate, where the pH is maintained by citrate–citric acid and phosphate–hydrogen phosphate equilibria. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1–2.5 μm) by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T03:15:19Z CHMO:0002408 spectrophotometric titration CHMO:0002408 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1–2.5 μm) by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T03:19:00Z absorbance titration absorption spectral titration CHMO:0002409 absorption titration CHMO:0002409 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the ultraviolet range (190–400 nm) by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T03:20:29Z UV titration ultra-violet titration CHMO:0002410 ultraviolet titration CHMO:0002410 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the ultraviolet range (190–400 nm) by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of volume of titrant vs. absorbance obtained from an absorbance titration experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-16T03:22:54Z absorbance spectral titration data absorbance titration data absorbance titration plot absorption spectral titration data absorption titration data absorption titration plot CHMO:0002411 absorbance titration curve CHMO:0002411 A plot of volume of titrant vs. absorbance obtained from an absorbance titration experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of heating a substance by irradiation with ultraviolet light (190–400 nm) to cause the solid–liquid phase change. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-17T03:57:55Z UV melting ultra-violet melting CHMO:0002412 ultraviolet melting CHMO:0002412 The process of heating a substance by irradiation with ultraviolet light (190–400 nm) to cause the solid–liquid phase change. FIX:0000390 Microscopy where the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C, is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-17T04:03:38Z LT-EM cryo EM cryo-EM cryo-electron microscopy cryogenic EM cryogenic-electron microscopy low-temperature electron microscopy CHMO:0002413 cryogenic electron microscopy CHMO:0002413 Microscopy where the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C, is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. FIX:0000052 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp013639d Any method that measures the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-17T04:09:34Z CHMO:0002414 scattering spectroscopy CHMO:0002414 Any method that measures the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles. FIX:0000057 Spectroscopy where the intensity of luminescence emitted by molecules excited is detected as a function of wavelength or time. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-17T04:15:03Z CHMO:0002415 luminescence spectroscopy CHMO:0002415 Spectroscopy where the intensity of luminescence emitted by molecules excited is detected as a function of wavelength or time. FIX:0000027 The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light, as a function of wavelength or time. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-17T04:16:25Z CHMO:0002416 phosphorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0002416 The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light, as a function of wavelength or time. FIX:0000029 Spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the radio frequency (MHz) range. Radio frequency spectroscopy is used to probe cold gas atoms and single ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-17T04:21:02Z RF spectroscopy radio frequency (RF) spectroscopy radiofrequency (RF) spectroscopy radiofrequency spectroscopy rf spectroscopy CHMO:0002417 radio frequency spectroscopy CHMO:0002417 Spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the radio frequency (MHz) range. Radio frequency spectroscopy is used to probe cold gas atoms and single ions. FIX:0000017 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.143002 A synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material using a micelle solution of a block copolymer. A glass or silicon substrate is dipped into the solution, retrieved, and the solvent is allowed to evaporate in air. A plasma treatment (O2, H2 or Ar) is performed to remove the polymer shell leaving a pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T11:12:19Z CHMO:0002418 block copolymer micelle nanolithography CHMO:0002418 A synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material using a micelle solution of a block copolymer. A glass or silicon substrate is dipped into the solution, retrieved, and the solvent is allowed to evaporate in air. A plasma treatment (O2, H2 or Ar) is performed to remove the polymer shell leaving a pattern. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/14/10/314 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T02:52:40Z 1-D 1H NMR spectra 1-D 1H NMR spectrum 1D 1H NMR spectrum 1D NMR 1H spectra CHMO:0002419 one-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0002419 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr A two-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the chemical shift of a correlated nucleus. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T02:57:03Z 2D 1H-1H NMR spectra 2D 1H-1H NMR spectrum 2D 1H–1H NMR spectra 2D 1H–1H NMR spectrum CHMO:0002420 two-dimensional 1H–1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0002420 A two-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the chemical shift of a correlated nucleus. rsc:pr A three-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of three frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other two, by the chemical shifts of correlated nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T03:32:59Z 3D 1H-1H NMR spectra 3D 1H-1H NMR spectrum 3D 1H–1H NMR spectra 3D 1H–1H NMR spectrum CHMO:0002421 three-dimensional 1H–1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0002421 A three-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of three frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other two, by the chemical shifts of correlated nuclei. rsc:pr A spectrum that shows the response of spin-active nuclei to radio frequency radiation in an applied magnetic field. The resonance frequencies of nuclei approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T03:40:44Z NOESY contour plot NOESY spectra NOESY spectrum CHMO:0002422 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum CHMO:0002422 A spectrum that shows the response of spin-active nuclei to radio frequency radiation in an applied magnetic field. The resonance frequencies of nuclei approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei. rsc:pr A plot of signal vs. temperature for a sample that is heated to cause the solid–liquid phase change. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T03:47:04Z CHMO:0002423 melting curve CHMO:0002423 A plot of signal vs. temperature for a sample that is heated to cause the solid–liquid phase change. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of absorbance vs. temperature for a sample that is heated by irradiation with a specific wavelength of ultraviolet light (range 190–400 nm) to cause the solid–liquid phase change. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T03:49:59Z UV melting curve UV melting curves UV melting profile UV melting profiles CHMO:0002424 ultraviolet melting curve CHMO:0002424 A plot of absorbance vs. temperature for a sample that is heated by irradiation with a specific wavelength of ultraviolet light (range 190–400 nm) to cause the solid–liquid phase change. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in a ceramic thin film. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a membrane template or mould by spinning, dipping or coating, The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T04:03:01Z sol-gel template synthesis sol-gel template synthesis method sol-gel templating sol–gel template synthesis method sol–gel templating CHMO:0002425 sol–gel template synthesis CHMO:0002425 The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in a ceramic thin film. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a membrane template or mould by spinning, dipping or coating, The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product. https://doi.org/10.1039/b515421a A piece of apparatus that maintains the current through an electrochemical cell at a preset value. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T04:28:28Z amperostat CHMO:0002426 galvanostat CHMO:0002426 A piece of apparatus that maintains the current through an electrochemical cell at a preset value. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that maintains the potential through an electrochemical cell at a preset value. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T04:31:40Z CHMO:0002427 potentiostat CHMO:0002427 A piece of apparatus that maintains the potential through an electrochemical cell at a preset value. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrode based on a ferrocene or cobaltocene redox couple internal standard through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T04:36:12Z QRE quasireference electrode quasi-reference electrodes CHMO:0002428 quasi-reference electrode CHMO:0002428 An electrode based on a ferrocene or cobaltocene redox couple internal standard through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An electrode through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode. A pseudo-reference electrode, such as a Ag wire, fulfils the role of a reference electrode but the electrochemical processes allowing it to do so are not well understood, in contrast to a true reference electrode. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-21T04:39:25Z pseudo-reference electrodes pseudoreference electrode CHMO:0002429 pseudo-reference electrode CHMO:0002429 An electrode through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode. A pseudo-reference electrode, such as a Ag wire, fulfils the role of a reference electrode but the electrochemical processes allowing it to do so are not well understood, in contrast to a true reference electrode. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200–400 nm). The system is then further exposed to UV light and capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-22T10:42:53Z UV-assisted CFL CHMO:0002430 UV-assisted capillary force lithography CHMO:0002430 A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200–400 nm). The system is then further exposed to UV light and capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00106a A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200–400 nm). Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould, generating a negative replica of the mould pattern. The process is repeated with a second mould and exposure to UV light. Two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography is used to generate micro/nanoscale combined hierarchical structures. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-22T11:37:33Z two-step UV-assisted CFL two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography (CFL) CHMO:0002431 two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography CHMO:0002431 A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200–400 nm). Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould, generating a negative replica of the mould pattern. The process is repeated with a second mould and exposure to UV light. Two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography is used to generate micro/nanoscale combined hierarchical structures. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00106a The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of an oxygen plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals e.g. O, O+ and O2+). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-22T01:41:46Z O2 plasma etching CHMO:0002432 oxygen plasma etching CHMO:0002432 The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of an oxygen plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals e.g. O, O+ and O2+). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the properties of two or more lasers or waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their superposition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-22T05:07:26Z laser interferometry optical interferometry CHMO:0002433 interferometry CHMO:0002433 The measurement of the properties of two or more lasers or waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their superposition. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-22T05:07:55Z CHMO:0002434 heterodyne detection CHMO:0002434 The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of the same wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-22T05:08:37Z CHMO:0002435 homodyne detection CHMO:0002435 The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of the same wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength at the beat frequency. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-22T05:11:39Z CHMO:0002436 optical heterodyne detection CHMO:0002436 The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength at the beat frequency. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy that determines the specimen's shape and distance away from a nearby, usually flat, reflective surface from the interference pattern produced by light reflecting from both the object and the surface. A microscope objective focusses a laser on the fluorescent specimen, and the same objective collects fluorescence. The interference between the fluorescence directly emitted by the specimen and the fluorescence reflected by the surface is observed by measuring the intensity of fluorescence passing through a confocal pinhole. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-22T05:31:44Z RIC microscopy RICM reflection interference contrast (RIC) microscopy reflection interference contrast (RIC-) microscopy CHMO:0002437 reflection interference contrast microscopy CHMO:0002437 Microscopy that determines the specimen's shape and distance away from a nearby, usually flat, reflective surface from the interference pattern produced by light reflecting from both the object and the surface. A microscope objective focusses a laser on the fluorescent specimen, and the same objective collects fluorescence. The interference between the fluorescence directly emitted by the specimen and the fluorescence reflected by the surface is observed by measuring the intensity of fluorescence passing through a confocal pinhole. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00156e A solution, containing CaCl2, KCl, KH2PO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2HPO4, D-glucose and phenol red, that resists changes to its pH. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T12:59:02Z HBSS Hanks balanced salt solution CHMO:0002438 Hank's balanced salt solution CHMO:0002438 A solution, containing CaCl2, KCl, KH2PO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2HPO4, D-glucose and phenol red, that resists changes to its pH. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00130a A solution, containing CaCl2, MgSO4, KCl, NaHCO3, NaCl, NaH2PO4 and phenol red, that resists changes to its pH. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T01:06:22Z EBSS Earles balanced salt solution CHMO:0002439 Earle's balanced salt solution CHMO:0002439 A solution, containing CaCl2, MgSO4, KCl, NaHCO3, NaCl, NaH2PO4 and phenol red, that resists changes to its pH. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CHMO:0002440 true A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for tungsten-183 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T02:29:08Z 183W NMR spectra 183W NMR spectrum tungsten-183 NMR spectra tungsten-183 NMR spectrum CHMO:0002441 tungsten-183 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0002441 A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for tungsten-183 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. rsc:pr Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T02:32:09Z 1D 1H NMR 1D proton NMR CHMO:0002442 one-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002442 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting 1H nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T02:33:29Z 2D 1H NMR 2D proton NMR CHMO:0002443 two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002443 An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting 1H nuclei. rsc:pr A piece of apparatus, consisting of a high- voltage transformer, a cavity magnetron, a waveguide and a sample chamber, that is used to heat samples by irradiation with microwave (2 GHz) radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T02:43:52Z CHMO:0002444 microwave oven CHMO:0002444 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a high- voltage transformer, a cavity magnetron, a waveguide and a sample chamber, that is used to heat samples by irradiation with microwave (2 GHz) radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T03:06:09Z PP spectroscopy pump probe spectroscopy pump-probe (PP) spectroscopy pump-probe spectroscopy CHMO:0002445 pump-probe spectroscopy CHMO:0002445 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(94)80683-6 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a fs delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T03:12:40Z femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy fs PP spectroscopy fs pump probe spectroscopy fs pump-probe spectroscopy fs pump–probe spectroscopy ultra-fast pump-probe spectroscopy ultra-fast pump–probe spectroscopy ultrafast pump probe spectroscopy ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy CHMO:0002446 femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy CHMO:0002446 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a fs delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second pump laser pulse, and finally a third laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The two pump pulses create excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T03:18:09Z PREP spectroscopy PrPP spectroscopy double-pump pump-probe spectroscopy double-pump pump–probe spectroscopy pump re-pump probe spectroscopy pump repump probe spectroscopy pump-pump-probe spectroscopy pump-repump-probe (PREP) spectroscopy pump-repump-probe (PrPP) spectroscopy pump-repump-probe spectroscopy pump–pump–probe spectroscopy pump–repump–probe (PREP) spectroscopy pump–repump–probe (PrPP) spectroscopy two pump and probe spectroscopy two pump-probe spectroscopy two pump–probe spectroscopy CHMO:0002447 pump–repump–probe spectroscopy CHMO:0002447 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second pump laser pulse, and finally a third laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The two pump pulses create excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. ISBN:3540680373 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') which causes excitations within the sample. This is followed by a second laser pulse which is tuned to the correct frequency to excite transitions resonantly back down to the lower electronic state (the 'dump'). After a short delay a third laser pulse (the 'probe') is used to sense changes in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T03:18:56Z PDP spectroscopy pump-dump-probe (PDP) spectroscopy pump-dump-probe spectroscopy pump–dump–probe (PDP) spectroscopy CHMO:0002448 pump–dump–probe spectroscopy CHMO:0002448 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') which causes excitations within the sample. This is followed by a second laser pulse which is tuned to the correct frequency to excite transitions resonantly back down to the lower electronic state (the 'dump'). After a short delay a third laser pulse (the 'probe') is used to sense changes in the sample. ISBN:0521817374 A two-dimensional spectrum in which the position of a peak, in one dimension, corresponds to the chemical shift of a particular hydrogen nucleus and, in the other dimension, to the chemical shift of a hydrogen nucleus which is J-coupled to the first. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T03:20:18Z 1H COSY NMR spectrum 1H COSY spectra 1H COSY spectrum proton COSY spectrum CHMO:0002449 1H correlation spectroscopy spectrum CHMO:0002449 A two-dimensional spectrum in which the position of a peak, in one dimension, corresponds to the chemical shift of a particular hydrogen nucleus and, in the other dimension, to the chemical shift of a hydrogen nucleus which is J-coupled to the first. rsc:pr A two-dimensional spectrum in which the position of a peak, in one dimension, corresponds to the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and, in the other dimension, to the chemical shift of a nucleus which is J-coupled to the first. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T03:21:53Z COSY NMR spectra COSY NMR spectrum COSY spectra COSY spectrum CHMO:0002450 correlation spectroscopy spectrum CHMO:0002450 A two-dimensional spectrum in which the position of a peak, in one dimension, corresponds to the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and, in the other dimension, to the chemical shift of a nucleus which is J-coupled to the first. rsc:pr Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid held at or near its critical point. Liquid chromatography at the critical condition is used to determine functionality distributions in polymers. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T03:32:26Z LCCC liquid chromatography at critical conditions CHMO:0002451 liquid chromatography at the critical condition CHMO:0002451 Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid held at or near its critical point. Liquid chromatography at the critical condition is used to determine functionality distributions in polymers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2319-x A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography, where the liquid is held at or near its critical point, before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T03:36:40Z LCCC-MS LCCC/MS liquid chromatography at critical conditions-mass spectrometry CHMO:0002452 liquid chromatography at the critical condition-mass spectrometry CHMO:0002452 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography, where the liquid is held at or near its critical point, before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography, where the liquid is held at or near its critical point, before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T03:38:28Z LCCC-ESI-MS liquid chromatography at critical conditions-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0002453 liquid chromatography at the critical condition-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0002453 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T04:27:09Z cold field emission RELATED cold field emission scanning electron microscope cold-field-emission RELATED cold-field-gun scanning electron microscope CFE-SEM CFG-SEM CHMO:0002454 cold-field-emission scanning electron microscope CHMO:0002454 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 195Pt nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T05:33:12Z 195Pt NMR 195Pt NMR spectrometry 195Pt NMR spectroscopy 195Pt nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry 195Pt-NMR platinum-195 NMR platinum-195 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002455 195Pt nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002455 Spectroscopy where the energy states of 195Pt nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. rsc:pr A method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the ellipsometric angles of the reflected light are measured from the configuration of the analyzer and the compensator for which no reflected light is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T05:52:42Z CHMO:0002456 null ellipsometry CHMO:0002456 A method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the ellipsometric angles of the reflected light are measured from the configuration of the analyzer and the compensator for which no reflected light is detected. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00156e Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The conducting tip forms a capacitor with the surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation, in order to map the change in work function of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T06:01:55Z KFM KPFM Kelvin force microscopy Kelvin probe microscopy SSPM scanning surface potential microscopy CHMO:0002457 Kelvin probe force microscopy CHMO:0002457 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The conducting tip forms a capacitor with the surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation, in order to map the change in work function of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. FIX:0000120 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A measurement method for determining the contact potential difference or difference in work functions between the sample and a reference electrode. In this method, the probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes, resulting in a small ac current. The work function difference is measured by applying an opposing external bias voltage such that the ac current is zero. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-23T06:07:50Z Kelvin method vibrating capacitor method CHMO:0002458 Kelvin probe method CHMO:0002458 A measurement method for determining the contact potential difference or difference in work functions between the sample and a reference electrode. In this method, the probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes, resulting in a small ac current. The work function difference is measured by applying an opposing external bias voltage such that the ac current is zero. ISBN:0127521496 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003390051144 Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. A probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes. A voltage is then applied between the probe and sample until the electric field between them vanishes. The force gradient is proportional to the change in amplitude of the vibration. The distance between the probe and sample is kept constant during the measurement using a feedback loop. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-24T04:34:08Z KFS CHMO:0002459 Kelvin force spectroscopy CHMO:0002459 Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. A probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes. A voltage is then applied between the probe and sample until the electric field between them vanishes. The force gradient is proportional to the change in amplitude of the vibration. The distance between the probe and sample is kept constant during the measurement using a feedback loop. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003390051144 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the difference in work function between the tip and sample as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-24T04:44:44Z KPFM image CHMO:0002460 Kelvin probe force micrograph CHMO:0002460 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the difference in work function between the tip and sample as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both capillary electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-25T10:16:34Z 2D CE 2D-CE CE-CE CE/CE CHMO:0002461 two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis CHMO:0002461 A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both capillary electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A two-dimensional separation method where the sample is first subjected to liquid chromatography followed by capillary electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-25T10:18:22Z LC-CE LC/CE CHMO:0002462 liquid chromatography-capillary electrophoresis CHMO:0002462 A two-dimensional separation method where the sample is first subjected to liquid chromatography followed by capillary electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of positively charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-28T11:46:03Z +ESI positive electrospray ionization CHMO:0002463 positive electrospray ionisation CHMO:0002463 An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of positively charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of negatively charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-28T11:47:32Z -ESI negative electrospray ionization CHMO:0002464 negative electrospray ionisation CHMO:0002464 An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of negatively charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution caused by the addition of an additional different solvent. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-28T11:52:22Z CHMO:0002465 solvent precipitation CHMO:0002465 The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution caused by the addition of an additional different solvent. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The sedimentation of a solid protein (a 'precipitate') from an aqueous solution caused by the addition of an organic solvent (e.g. methanol), a polyelectrolyte (e.g. alginate) or a salt (e.g. ammonium sulfate) in a process known as 'salting out'. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-28T11:55:08Z CHMO:0002466 protein precipitation CHMO:0002466 The sedimentation of a solid protein (a 'precipitate') from an aqueous solution caused by the addition of an organic solvent (e.g. methanol), a polyelectrolyte (e.g. alginate) or a salt (e.g. ammonium sulfate) in a process known as 'salting out'. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The component of a system to be analysed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-29T11:58:40Z CHMO:0002467 analyte CHMO:0002467 The component of a system to be analysed. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00331 CHMO:0002468 true The liquid or gas entering a chromatographic column and used to effect a separation by elution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-29T12:01:03Z CHMO:0002469 column eluent CHMO:0002469 The liquid or gas entering a chromatographic column and used to effect a separation by elution. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02040 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-29T06:15:27Z BF-TEM bright field TEM bright field transmission electron microscopy bright-field TEM CHMO:0002470 bright-field transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002470 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-29T06:25:22Z DF-TEM CHMO:0002471 dark-field transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002471 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-29T06:34:10Z DF-STEM CHMO:0002472 dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002472 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200502201 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a crucible (made of pyrolytic boron nitride, quartz, tungsten or graphite), heating filaments, a water cooling system, which is used to measure very low vapor pressures by measuring the mass of vapor which escapes when the vessel contains a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor. It is also used as a source evaporator during crystal growth e.g. during molecular-beam epitaxy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-29T06:39:36Z CHMO:0002473 Knudsen cell CHMO:0002473 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a crucible (made of pyrolytic boron nitride, quartz, tungsten or graphite), heating filaments, a water cooling system, which is used to measure very low vapor pressures by measuring the mass of vapor which escapes when the vessel contains a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor. It is also used as a source evaporator during crystal growth e.g. during molecular-beam epitaxy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electromagnet containing a paramagnetic core material with a tip-shaped end, that is used to trap and manipulate magnetic particles. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-29T06:44:09Z CHMO:0002474 magnetic tweezers CHMO:0002474 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electromagnet containing a paramagnetic core material with a tip-shaped end, that is used to trap and manipulate magnetic particles. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75672-5 The trapping of microscopic particles by a localised magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-29T06:50:18Z CHMO:0002475 magnetic trapping CHMO:0002475 The trapping of microscopic particles by a localised magnetic field. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75672-5 A synthesis method for metal nanopowders that consists of passing a pulse of a high-density current (10^4 to 10^6 A/mm^2) through a wire causing the explosive disintegration of the metal (accompanied by a bright flash of light, a shock wave, the dispersion of the metal, and the fast expansion of a mixture of boiling metal droplets and vapour to the surrounding medium) and the production of metal , particles with characteristic sizes of tens of μm to a few nm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-29T06:51:48Z EEW EEW method WEE WEE method electrical explosion of wire electrical explosion of wire method CHMO:0002476 wire electrical explosion method CHMO:0002476 A synthesis method for metal nanopowders that consists of passing a pulse of a high-density current (10^4 to 10^6 A/mm^2) through a wire causing the explosive disintegration of the metal (accompanied by a bright flash of light, a shock wave, the dispersion of the metal, and the fast expansion of a mixture of boiling metal droplets and vapour to the surrounding medium) and the production of metal , particles with characteristic sizes of tens of μm to a few nm. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995078009070039 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a mobile phase supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column, detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T11:48:43Z CHMO:0002477 chromatograph CHMO:0002477 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a mobile phase supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column, detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column, detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T11:50:27Z CHMO:0002478 gas chromatograph CHMO:0002478 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column, detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 13C nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:00:55Z 13C REDOR 13C REDOR NMR 13C-REDOR 13C-REDOR NMR CHMO:0002479 13C rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002479 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 13C nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0001039 rsc:pr A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:02:08Z 15N REDOR 15N REDOR NMR 15N-REDOR 15N-REDOR NMR CHMO:0002480 15N rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002480 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0001040 rsc:pr A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:02:50Z 31P REDOR 31P REDOR NMR 31P-REDOR 31P-REDOR NMR CHMO:0002481 31P rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002481 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0001041 rsc:pr A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 19F nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:03:49Z 19F REDOR 19F REDOR NMR 19F-REDOR 19F-REDOR NMR CHMO:0002482 19F rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002482 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 19F nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0001042 rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 6Li and 1H nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:05:51Z 6Li-1H HOESY 6Li-1H HOESY NMR 6Li–1H HOESY 6Li–1H HOESY NMR CHMO:0002483 6Li–1H heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0002483 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 6Li and 1H nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). FIX:0001086 rsc:pr A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 19F and 1H nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:08:59Z 19F-1H HOESY 19F-1H HOESY NMR 19F–1H HOESY 19F–1H HOESY NMR CHMO:0002484 19F–1H heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0002484 A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 19F and 1H nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). FIX:0001087 rsc:pr An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 2H nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:10:05Z 2H PFGSE 2H PFGSE NMR 2H PGSE 2H PGSE NMR 2H-PFGSE 2H-PFGSE NMR 2H-PGSE 2H-PGSE NMR D PGSE D-PGSE deuterium-PFGSE deuterium-PFGSE NMR deuterium-PGSE deuterium-PGSE NMR CHMO:0002485 2H pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002485 An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 2H nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. FIX:0001089 rsc:pr An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 19F nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:12:44Z 19F PFGSE 19F PFGSE NMR 19F PGSE 19F PGSE NMR 19F-PFGSE 19F-PFGSE NMR 19F-PGSE 19F-PGSE NMR CHMO:0002486 19F pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002486 An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 19F nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. FIX:0001090 rsc:pr An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 1H nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:15:53Z 1H PFGSE 1H PFGSE NMR 1H PGSE 1H PGSE NMR 1H-PFGSE 1H-PFGSE NMR 1H-PGSE 1H-PGSE NMR proton-PFGSE proton-PFGSE NMR proton-PGSE proton-PGSE NMR CHMO:0002487 1H pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002487 An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 1H nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. FIX:0001091 rsc:pr An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 7Li nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:17:43Z 7Li PFGSE 7Li PFGSE NMR 7Li PGSE 7Li PGSE NMR 7Li-PFGSE 7Li-PFGSE NMR 7Li-PGSE 7Li-PGSE NMR CHMO:0002488 7Li pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002488 An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 7Li nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. FIX:0001092 rsc:pr An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 13C nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:18:49Z 13C PFGSE 13C PFGSE NMR 13C PGSE 13C PGSE NMR 13C-PFGSE 13C-PFGSE NMR 13C-PGSE 13C-PGSE NMR CHMO:0002489 13C pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002489 An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 13C nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. FIX:0001093 rsc:pr A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 29Si nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:20:11Z 29Si REDOR 29Si REDOR NMR 29Si-REDOR 29Si-REDOR NMR CHMO:0002490 29Si rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002490 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 29Si nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0001096 rsc:pr A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 19F and 29Si nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:21:22Z 19F-29Si REDOR 19F-29Si REDOR NMR 19F-29Si-REDOR 19F-29Si-REDOR NMR 19F–29Si REDOR 19F–29Si REDOR NMR 19F–29Si-REDOR 19F–29Si-REDOR NMR CHMO:0002491 19F–29Si rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002491 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 19F and 29Si nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0001097 rsc:pr A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 89Y nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:23:56Z 89Y CP-MAS 89Y CP-MAS NMR 89Y CP/MAS 89Y CP/MAS NMR 89Y CPMAS 89Y CPMAS NMR 89Y cross polarisation magic angle spinning 89Y cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 89Y cross polarization magic angle spinning 89Y cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 89Y cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 89Y cross-polarization magic angle spinning 89Y cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ytterbium-89 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning CHMO:0002492 89Y cross-polarisation magic angle spinning CHMO:0002492 A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 89Y nuclei. FIX:0001101 ISBN:0-19-855567-9 Spectroscopy where the response of a 63Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:27:47Z 63Cu EPR 63Cu ESR 63Cu pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002493 63Cu pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002493 Spectroscopy where the response of a 63Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. FIX:0001104 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the response of a 65Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T01:29:27Z 65Cu EPR 65Cu ESR 65Cu pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002494 65Cu pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002494 Spectroscopy where the response of a 65Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. FIX:0001110 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of fluorescence emitted by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T02:37:23Z CHMO:0002495 fluorescence titration CHMO:0002495 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of fluorescence emitted by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of volume of titrant vs. fluorescence intensity obtained from a fluorescence titration experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-09-30T02:41:04Z fluorescence spectral titration data fluorescence titration data fluorescence titration plot CHMO:0002496 fluorescence titration curve CHMO:0002496 A plot of volume of titrant vs. fluorescence intensity obtained from a fluorescence titration experiment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2006.06.021 A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light in the range 190–400 nm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-01T03:41:26Z UV curing UV irradiation curing UV-assisted curing CHMO:0002497 ultraviolet curing CHMO:0002497 A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light in the range 190–400 nm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the response of an unstable free radical to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured by first forming a more stable radical adduct (e.g. a nitroxide radical) with a nitrone or nitroso compound (the 'spin trap'). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-01T04:15:59Z spin trap EPR spin trap ESR spin-trap EPR spin-trap ESR spin-trap electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002498 spin-trap electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002498 Spectroscopy where the response of an unstable free radical to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured by first forming a more stable radical adduct (e.g. a nitroxide radical) with a nitrone or nitroso compound (the 'spin trap'). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A buffer that serves as an anode in an electrophoresis experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-05T09:40:30Z IEF anode buffer IEF anodic buffer anode buffer anodic buffer isoelectric focusing anode buffer isoelectric focusing anodic buffer CHMO:0002499 electrophoresis anode buffer CHMO:0002499 A buffer that serves as an anode in an electrophoresis experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer that serves as a cathode in an electrophoresis experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-05T09:44:08Z IEF cathode buffer IEF cathodic buffer cathode buffer cathodic buffer electrophoresis cathode buffer isoelectric focusing cathode buffer isoelectric focusing cathodic buffer CHMO:0002500 electrophoresis cathode buffer CHMO:0002500 A buffer that serves as a cathode in an electrophoresis experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A buffer that is used to separate proteins in a gel matrix. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-05T10:04:26Z CHMO:0002501 running buffer CHMO:0002501 A buffer that is used to separate proteins in a gel matrix. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of ehv vs hv where e is the molar extinction coefficient, that is used to determine the optical gap (or 'Tauc gap') in amorphous thin film materials. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-05T10:24:47Z CHMO:0002502 Tauc plot CHMO:0002502 A plot of ehv vs hv where e is the molar extinction coefficient, that is used to determine the optical gap (or 'Tauc gap') in amorphous thin film materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(68)90023-8 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a two-dimensional pattern of diodes and a prism, that is used to detect organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell or cuvette it is illuminated with light in the region 190–1100 nm and any light transmitted through the sample is dispersed by the prism, so that light of different wavelengths falls on different diodes. The output from the array is used to construct an absorption spectrum that can be compared with standard spectra for identification purposes. Alternatively, a single diode can be used to monitor a specific wavelength at which there is maxiμm absorption. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-06T01:38:25Z photodiode array detector CHMO:0002503 diode array detector CHMO:0002503 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a two-dimensional pattern of diodes and a prism, that is used to detect organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell or cuvette it is illuminated with light in the region 190–1100 nm and any light transmitted through the sample is dispersed by the prism, so that light of different wavelengths falls on different diodes. The output from the array is used to construct an absorption spectrum that can be compared with standard spectra for identification purposes. Alternatively, a single diode can be used to monitor a specific wavelength at which there is maxiμm absorption. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response for a biological system. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-06T03:51:46Z bio-electrochemical analysis bio-electrochemical method bioelectrochemical method CHMO:0002504 bioelectrochemical analysis CHMO:0002504 The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response for a biological system. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are silicon-29 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-07T01:19:00Z 29Si CP-MAS NMR spectra 29Si CP-MAS NMR spectrum 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectra 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectrum 29Si CPMAS NMR spectra 29Si CPMAS NMR spectrum silicon-29 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra silicon-29 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra silicon-29 cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0002505 silicon-29 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0002505 A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are silicon-29 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. rsc:pr An electrode whose response indicates the change of some analytical variable. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-07T02:43:23Z CHMO:0002506 interrogating electrode CHMO:0002506 An electrode whose response indicates the change of some analytical variable. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 CHMO:0002507 true A method where the components of a sample (e.g. plasma lipoproteins) are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. A density gradient is established via equilibrium sedimentation (e.g. using caesium ions), and then analyte molecules concentrate as bands where the molecule density matches that of the surrounding solution. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:18:05Z CHMO:0002508 isopycnic gradient ultracentrifugation CHMO:0002508 A method where the components of a sample (e.g. plasma lipoproteins) are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. A density gradient is established via equilibrium sedimentation (e.g. using caesium ions), and then analyte molecules concentrate as bands where the molecule density matches that of the surrounding solution. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser or flash lamp. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:23:44Z FP CHMO:0002509 flash photolysis CHMO:0002509 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser or flash lamp. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. FIX:0000370 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:27:04Z LFP CHMO:0002510 laser flash photolysis CHMO:0002510 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. FIX:0000371 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong nanosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:28:33Z ns laser flash photolysis CHMO:0002511 nanosecond laser flash photolysis CHMO:0002511 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong nanosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. FIX:0000372 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong picosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:29:30Z ps laser flash photolysis CHMO:0002512 picosecond laser flash photolysis CHMO:0002512 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong picosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong femtosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:30:11Z fs laser flash photolysis CHMO:0002513 femtosecond laser flash photolysis CHMO:0002513 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong femtosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The diffuse reflectance of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:34:23Z DFLPF CHMO:0002514 diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis CHMO:0002514 A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The diffuse reflectance of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. FIX:0000373 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:39:33Z CHMO:0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy CHMO:0002515 Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. FIX:0000375 An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:44:24Z NEXAFS microscopy near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy CHMO:0002516 near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure microscopy CHMO:0002516 An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. FIX:0000377 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a surface (e.g. a thin film) and measuring the complex index of refraction as a function of incident X-ray energy, near the absorption edge. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:45:44Z RSoXR resonant soft X-ray reflectivity CHMO:0002517 resonant soft X-ray reflectometry CHMO:0002517 A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a surface (e.g. a thin film) and measuring the complex index of refraction as a function of incident X-ray energy, near the absorption edge. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.2731352 An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are scanned across a specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T11:47:14Z SXM SXRM scanning XM scanning XRM CHMO:0002518 scanning X-ray microscopy CHMO:0002518 An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are scanned across a specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. ISBN:1586035339 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs two photons, each one half of the energy required for single-photon excitation). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T01:19:49Z two photon LSM two photon laser scanning microscopy two-photon LSM CHMO:0002519 two-photon laser scanning microscopy CHMO:0002519 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs two photons, each one half of the energy required for single-photon excitation). FIX:0000382 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce single-photon fluorescence. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-09T01:22:48Z single photon LSM single photon laser scanning microscopy single-photon LSM CHMO:0002520 single-photon laser scanning microscopy CHMO:0002520 Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce single-photon fluorescence. FIX:0000381 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source that emits light at element-specific wavelengths, a sample aspirator, a flame or furnace apparatus for volatilising the sample, and a photon detector, that is used to measure the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample. Atoms in the sample of a specific wavelength will absorb light produced by the lamp before it reaches the detector, and the amount of light absorbed depends on the quantity of the element present in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-12T10:17:43Z CHMO:0002521 atomic absorption spectrometer CHMO:0002521 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source that emits light at element-specific wavelengths, a sample aspirator, a flame or furnace apparatus for volatilising the sample, and a photon detector, that is used to measure the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample. Atoms in the sample of a specific wavelength will absorb light produced by the lamp before it reaches the detector, and the amount of light absorbed depends on the quantity of the element present in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of fluorescence spectroscopy where a two-dimensional total fluorescence spectrum is recorded at various excitation wavelengths. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-13T09:39:02Z EEM excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence excitation-emission matrix fluorescence excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy excitation–emission matrix fluorescence fluorescence EEM CHMO:0002522 excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0002522 A type of fluorescence spectroscopy where a two-dimensional total fluorescence spectrum is recorded at various excitation wavelengths. https://doi.org/10.1039/b609875d The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-13T11:06:56Z vapor phase extraction vapor-phase extraction vapour phase extraction CHMO:0002523 vapour-phase extraction CHMO:0002523 The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-13T11:10:28Z DPE bioslurping dual phase extraction multi-phase extraction multiphase extraction vacuum-enhanced extraction CHMO:0002524 dual-phase extraction CHMO:0002524 An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A 3D plot of excitation wavelength vs. emission wavelength vs. intensity obtained from a fluorescence spectroscopy experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-13T11:34:46Z excitation-emission fluorescence spectra excitation-emission fluorescence spectrum excitation–emission fluorescence spectra CHMO:0002525 excitation–emission fluorescence spectrum CHMO:0002525 A 3D plot of excitation wavelength vs. emission wavelength vs. intensity obtained from a fluorescence spectroscopy experiment. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9ay00048h Microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-13T11:54:50Z TPLM TPOM transmitted optical polarising microscopy transmitted polarised light microscopy transmitted polarised optical microscopy transmitted polarized light microscopy transmitted polarized light optical microscopy transmitted polarized optical microscopy transmitted polarized-light optical microscopy transmitted polarizing light microscopy transmitted polarizing optical microscopy CHMO:0002526 transmitted polarising light microscopy CHMO:0002526 Microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, orthogonal polarising filters and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-13T01:32:14Z polarised light microscope polarised-light microscope polarising light microscope polarized light microscope polarized-light microscope polarizing light microscope polarizing microscope CHMO:0002527 polarising microscope CHMO:0002527 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, orthogonal polarising filters and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, orthogonal polarising filters and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. The specimen is illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-13T01:35:03Z polarized transmitted light microscope transmitted light polarising microscope transmitting polarizing light microscope transmitting polarizing microscope CHMO:0002528 transmitting polarising microscope CHMO:0002528 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, orthogonal polarising filters and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. The specimen is illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, a condenser lens, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. The specimen is illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-13T01:39:29Z bright-field optical microscope transmitted light microscope transmitted-light microscope CHMO:0002529 bright-field microscope CHMO:0002529 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, a condenser lens, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. The specimen is illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The application of a thin cover to sample by converting the coating solution to an aerosol then allowing the droplets to settle on the sample surface under the influence of gravity or using an electrostatic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-13T02:46:08Z spray-coating CHMO:0002530 spray coating CHMO:0002530 The application of a thin cover to sample by converting the coating solution to an aerosol then allowing the droplets to settle on the sample surface under the influence of gravity or using an electrostatic field. https://doi.org/10.1039/b917294g The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it (at constant velocity) in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', and removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal') at a constant velocity. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-13T02:50:18Z CR dip coating constant-rate dip-coating CHMO:0002531 constant-rate dip coating CHMO:0002531 The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it (at constant velocity) in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', and removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal') at a constant velocity. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9ay00077a A detector used in scanning electron microscopy experiments to detect secondary electrons. The detector consists of a scintillator inside a Faraday cage inside the specimen chamber of the microscope. A low positive voltage is applied to the Faraday cage to attract the relatively low-energy (<50 eV) secondary electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-16T01:42:51Z ET detector ETD detector Everhart-Thornley detector ETD CHMO:0002532 Everhart–Thornley detector CHMO:0002532 A detector used in scanning electron microscopy experiments to detect secondary electrons. The detector consists of a scintillator inside a Faraday cage inside the specimen chamber of the microscope. A low positive voltage is applied to the Faraday cage to attract the relatively low-energy (<50 eV) secondary electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment where the separation is caused by differences in molecular size. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-16T03:46:22Z GPC elugram GPC profile GPC profiles GPC trace GPC traces gel permeation chromatogram gel permeation chromatographic traces CHMO:0002533 gel filtration chromatogram CHMO:0002533 A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment where the separation is caused by differences in molecular size. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. Laser light of frequency \nu is converted to light of frequency 2\nu by a non-linear interaction with the sample, and the polarisation of this light (the 'second harmonic') is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-21T05:30:07Z SHG-CD second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy second harmonic generation-circular dichroism second-harmonic generation-circular dichroism CHMO:0002534 second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0002534 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. Laser light of frequency \nu is converted to light of frequency 2\nu by a non-linear interaction with the sample, and the polarisation of this light (the 'second harmonic') is determined. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100109a022 The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-21T05:43:24Z Karl Fischer titration Karl-Fischer titration CHMO:0002535 Karl–Fischer titration CHMO:0002535 The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured volumes of a titrant (normally via a burette) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-21T05:44:52Z CHMO:0002536 volumetric titration CHMO:0002536 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured volumes of a titrant (normally via a burette) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. In a coulometric titration the titrant is generated electrochemically by passing a constant current through an electrolyte. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-21T05:46:08Z CHMO:0002537 coulometric titration CHMO:0002537 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. In a coulometric titration the titrant is generated electrochemically by passing a constant current through an electrolyte. FIX:0000781 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before part of the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. Another part of the sample is simultaneously ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-21T06:00:00Z GC-EI-MS/ICP-MS GC/EI-MS/ICP-MS CHMO:0002538 parallel ICP-MS and EI-MS detection after GC separation CHMO:0002538 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before part of the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. Another part of the sample is simultaneously ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://doi.org/10.1039/b822668f A method where a sample mixture is first separated by low-temperature gas chromatography (-78°C) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-21T06:07:24Z LT-GC-ICP-MS LT-GC/ICP-MS low temperature gas chromatography (LT-GC) coupled on-line with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) low-temperature gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry low-temperature gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy CHMO:0002539 low-temperature gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry CHMO:0002539 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by low-temperature gas chromatography (-78°C) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A sample preparation method for gas chromatography in which the sample is deposited into the inlet of the chromatograph at a low temperature, then the inlet temperature is rapidly raised to vaporise the desired components and cause their transfer onto the column. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-21T06:16:02Z programmed temperature vaporization programmed-temperature vaporisation programmed-temperature vaporization PTV CHMO:0002540 programmed temperature vaporisation CHMO:0002540 A sample preparation method for gas chromatography in which the sample is deposited into the inlet of the chromatograph at a low temperature, then the inlet temperature is rapidly raised to vaporise the desired components and cause their transfer onto the column. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion and the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-21T06:18:50Z ESI-HR-TOF-MS HR ESI TOF MS HR-ESI-TOF-MS high-resolution electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0002541 high-resolution electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0002541 Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion and the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-21T06:22:53Z GC-EI-MS GC/EI-MS CHMO:0002542 gas chromatography electron ionisation mass spectrometry CHMO:0002542 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://doi.org/10.1039/b911945k A 2D NMR technique which correlates (commonly one-bond) J-coupled homonuclei. In one dimension, the signals appear at the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and in the other dimension, at a position which is the sum of the frequencies of that nucleus and its J-coupled partner. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T01:30:55Z 2D INADEQUATE 2D INADEQUATE NMR INADEQUATE INADEQUATE NMR CHMO:0002543 incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment CHMO:0002543 A 2D NMR technique which correlates (commonly one-bond) J-coupled homonuclei. In one dimension, the signals appear at the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and in the other dimension, at a position which is the sum of the frequencies of that nucleus and its J-coupled partner. rsc:pr A 2D NMR technique which correlates (commonly one-bond) J-coupled 13C nuclei. In one dimension, the signals appear at the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and in the other dimension, at a position which is the sum of the frequencies of that nucleus and its J-coupled partner. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T01:33:27Z 13C INADEQUATE 13C INADEQUATE NMR 2D 13C INADEQUATE 2D 13C INADEQUATE NMR CHMO:0002544 13C incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment CHMO:0002544 A 2D NMR technique which correlates (commonly one-bond) J-coupled 13C nuclei. In one dimension, the signals appear at the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and in the other dimension, at a position which is the sum of the frequencies of that nucleus and its J-coupled partner. rsc:pr A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. This technique exploits the correlations seen between the intensities of spectral features of multiple spectra so as to obtain a statistically derived spectrum. This technique is of particular value for metabolic profiling. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T01:41:14Z STOCSY STOCSY NMR statistical COSY CHMO:0002545 statistical total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002545 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. This technique exploits the correlations seen between the intensities of spectral features of multiple spectra so as to obtain a statistically derived spectrum. This technique is of particular value for metabolic profiling. ISBN:1420076477 A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a CPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T01:50:16Z CPMG spectra CPMG spectrum CPMG spin-echo spectra CPMG spin-echo spectrum CHMO:0002546 Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum CHMO:0002546 A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a CPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. rsc:pr A two-dimensional NMR spectrum where signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the J-multiplets of correlated nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T02:02:34Z 2D J-resolved NMR spectra 2D J-resolved NMR spectrum J spectra J spectrum J-resolved NMR spectra J-resolved NMR spectrum J-resolved spectra J-resolved spectrum J-spectra NMR J-spectra NMR J-spectrum CHMO:0002547 J-spectrum CHMO:0002547 A two-dimensional NMR spectrum where signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the J-multiplets of correlated nuclei. ISBN:3540236058 Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T02:18:04Z CHMO:0002548 polymer preparation method CHMO:0002548 Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) 50–500 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and are stablised against Ostwald ripening using a costabiliser such as hexadecane. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T02:19:47Z mini-emulsion polymerisation mini-emulsion polymerization miniemulsion polymerization CHMO:0002549 miniemulsion polymerisation CHMO:0002549 A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) 50–500 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and are stablised against Ostwald ripening using a costabiliser such as hexadecane. ISBN:1859573819 A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T02:21:24Z conventional emulsion polymerisation conventional emulsion polymerization emulsion polymerization CHMO:0002550 emulsion polymerisation CHMO:0002550 A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant. ISBN:1859573819 A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) <100 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and a cosurfactant e.g. hexanol. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T02:27:18Z micro-emulsion polymerisation micro-emulsion polymerization microemulsion polymerization CHMO:0002551 microemulsion polymerisation CHMO:0002551 A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) <100 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and a cosurfactant e.g. hexanol. ISBN:1859573819 A polymerisation which is initiated by laser pulses at a constant repetition rate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T02:37:25Z PLP pulsed laser polymerization pulsed-laser polymerisation pulsed-laser polymerization CHMO:0002552 pulsed laser polymerisation CHMO:0002552 A polymerisation which is initiated by laser pulses at a constant repetition rate. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma8020932 Microscopy where a laser is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the photocurrent is recorded as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T02:41:41Z SPCM CHMO:0002553 scanning photocurrent microscopy CHMO:0002553 Microscopy where a laser is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the photocurrent is recorded as a function of position. arxiv:0707.3176 A polymerisation process where the hydrophilic monomer is solubilised inside surfactant reverse micelle structures. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-23T02:45:29Z reverse micelle polymerization CHMO:0002554 reverse micelle polymerisation CHMO:0002554 A polymerisation process where the hydrophilic monomer is solubilised inside surfactant reverse micelle structures. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00010a012 A type of NMR experiment in which excitation of the spin states of three different types of nuclei (usually 1H, 13C and 15N) is employed. The name of the experiment describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. Hils 2009-10-25T08:06:32Z CHMO:0002056 backbone assignment experiment triple resonance NMR triple resonance NMR spectroscopy triple resonance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy triple resonance nuclear magnetic spectroscopy triple resonance spectroscopy triple-resonance NMR triple-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002555 triple-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002555 A type of NMR experiment in which excitation of the spin states of three different types of nuclei (usually 1H, 13C and 15N) is employed. The name of the experiment describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. FIX:0000153 rsc:pr A triple resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon of the preceding residue. The name of the method describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. Hils 2009-10-25T08:08:23Z CHMO:0002057 HNCO HNCO experiment CHMO:0002556 HNCO CHMO:0002556 A triple resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon of the preceding residue. The name of the method describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. FIX:0000154 rsc:pr A triple-resonance NMR experiment used in to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha carbons of the same and preceding residues. Hils 2009-10-25T08:10:21Z CHMO:0002058 HNCA experiment CHMO:0002557 HNCA CHMO:0002557 A triple-resonance NMR experiment used in to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha carbons of the same and preceding residues. FIX:0000155 rsc:pr A triple resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the \alpha-carbon of the preceding residue. The name of the method describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. Hils 2009-10-25T08:11:11Z CHMO:0002059 HN(CO)CA HN(CO)CA experiment HNCOCA HNCOCA experiment CHMO:0002558 HNCOCA CHMO:0002558 A triple resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the \alpha-carbon of the preceding residue. The name of the method describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. FIX:0000156 rsc:pr A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6\\A) and with the shifts of the heteronuclei bound to these proximate protons. Hils 2009-10-25T08:21:06Z 3D NOESY-HSQC 3D NOESY–HSQC CHMO:0002559 three-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy-heteronuclear single quantum coherence CHMO:0002559 A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6\\A) and with the shifts of the heteronuclei bound to these proximate protons. FIX:0000151 rsc:pr A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with both the alpha- and beta-carbons and protons of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. Hils 2009-10-25T09:22:46Z HCC(CO)NNH experiment CHMO:0002560 HCC(CO)NNH CHMO:0002560 A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with both the alpha- and beta-carbons and protons of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. FIX:0000455 rsc:pr A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts their covalently-bound heteronuclei and with the shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6\\A). Hils 2009-10-25T08:59:02Z 3D HSQC-NOESY 3D HSQC–NOESY CHMO:0002561 heteronuclear single quantum coherence-nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy CHMO:0002561 A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts their covalently-bound heteronuclei and with the shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6\\A). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A 1D NMR experiment in which a 1D spectrum is subtracted from a spectrum acquired under steady-state NOE conditions. Hils 2009-10-25T09:04:28Z 1D NOE Difference 1D NOE difference spectroscopy NOE DIFF NOE Difference NOE-DIFF NOE-Difference NOE-difference NOEd NOEDIFF CHMO:0002562 nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectroscopy CHMO:0002562 A 1D NMR experiment in which a 1D spectrum is subtracted from a spectrum acquired under steady-state NOE conditions. FIX:0000203 rsc:pr A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. Hils 2009-10-25T09:17:48Z HN(CO)CAHA experiment CHMO:0002563 HN(CO)CAHA CHMO:0002563 A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. FIX:0000453 rsc:pr A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. Hils 2009-10-25T09:19:29Z HCANNH experiment CHMO:0002564 HCANNH CHMO:0002564 A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. FIX:0000454 rsc:pr A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. Hils 2009-10-25T09:25:50Z HNCAHA experiment CHMO:0002565 HNCAHA CHMO:0002565 A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. FIX:0000452 rsc:pr A 4D triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shifts of the protons of a sidechain are correlated with their covalently bound 13C nuclei and with the other protons of the side-chain. Hils 2009-10-25T09:27:11Z 4D HCCH-TOCSY 4D HCCH–TOCSY CHMO:0002566 four-dimensional HCCH-total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002566 A 4D triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shifts of the protons of a sidechain are correlated with their covalently bound 13C nuclei and with the other protons of the side-chain. FIX:0000449 rsc:pr A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their bonded 13C nuclei and with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate carbon-bound protons (<6\\A) and their associated 13C nuclei. Pulsed field gradients are employed to improve the appearance of the spectrum. Hils 2009-10-25T09:30:25Z gradient 13C-13C 1H-1H NOESY gradient 13C/13C 1H-1H NOESY gradient 13C/13C 1H–1H NOESY gradient 13C–13C 1H–1H NOESY CHMO:0002567 gradient 13C–13C 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy CHMO:0002567 A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their bonded 13C nuclei and with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate carbon-bound protons (<6\\A) and their associated 13C nuclei. Pulsed field gradients are employed to improve the appearance of the spectrum. FIX:0000450 rsc:pr A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their bonded 13C nuclei and with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate carbon-bound protons (<6\\A) and their associated 13C nuclei. Hils 2009-10-25T09:33:24Z 13C-13C 1H-1H NOESY 13C/13C 1H-1H NOESY 13C/13C edited 1H-1H NOESY 13C–13C 1H–1H NOESY CHMO:0002568 13C–13C edited 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0002568 A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their bonded 13C nuclei and with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate carbon-bound protons (<6\\A) and their associated 13C nuclei. FIX:0000447 rsc:pr A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their associated 13C nuclei and with the chemical shift of spatially proximate amide protons (<6\\A) and the 15N nuclei to which these are bound. Hils 2009-10-25T09:37:24Z 13C-15N edited 1H-1H NOESY 13C/15N edited 1H-1H NOESY CHMO:0002569 13C–15N edited 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0002569 A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their associated 13C nuclei and with the chemical shift of spatially proximate amide protons (<6\\A) and the 15N nuclei to which these are bound. FIX:0000560 rsc:pr A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas manifold with a series of tubes and valves connecting the sample chamber to one or more pressure reservoirs of known volume, used for measuring the thermodynamics of hydrogen sorption onto metal samples. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-27T09:19:33Z Sieverts apparatus Sieverts' apparatus volumetric hydrogen storage capacity apparatus CHMO:0002570 Sievert's apparatus CHMO:0002570 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas manifold with a series of tubes and valves connecting the sample chamber to one or more pressure reservoirs of known volume, used for measuring the thermodynamics of hydrogen sorption onto metal samples. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eluent supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column containing a swollen gel, a detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-27T06:50:11Z gel permeation chromatograph GPC CHMO:0002571 gel filtration chromatograph CHMO:0002571 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eluent supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column containing a swollen gel, a detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus used as a reaction vessel in air-sensitive chemistry. It is made of glass and has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-28T09:17:43Z Schlenk flask CHMO:0002572 Schlenk tube CHMO:0002572 A piece of apparatus used as a reaction vessel in air-sensitive chemistry. It is made of glass and has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-10-28T06:03:55Z SEC chromatogram SEC elugram SEC profile SEC trace size exclusion chromatogram CHMO:0002573 size-exclusion chromatogram CHMO:0002573 A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by placing the specimen between two orthogonal polarising filters, illuminating it with visible light, and using a system of magnifying lenses. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-02T02:04:51Z polarising light micrographs polarising microscope image polarising microscope images polarizing light micrograph polarizing light micrographs polarizing microscope image polarizing microscope images CHMO:0002574 polarising light micrograph CHMO:0002574 An image obtained by placing the specimen between two orthogonal polarising filters, illuminating it with visible light, and using a system of magnifying lenses. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00125e A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by an acetic acid–sodium acetate equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-02T05:58:57Z CHMO:0002575 sodium acetate buffer CHMO:0002575 A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by an acetic acid–sodium acetate equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of radiation emitted by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-03T05:16:50Z CHMO:0002576 emission titration CHMO:0002576 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of radiation emitted by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-03T05:18:00Z CD titration CD titration experiment CD titration experiments CHMO:0002577 circular dichroism titration CHMO:0002577 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An ion source that consists of a syringe pump, a needle, a power source and a counter electrode (or 'cone') that is used to ionise samples for mass spectrometry. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-03T05:26:56Z ESI source electrospray ionization source CHMO:0002578 electrospray ionisation source CHMO:0002578 An ion source that consists of a syringe pump, a needle, a power source and a counter electrode (or 'cone') that is used to ionise samples for mass spectrometry. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a rotating circular tray containing a number of sealed vials, that is used for the automatic injection of samples during a mass spectrometry experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-03T05:37:59Z CHMO:0002579 autosampler CHMO:0002579 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a rotating circular tray containing a number of sealed vials, that is used for the automatic injection of samples during a mass spectrometry experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A test which produces colour change in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-03T05:47:01Z CHMO:0002580 colorimetric test CHMO:0002580 A test which produces colour change in the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A colorimetric test which consists of coupling an Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonyl )-protected amino acid and measuring the UV absorbance of the sample after deprotection using 20% piperidine in DMF. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-03T05:47:20Z UV Fmoc test ultraviolet Fmoc test CHMO:0002581 Fmoc test CHMO:0002581 A colorimetric test which consists of coupling an Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonyl )-protected amino acid and measuring the UV absorbance of the sample after deprotection using 20% piperidine in DMF. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of column chromatography where 0.1-10 g of sample mixture is separated in less than 15 min by using pressurised gas to drive the mobile phase through the column. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-03T06:25:58Z medium pressure chromatography medium-pressure chromatography CHMO:0002582 flash chromatography CHMO:0002582 A type of column chromatography where 0.1-10 g of sample mixture is separated in less than 15 min by using pressurised gas to drive the mobile phase through the column. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00408a041 A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an N2 which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-04T04:52:09Z N2 sorption-desorption experiments N2 sorption-desorption measurements CHMO:0002583 nitrogen sorption-desorption measurements CHMO:0002583 A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an N2 which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a phototelectric cell, a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light, which is used to detect the absorbance of ultraviolet (190–400 nm) light by molecules in a sample separated by chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-04T05:32:44Z UV detector CHMO:0002584 ultraviolet detector CHMO:0002584 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a phototelectric cell, a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light, which is used to detect the absorbance of ultraviolet (190–400 nm) light by molecules in a sample separated by chromatography. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a hollow prism and a photoelectric cell that is used to detect non-ultraviolet-absorbing molecules in a sample separated by chromatography. Light from the sample passes through a flow cell with two channels towards the photoelectric cell. One channel holds the eluent from the column, whereas the other holds a control sample (solvent that has not passed through the column). Detection occurs when the light is bent due to molecules eluting from the column, and this is read as a disparity between the two channels. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-04T05:38:41Z RI detector refractive-index detector CHMO:0002585 refractive index detector CHMO:0002585 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a hollow prism and a photoelectric cell that is used to detect non-ultraviolet-absorbing molecules in a sample separated by chromatography. Light from the sample passes through a flow cell with two channels towards the photoelectric cell. One channel holds the eluent from the column, whereas the other holds a control sample (solvent that has not passed through the column). Detection occurs when the light is bent due to molecules eluting from the column, and this is read as a disparity between the two channels. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a molten polymer through a die. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-05T09:34:34Z CHMO:0002586 melt extrusion CHMO:0002586 A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a molten polymer through a die. ISBN:0824728181 A synthesis method in which polymer spheres are assembled into a colloidal crystal on a substrate by evaporation induced self-assembly. The free spaces between the spheres are subsequently infiltrated with a metal by electrodeposition, and the colloidal particles are selectively removed by dissolution in a solvent (e.g. toluene) leaving behind a periodic arrangement of spherical voids embedded in a solid macroporous matrix. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-06T04:09:48Z CHMO:0002587 colloidal crystal templating CHMO:0002587 A synthesis method in which polymer spheres are assembled into a colloidal crystal on a substrate by evaporation induced self-assembly. The free spaces between the spheres are subsequently infiltrated with a metal by electrodeposition, and the colloidal particles are selectively removed by dissolution in a solvent (e.g. toluene) leaving behind a periodic arrangement of spherical voids embedded in a solid macroporous matrix. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00213h A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between mercury metal and mercury(II) sulfate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-06T04:43:50Z Hg/Hg2SO4 electrode Hg/Hg2SO4 reference electrode MSE mercury-mercurous sulfate reference electrode mercury–mercurous sulfate reference electrode CHMO:0002588 saturated mercury sulfate electrode CHMO:0002588 A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between mercury metal and mercury(II) sulfate. ISBN:0871706768 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C, under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-07T01:38:31Z LT-SEM cryo SEM cryo-SEM cryo-scanning electron microscopy cryogenic SEM low-temperature scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0002589 cryogenic scanning electron microscopy CHMO:0002589 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C, under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. https://doi.org/10.1021/b913269d Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the visible region (380–800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-07T01:52:17Z optical absorption spectroscopy visible spectrometry visible spectroscopy CHMO:0002590 visible spectrophotometry CHMO:0002590 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the visible region (380–800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that measures the size distribution of particles in an aerosol by neutralising the particles, passing them through a differential mobility analyser in order to control the size of the particles and then counting the particles of that size with a condensation particle counter. batchelorc 2009-11-10T12:09:23Z SMPS CHMO:0002591 scanning mobility particle sizer CHMO:0002591 A piece of apparatus that measures the size distribution of particles in an aerosol by neutralising the particles, passing them through a differential mobility analyser in order to control the size of the particles and then counting the particles of that size with a condensation particle counter. http://cloudbase.phy.umist.ac.uk/field/instruments/smps.htm An electrode that consists of a sample of granular carbon material that has been bound with pitch and has been fired at high temperature. batchelorc 2009-11-10T12:19:34Z CHMO:0002592 carbon electrode CHMO:0002592 An electrode that consists of a sample of granular carbon material that has been bound with pitch and has been fired at high temperature. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00829 A carbon electrode that has been fired at a temperature around 2800 K, resulting in a largely graphitic composition. batchelorc 2009-11-10T12:21:55Z CHMO:0002593 graphite electrode CHMO:0002593 A carbon electrode that has been fired at a temperature around 2800 K, resulting in a largely graphitic composition. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00829 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As a small quantity of the sample mixture is heated using several glass bulbs connected in line, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by dry ice in acetone (-78°C). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-12T09:29:23Z bulb to bulb distillation CHMO:0002594 bulb-to-bulb distillation CHMO:0002594 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As a small quantity of the sample mixture is heated using several glass bulbs connected in line, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by dry ice in acetone (-78°C). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A buffer solution in which the pH (6.4–7.4) is maintained by an cacodylic acid–cacodylate equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-13T11:22:22Z CHMO:0002595 cacodylate buffer CHMO:0002595 A buffer solution in which the pH (6.4–7.4) is maintained by an cacodylic acid–cacodylate equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A buffer solution in which the pH (6.4–7.4) is maintained by an cacodylic acid– sodium cacodylate [Na(CH3)2 AsO2] equilibrium. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-13T11:22:55Z CHMO:0002596 sodium cacodylate buffer CHMO:0002596 A buffer solution in which the pH (6.4–7.4) is maintained by an cacodylic acid– sodium cacodylate [Na(CH3)2 AsO2] equilibrium. https://doi.org/10.1013/b9nr00245f Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen, that has been stained with heavy metals salts (e.g. uranyl acetate), is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-13T01:16:15Z negative staining TEM negative staining transmission electron microscopy negative-staining TEM CHMO:0002597 negative-staining transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002597 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen, that has been stained with heavy metals salts (e.g. uranyl acetate), is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00246d A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-14T11:00:18Z CHMO:0002598 glow discharge synthesis CHMO:0002598 A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two cathodes. One cathode is the source (or target) composed of the elements required to prepare the sample via sputtering, and the other cathode is the substrate material. When two different (negative) voltages are applied to the two cathodes, glow discharge occurs, causing a build up of the sample on the substrate cathode. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-14T11:00:37Z CHMO:0002599 double-cathode glow discharge synthesis CHMO:0002599 A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two cathodes. One cathode is the source (or target) composed of the elements required to prepare the sample via sputtering, and the other cathode is the substrate material. When two different (negative) voltages are applied to the two cathodes, glow discharge occurs, causing a build up of the sample on the substrate cathode. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00225a Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between oscillation amplitude or phase of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-14T02:48:25Z AM-AFM amplitude modulation AFM amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy amplitude-modulation AFM CHMO:0002600 amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy CHMO:0002600 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between oscillation amplitude or phase of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over the specimen and collecting the light emitted by chromophores in the specimen (fluorescence) using a system of magnifying lenses. The fluorescence passes through a pinhole before it reaches the lenses, allowing only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-16T08:31:51Z CLSM image CLSM images LSCM image LSCM images confocal fluorescence image confocal fluorescence micrograph confocal fluorescence micrographs confocal laser scanning fluorescence micrograph confocal laser scanning fluorescence micrographs confocal-laser scanning micrograph confocal-laser scanning micrographs fluorescence confocal micrograph fluorescence confocal micrographs fluorescence confocal scanning laser micrograph scanning confocal fluorescence micrograph scanning confocal fluorescence micrographs scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy image scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy images CHMO:0002601 confocal laser scanning micrograph CHMO:0002601 An image obtained by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over the specimen and collecting the light emitted by chromophores in the specimen (fluorescence) using a system of magnifying lenses. The fluorescence passes through a pinhole before it reaches the lenses, allowing only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. https://doi.org/10.1039/b807581f Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-17T04:43:33Z photo-current spectrometry photo-current spectroscopy photocurrent spectrometry CHMO:0002602 photocurrent spectroscopy CHMO:0002602 Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00131j Spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-17T04:43:49Z IMPS CHMO:0002603 intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy CHMO:0002603 Spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00131j Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-17T04:44:09Z photo-voltage spectrometry photo-voltage spectroscopy photovoltage spectrometry CHMO:0002604 photovoltage spectroscopy CHMO:0002604 Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00131i Spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-17T04:44:54Z IMVS CHMO:0002605 intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy CHMO:0002605 Spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00131i Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples where the monomer is suspended as liquid droplets in a continuous water phase by means of strong agitation and the presence of a suspending agent. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-18T09:13:41Z suspension polymerization CHMO:0002606 suspension polymerisation CHMO:0002606 Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples where the monomer is suspended as liquid droplets in a continuous water phase by means of strong agitation and the presence of a suspending agent. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00242-7 A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-19T02:01:02Z CHMO:0002607 micromanipulator CHMO:0002607 A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, and is driven by the application of an alternating current to a piezoelectric material. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-19T02:02:42Z piezo micromanipulator CHMO:0002608 piezo-driven micromanipulator CHMO:0002608 A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, and is driven by the application of an alternating current to a piezoelectric material. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The conversion of an organic material in an inert atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 1800 °C to produce a graphite crystal structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-19T02:07:20Z graphitization CHMO:0002609 graphitisation CHMO:0002609 The conversion of an organic material in an inert atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 1800 °C to produce a graphite crystal structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A thin film of micrometre thickness which is used as a support for specimens during transmission electron microscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-19T02:12:30Z TEM micro-grid TEM microgrid transmission electron microscope microgrid CHMO:0002610 transmission electron microscope grid CHMO:0002610 A thin film of micrometre thickness which is used as a support for specimens during transmission electron microscopy. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-21T01:12:18Z FE TEM FE-TEM FE/TEM FEG-TEM FEGTEM FETEM FTEM field emission gun transmission electron microscopy field emission transmission electron microscopy field-emission-gun transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002611 field-emission transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002611 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00215k A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-21T04:36:31Z FDCD spectra FDCD spectrum fluorescence-detected circular dichromism (FDCD) spectra fluorescence-detected circular dichromism (FDCD) spectrum fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectra CHMO:0002612 fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectrum CHMO:0002612 A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9py00268e Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-23T04:28:09Z Cs-corrected TEM aberration-corrected TEM spherical-aberration-corrected TEM spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002613 aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002613 Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image). https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00287a Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-23T04:40:09Z WBDF electron microscopy weak beam dark field electron microscopy weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) electron microscopy CHMO:0002614 weak-beam dark-field electron microscopy CHMO:0002614 Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00287a Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-23T04:46:27Z WBDF TEM WBDF transmission electron microscopy weak beam dark field transmission electron microscopy weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002615 weak-beam dark-field transmission electron microscopy CHMO:0002615 Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00287a An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-23T04:51:28Z WBDF TEM image WBDF TEM images WBDF transmission electron micrograph weak beam dark field electron micrograph weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002616 weak-beam dark-field transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002616 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00287a A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by bombarding the sample with coherent X-rays and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered X-rays caused by Brownian motion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-23T05:25:51Z X-Ray photon correlation spectroscopy XPCS CHMO:0002617 X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002617 A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by bombarding the sample with coherent X-rays and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered X-rays caused by Brownian motion. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9py00246d An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-24T04:03:06Z Cs-corrected TEM image Cs-corrected TEM images aberration-corrected STEM image aberration-corrected STEM images spherical-aberration-corrected STEM image spherical-aberration-corrected STEM images spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002618 aberration-corrected transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002618 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image). https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00287a An image obtained by scanning the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-24T04:00:55Z HAADF-STEM image HAADF-STEM images high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron micrograph high angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron micrograph high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002619 high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002619 An image obtained by scanning the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00287a An image obtained by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam across the specimen under vacuum. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-24T04:07:51Z high resolution scanning electron micrograph high-resolution SEM image high-resolution SEM images high-resolution SEM micrograph high-resolution SEM micrographs CHMO:0002620 high-resolution scanning electron micrograph CHMO:0002620 An image obtained by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam across the specimen under vacuum. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. ISBN:0849375584 CHMO:0002621 true A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of radiation reflected from an uneven surface at a number of angles by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-26T09:51:19Z diffuse reflectance spectra CHMO:0002622 diffuse reflectance spectrum CHMO:0002622 A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of radiation reflected from an uneven surface at a number of angles by the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave radiation used has an approximate frequency of 9 GHz, known as the 'X-band'. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-28T12:24:27Z X-band EPR spectroscopy X-band ESR spectroscopy X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002623 X-band electron spin resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002623 Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave radiation used has an approximate frequency of 9 GHz, known as the 'X-band'. https://doi.org/10.1039/b917410a A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation of approximate frequency 9 GHz (known as the 'X-band'). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-28T12:37:49Z X-band EPR spectra X-band EPR spectrum X-band ESR spectra X-band ESR spectrum X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectra X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum CHMO:0002624 X-band electron spin resonance spectrum CHMO:0002624 A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation of approximate frequency 9 GHz (known as the 'X-band'). https://doi.org/10.1039/b003428m https://doi.org/10.1039/b917410a A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. A nebuliser is used to generate a finely dispersed aerosol containing the sample, which is desolvated, and a momentum separator is used to inject dry particles of the analyte (the 'particle beam') into the plasma source (which consists of a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-30T12:40:33Z PB/HC-AES PB/HC-OES PC-HC-AES PC-HC-OES particle beam/hollow cathode atomic emission spectroscopy particle beam/hollow cathode optical emission spectroscopy particle beam/hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy particle beam/hollow-cathode optical emission spectroscopy particle-beam/hollow-cathode optical emission spectroscopy CHMO:0002625 particle-beam/hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0002625 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. A nebuliser is used to generate a finely dispersed aerosol containing the sample, which is desolvated, and a momentum separator is used to inject dry particles of the analyte (the 'particle beam') into the plasma source (which consists of a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00094a012 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. The plasma source contains a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-11-30T12:41:51Z HC-AES HC-OES HCGD-AES HCGD-OES hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy hollow cathode glow discharge optical emission spectrometry hollow cathode optical emission spectrometry hollow-cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry hollow-cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy hollow-cathode glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy hollow-cathode optical emission spectrometry CHMO:0002626 hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy CHMO:0002626 A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. The plasma source contains a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00094a012 A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams (visible and IR) at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-01T09:35:28Z infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy infrared-visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopy CHMO:0002627 infrared–visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopy CHMO:0002627 A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams (visible and IR) at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9831453 A plot of sum-frequency intensity vs. wavelength (or wavenumber) obtained by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-01T10:00:56Z SFG spectra SFG spectrum sum-frequency generation spectra CHMO:0002628 sum-frequency generation spectrum CHMO:0002628 A plot of sum-frequency intensity vs. wavelength (or wavenumber) obtained by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00047j A method for synthesising gold nanoparticles from HAuCl4 in non-aqueous solution (e.g. toluene) using tetraoctylammonium bromide as a phase-transfer catalyst and sodium borohydride to reduce Au(III) to Au(0). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-01T04:48:20Z Brust nanoparticle synthesis Brust synthesis CHMO:0002629 Brust method CHMO:0002629 A method for synthesising gold nanoparticles from HAuCl4 in non-aqueous solution (e.g. toluene) using tetraoctylammonium bromide as a phase-transfer catalyst and sodium borohydride to reduce Au(III) to Au(0). https://doi.org/10.1039/C39940000801 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10°). The wavelength of the X-rays used is scanned over an absorption edge which changes the scattering in a known way (the 'anomalous dispersion effect'). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-02T03:49:24Z AWAXS anomalous wide angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0002630 anomalous wide-angle X-ray scattering CHMO:0002630 A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10°). The wavelength of the X-rays used is scanned over an absorption edge which changes the scattering in a known way (the 'anomalous dispersion effect'). ISBN:3540434437 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The indicator electrode (e.g. a Pt disc of 1.0 mm diameter sealed in a Teflon carrier ) spins at high speed during the experiment, and the rotational motion sets up a well-defined flow of analyte towards its surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-02T03:57:12Z rotating disk voltammetry voltammetry with a rotating disk electrode voltammetry with a rotating-disk electrode CHMO:0002631 rotating-disk voltammetry CHMO:0002631 An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The indicator electrode (e.g. a Pt disc of 1.0 mm diameter sealed in a Teflon carrier ) spins at high speed during the experiment, and the rotational motion sets up a well-defined flow of analyte towards its surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of working electrode which usually consists of a Pt disc (diameter 1.0 mm) sealed in a Teflon carrier which rotates a high speed during the experiment. Rotating-disk electrodes are used to investigate reaction mechanisms. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-02T03:58:27Z RDE rotating disk electrode CHMO:0002632 rotating-disk electrode CHMO:0002632 A type of working electrode which usually consists of a Pt disc (diameter 1.0 mm) sealed in a Teflon carrier which rotates a high speed during the experiment. Rotating-disk electrodes are used to investigate reaction mechanisms. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a voltammetry experiment during which convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) occurs. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-05T11:20:32Z hydrodynamic voltammograms CHMO:0002633 hydrodynamic voltammogram CHMO:0002633 A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a voltammetry experiment during which convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) occurs. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00239a A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. An azeotrope (a mixture of two or more liquids which produces vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture) cannot be separated by normal distillation, therefore an additional third component (known as an 'entrainer') is added to the mixture. This has the effect of changing the volatility of one of liquids in the azeotrope to a greater extent than the other, allowing separation to occur. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-07T05:40:30Z CHMO:0002634 azeotropic distillation CHMO:0002634 A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. An azeotrope (a mixture of two or more liquids which produces vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture) cannot be separated by normal distillation, therefore an additional third component (known as an 'entrainer') is added to the mixture. This has the effect of changing the volatility of one of liquids in the azeotrope to a greater extent than the other, allowing separation to occur. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-07T06:13:43Z CHMO:0002635 magnetometer CHMO:0002635 A piece of apparatus used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions, which is used to measure the strength and/or direction of an extremely weak magnetic field (10-18 T). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-07T06:13:54Z SQUID device SQUID magnetometer superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer superconducting quantum interference magnetometer CHMO:0002636 superconducting quantum interference device CHMO:0002636 A piece of apparatus, consisting of superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions, which is used to measure the strength and/or direction of an extremely weak magnetic field (10-18 T). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An experimental method used to prepare polymer samples (e.g. polymer brushes) using a surface-imobilised monomer. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-09T10:57:54Z SIP surface initiated polymerisation surface initiated polymerization surface-initiated polymerization CHMO:0002637 surface-initiated polymerisation CHMO:0002637 An experimental method used to prepare polymer samples (e.g. polymer brushes) using a surface-imobilised monomer. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9py00246d Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and sample, forming a capacitor with the sample surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation. The electrostatic force (measured as the change in resonant frequency of the cantilever) is probed as a function of position by changing the applied voltage. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-09T05:35:47Z EFM electric force microscopy CHMO:0002638 electrostatic force microscopy CHMO:0002638 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and sample, forming a capacitor with the sample surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation. The electrostatic force (measured as the change in resonant frequency of the cantilever) is probed as a function of position by changing the applied voltage. FIX:0000119 https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00256a A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a micrometre-sized area of a sample, located using an optical microscope. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-09T06:09:57Z micro Raman spectra micro Raman spectrum micro-Raman spectra CHMO:0002639 micro-Raman spectrum CHMO:0002639 A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a micrometre-sized area of a sample, located using an optical microscope. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first adsorbed onto packed tubes (e.g. Tenax) then moved into a desorption oven and heated (100–280 °C for 5–20 min) to promote thermal desorption of the mixture into the headspace of the tube. The headspace is sampled and used for gas chromatography and the eluent is then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-11T01:18:41Z TD GC-MS TD GC/MS TD-GC-MS TD-GC/MS TD-GCMS TD/GC-MS TD/GC/MS thermal desorption GC-MS thermal desorption GC/MS thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry thermodesorption GC-MS thermodesorption GC/MS thermodesorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry CHMO:0002640 thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry CHMO:0002640 A method where a sample mixture is first adsorbed onto packed tubes (e.g. Tenax) then moved into a desorption oven and heated (100–280 °C for 5–20 min) to promote thermal desorption of the mixture into the headspace of the tube. The headspace is sampled and used for gas chromatography and the eluent is then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by using a conducting sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the drop in amplitude of the oscillating cantilever caused by the electrostatic force it experiences while the tip is biased with a voltage of a few volts, as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-11T02:55:31Z EFM image EFM images EFM phase image EFM phase images CHMO:0002641 electrostatic force microscopy image CHMO:0002641 An image obtained by using a conducting sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the drop in amplitude of the oscillating cantilever caused by the electrostatic force it experiences while the tip is biased with a voltage of a few volts, as a function of position. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00256a The measurement and study of dimensional changes in polymers as a function of temperature, fluid absorption, mechanical stress or chemical reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-14T05:43:36Z CHMO:0002642 dilatometry CHMO:0002642 The measurement and study of dimensional changes in polymers as a function of temperature, fluid absorption, mechanical stress or chemical reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of specific energy of an electrochemical cell vs. its specific power. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-15T11:41:59Z CHMO:0002643 Ragone plot CHMO:0002643 A plot of specific energy of an electrochemical cell vs. its specific power. https://doi.org/10.1039/b918589p A polymer preparation technique in which an insoluble polymer is dispersed in a continuous organic phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-16T06:24:27Z dispersion polymerization CHMO:0002644 dispersion polymerisation CHMO:0002644 A polymer preparation technique in which an insoluble polymer is dispersed in a continuous organic phase. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980050403 A polymer preparation technique in which two different types of monomer are dissolved in an organic solvent and distilled until a precipitate of the corresponding copolymer is formed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-17T03:12:17Z distillation precipitation copolymerization distillation-precipitation copolymerisation distillation-precipitation copolymerization CHMO:0002645 distillation precipitation copolymerisation CHMO:0002645 A polymer preparation technique in which two different types of monomer are dissolved in an organic solvent and distilled until a precipitate of the corresponding copolymer is formed. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-005-0488-9 A log–log plot of molar conductivity vs. viscosity which indicates the degree of ionicity of an ionic liquid. Plots are compared to the 'ideal' case of 0.01M KCl which exists as dissociated ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-21T11:16:08Z CHMO:0002646 Walden plot CHMO:0002646 A log–log plot of molar conductivity vs. viscosity which indicates the degree of ionicity of an ionic liquid. Plots are compared to the 'ideal' case of 0.01M KCl which exists as dissociated ions. https://doi.org/10.1039/b921432a A piece of apparatus used to measure the absorption or emission of X-rays. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-22T03:52:49Z X-Ray spectrometer CHMO:0002647 X-ray spectrometer CHMO:0002647 A piece of apparatus used to measure the absorption or emission of X-rays. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an X-ray source, an analyser and a detector, which is used to measure the photoelectron emission of samples bombarded with X-rays. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2009-12-22T03:55:18Z X-Ray photoelectron spectrometer XPS spectrometer CHMO:0002648 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer CHMO:0002648 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an X-ray source, an analyser and a detector, which is used to measure the photoelectron emission of samples bombarded with X-rays. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A transmission electron microscope where the electron beam is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. batchelorc 2009-12-24T12:55:29Z STEM CHMO:0002649 scanning transmission electron microscope CHMO:0002649 A transmission electron microscope where the electron beam is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 STEM Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The positive sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-04T03:21:27Z positive ion MADI-TOF MS positive ion MALDI-TOF MS positive ion MALDI-TOF-MS positive ion MALDI-TOF/MS positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectroscopy positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry positive ion matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy positive ion matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) positive ion matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry positive ion matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0002650 positive ion matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0002650 Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The positive sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material during the measurement of the mass of the sample as a function of temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-04T04:19:21Z DTA-TG DTA-TGA DTA/TG DTA/TGA TG-DTA TGA-DTA TGDTA differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetry analysis differential thermalgravimetric analysis thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses thermogravimetry coupled to differential thermal analysis CHMO:0002651 thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis CHMO:0002651 The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material during the measurement of the mass of the sample as a function of temperature. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high purity metal and chalcogen) are placed in a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-05T11:46:52Z CVT chemical vapor transport CHMO:0002652 chemical vapour transport CHMO:0002652 A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high purity metal and chalcogen) are placed in a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high-purity metal and chalcogen powders) are placed in one half of a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. The product crystals are grown on the surface of a sheet of high-purity metal in the other half of the ampoule. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-05T11:50:07Z SA-CVT SACVT surface assisted CVT surface assisted chemical vapor transport surface assisted chemical vapour transport surface-assisted CVT surface-assisted chemical vapor transport surface-assisted chemical-vapor-transport surface-assisted chemical-vapour-transport CHMO:0002653 surface-assisted chemical vapour transport CHMO:0002653 A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high-purity metal and chalcogen powders) are placed in one half of a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. The product crystals are grown on the surface of a sheet of high-purity metal in the other half of the ampoule. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00224c An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the directly transmitted electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-05T12:48:18Z bright field transmission electron micrograph bright-field TEM image bright-field TEM images CHMO:0002654 bright-field transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002654 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the directly transmitted electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the scattered transmitted electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-05T12:56:25Z dark field transmission electron micrograph dark-field TEM image dark-field TEM images CHMO:0002655 dark-field transmission electron micrograph CHMO:0002655 An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the scattered transmitted electrons. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen in a gaseous environment and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-05T01:19:22Z E-SEM ESEM environmental SEM CHMO:0002656 environmental scanning electron microscope CHMO:0002656 A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen in a gaseous environment and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is an ion trap mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-08T03:17:49Z CHMO:0002657 ion trap mass spectrometer CHMO:0002657 A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is an ion trap mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The analyser consists of a linear quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes, and an ion cyclotron resonance cell (a piece of apparatus that measures the frequency at which ions precesses in a fixed magnetic field and subjects the frequency output to a Fourier transform). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-08T03:19:41Z LTQ-FT-ICR-MS CHMO:0002658 linear quadrupole ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer CHMO:0002658 A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The analyser consists of a linear quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes, and an ion cyclotron resonance cell (a piece of apparatus that measures the frequency at which ions precesses in a fixed magnetic field and subjects the frequency output to a Fourier transform). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A mass spectrometer that uses an orthogonal-acceleration ion source. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four linear parallel electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-08T03:20:44Z linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer LTQ-MS CHMO:0002659 linear quadrupole mass spectrometer CHMO:0002659 A mass spectrometer that uses an orthogonal-acceleration ion source. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four linear parallel electrodes. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy which uses a chemically functionalised sharp spike (e.g. with thiols) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the chemical interactions between the tip and surface (e.g. gold) as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-09T10:47:31Z CFM CHMO:0002660 chemical force microscopy CHMO:0002660 Microscopy which uses a chemically functionalised sharp spike (e.g. with thiols) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the chemical interactions between the tip and surface (e.g. gold) as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00279k The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved IR spectra by measuring the IR absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-09T10:49:58Z AFMIR atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy CHMO:0002661 atomic force infrared microscopy CHMO:0002661 The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved IR spectra by measuring the IR absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00279k Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-09T10:52:58Z s-SNOM sSNOM scattering SNOM scattering near-field microscopy scattering-type SNOM scattering-type near-field microscopy scattering-type near-field optical microscopy SNIM CHMO:0002662 scattering near-field optical microscopy CHMO:0002662 Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00279k SNIM Microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-09T11:03:42Z IR SNIM IR s-SNOM IR sSNOM IR scattering SNOM IR scattering near-field optical microscopy IR scattering-type near-field optical microscopy SNIM IR imaging infrared s-SNOM infrared sSNOM infrared scattering SNOM infrared scattering-type near-field optical microscopy CHMO:0002663 infrared scattering near-field optical microscopy CHMO:0002663 Microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00279k Microscopy where a laser is focused to a diffraction-limited spot size onto an oscillating AFM tip close to the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the backscattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-09T11:09:56Z back-scattering SNIM back-scattering SNOM back-scattering near-field optical microscopy back-scattering s-SNOM back-scattering-based SNIM back-scattering-type near-field optical microscopy backscattering SNIM backscattering SNOM backscattering near-field optical microscopy backscattering s-SNOM backscattering-based SNIM backscattering-type near-field optical microscopy CHMO:0002664 backscattering near-field optical microscopy CHMO:0002664 Microscopy where a laser is focused to a diffraction-limited spot size onto an oscillating AFM tip close to the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the backscattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.008893 The measurement of the photothermal response (temperature fluctuations) of a specimen exposed to the beam of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, using an atomic force microscope tip as the thermal probe. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-09T11:15:46Z PTMS photothermal IR micro-spectroscopy photothermal IR microscopy photothermal IR microspectroscopy photothermal infrared microspectroscopy CHMO:0002665 photothermal infrared microscopy CHMO:0002665 The measurement of the photothermal response (temperature fluctuations) of a specimen exposed to the beam of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, using an atomic force microscope tip as the thermal probe. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. The specimen is deposited on an ATR-compatible ZnSe prism and infrared light is introduced into the prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-09T11:34:33Z standard AFMIR standard atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy CHMO:0002666 standard atomic force infrared microscopy CHMO:0002666 The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. The specimen is deposited on an ATR-compatible ZnSe prism and infrared light is introduced into the prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00279k The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. Mid-IR radiation, generated using a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal emitting tuneable laser is focussed directly on the specimen surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-09T11:37:10Z s-AFMIR surface AFMIR surface atomic force microscopy infrared microscopy CHMO:0002667 surface atomic force infrared microscopy CHMO:0002667 The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. Mid-IR radiation, generated using a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal emitting tuneable laser is focussed directly on the specimen surface. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9nr00279k A data set derived from AFMIR consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-09T11:49:34Z AFMIR chemical map AFMIR chemical mapping images AFMIR image atomic force microscopy infrared chemical map atomic force microscopy infrared images CHMO:0002668 atomic force microscopy infrared image CHMO:0002668 A data set derived from AFMIR consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip, which is in contact with the specimen surface, as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-11T11:45:17Z contact AFM contact mode AFM contact-mode AFM contact-mode atomic force microscopy static AFM static mode AFM static mode atomic force microscopy static-mode AFM static-mode atomic force microscopy CHMO:0002669 contact mode atomic force microscopy CHMO:0002669 Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip, which is in contact with the specimen surface, as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. FIX:0000116 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Microscopy which uses a sharp conductive spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A two-dimensional map of the carrier concentration profile (resistance) of the semiconducting specimen is obtained by applying a DC bias between the probe and specimen and mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan line-by-line, and recording the current as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-11T11:46:21Z SSRM CHMO:0002670 scanning spreading resistance microscopy CHMO:0002670 Microscopy which uses a sharp conductive spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A two-dimensional map of the carrier concentration profile (resistance) of the semiconducting specimen is obtained by applying a DC bias between the probe and specimen and mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan line-by-line, and recording the current as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A surface characterisation technique in which a pulse or constant concentration of a known gas or vapour (probe molecule) is injected into a column packed with the solid sample at a fixed carrier gas flow rate. The retention time of the probe molecule is then measured using a traditional gas chromatography detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-13T10:20:06Z IGC CHMO:0002671 inverse gas chromatography CHMO:0002671 A surface characterisation technique in which a pulse or constant concentration of a known gas or vapour (probe molecule) is injected into a column packed with the solid sample at a fixed carrier gas flow rate. The retention time of the probe molecule is then measured using a traditional gas chromatography detector. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which desorbs from the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-13T10:26:50Z CHMO:0002672 desorption measurements CHMO:0002672 A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which desorbs from the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. The sample is heated slowly in a vacuum and residual gas in the vacuum is detected as a change in pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-13T10:27:27Z TDS TPD temperature programmed desorption temperature-programmed desorption CHMO:0002673 thermal desorption spectroscopy CHMO:0002673 A method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. The sample is heated slowly in a vacuum and residual gas in the vacuum is detected as a change in pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of intensity or rate vs. temperature obtained by heating the sample slowly in a vacuum and measuring the change in pressure as molecules desorb from the surface of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-13T11:28:27Z TDS profile TDS spectra TDS spectrum TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) profile TPD profile temperature-programmed desorption profile thermal desorption spectra CHMO:0002674 thermal desorption spectrum CHMO:0002674 A plot of intensity or rate vs. temperature obtained by heating the sample slowly in a vacuum and measuring the change in pressure as molecules desorb from the surface of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method for generating surface-specific electronic spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-13T04:01:47Z ESFG spectroscopy electronic sum frequency generation spectroscopy electronic sum-frequency generation (ESFG) spectroscopy CHMO:0002675 electronic sum-frequency generation spectroscopy CHMO:0002675 A method for generating surface-specific electronic spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. https://doi.org/10.1039/b908097j Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. The method involves the application of a small sinusoidal oscillating force to the tip via a magnetic field created by a conducting coil which interacts with a magnetic particle glued on the backside of the cantilever and measuring the change in amplitude during the approach and retraction of the sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-15T04:32:27Z AC force spectroscopy AC-modulated force spectroscopy ac mode force spectroscopy ac-mode force spectroscopy alternating-current force spectroscopy CHMO:0002676 alternating current force spectroscopy CHMO:0002676 Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. The method involves the application of a small sinusoidal oscillating force to the tip via a magnetic field created by a conducting coil which interacts with a magnetic particle glued on the backside of the cantilever and measuring the change in amplitude during the approach and retraction of the sample. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(98)00546-7 Any piece of apparatus used to measure electric charge. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-16T02:58:13Z voltameter CHMO:0002677 coulometer CHMO:0002677 Any piece of apparatus used to measure electric charge. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulphur dioxide. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-16T03:01:09Z Karl Fischer coulometric titration Karl Fischer coulometry Karl-Fischer coulometric titration Karl-Fischer coulometry coulometric Karl Fischer titration coulometric Karl-Fischer titration CHMO:0002678 Karl-Fischer coulometric titration CHMO:0002678 The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulphur dioxide. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electrolytic cell with an anodic compartment containing sulfur dioxide (SO2), iodide (I�) and a cathodic compartment containing the sample, which is used to determine trace amounts of water in a sample by measuring the time and current flow required to reach the titration end-point. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-16T03:09:59Z Karl Fischer coulometer Karl Fischer coulometric titrator Karl-Fischer coulometer CHMO:0002679 Karl–Fischer coulometer CHMO:0002679 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electrolytic cell with an anodic compartment containing sulfur dioxide (SO2), iodide (I�) and a cathodic compartment containing the sample, which is used to determine trace amounts of water in a sample by measuring the time and current flow required to reach the titration end-point. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electrolytic cell, that is used to determine electric charge by measuring the amount of an element deposited or released at the cathode during a specified time. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-16T03:06:01Z CHMO:0002680 electrochemical coulometer CHMO:0002680 A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electrolytic cell, that is used to determine electric charge by measuring the amount of an element deposited or released at the cathode during a specified time. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-16T03:11:23Z Karl Fischer volumetric titration Karl-Fischer volumetric titration volumetric Karl Fischer titration volumetric Karl-Fischer titration volumetric Karl–Fischer titration CHMO:0002681 Karl–Fischer volumetric titration CHMO:0002681 The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a polariser, a compensator (which elliptically polarises the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarisation of light reflected by a sample. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-16T03:25:28Z CHMO:0002682 ellipsometer CHMO:0002682 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a polariser, a compensator (which elliptically polarises the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarisation of light reflected by a sample. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a polariser, a compensator (which elliptically polarises the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarisation of light reflected by a sample as a function of wavelength. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-16T03:28:46Z CHMO:0002683 spectroscopic ellipsometer CHMO:0002683 A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a polariser, a compensator (which elliptically polarises the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarisation of light reflected by a sample as a function of wavelength. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-16T03:42:33Z tapping-mode AFM image tapping-mode AFM images tapping-mode atomic force micrograph CHMO:0002684 dynamic force micrograph CHMO:0002684 An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of vertical displacement vs. distance obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-01-26T04:13:14Z AFM height profile CHMO:0002685 atomic force microscopy height profile CHMO:0002685 A plot of vertical displacement vs. distance obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a fixed-energy light source resulting in the detachment of electrons, the energies of which are measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-02-02T09:36:12Z PD-PES PD/PES photo-detachment photoelectron spectroscopy photodetachment PES photodetachment-photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0002686 photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy CHMO:0002686 Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a fixed-energy light source resulting in the detachment of electrons, the energies of which are measured. https://doi.org/10.1039/b926289j A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption or emission of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse. The infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-02-04T11:06:06Z ATR FT-IR spectra ATR FT-IR spectrum ATR FTIR spectra ATR FTIR spectrum ATR-FTIR spectra ATR-FTIR spectrum Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectrum Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectra Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectrum Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectra Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectrum attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectra attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectrum attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrum attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrum CHMO:0002687 attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrum CHMO:0002687 A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption or emission of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse. The infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a column chromatography experiment where the mobile phase is a gas. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-02-08T01:47:37Z GC chromatogram CHMO:0002688 gas chromatogram CHMO:0002688 A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a column chromatography experiment where the mobile phase is a gas. https://doi.org/10.1039/b924004g A plot of complex impedance vs. frequency that reflects the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-02-11T01:04:58Z CHMO:0002689 Nyquist plot CHMO:0002689 A plot of complex impedance vs. frequency that reflects the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell. https://doi.org/10.1039/b923503e Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-02-27T11:09:14Z SRCD SRCD spectrometry SRCD spectroscopy CHMO:0002690 synchrotron circular dichroism spectroscopy CHMO:0002690 Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field). https://doi.org/10.1039/b924076d A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised synchrotron radiation as a function of wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-02-27T11:12:39Z SRCD spectra SRCD spectrum CHMO:0002691 synchrotron circular dichroism spectrum CHMO:0002691 A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised synchrotron radiation as a function of wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A photoluminescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption. batchelorc 2010-03-15T04:42:42Z CHMO:0002692 two-photon emission spectrum CHMO:0002692 A photoluminescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A fluorescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption. batchelorc 2010-03-15T04:46:00Z CHMO:0002693 two-photon excited fluorescence spectrum CHMO:0002693 A fluorescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A 2D image obtained by measuring fluorescence. batchelorc 2010-03-15T04:51:08Z CHMO:0002694 fluorescence image CHMO:0002694 A 2D image obtained by measuring fluorescence. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A fluorescence image obtained through a two-photon excitation process. batchelorc 2010-03-15T04:53:39Z CHMO:0002695 two-photon fluorescence image CHMO:0002695 A fluorescence image obtained through a two-photon excitation process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Spectroscopy where Xe atoms adsorbed on the surface of a sample are illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected. The binding energy of the core or valence levels of Xe weakly bound to the surface, relative to the Fermi level of the substrate, depends on the local work function of its adsorption site. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-03-19T03:57:29Z PAX photoelectron spectrometry of adsorbed xenon photoemission spectrometry of adsorbed xenon photoemission spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon CHMO:0002696 photoelectron spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon CHMO:0002696 Spectroscopy where Xe atoms adsorbed on the surface of a sample are illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected. The binding energy of the core or valence levels of Xe weakly bound to the surface, relative to the Fermi level of the substrate, depends on the local work function of its adsorption site. https://doi.org/10.1021/la970722c A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile phase'). In this method the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-05-13T01:19:24Z chiral supercritical fluid chromatography CHMO:0002697 chiral supercritical-fluid chromatography CHMO:0002697 A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile phase'). In this method the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-05-13T01:20:25Z CHMO:0002698 chiral chromatography CHMO:0002698 A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 1H and 13C nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-05-24T06:15:53Z 1H/13C HMBC spectra 1H/13C HMBC spectrum 1H/13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectra 1H/13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum 1H–13C HMBC spectra 1H–13C HMBC spectrum 1H–13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectra CHMO:0002699 1H–13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum CHMO:0002699 A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 1H and 13C nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. rsc:pr A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 1H and 15N nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-05-24T06:18:10Z 1H/15N HMBC spectra 1H/15N HMBC spectrum 1H/15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectra 1H/15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum 1H–15N HMBC spectra 1H–15N HMBC spectrum 1H–15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectra CHMO:0002700 1H–15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum CHMO:0002700 A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 1H and 15N nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. rsc:pr Far-infrared spectroscopy where the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-05-27T02:05:48Z FT-FIR FT-FIR spectrometry FT-FIR spectroscopy FT-far-IR FT-far-IR spectroscopy FT/FIR FTFIR Fourier transform far infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform far-infra-red spectrometry Fourier transform far-infrared spectrometry CHMO:0002701 Fourier transform far-infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0002701 Far-infrared spectroscopy where the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption of a sample that has been excited by an far-infrared-frequency pulse. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-05-27T02:16:23Z FT-FIR spectra FT-FIR spectrum FT-far-IR spectra FT/FIR spectra FT/FIR spectrum FTFIR spectra FTFIR spectrum Fourier transform far infrared spectrum Fourier transform far-infra-red spectrum Fourier transform far-infrared spectra Fourier transform far-infrared spectrum Fourier transform far infrared spectra CHMO:0002702 Fourier transform far-infrared spectrum CHMO:0002702 A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption of a sample that has been excited by an far-infrared-frequency pulse. ISBN:0-534-98144-5 Microscopy where a very low concentration of fluorescent subunits in a polymer or peptide reveals the assembly dynamics, movement and turnover of assemblies throughout the image. Hils 2010-07-24T10:27:44Z fluorescent speckle microscopy FSM CHMO:0002703 fluorescence speckle microscopy CHMO:0002703 Microscopy where a very low concentration of fluorescent subunits in a polymer or peptide reveals the assembly dynamics, movement and turnover of assemblies throughout the image. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.091116 The measurement of spatially resolved force–distance curves using an atomic force microscope to produce a chemical profile image. Hils 2010-07-24T10:31:42Z AFM force mapping AFM mapping atomic force microscopy mapping FSM CHMO:0002704 force spectroscopy mapping CHMO:0002704 The measurement of spatially resolved force–distance curves using an atomic force microscope to produce a chemical profile image. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/22/19/194102 A method for producing metal nanoparticles by the reduction of metal salts with tetraalkylammonium hydrotriorganoborates. The resulting colloids are highly active hydrogenation catalysts. Hils 2010-07-24T10:52:23Z Bonnemann colloidal method Bonnemann method Bonnemann's method CHMO:0002705 Bonnemann method CHMO:0002705 A method for producing metal nanoparticles by the reduction of metal salts with tetraalkylammonium hydrotriorganoborates. The resulting colloids are highly active hydrogenation catalysts. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199113121 Spectroscopy in the liquid phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Hils 2010-07-24T11:04:56Z liquid phase NMR liquid phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy liquid-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002706 liquid-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002706 Spectroscopy in the liquid phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy in the gas phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Hils 2010-07-24T11:06:32Z gas phase NMR gas phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy gas-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002707 gas-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002707 Spectroscopy in the gas phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. FIX:0001060 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Hils 2010-07-24T11:09:14Z LC-NMR liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002708 liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002708 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. FIX:0001158 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. The sample is then converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. Hils 2010-07-24T11:11:47Z LC-NMR-MS LC/NMR/MS liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance mass spectrometry liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry CHMO:0002709 liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry CHMO:0002709 A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. The sample is then converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. FIX:0001157 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 \μm) over two frequency axes. Cross peaks in the spectrum encode the couplings and orientation between vibrations. Hils 2010-07-24T11:15:46Z 2D IR 2D-IR 2DIR two dimensional infrared spectroscopy two-dimensional IR spectroscopy two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy CHMO:0002710 two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy CHMO:0002710 Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 \μm) over two frequency axes. Cross peaks in the spectrum encode the couplings and orientation between vibrations. FIX:0001069 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 13C and 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. Hils 2010-07-24T11:29:29Z 13C-15N REDOR 13C-15N REDOR NMR 13C-15N-REDOR 13C-15N-REDOR NMR 13C–15N REDOR 13C–15N REDOR NMR 13C–15N-REDOR 13C–15N-REDOR NMR CHMO:0002711 13C–15N rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002711 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 13C and 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0000974 rsc:pr A technique that operates by mechanically vibrating a probe at a fixed amplitude, frequency and height over an electrochemically active sample in solution measuring and mapping the electric field generated by the sample. This technique is used to probe the nature of corrosion processes. Hils 2010-07-25T04:28:54Z CDP technique SVET SVP technique current density probe technique scanning vibrating probe technique CHMO:0002712 scanning vibrating electrode technique CHMO:0002712 A technique that operates by mechanically vibrating a probe at a fixed amplitude, frequency and height over an electrochemically active sample in solution measuring and mapping the electric field generated by the sample. This technique is used to probe the nature of corrosion processes. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00064d Microscopy which uses a cantilever tipped with a ferromagnetic (iron cobalt) particle to directly detect a modulated spin gradient force between sample spins and the tip to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. As the ferromagnetic tip moves close to the sample, the nuclear spins become attracted to it and generate a small force on the cantilever. The spins are then repeatedly flipped, causing the cantilever to gently sway back and forth in a synchronous motion. That displacement is measured with an interferometer to create a series of 2D images of the sample. Hils 2010-07-25T04:51:05Z MRFM CHMO:0002713 magnetic resonance force microscopy CHMO:0002713 Microscopy which uses a cantilever tipped with a ferromagnetic (iron cobalt) particle to directly detect a modulated spin gradient force between sample spins and the tip to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. As the ferromagnetic tip moves close to the sample, the nuclear spins become attracted to it and generate a small force on the cantilever. The spins are then repeatedly flipped, causing the cantilever to gently sway back and forth in a synchronous motion. That displacement is measured with an interferometer to create a series of 2D images of the sample. FIX:0000125 Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by constant illumination of ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength. Hils 2010-07-25T05:00:57Z steady state fluorescence spectroscopy steady state fluorimetry steady state fluorometry steady state spectrofluorometry steady-state fluorimetry steady-state fluorometry steady-state spectrofluorometry CHMO:0002714 steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy CHMO:0002714 Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by constant illumination of ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength. FIX:0000108 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 13C nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. Hils 2010-07-25T05:07:19Z 31P-13C-REDOR 31P-13C-REDOR NMR 31P–13C REDOR 31P–13C REDOR NMR 31P–13C-REDOR 31P–13C-REDOR NMR CHMO:0002715 31P–13C rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002715 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 13C nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0000978 rsc:pr A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. Hils 2010-07-25T05:10:44Z 31P-15N-REDOR 31P-15N-REDOR NMR 31P–15N REDOR 31P–15N REDOR NMR 31P–15N-REDOR 31P–15N-REDOR NMR CHMO:0002716 31P–15N rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002716 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0000979 rsc:pr A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 19F nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. Hils 2010-07-25T05:12:16Z 31P-19F-REDOR 31P-19F-REDOR NMR 31P–19F REDOR 31P–19F REDOR NMR 31P–19F-REDOR 31P–19F-REDOR NMR CHMO:0002717 31P–19F rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy CHMO:0002717 A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 19F nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. FIX:0000980 rsc:pr A method where the sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography and then aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100–2800 \degC. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. Hils 2010-07-25T05:15:13Z FIX:0000975 SEC-FAAS size-exclusion chromatography flame atomic absorption spectrometry size-exclusion chromatography flame atomic absorption spectroscopy CHMO:0002718 size-exclusion chromatography-flame atomic absorption spectrometry CHMO:0002718 A method where the sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography and then aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100–2800 \degC. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Mass spectrometry that uses a system with a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser connected to a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser. Hils 2010-07-25T05:22:22Z FIX:0000958 Q-TOF MS Q-TOF-MS QTOF MS QTOF-MS CHMO:0002719 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry CHMO:0002719 Mass spectrometry that uses a system with a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser connected to a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser. ISBN:9780470516348 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is both atomised and excited by a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). The characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. Hils 2010-07-25T05:39:50Z FIX:0000925 MIP-AED MIP/AED microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection CHMO:0002720 microwave induced plasma atomic emission detection CHMO:0002720 A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is both atomised and excited by a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). The characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to individual elements. The eluent is both atomised and excited by a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). The characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. Hils 2010-07-25T05:44:34Z GC-MIP-AED GC/MIP/AED gas chromatography microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection CHMO:0002721 gas chromatography-microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection CHMO:0002721 A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to individual elements. The eluent is both atomised and excited by a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). The characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. FIX:0000925 Spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules as a result of a chemical reaction) is detected as a function of wavelength. Hils 2010-07-26T07:46:09Z CL spectrometry CL spectroscopy chemiluminescence (CL) spectroscopy chemiluminescence spectrometry CHMO:0002722 chemiluminescence spectroscopy CHMO:0002722 Spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules as a result of a chemical reaction) is detected as a function of wavelength. FIX:0000238 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 Spectroscopy where thermoluminescence (visible light emitted by certain crystalline materials when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material) is detected as a function of wavelength. Hils 2010-07-26T07:48:38Z TL spectrometry TL spectroscopy thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy thermoluminescence spectrometry CHMO:0002723 thermoluminescence spectroscopy CHMO:0002723 Spectroscopy where thermoluminescence (visible light emitted by certain crystalline materials when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material) is detected as a function of wavelength. FIX:0000239 A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by introducing heavy atoms into isomorphous crystals. Hils 2010-07-26T08:14:38Z CHMO:0002724 isomorphous replacement CHMO:0002724 A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by introducing heavy atoms into isomorphous crystals. FIX:0000245 A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. Hils 2010-07-26T10:46:16Z SIR single isomorphous replacement (SIR) phasing CHMO:0002725 single isomorphous replacement CHMO:0002725 A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. FIX:0000246 A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. Hils 2010-07-26T10:47:43Z MIR multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) phasing CHMO:0002726 multiple isomorphous replacement CHMO:0002726 A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. FIX:0000216 A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration. Hils 2010-07-26T11:12:12Z FIX:0000247 MIRAS CHMO:0002727 multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering CHMO:0002727 A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration. https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000557 A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration. Hils 2010-07-26T11:15:02Z FIX:0000248 SIRAS CHMO:0002728 single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering CHMO:0002728 A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration. ISBN:9781402002182 https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000557 Spectrometry where the sample spotted onto paper then solvent is applied and an electrically charged solvent is generated upon application of a high voltage. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-07-27T01:08:19Z paper spray MS paper spray mass spectroscopy paper-spray MS paper-spray mass spectrometry paper-spray mass spectroscopy PS/MS PS–MS CHMO:0002729 paper spray mass spectrometry CHMO:0002729 Spectrometry where the sample spotted onto paper then solvent is applied and an electrically charged solvent is generated upon application of a high voltage. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. https://doi.org/10.1039/c005327a A method for analysing cells suspended in a stream of fluid. Cells are loaded with fluorescent substrates (reporters) followed by laser-based lysis of a single cell and loading of its contents into an overlying capillary where chemical separation is accomplished via capillary electrophoresis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-07-27T04:01:33Z CHMO:0002730 chemical cytometry CHMO:0002730 A method for analysing cells suspended in a stream of fluid. Cells are loaded with fluorescent substrates (reporters) followed by laser-based lysis of a single cell and loading of its contents into an overlying capillary where chemical separation is accomplished via capillary electrophoresis. https://doi.org/10.1039/c005326g The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-07-27T04:10:41Z oxidation-reduction titration oxidation/reduction titration redox titration CHMO:0002731 oxidation–reduction titration CHMO:0002731 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by monitoring the amplitude of an EPR signal (the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field) from one of the reactants. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-07-27T04:21:12Z EPR-monitored oxidation–reduction titration EPR-monitored redox titration ESR-monitored oxidation–reduction titration ESR-monitored redox titration electron paramagnetic resonance monitored redox titration electron spin resonance monitored oxidation–reduction titration electron spin resonance monitored redox titration CHMO:0002732 electron paramagnetic resonance monitored oxidation–reduction titration CHMO:0002732 The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by monitoring the amplitude of an EPR signal (the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field) from one of the reactants. FIX:0000241 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi002554k A method for NMR spectra acquisition of paramagnetic proteins, based on the use of homonuclear broadband decoupling of the diamagnetic region. Hils 2010-07-27T09:05:10Z PASE PASE NMR PAramagneticSignalsEnhancement paramagnetic signals enhancement NMR paramagneticsignalsenhancement CHMO:0002733 paramagnetic signals enhancement CHMO:0002733 A method for NMR spectra acquisition of paramagnetic proteins, based on the use of homonuclear broadband decoupling of the diamagnetic region. FIX:0000194 https://doi.org/10.1006/jmre.1998.1523 A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). These signals are then correlated with those protons to which they are J-coupled (usually \leq 3 bonds apart). Hils 2010-07-27T09:22:17Z 3D NOESY-COSY 3D NOESY–COSY 3D-NOESY-COSY 3D-NOESY–COSY NOESY-COSY NOESY–COSY CHMO:0002734 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy-correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002734 A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). These signals are then correlated with those protons to which they are J-coupled (usually \leq 3 bonds apart). FIX:0000191 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually \leq 3 bonds apart). These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). Hils 2010-07-27T09:37:52Z 3D COSY-NOESY 3D COSY–NOESY 3D-COSY-NOESY 3D-COSY–NOESY COSY-NOESY COSY–NOESY CHMO:0002735 correlation spectroscopy-nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0002735 A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually \leq 3 bonds apart). These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). FIX:0000190 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment spectroscopy which reveals correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). Hils 2010-07-27T09:43:33Z 3D TOCSY-NOESY 3D TOCSY–NOESY 3D-TOCSY-NOESY 3D-TOCSY–NOESY TOCSY-NOESY TOCSY–NOESY CHMO:0002736 total correlation spectroscopy-nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy CHMO:0002736 A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment spectroscopy which reveals correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). FIX:0000193 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). Hils 2010-07-27T09:45:36Z 3D NOESY-TOCSY 3D NOESY–TOCSY 3D-NOESY-TOCSY NOESY-TOCSY NOESY–TOCSY CHMO:0002737 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy-total correlation spectroscopy CHMO:0002737 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). FIX:0000192 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). Spectra recorded with suppression of the diamagnetic window by the PASE pulse sequence. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 2010-07-28T04:42:32Z PASE NOESY PASE-NOE PASE-NOESY CHMO:0002738 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy with paramagnetic signals enhancement CHMO:0002738 A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). Spectra recorded with suppression of the diamagnetic window by the PASE pulse sequence. FIX:0000199 ISBN:0123932009 A measurement method which obtains the concentration or quantity of a specified substance in an analyte. batchelorc 2012-04-13T11:50:09Z CHMO:0002739 quantitative determination method CHMO:0002739 A measurement method which obtains the concentration or quantity of a specified substance in an analyte. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The role inhering in that portion of a sample which is measured by an experiment. CHMO:0002740 analyte role CHMO:0002740 The role inhering in that portion of a sample which is measured by an experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A function which is realized as elution. CHMO:0002741 eluent function CHMO:0002741 A function which is realized as elution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent. CHMO:0002742 elution CHMO:0002742 A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Those components of a sample that are not measured by an experiment. CHMO:0002743 matrix CHMO:0002743 Those components of a sample that are not measured by an experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The role inhering in that portion of a sample which is not measured by an experiment. CHMO:0002744 matrix role CHMO:0002744 The role inhering in that portion of a sample which is not measured by an experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The function inhering in a portion of material that is the subject of an experiment. CHMO:0002745 experimental sample function CHMO:0002745 The function inhering in a portion of material that is the subject of an experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A portion of material that is the subject of an experiment. CHMO:0002746 experimental sample CHMO:0002746 A portion of material that is the subject of an experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A quantitative determination method where the analyte is copper. CHMO:0002747 determination of copper CHMO:0002747 A quantitative determination method where the analyte is copper. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An experimental method output that consists of a number relating the adjusted retention volume or retention factor of the sample component to the adjusted retention volumes or retention factors of standards eluted before and after the peak of the sample component. http://goldbook.iupac.org/R05360.html CHMO:0002749 retention index CHMO:0002749 An experimental method output that consists of a number relating the adjusted retention volume or retention factor of the sample component to the adjusted retention volumes or retention factors of standards eluted before and after the peak of the sample component. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The operating temperature to which an ion source is set. CHMO:0002750 ion source temperature setting CHMO:0002750 The operating temperature to which an ion source is set. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The volume of carrier gas passing through a chromatography column in unit time. http://goldbook.iupac.org/F02439.html CHMO:0002751 carrier gas flow rate CHMO:0002751 The volume of carrier gas passing through a chromatography column in unit time. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The length specified for a chromatography column. CHMO:0002752 chromatography column length CHMO:0002752 The length specified for a chromatography column. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The inner diameter specified for a chromatography column. CHMO:0002753 chromatography column inner diameter CHMO:0002753 The inner diameter specified for a chromatography column. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The plan specification for the temperatures in different places and times in a chromatography experiment. CHMO:0002754 chromatography temperature program CHMO:0002754 The plan specification for the temperatures in different places and times in a chromatography experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 High performance liquid chromatography where initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eleuent from this column are into a secondary column. 2D HPLC two-dimensional HPLC CHMO:0002755 two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography CHMO:0002755 High performance liquid chromatography where initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eleuent from this column are into a secondary column. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Affinity chromatography where a cell membrane has been immobilized on a silica carrier. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02885029 CHMO:0002756 cell membrane chromatography CHMO:0002756 Affinity chromatography where a cell membrane has been immobilized on a silica carrier. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Derivatisation of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties. methoxyamination derivatization CHMO:0002757 this typically happens prior to GC-MS, but not LC-MS methoxyamination derivatisation CHMO:0002757 Derivatisation of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847558107-00254 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Derivatisation of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups. TMS derivatisation trimethylsilyl derivatization CHMO:0002758 this typically happens prior to GC-MS, but not LC-MS trimethylsilyl derivatisation CHMO:0002758 Derivatisation of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847558107-00254 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Extraction of plant metabolites using a 2:1 v/v mixture of water and chloroform. CHMO:0002759 water:chloroform 2:1 extraction CHMO:0002759 Extraction of plant metabolites using a 2:1 v/v mixture of water and chloroform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Extraction of plant metabolites using a 1:3:1 v/v mixture of water, methanol and chloroform. CHMO:0002760 water:methanol:chloroform 1:3:1 extraction CHMO:0002760 Extraction of plant metabolites using a 1:3:1 v/v mixture of water, methanol and chloroform. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847558107-00254 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A data item that describes a non-adjustable specification of a piece of equipment. CHMO:0002761 Example: the length of a chromatography column as ordered from a supplier or indeed a glassblower. To be distinguished from a 'setting datum', IAO:0000140, which I take to be an adjustable parameter. Placeholder for now. equipment specification datum CHMO:0002761 A data item that describes a non-adjustable specification of a piece of equipment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with negative ions. CHMO:0002762 negative mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry CHMO:0002762 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with negative ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with positive ions. CHMO:0002763 positive mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry CHMO:0002763 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with positive ions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A mass spectrum obtained from positive mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. CHMO:0002764 APCI+ MS spectrum CHMO:0002764 A mass spectrum obtained from positive mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A mass spectrum obtained from negative mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. CHMO:0002765 APCI- MS spectrum CHMO:0002765 A mass spectrum obtained from negative mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A spectrum obtained from a heteronuclear correlation experiment. HETCOR spectrum CHMO:0002766 heteronuclear correlation spectrum CHMO:0002766 A spectrum obtained from a heteronuclear correlation experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an octadecyl-bonded silica. ODS column octadecyl silica column CHMO:0002767 C18 column CHMO:0002767 A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an octadecyl-bonded silica. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus connecting a gas chromatograph to a mass spectrometer. CHMO:0002768 gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer transfer line CHMO:0002768 A piece of apparatus connecting a gas chromatograph to a mass spectrometer. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The specified temperature for a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer transfer line. CHMO:0002769 gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer transfer line temperature setting CHMO:0002769 The specified temperature for a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer transfer line. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A sample preparation step involving the increase in temperature of a sample. CHMO:0002770 ought to be in OBI. Will put here pro tem. sample heating CHMO:0002770 A sample preparation step involving the increase in temperature of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A preparative step where the concentration of one component is increased. CHMO:0002771 concentrating CHMO:0002771 A preparative step where the concentration of one component is increased. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A preparative step involving the removal of dissolved gases from a sample. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degasification degasification CHMO:0002772 degassing CHMO:0002772 A preparative step involving the removal of dissolved gases from a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A mixing step where a soluble component is mixed with a liquid component. CHMO:0002773 dissolving CHMO:0002773 A mixing step where a soluble component is mixed with a liquid component. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Mixing involving the agitation of a solution through circular motion. CHMO:0002774 stirring CHMO:0002774 Mixing involving the agitation of a solution through circular motion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Stirring achieved by rotating a magnetic stir bar in a solution. CHMO:0002775 magnetic stirring CHMO:0002775 Stirring achieved by rotating a magnetic stir bar in a solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0002776 stir bar CHMO:0002776 A short-path vacuum distillation apparatus consisting of an electric heater and two or more glass bulbs. The compound to be distilled is placed in the last bulb. Kugelrohr apparatus CHMO:0002777 Kugelrohr condenser CHMO:0002777 A short-path vacuum distillation apparatus consisting of an electric heater and two or more glass bulbs. The compound to be distilled is placed in the last bulb. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelrohr An X-ray source where copper atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. CHMO:0002778 copper K-alpha source CHMO:0002778 An X-ray source where copper atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An X-ray source where molybdenum atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. CHMO:0002779 molybdenum K-alpha source CHMO:0002779 An X-ray source where molybdenum atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An X-ray source where cobalt atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. CHMO:0002780 cobalt K-alpha source CHMO:0002780 An X-ray source where cobalt atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An X-ray source where aluminium atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. CHMO:0002781 aluminium K-alpha source CHMO:0002781 An X-ray source where aluminium atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Vitreous silica in granular form for experimental purposes. CHMO:0002782 silica gel CHMO:0002782 Vitreous silica in granular form for experimental purposes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A gaseous environment in which an experiment takes place. This may be unreactive in order to prevent unintended reactions or reactive (for example gaseous hydrogen) to promote reactions. CHMO:0002783 Not to be confused with OBI's "atmosphere", OBI:0001498, which is biological. laboratory atmosphere CHMO:0002783 A gaseous environment in which an experiment takes place. This may be unreactive in order to prevent unintended reactions or reactive (for example gaseous hydrogen) to promote reactions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A laboratory atmosphere consisting of argon. CHMO:0002784 argon atmosphere CHMO:0002784 A laboratory atmosphere consisting of argon. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A laboratory atmosphere consisting of gaseous diatomic nitrogen. CHMO:0002785 nitrogen atmosphere CHMO:0002785 A laboratory atmosphere consisting of gaseous diatomic nitrogen. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The material left behind in the filter as a result of filtration. CHMO:0002786 filter cake CHMO:0002786 The material left behind in the filter as a result of filtration. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A syringe which has the function of pumping material into an experiment. CHMO:0002787 syringe pump CHMO:0002787 A syringe which has the function of pumping material into an experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A laboratory atmosphere consisting of gaseous diatomic hydrogen. CHMO:0002788 hydrogen atmosphere CHMO:0002788 A laboratory atmosphere consisting of gaseous diatomic hydrogen. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus for carrying out hydrogenation reactions, usually under high pressure. CHMO:0002789 See for example http://www.parrinst.com/products/hydrogenation/3926-hydrogenator/ hydrogenator CHMO:0002789 A piece of apparatus for carrying out hydrogenation reactions, usually under high pressure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A setting datum that specifies the potential difference in a mass spectrometer where labile ions may dissociate. CHMO:0002790 fragmentor voltage CHMO:0002790 A setting datum that specifies the potential difference in a mass spectrometer where labile ions may dissociate. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A setting datum that specifies the potential difference across a skimmer. CHMO:0002791 skimmer voltage CHMO:0002791 A setting datum that specifies the potential difference across a skimmer. https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06 A setting datum that specifies the potential difference across the tip of the capillary in electrospray ionisation. CHMO:0002792 capillary voltage CHMO:0002792 A setting datum that specifies the potential difference across the tip of the capillary in electrospray ionisation. http://www.astbury.leeds.ac.uk/facil/MStut/mstutorial.htm A piece of apparatus that is used to measure a physical quantity. CHMO:0002793 sensor CHMO:0002793 A piece of apparatus that is used to measure a physical quantity. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A sensor that recognises the analyte under study by interaction with a given chemical motif. CHMO:0002794 chemosensor CHMO:0002794 A sensor that recognises the analyte under study by interaction with a given chemical motif. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A sensor that recognises the analyte under study by interaction with a given biological system. CHMO:0002795 biosensor CHMO:0002795 A sensor that recognises the analyte under study by interaction with a given biological system. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Measurement of the dose of a substance taken up by an object. CHMO:0002796 dosimetry CHMO:0002796 Measurement of the dose of a substance taken up by an object. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847559753-00013 A sensor that is used to measure the dose of a substance taken by up an object. CHMO:0002797 dosimeter CHMO:0002797 A sensor that is used to measure the dose of a substance taken by up an object. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847559753-00013 Measurement of the dose of ions or small molecules taken up by an object. CHMO:0002798 chemodosimetry CHMO:0002798 Measurement of the dose of ions or small molecules taken up by an object. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847559753-00013 A sensor that is used to measure the dose of ions or small molecules taken by up an object. CHMO:0002799 chemodosimeter CHMO:0002799 A sensor that is used to measure the dose of ions or small molecules taken by up an object. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847559753-00013 A device for heating substances to high temperatures where the material is kept separate from the fuel. retort furnace CHMO:0002800 muffle furnace CHMO:0002800 A device for heating substances to high temperatures where the material is kept separate from the fuel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffle_furnace The smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure. CHMO:0002801 xL = <x> + ks where <x> is the mean of the blank measures, s is the standard deviation and k is a numerical factor chosen according to the desired confidence level. limit of detection CHMO:0002801 The smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03540 The smallest measure that can be quantified with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure. CHMO:0002802 limit of quantification CHMO:0002802 The smallest measure that can be quantified with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50064a004 A data item that describes a non-adjustable specification of a method. method specification datum CHMO:0002803 Example: limit of detection of a technique. figure of merit CHMO:0002803 A data item that describes a non-adjustable specification of a method. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An experimental method output originating from the matrix, reagents and any residual bias in the measurement device or process, which contributes to the value obtained for the quantity in the analytical procedure. CHMO:0002804 blank value CHMO:0002804 An experimental method output originating from the matrix, reagents and any residual bias in the measurement device or process, which contributes to the value obtained for the quantity in the analytical procedure. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00679 The range of measures which can be quantified with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure. CHMO:0002805 working range CHMO:0002805 The range of measures which can be quantified with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The transfer of a microlitre amount of solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. micro-extraction CHMO:0002806 microextraction CHMO:0002806 The transfer of a microlitre amount of solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The working range over which the response is linearly proportional to the measure. CHMO:0002807 linear range CHMO:0002807 The working range over which the response is linearly proportional to the measure. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of heating apparatus used to convert the sample into a gaseous mobile phase. CHMO:0002808 gas chromatography oven CHMO:0002808 A piece of heating apparatus used to convert the sample into a gaseous mobile phase. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus that is used to raise the temperature of a sample. CHMO:0002809 piece of heating apparatus CHMO:0002809 A piece of apparatus that is used to raise the temperature of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A piece of apparatus that consists of an oven, and apparatus to mix carrier gas containing the sample with hydrogen and air, then ignite it and collect the resulting positively-charged radicals at a cathode. FID detector flame ionization detector FID CHMO:0002810 flame ionisation detector CHMO:0002810 A piece of apparatus that consists of an oven, and apparatus to mix carrier gas containing the sample with hydrogen and air, then ignite it and collect the resulting positively-charged radicals at a cathode. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 FID An X-ray source where magnesium atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. Mg X-ray source CHMO:0002811 magnesium K-alpha source CHMO:0002811 An X-ray source where magnesium atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An electrode consisting of agranular non-graphitizable carbon with high isotropy and low permeability for liquids and gases. batchelorc 2014-04-17T15:00:00Z glassy carbon electrode vitreous carbon electrode CHMO:0002812 glass-like carbon electrode CHMO:0002812 An electrode consisting of agranular non-graphitizable carbon with high isotropy and low permeability for liquids and gases. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02639 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy of a sample that is carried out in the environment where the sample might be used. in situ DRIFT in situ DRIFTS CHMO:0002813 For example, the sample might be a catalyst, so during those catalytic processes. in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy CHMO:0002813 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy of a sample that is carried out in the environment where the sample might be used. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A measurement method that determines the concentration of a constituent in some solution. CHMO:0002814 measurement of concentration CHMO:0002814 A measurement method that determines the concentration of a constituent in some solution. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The concentration of a solute in a saturated solution. CHMO:0002815 We will probably need to add solubility expressed as a mass concentration and so forth for the different cases. solubility CHMO:0002815 The concentration of a solute in a saturated solution. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05740 Measurement of concentration of a solute in water. CHMO:0002816 measurement of solubility in water CHMO:0002816 Measurement of concentration of a solute in water. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The disposition of a sample to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of transmitted plane-polarized light. CHMO:0002817 optical activity CHMO:0002817 The disposition of a sample to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of transmitted plane-polarized light. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04303 An experimental method output that consists of the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated clockwise, as seen when facing the light source, in passing through an optically active medium. CHMO:0002818 angle of optical rotation CHMO:0002818 An experimental method output that consists of the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated clockwise, as seen when facing the light source, in passing through an optically active medium. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00348 A sample preparation method where a sample is heated slowly in a gas. CHMO:0002819 temperature-programmed absorption CHMO:0002819 A sample preparation method where a sample is heated slowly in a gas. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Experimental method output expressing the contribution of one constituent to the composition of a mixture. CHMO:0002820 based heavily on https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01222 concentration CHMO:0002820 Experimental method output expressing the contribution of one constituent to the composition of a mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. CHMO:0002821 based heavily on https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03713 mass concentration CHMO:0002821 Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. amount-of-substance concentration molarity substance concentration CHMO:0002822 based heavily on https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00295 amount concentration CHMO:0002822 Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the volume of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. CHMO:0002823 based heavily on https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01222 volume concentration CHMO:0002823 Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the volume of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the number of entities of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. CHMO:0002824 based heavily on https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04260 number concentration CHMO:0002824 Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the number of entities of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The concentration of a solute in a saturated solution of water and the solute. CHMO:0002825 solubility in water CHMO:0002825 The concentration of a solute in a saturated solution of water and the solute. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05740 Dean-Stark condenser Dean-Stark trap CHMO:0002826 Dean-Stark apparatus CHMO:0002826 Determination of the mass of a sample. CHMO:0002827 weighing CHMO:0002827 Determination of the mass of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A process that contributes to producing a plan for an experiment. CHMO:0002828 experimental planning process CHMO:0002828 A process that contributes to producing a plan for an experiment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Storage of a sample that has been dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. storage in DMSO CHMO:0002829 CHEBI:28262 here is a placeholder - really there should be a portion of material descendant like 'buffer solution' storage in dimethyl sulfoxide CHMO:0002829 Storage of a sample that has been dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An experimental planning process in which a plan specification is modified, resulting in a new plan specification. CHMO:0002830 experimental plan revision CHMO:0002830 An experimental planning process in which a plan specification is modified, resulting in a new plan specification. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A planned process in which materials for an experiment are acquired from an external supplier. CHMO:0002831 material acquisition CHMO:0002831 A planned process in which materials for an experiment are acquired from an external supplier. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A planned process in which materials are removed permanently from the laboratory or repository. CHMO:0002832 makes no judgement about whether this is a good way to do it, or a bad way such as tipping down the sink. material disposal CHMO:0002832 A planned process in which materials are removed permanently from the laboratory or repository. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-1158 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An experimental planning process in which a plan specification is created de novo. CHMO:0002833 experimental plan creation CHMO:0002833 An experimental planning process in which a plan specification is created de novo. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An assay to determine the propagation rate coefficient of a polymerisation process. CHMO:0002834 polymerisation propagation rate coefficient determination CHMO:0002834 An assay to determine the propagation rate coefficient of a polymerisation process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0002835 determination of nitrosamines CHMO:0002835 A material processing process that produces monodisperse particles of silica by adding tetraethyl silicate to an excess of water containing a low-molar-mass alcohol and stirring. CHMO:0002836 Stöber process CHMO:0002836 A material processing process that produces monodisperse particles of silica by adding tetraethyl silicate to an excess of water containing a low-molar-mass alcohol and stirring. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6ber_process A material processing process that is intended to produce nanoparticles. CHMO:0002837 nanoparticle synthesis CHMO:0002837 A material processing process that is intended to produce nanoparticles. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A material processing process that is intended to produce nanostructures. CHMO:0002838 nanostructure synthesis CHMO:0002838 A material processing process that is intended to produce nanostructures. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A planned process involving setting up the equipment for another planned process. CHMO:0002839 planned process setup CHMO:0002839 A planned process involving setting up the equipment for another planned process. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Part of a planned process where the equipment has been set up and human intervention is required to set the subprocesses going. CHMO:0002840 planned process startup CHMO:0002840 Part of a planned process where the equipment has been set up and human intervention is required to set the subprocesses going. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A process that involves adjusting a planned process in some respect. This may either be to adjust a parameter not fully specified in the plan or to adjust a parameter that was already specified in the plan. CHMO:0002841 planned process adjustment CHMO:0002841 A process that involves adjusting a planned process in some respect. This may either be to adjust a parameter not fully specified in the plan or to adjust a parameter that was already specified in the plan. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A planned process adjustment that takes place when the subprocesses of the planned process have been suspended. CHMO:0002842 stopped process adjustment CHMO:0002842 A planned process adjustment that takes place when the subprocesses of the planned process have been suspended. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A planned process adjustment that takes place while at least one subprocess is taking place. CHMO:0002843 needs a bit of tweakage, I expect. What about "waiting"? ongoing process adjustment CHMO:0002843 A planned process adjustment that takes place while at least one subprocess is taking place. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An experimental plan revision that involves creating a new experimental plan that has a lessened hazard compared to its predecessor. CHMO:0002844 was hazard replacement hazard reduction CHMO:0002844 An experimental plan revision that involves creating a new experimental plan that has a lessened hazard compared to its predecessor. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A planned process that involves all aspects of dealing with the waste produced in experiments. CHMO:0002845 waste management CHMO:0002845 A planned process that involves all aspects of dealing with the waste produced in experiments. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A material processing step that involves heating apparatus in an autoclave. CHMO:0002846 does every autoclaving happen as part of waste management? autoclaving CHMO:0002846 A material processing step that involves heating apparatus in an autoclave. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The largest measure at which the sensitivity of the detector is constant to within a specified variation. CHMO:0002847 limit of linearity CHMO:0002847 The largest measure at which the sensitivity of the detector is constant to within a specified variation. http://iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha09sec245.pdf The working range over which an incremental change in concentration or mass flow rate produces an incremental change in response. CHMO:0002848 The dynamic range is greater than the linear range. dynamic range CHMO:0002848 The working range over which an incremental change in concentration or mass flow rate produces an incremental change in response. http://iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha09sec245.pdf The standard deviation of independent measurements obtained with the same method on identical test material under the same conditions. CHMO:0002849 Same operator, same apparatus, same laboratory, after short intervals of time. repeatability standard deviation CHMO:0002849 The standard deviation of independent measurements obtained with the same method on identical test material under the same conditions. http://iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha02sec2.pdf The standard deviation of independent measurements obtained with the same method on identical test material under different conditions. CHMO:0002850 different operator, different apparatus, different laboratory, and/or after different intervals of time. reproducibility standard deviation CHMO:0002850 The standard deviation of independent measurements obtained with the same method on identical test material under different conditions. http://iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha02sec2.pdf An experimental sample that is produced by spiking test material that is essentially free of a given analyte. CHMO:0002851 spiked sample CHMO:0002851 An experimental sample that is produced by spiking test material that is essentially free of a given analyte. http://iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha18sec61.pdf A material processing step that involves taking a test material with an adequately low background level of the intended analyte and mixing it with a known amount of analyte. CHMO:0002852 spiking CHMO:0002852 A material processing step that involves taking a test material with an adequately low background level of the intended analyte and mixing it with a known amount of analyte. http://iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha18sec61.pdf The fraction of the total quantity of a substance extracted in a separation experiment under specified conditions. recovery factor CHMO:0002853 fraction extracted CHMO:0002853 The fraction of the total quantity of a substance extracted in a separation experiment under specified conditions. http://iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha09sec43.pdf The quantity of gas, in pressure-volume units, at a specified temperature, flowing per unit time across a specified open cross section. CHMO:0002854 sample throughput CHMO:0002854 The quantity of gas, in pressure-volume units, at a specified temperature, flowing per unit time across a specified open cross section. http://iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha12sec44.pdf The mass of the product of a synthesis expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maxiμm mass given the masses of the reactants. CHMO:0002855 percentage yield CHMO:0002855 The mass of the product of a synthesis expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maxiμm mass given the masses of the reactants. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The absolute value of the mole fraction for one enantiomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other enantiomer. CHMO:0002856 most people quote percentage enantiomer excess, CHMO:0002857 enantiomer excess CHMO:0002856 The absolute value of the mole fraction for one enantiomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other enantiomer. https://doi.org/10.1359/goldbook.E02070 The absolute value of the mole fraction for one enantiomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other enantiomer multiplied by 100%. CHMO:0002857 percentage enantiomer excess CHMO:0002857 The absolute value of the mole fraction for one enantiomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other enantiomer multiplied by 100%. https://doi.org/10.1359/goldbook.E02070 The ratio of the percentage of one diastereomer in a mixture to that of the other. CHMO:0002858 diastereomeric ratio CHMO:0002858 The ratio of the percentage of one diastereomer in a mixture to that of the other. https://doi.org/10.1359/goldbook.D01681 The ratio of the percentage of one enantiomer in a mixture to that of the other. CHMO:0002859 enantiomeric ratio CHMO:0002859 The ratio of the percentage of one enantiomer in a mixture to that of the other. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The absolute value of the mole fraction for one diastereomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other. CHMO:0002860 diastereomeric excess CHMO:0002860 The absolute value of the mole fraction for one diastereomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The absolute value of the mole fraction for one diastereomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other multiplied by 100%. CHMO:0002861 percentage diastereomeric excess CHMO:0002861 The absolute value of the mole fraction for one diastereomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other multiplied by 100%. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 GC-MS/MS CHMO:0002862 gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0002862 dispersive solid-phase extraction CHMO:0002863 dispersive solid phase extraction CHMO:0002863 CHMO:0002864 QuEChERS CHMO:0002864 VSI CHMO:0002865 vertical scanning interferometry CHMO:0002865 CHMO:0002866 evaporative light scattering detector CHMO:0002866 CHMO:0002867 selected reaction monitoring CHMO:0002867 CHMO:0002868 consecutive reaction monitoring CHMO:0002868 CHMO:0002869 multiple reaction monitoring CHMO:0002869 CHMO:0002870 parallel reaction monitoring CHMO:0002870 DLLME DLPME dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction CHMO:0002871 dispersive liquid-phase microextraction CHMO:0002871 USA-DLLME CHMO:0002872 ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-phase microextraction CHMO:0002872 CHMO:0002873 plasma microtorch CHMO:0002873 CHMO:0002874 ion chromatography CHMO:0002874 IC 2D CHMO:0002875 two-dimensional ion chromatography CHMO:0002875 HPLC-MS/MS CHMO:0002876 high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry CHMO:0002876 CHMO:0002877 gradient elution CHMO:0002877 CHMO:0002878 isocratic elution CHMO:0002878 A reference material that has been certified by an appropriate authority. CHMO:0002879 For example NIST in the USA or the Comμnity Bureau of Reference. certified reference material CHMO:0002879 A reference material that has been certified by an appropriate authority. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A chromatography column that is small enough to use in a 96-plate microarray. CHMO:0002880 minicolumn CHMO:0002880 A chromatography column that is small enough to use in a 96-plate microarray. http://www.atoll-bio.com/en/products/minicolumn-overview CHMO:0002881 passive sampling CHMO:0002881 HPTLC CHMO:0002882 high-performance thin-layer chromatography CHMO:0002882 An objective to minimize line broadening in solid state NMR that is caused by anisotropic interactions between nuclei. CHMO:0002884 Usually solved by magic-angle spinning. anisotropic nucleus-nucleus interaction line broadening minimization objective CHMO:0002884 An objective to minimize line broadening in solid state NMR that is caused by anisotropic interactions between nuclei. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A disc with a slot in it. slotted disk CHMO:0002885 This is used in photoacoustic spectroscopy to break a continuous laser beam into a pulsed one. slotted disc CHMO:0002885 A disc with a slot in it. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column. 2D gas chromatography CHMO:0002886 two-dimensional gas chromatography CHMO:0002886 Chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0002887 dispersive solid-phase microextraction CHMO:0002887 Microextraction using an antibody where the specificity is related to the specificity of the antibody to the compound of interest. CHMO:0002888 imμnoaffinity microextraction CHMO:0002888 Microextraction using an antibody where the specificity is related to the specificity of the antibody to the compound of interest. ISBN:9780080554259 Affinity chromatography where the separation is caused by differing antibody-ligand interactions. CHMO:0002889 imμnoaffinity chromatography CHMO:0002889 Affinity chromatography where the separation is caused by differing antibody-ligand interactions. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0002890 sequential injection chromatography CHMO:0002890 CHMO:0002891 flow-injection analysis CHMO:0002891 Function of a laser realized by it exciting some internal state of a sample. CHMO:0002892 excitation laser function CHMO:0002892 Function of a laser realized by it exciting some internal state of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Function of a laser realized by its interactions with internal state of a sample being measured. CHMO:0002893 probe laser function CHMO:0002893 Function of a laser realized by its interactions with internal state of a sample being measured. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A laser that has the function of exciting some internal state of a sample. CHMO:0002894 excitation laser CHMO:0002894 A laser that has the function of exciting some internal state of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A laser that has the function of probing some internal state of a sample. CHMO:0002895 probe laser CHMO:0002895 A laser that has the function of probing some internal state of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat. CHMO:0002896 magnetron CHMO:0002896 A device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-0422 A device that measures the angle of optical rotation of a sample. CHMO:0002897 polarimeter CHMO:0002897 A device that measures the angle of optical rotation of a sample. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Polarimetry of a sample that has been dissolved in chloroform. CHMO:0002898 polarimetry of sample dissolved in chloroform CHMO:0002898 Polarimetry of a sample that has been dissolved in chloroform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Polarimetry of a sample that has been dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. CHMO:0002899 polarimetry of sample dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide CHMO:0002899 Polarimetry of a sample that has been dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Angle of optical rotation of a substance that has been obtained with it dissolved in chloroform. CHMO:0002900 angle of optical rotation in chloroform CHMO:0002900 Angle of optical rotation of a substance that has been obtained with it dissolved in chloroform. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Angle of optical rotation of a substance that has been obtained with it dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. CHMO:0002901 angle of optical rotation in dimethyl sulfoxide CHMO:0002901 Angle of optical rotation of a substance that has been obtained with it dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A measure of the efficiency by which charge is transferred in a chemical reaction. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_efficiency coulombic efficiency current efficiency faradaic efficiency faradaic yield CHMO:0002902 Faraday efficiency CHMO:0002902 A measure of the efficiency by which charge is transferred in a chemical reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A measure of how the discharge capacity of a battery is maintained over a given number of cycles. CHMO:0002903 cycling stability CHMO:0002903 A measure of how the discharge capacity of a battery is maintained over a given number of cycles. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 charge capacity discharge capacity specific capacity CHMO:0002904 specific discharge capacity CHMO:0002904 Hydrothermal synthesis that uses cetyltrimethylammonium bromide to guide the morphology of the product. CTAB assisted hydrothermal synthesis cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-assisted hydrothermal synthesis CHMO:0002905 For example for making ZnO nanorods. CTAB-assisted hydrothermal synthesis CHMO:0002905 Hydrothermal synthesis that uses cetyltrimethylammonium bromide to guide the morphology of the product. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.04.134 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Hydrothermal synthesis that makes use of microwave radiation to affect the course of reaction. CHMO:0002906 microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis CHMO:0002906 Hydrothermal synthesis that makes use of microwave radiation to affect the course of reaction. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Thermal analysis of a system where the consumption of dioxygen in moles per second per gram of material is measured against temperature. CHMO:0002907 temperature-programmed oxidation CHMO:0002907 Thermal analysis of a system where the consumption of dioxygen in moles per second per gram of material is measured against temperature. https://doi.org/10.1039/b105466j Thermal analysis of a system where the consumption of reducing agent in moles per second per gram of material is measured against temperature. CHMO:0002908 temperature-programmed reduction CHMO:0002908 Thermal analysis of a system where the consumption of reducing agent in moles per second per gram of material is measured against temperature. https://doi.org/10.1039/b105466j A plot of the consumption of dioxygen in moles per second per gram of material against temperature obtained from a temperature-programmed oxidation experiment. TPO profile CHMO:0002909 temperature-programmed oxidation profile CHMO:0002909 A plot of the consumption of dioxygen in moles per second per gram of material against temperature obtained from a temperature-programmed oxidation experiment. https://doi.org/10.1039/b105466j A plot of the consumption of a reducing agent in moles per second per gram of material against temperature obtained from a temperature-programmed reduction experiment. TPR profile CHMO:0002910 temperature-programmed reduction profile CHMO:0002910 A plot of the consumption of a reducing agent in moles per second per gram of material against temperature obtained from a temperature-programmed reduction experiment. https://doi.org/10.1039/b105466j Spinning a sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) in order to average anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, to zero. CHMO:0002911 magic angle spinning CHMO:0002911 Spinning a sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) in order to average anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, to zero. ISBN:9780192800310 An assay that determines a figure of merit for a given technique, analyte and matrix. This will consist of multiple assays of a reference material. CHMO:0002912 figure-of-merit determination CHMO:0002912 An assay that determines a figure of merit for a given technique, analyte and matrix. This will consist of multiple assays of a reference material. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A substance or mixture of substances, the composition of which is known within specified limits, and one or more of the properties of which is sufficiently well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measuring method or for assigning values to materials. CHMO:0002913 reference material CHMO:0002913 A substance or mixture of substances, the composition of which is known within specified limits, and one or more of the properties of which is sufficiently well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measuring method or for assigning values to materials. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05230 The process of one material (absorbate) being retained by another (absorption). REX:0000188 CHMO:0002914 Gold Book, somewhat modified. It goes on "The process of one material (absorbate) being retained by another (absorbent); this may be the physical solution of a gas, liquid, or solid in a liquid, attachment of molecules of a gas, vapour, liquid, or dissolved substance to a solid surface by physical forces, etc." absorption of material CHMO:0002914 The process of one material (absorbate) being retained by another (absorption). http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00036 A phenomenon in which radiation transfers to matter which it traverses some or all of its energy. CHMO:0002915 absorption of radiation CHMO:0002915 A phenomenon in which radiation transfers to matter which it traverses some or all of its energy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00036 Material processing in which a liquid or gas transitions into a solid. CHMO:0002916 sample solidification CHMO:0002916 Material processing in which a liquid or gas transitions into a solid. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05733 Material processing in which a sample is cooled by immersion in a fluid. CHMO:0002917 sample quenching CHMO:0002917 Material processing in which a sample is cooled by immersion in a fluid. https://www.britannica.com/technology/quenching-materials-processing Selective degradation of polysaccharides by periodate oxidation. CHMO:0002918 Smith degradation CHMO:0002918 Selective degradation of polysaccharides by periodate oxidation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-8994 Treatment of a sample with hydrazine. This can be used to prepare samples for glycomics. hydrazinolysis CHMO:0002919 hydrazine treatment CHMO:0002919 Treatment of a sample with hydrazine. This can be used to prepare samples for glycomics. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-8994 An enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans from a peptide or protein using the enzyme PNGase A (N-glycosidase A), including those with core α1-3 fucosylation. PNGase A glycan cleavage PNGase A glycan release PNGase A treatment CHMO:0002920 PNGase A digestion CHMO:0002920 An enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans from a peptide or protein using the enzyme PNGase A (N-glycosidase A), including those with core α1-3 fucosylation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-8994 An enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans from a peptide or protein using the enzyme PNGase F (N-glycosidase F). PNGase F glycan cleavage PNGase F glycan release PNGase F treatment CHMO:0002921 PNGase F digestion CHMO:0002921 An enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans from a peptide or protein using the enzyme PNGase F (N-glycosidase F). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-8994 A high-performance liquid chromatography method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and retains anions by positively charged functional groups. HPAEC high-performance AEC CHMO:0002923 high-performance anion-exchange chromatography CHMO:0002923 A high-performance liquid chromatography method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and retains anions by positively charged functional groups. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-8994 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and made from graphitized carbon and the other moves in a definite direction. PGC chromatography graphitised carbon HPLC graphitized carbon HPLC graphitized carbon liquid chromatography porous graphitic carbon chromatography CHMO:0002924 graphitized carbon liquid chromatography CHMO:0002924 A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and made from graphitized carbon and the other moves in a definite direction. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-8994 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by Fourier transform of a recorded time-domain transient. FT-MS FTMS CHMO:0002925 Fourier transform mass spectrometry CHMO:0002925 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by Fourier transform of a recorded time-domain transient. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-8994 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured by their oscillations along the centre electrode in an Orbitrap mass analyzer. Orbitrap-MS Orbitrap-mass spectroscopy CHMO:0002926 Orbitrap mass spectrometry CHMO:0002926 Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured by their oscillations along the centre electrode in an Orbitrap mass analyzer. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-8994 A sample preparation for assay process that includes a series of operations applied to a starting material to prepare an NMR sample for an NMR assay. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4378-6061 2022-07-19T08:57:50Z CHMO:0002927 NMR sample preparation CHMO:0002927 Spectroscopy that uses thermal analysis to probe the surface chemistry of heterogeneous catalysts. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-7093 TPSR temperature programmed surface reaction spectroscopy CHMO:0002928 temperature-programmed surface reaction spectroscopy CHMO:0002928 An electrochemical cell where the anode and cathode are placed in different vessels requiring the use of a salt bridge, frit or membrane to complete the circuit. CHMO:0002929 divided electrochemical cell CHMO:0002929 An electrochemical cell where the anode and cathode are placed in different vessels requiring the use of a salt bridge, frit or membrane to complete the circuit. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8786-1756 An electrochemical cell where the anode and cathode are placed in the same vessel. CHMO:0002930 undivided electrochemical cell CHMO:0002930 An electrochemical cell where the anode and cathode are placed in the same vessel. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8786-1756 Electrode at which reduction takes place. CHMO:0002931 anode CHMO:0002931 Electrode at which reduction takes place. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00905 Electrode at which oxidation takes place. CHMO:0002932 cathode CHMO:0002932 Electrode at which oxidation takes place. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00370 CHMO:0010000 risk management planning process CHMO:0010000 Equipment that is used in a laboratory context to prevent or mitigate adverse laboratory events. CHMO:0010001 protective equipment CHMO:0010001 Equipment that is used in a laboratory context to prevent or mitigate adverse laboratory events. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0010002 material handling technique CHMO:0010002 CHMO:0010003 protective clothing CHMO:0010003 Equipment that is used in a laboratory context to mitigate adverse laboratory events. CHMO:0010004 emergency response equipment CHMO:0010004 Equipment that is used in a laboratory context to mitigate adverse laboratory events. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0010005 eye wash station CHMO:0010005 CHMO:0010006 emergency shower CHMO:0010006 CHMO:0010007 fire blanket CHMO:0010007 CHMO:0010008 fire extinguisher CHMO:0010008 An event that takes place in a laboratory that may unintentionally harm an organism or piece of apparatus. CHMO:0010009 adverse laboratory event CHMO:0010009 An event that takes place in a laboratory that may unintentionally harm an organism or piece of apparatus. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An explosion that takes place in a laboratory and is not controlled by the experimenter. CHMO:0010010 A controlled explosion might be, for example, in a bomb calorimeter. laboratory uncontrolled explosion CHMO:0010010 An explosion that takes place in a laboratory and is not controlled by the experimenter. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Laboratory safety equipment that prevents or mitigates adverse laboratory events happening to an experimenter. CHMO:0010011 personal protective equipment CHMO:0010011 Laboratory safety equipment that prevents or mitigates adverse laboratory events happening to an experimenter. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 Gloves consisting of a nitrile polymer. CHMO:0010012 nitrile gloves CHMO:0010012 Gloves consisting of a nitrile polymer. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An event where a poisonous substance penetrates personal protective equipment, endangering the experimenter. CHMO:0010013 penetration of personal protective equipment CHMO:0010013 An event where a poisonous substance penetrates personal protective equipment, endangering the experimenter. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 The function ascribed to laboratory equipment to prevent or mitigate adverse laboratory events. CHMO:0010014 laboratory safety function CHMO:0010014 The function ascribed to laboratory equipment to prevent or mitigate adverse laboratory events. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A screen that blocks debris from an explosion. CHMO:0010015 blast screen CHMO:0010015 A screen that blocks debris from an explosion. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An adverse laboratory event where an experimenter inhales poisonous fumes. CHMO:0010018 inhalation of poisonous fumes CHMO:0010018 An adverse laboratory event where an experimenter inhales poisonous fumes. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An adverse laboratory event where a reacting species gives off a gas poisonous to the experimenter. CHMO:0010019 evolution of poisonous fumes CHMO:0010019 An adverse laboratory event where a reacting species gives off a gas poisonous to the experimenter. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 A hood in which to conduct experiments that give off poisonous fumes that vents them to a non-enclosed environment. CHMO:0010020 fume hood CHMO:0010020 A hood in which to conduct experiments that give off poisonous fumes that vents them to a non-enclosed environment. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 An adverse laboratory event in which an organism comes into contact with the debris from an explosion at high speed. CHMO:0010022 injury by flying debris CHMO:0010022 An adverse laboratory event in which an organism comes into contact with the debris from an explosion at high speed. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0010023 hazard analysis CHMO:0010023 CHMO:0010024 risk assessment CHMO:0010024 CHMO:0010025 control banding CHMO:0010025 CL:0000000 cell PMID:18089833.Cancer Res. 2007 Dec 15;67(24):12018-25. "...Epithelial cells were harvested from histologically confirmed adenocarcinomas .." A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. cell GO:0019814 immunoglobulin complex A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. immunoglobulin complex GO:0019815 B cell receptor complex An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. B cell receptor complex GO:0032991 protein-containing complex A ribosome is a protein complex. A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. protein complex protein-containing complex GO:0042101 T cell receptor complex A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains. T cell receptor complex GO:0042571 immunoglobulin complex, circulating An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component. antibody antibody immunoglobulin complex, circulating IAO:0000003 measurement unit label A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure. measurement unit label IAO:0000005 objective specification In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction. A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved. 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed." 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that. Answers the question, why did you do this experiment? PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Barry Smith PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Jennifer Fostel goal specification OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch OBI_0000217 objective specification IAO:0000007 Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2 A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take. Alan Ruttenberg OBI Plan and Planned Process branch action specification IAO:0000009 datum label A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label datum label IAO:0000010 software Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit. software IAO:0000027 data item Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries. An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers. 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum. 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym. 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/ JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Chris Stoeckert PERSON: Jonathan Rees data data item IAO:0000030 information content entity Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000142 information content entity IAO:0000033 directive information entity An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it. 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters directive information entity IAO:0000037 dot plot A dot plot is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where each data point is represented by a single dot placed on coordinates corresponding to data point values in particular dimensions. dot plot IAO:0000038 graph A diagram that presents one or more tuples of information by mapping those tuples in to a two dimensional space in a non arbitrary way. graph IAO:0000064 algorithm A plan specification which describes the inputs and output of mathematical functions as well as workflow of execution for achieving an predefined objective. Algorithms are realized usually by means of implementation as computer programs for execution by automata. algorithm IAO:0000078 curation status specification The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting) PERSON:Bill Bug GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> OBI_0000266 curation status specification IAO:0000098 data format specification A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file data format specification IAO:0000100 data set A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets. data set IAO:0000101 image An image is an affine projection to a two dimensional surface, of measurements of some quality of an entity or entities repeated at regular intervals across a spatial range, where the measurements are represented as color and luminosity on the projected on surface. image IAO:0000102 data about an ontology part Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term Person:Alan Ruttenberg data about an ontology part IAO:0000104 plan specification PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice. A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications. 2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231. Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved Alan Ruttenberg Clint Dowland OBI Plan and Planned Process branch OBI_0000344 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them plan specification https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/231#issuecomment-1010455131 IAO:0000109 measurement datum A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device. measurement datum IAO:0000140 A settings datum is a datum that denotes some configuration of an instrument. 2/3/2009 Feedback from OBI This should be a "setting specification". There is a question of whether it is information about a realizable or not. Pro other specification are about realizables. Cons sometimes specifies a quality which is not a realizable. Alan grouped these in placeholder for the moment. Name by analogy to measurement datum. setting datum IAO:0000179 histogram A histogram is a report graph which is a statistical description of a distribution in terms of occurrence frequencies of different event classes. histogram IAO:0000180 heatmap A heatmap is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the values taken by a variable(s) are shown as colors in a two-dimensional map. heatmap IAO:0000183 dendrogram A dendrogram is a report graph which is a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by a clustering algorithm. dendrogram IAO:0000184 scatter plot A scatterplot is a graph which uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis. scatter plot IAO:0000225 obsolescence reason specification The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot obsolescence reason specification IAO:0000308 figure An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something. figure IAO:0000309 diagram A figure that expresses one or more propositions diagram IAO:0000310 document A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole document IAO:0000409 denotator type The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities. A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective. Alan Ruttenberg Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters denotator type IAO:8000000 ontology module I have placed this under 'data about an ontology part', but this can be discussed. I think this is OK if 'part' is interpreted reflexively, as an ontology module is the whole ontology rather than part of it. ontology file This class and it's subclasses are applied to OWL ontologies. Using an rdf:type triple will result in problems with OWL-DL. I propose that dcterms:type is instead used to connect an ontology URI with a class from this hierarchy. The class hierarchy is not disjoint, so multiple assertions can be made about a single ontology. ontology module IAO:8000001 base ontology module An ontology module that comprises only of asserted axioms local to the ontology, excludes import directives, and excludes axioms or declarations from external ontologies. base ontology module IAO:8000002 editors ontology module An ontology module that is intended to be directly edited, typically managed in source control, and typically not intended for direct consumption by end-users. source ontology module editors ontology module IAO:8000003 main release ontology module An ontology module that is intended to be the primary release product and the one consumed by the majority of tools. TODO: Add logical axioms that state that a main release ontology module is derived from (directly or indirectly) an editors module main release ontology module IAO:8000004 bridge ontology module An ontology module that consists entirely of axioms that connect or bridge two distinct ontology modules. For example, the Uberon-to-ZFA bridge module. bridge ontology module IAO:8000005 import ontology module A subset ontology module that is intended to be imported from another ontology. TODO: add axioms that indicate this is the output of a module extraction process. import file import ontology module IAO:8000006 subset ontology module An ontology module that is extracted from a main ontology module and includes only a subset of entities or axioms. ontology slim subset ontology subset ontology module IAO:8000007 curation subset ontology module A subset ontology that is intended as a whitelist for curators using the ontology. Such a subset will exclude classes that curators should not use for curation. curation subset ontology module IAO:8000008 analysis ontology module An ontology module that is intended for usage in analysis or discovery applications. analysis subset ontology module IAO:8000009 single layer ontology module A subset ontology that is largely comprised of a single layer or strata in an ontology class hierarchy. The purpose is typically for rolling up for visualization. The classes in the layer need not be disjoint. ribbon subset single layer subset ontology module IAO:8000010 exclusion subset ontology module A subset of an ontology that is intended to be excluded for some purpose. For example, a blacklist of classes. antislim exclusion subset ontology module IAO:8000011 external import ontology module An imported ontology module that is derived from an external ontology. Derivation methods include the OWLAPI SLME approach. external import external import ontology module IAO:8000012 species subset ontology module A subset ontology that is crafted to either include or exclude a taxonomic grouping of species. taxon subset species subset ontology module IAO:8000013 reasoned ontology module An ontology module that contains axioms generated by a reasoner. The generated axioms are typically direct SubClassOf axioms, but other possibilities are available. reasoned ontology module IAO:8000014 generated ontology module An ontology module that is automatically generated, for example via a SPARQL query or via template and a CSV. TODO: Add axioms (using PROV-O?) that indicate this is the output-of some reasoning process generated ontology module IAO:8000015 template generated ontology module An ontology module that is automatically generated from a template specification and fillers for slots in that template. template generated ontology module IAO:8000016 taxonomic bridge ontology module taxonomic bridge ontology module IAO:8000017 ontology module subsetted by expressivity ontology module subsetted by expressivity IAO:8000018 obo basic subset ontology module A subset ontology that is designed for basic applications to continue to make certain simplifying assumptions; many of these simplifying assumptions were based on the initial version of the Gene Ontology, and have become enshrined in many popular and useful tools such as term enrichment tools. Examples of such assumptions include: traversing the ontology graph ignoring relationship types using a naive algorithm will not lead to cycles (i.e. the ontology is a DAG); every referenced term is declared in the ontology (i.e. there are no dangling clauses). An ontology is OBO Basic if and only if it has the following characteristics: DAG Unidirectional No Dangling Clauses Fully Asserted Fully Labeled No equivalence axioms Singly labeled edges No qualifier lists No disjointness axioms No owl-axioms header No imports obo basic subset ontology module IAO:8000019 ontology module subsetted by OWL profile ontology module subsetted by OWL profile IAO:8000020 EL++ ontology module EL++ ontology module A process in which ionized species in the gas phase are produced from an analyte-containing solution via highly charged fine droplets, by means of spraying the solution from a narrow-bore needle tip at atmospheric pressure in the presence of a high electric field. When a pressurized gas is used to aid in the formation of a stable spray, the term pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization is used. The term ion spray is not recommended. ESI MS MS:1000073 electrospray ionization MS:1000073 A process in which ionized species in the gas phase are produced from an analyte-containing solution via highly charged fine droplets, by means of spraying the solution from a narrow-bore needle tip at atmospheric pressure in the presence of a high electric field. When a pressurized gas is used to aid in the formation of a stable spray, the term pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization is used. The term ion spray is not recommended. PSI:MS NCBITaxon:9606 Homo sapiens human human being Homo sapiens OBCS:0000001 A data transformation that has input of mulitple data and report overall trend of the data. Jie Zheng, Oliver He WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics statistical data analysis OBCS:0000058 A data item that measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such (e.g. the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition). Yongqun He sensitivity estimate true positive rate, recall WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity STATO:0000233 sensitivity OBCS:0000059 A data item that refers to the proportion of negatives in a binary classification test which are correctly identified Yongqun He true negative rate WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity STATO:0000134 specificity OBCS:0000070 A quantitative confidence value that refers to an interval give values within which there is a high probability (95 percent by convention) that the true population value can be found. The calculation of a confidence interval considers the standard deviation of the data and the number of observations. Thus, a confidence interval narrows as the number of observations increases, or its variance (dispersion) decreases. Yongqun He WEB: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/glossary-of-common-biostatistical-and-epidemiological-terms confidence interval 2 OBCS:0000120 A data item that is more specifically a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns. Person: Oliver He, Jie Zheng set of data sets WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics) data matrix OBCS:0000121 A statistical data analysis that uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented, accounting for randomness. Jie Zheng, Oliver He significantly statistical data analysis WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics inferential statistical data analysis 2 OBCS:0000122 A data item that consists of two or more data sets that are produced as the output of a data transformation. Person: Oliver He, Jie Zheng set of transformed data sets transformed data matrix OBCS:0000123 A data set that is produced as the output of a data transformation. Person: Jie Zheng, Oliver He transformed data set OBCS:0000124 A statistical data analysis objective where the aim is to make inference using population sample data. Jie Zheng, Oliver He inferential statistical data analysis objective OBCS:0000214 A disposition that inheres in a population of continuant and is realized in a test process (e.g., disease diagnosis). https://jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13326-016-0099-4 AB, JZ, JFE, YH This term is generated in OBCS based on BIPO: https://github.com/OpenLHS/BIPO. See more from OBCS track issue: https://github.com/obcs/obcs/issues/9 Traditionally, sensitivity inheres in a population of material entity like human. However, it raises a concern in the existance of such sensitivity disposition in the context of machine learning using syntheti data generated with mathematical formula. In this case, the population of disposition bearer are not population of organisms or material entities. Here the bearer of the disposition is not independent continuant. sensitivity disposition OBCS:0000218 A data item that is derived from a statistical data analysis. Jie Zheng, Yongqun He, Marcy Harris, Asiyah Yu Lin statistic WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic WEB: http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-numerical-data derived data from statistical analysis OBCS:0000220 A data item that is derived from an inferential statistical data analysis. Jie Zheng, Yongqun He inferential statistic WEB: http://psc.dss.ucdavis.edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/stat_inf/intro.htm WEB: http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-numerical-data derived data from inferential statistical analysis OBCS:0000233 A data item that is produced as the output of a data transformation. Person: Jie Zheng, Oliver He transformed data item OBI:0000011 planned process Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. 'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.) We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process. Bjoern Peters branch derived 6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call) planned process OBI:0000014 regulator role Fact sheet - Regulating the companies The role of the regulator. Ofwat is the economic regulator of the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales. http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/aptrix/ofwat/publish.nsf/Content/roleofregulator_factsheet170805 a regulatory role involved with making and/or enforcing relevant legislation and governmental orders Person:Jennifer Fostel regulator OBI regulator role OBI:0000017 regulatory role Regulatory agency, Ethics committee, Approval letter; example: Browse these EPA Regulatory Role subtopics http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/enviregulatoryrole.html Feb 29, 2008 a role which inheres in material entities and is realized in the processes of making, enforcing or being defined by legislation or orders issued by a governmental body. GROUP: Role branch OBI, CDISC govt agents responsible for creating regulations; proxies for enforcing regulations. CDISC definition: regulatory authorities. Bodies having the power to regulate. NOTE: In the ICH GCP guideline the term includes the authorities that review submitted clinical data and those that conduct inspections. These bodies are sometimes referred to as competent regulatory role OBI:0000018 material supplier role Jackson Labs is an organization which provide mice as experimental material a role realized through the process of supplying materials such as animal subjects, reagents or other materials used in an investigation. Supplier role is a special kind of service, e.g. biobank PERSON:Jennifer Fostel material provider role supplier material supplier role OBI:0000038 chromatography column Chromatography column in chemistry is a tube and contents (typically glass) used to purify individual chemical compounds from mixtures of compounds. It is often used for preparative applications on scales from micrograms up to kilograms. Frank Gibson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_chromatography open tracker https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=2881353&group_id=177891&atid=886178 chromatography column OBI:0000047 processed material Examples include gel matrices, filter paper, parafilm and buffer solutions, mass spectrometer, tissue samples Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg processed material OBI:0000048 chromatography device A device that facilitates the separation of mixtures. The function of a chromatography device involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated. Frank Gibson chromatography instrument http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography open tracker https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=2881353&group_id=177891&atid=886178 chromatography device OBI:0000049 mass spectrometer LCQ Fleet Ion Trap MSn manufactured by thermo fisher scientific A mass spectrometer is an instrument which is used to measure the mass to charge ratio of ions. All mass spectrometers consist of three basic parts: an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector system. The stages within the mass spectrometer are: 1. Production of ions from the sample 2. Separation of ions with different masses 3. Detection of the number of ions of each mass produced 4.Collection of data to generate the mass spectrum Frank Gibson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry mass spectrometer OBI:0000067 evaluant role When a specimen of blood is assayed for glucose concentration, the blood has the evaluant role. When measuring the mass of a mouse, the evaluant is the mouse. When measuring the time of DNA replication, the evaluant is the DNA. When measuring the intensity of light on a surface, the evaluant is the light source. a role that inheres in a material entity that is realized in an assay in which data is generated about the bearer of the evaluant role Role call - 17nov-08: JF and MC think an evaluant role is always specified input of a process. Even in the case where we have an assay taking blood as evaluant and outputting blood, the blood is not the specified output at the end of the assay (the concentration of glucose in the blood is) examples of features that could be described in an evaluant: quality.... e.g. "contains 10 pg/ml IL2", or "no glucose detected") GROUP: Role Branch OBI Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term. evaluant role OBI:0000070 assay Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house. A planned process that has the objective to produce information about a material entity (the evaluant) by examining it. 12/3/12: BP: the reference to the 'physical examination' is included to point out that a prediction is not an assay, as that does not require physical examiniation. Discussion on OBI call 2023-05-01 resulted in an agreement to revise the textual definition of 'assay'. https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1683. PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch measuring scientific observation OBI branch derived study assay any method assay OBI:0000071 quantitative confidence value A data item which is used to indicate the degree of uncertainty about a measurement. person:Chris Stoeckert group:OBI quantitative confidence value OBI:0000073 sample preparation for assay A sample_preparation_for_assay is a protocol_application including material_enrollments and biomaterial_transformations. definition_source: OBI. PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch study OBI branch derived sample preparation for assay OBI:0000086 reagent role Buffer, dye, a catalyst, a solvating agent. A role inhering in a biological or chemical entity that is intended to be applied in a scientific technique to participate (or have molecular components that participate) in a chemical reaction that facilitates the generation of data about some entity distinct from the bearer, or the generation of some specified material output distinct from the bearer. PERSON:Matthew Brush reagent PERSON:Matthew Brush Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term. May 28 2013. Updated definition taken from ReO based on discussions initiated in Philly 2011 workshop. Former defnition described a narrower view of reagents in chemistry that restricts bearers of the role to be chemical entities ("a role played by a molecular entity used to produce a chemical reaction to detect, measure, or produce other substances"). Updated definition allows for broader view of reagents in the domain of biomedical research to include larger materials that have parts that participate chemically in a molecular reaction or interaction. (copied from ReO) Reagents are distinguished from instruments or devices that also participate in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in or have parts that participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during their intended participation in some technique. By contrast, instruments do not participate in a chemical reaction/interaction during the technique. Reagents are distinguished from study subjects/evaluants in that study subjects and evaluants are that about which conclusions are drawn and knowledge is sought in an investigation - while reagents, by definition, are not. It should be noted, however, that reagent and study subject/evaluant roles can be borne by instances of the same type of material entity - but a given instance will realize only one of these roles in the execution of a given assay or technique. For example, taq polymerase can bear a reagent role or an evaluant role. In a DNA sequencing assay aimed at generating sequence data about some plasmid, the reagent role of the taq polymerase is realized. In an assay to evaluate the quality of the taq polymerase itself, the evaluant/study subject role of the taq is realized, but not the reagent role since the taq is the subject about which data is generated. In regard to the statement that reagents are 'distinct' from the specified outputs of a technique, note that a reagent may be incorporated into a material output of a technique, as long as the IDENTITY of this output is distinct from that of the bearer of the reagent role. For example, dNTPs input into a PCR are reagents that become part of the material output of this technique, but this output has a new identity (ie that of a 'nucleic acid molecule') that is distinct from the identity of the dNTPs that comprise it. Similarly, a biotin molecule input into a cell labeling technique are reagents that become part of the specified output, but the identity of the output is that of some modified cell specimen which shares identity with the input unmodified cell specimen, and not with the biotin label. Thus, we see that an important criteria of 'reagent-ness' is that it is a facilitator, and not the primary focus of an investigation or material processing technique (ie not the specified subject/evaluant about which knowledge is sought, or the specified output material of the technique). reagent role OBI:0000094 material processing A cell lysis, production of a cloning vector, creating a buffer. A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Frank Gibson PERSON: Jennifer Fostel PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Philippe Rocca Serra material transformation OBI branch derived material processing OBI:0000112 specimen role liver section; a portion of a culture of cells; a nemotode or other animal once no longer a subject (generally killed); portion of blood from a patient. A role borne by a material entity that is obtained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by performing measurements or observations on the specimen. 22Jun09. The definition includes whole organisms, and can include a human. The link between specimen role and study subject role has been removed. A specimen taken as part of a case study is not considered to be a population representative, while a specimen taken as representing a population, e.g. person taken from a cohort, blood specimen taken from an animal) would be considered a population representative and would also bear material sample role. Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. blood taken from animal: animal continues in study, whereas blood has role specimen. something taken from study subject, leaves the study and becomes the specimen. parasite example - when parasite in people we study people, people are subjects and parasites are specimen - when parasite extracted, they become subject in the following study specimen can later be subject. GROUP: Role Branch OBI specimen role OBI:0000185 imaging assay An assay that produces a picture of an entity. PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch OBI branch derived imaging assay OBI:0000245 organization PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods. An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra PERSON: Susanna Sansone GROUP: OBI organization OBI:0000318 eluate Raman spectroscopic detection of haemoproteins in the eluate from high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1983 Jan 7;254:285-8. PMID: 6298263 a eluate is a material entity which results from an elution, e.g. from a chromatography column. it has as part a material entity with role mobile phase need to add restriction to indicate: has_part some (material entity has_role mobile phase) need to add mobile phase as role PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra eluted material OBI Bionaterial eluate OBI:0000345 mass analyzer The mass analyzer of the Voyager-DE(tm) STR Biospectrometry Workstation A Mass analyzer is a device that separates ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. All mass spectrometers are based on dynamics of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields in vacuum where the two laws of Lorentz force law and Newton's second law of motion apply. Frank Gibson PERSON: Daniel Schober http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry#Mass_analyzer mass analyzer OBI:0000361 ion source The ion source of a Voyager-DE??? STR Biospectrometry Workstation An ion source is a device that is part of a mass spectrometer that ionizes the material under analysis. The ions are then transported by magnetic or electric fields to the mass analyzer. Techniques for ionization have been key to determining what types of samples can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Electron ionization and chemical ionization are used for gases and vapors. In chemical ionization sources, the material is ionized by chemical ion-molecule reactions during collisions in the source. Two techniques often used with liquid and solid biological samples include electrospray ionization (due to John Fenn PMID 2675315.) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI, due to M. Karas and F. Hillenkamp (Measuring Mass: From Positive Rays to Proteins by Michael A. Grayson (Editor) (ISBN 0-941901-31-9))). Frank Gibson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry#Ion_source ion source OBI:0000364 ion detector The ion detector of the Voyager-DE(tm) STR Biospectrometry Workstation An ion detector is a device that measures and records the charge induced or current produced when an ion passes by or hits a surface. Example: In a scanning instrument the signal produced in the detector during the course of the scan versus where the instrument is in the scan (at what m/Q) will produce a mass spectrum, a record of ions as a function of m/Q. Frank Gibson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry#Detector ion detector OBI:0000367 light emission function A light emission function is an excitation function to excite a material to a specific excitation state that it emits light. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot light emission function OBI:0000369 magnify function A magnify function is a function to increase the size of a transmitted object image through the precise arrangement of energy diffraction elements along an imaging path. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot magnify function OBI:0000370 contain function A syringe, a beaker A contain function is a function to constrain a material entities location in space Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot contain function OBI:0000371 heat function A heat function is a function that increases the internal kinetic energy of a material Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot heat function OBI:0000372 material separation function A material separation function is a function that increases the resolution between two or more material entities. The to distinction between the entities is usually based on some associated physical quality. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot material separation function OBI:0000374 excitation function A excitation function is a function to inject energy by bombarding a material with energetic particles (e.g., photons) thereby imbuing internal material components such as electrons with additional energy. These internal, 'excited' particles may lead to the rupturing of covalent chemical bonds or may quickly relax back to there unexcited state with an exponential time course thereby locally emitting energy in the form of photons. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot excitation function OBI:0000376 synthesizing function A synthesizing function is a function to assemble new output materials from distinct input materials. The output materials typically consist of chemically distinct monomeric objects or object aggregate polymers. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot synthesizing function OBI:0000383 transfer function A transfer function is a function to displace a material from one location to another. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot transfer function OBI:0000384 electricity supply function the function of supplying current during a neuroscience experiment. An electricity supply function is an energy supply function to transfer electricity from one source to another, typically a consumer of the electricity or as a stimulus during a neuroscience experiment. Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot power supply electricity supply function OBI:0000385 ionization function The ion source in amass spectrometer An ionization function is a function to physically convert an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles such as electrons or other ions. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization ionization function OBI:0000387 cool function A cool function is a function to decrease the internal kinetic energy of a material below the initial kinetic energy of that type of material. Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot cool function OBI:0000391 energy supply function An energy supply function is a function to supply or transfer energy from an energy source to a consumer of the energy Frank Gibson energy supply function OBI:0000397 image acquisition function An image acquisition function is a function to acquire an image of a material Frank Gibson image acquisition function OBI:0000398 image acquisition device An image creation device is a device which captures a digitized image of an object Frank Gibson image acquisition device sep:00096 image creation device OBI:0000401 environment control function An environmental control function is a function that regulates a contained environment within specified parameter ranges. For example the control of light exposure, humidity and temperature. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot environment control function OBI:0000437 analyte measurement objective The objective to measure the concentration of glucose in a blood sample an assay objective to determine the presence or concentration of an analyte in the evaluant PERSON: Bjoern Peters PPPB branch analyte measurement objective OBI:0000441 assay objective the objective to determine the weight of a mouse. an objective specification to determine a specified type of information about an evaluated entity (the material entity bearing evaluant role) PPPB branch PPPB branch assay objective OBI:0000443 analyte assay example of usage: In lab test for blood glucose, the test is the assay, the blood bears evaluant_role and glucose bears the analyte role. The evaluant is considered an input to the assay and the information entity that records the measurement of glucose concentration the output An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration, or amount of an analyte in an evaluant. Alan Ruttenberg Bjoern Peters Helen Parkinson Philippe Rocca-Serra Alan Ruttenberg Bjoern Peters Helen Parkinson OBI Planned process branch Philippe Rocca-Serra analyte assay OBI:0000450 regulatory agency The US Environmental Protection Agency A regulatory agency is a organization that has responsibility over or for the legislation (acts and regulations) for a given sector of the government. GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch WEB: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator regulatory agency OBI:0000453 measure function A glucometer measures blood glucose concentration, the glucometer has a measure function. Measure function is a function that is borne by a processed material and realized in a process in which information about some entity is expressed relative to some reference. PERSON: Daniel Schober PERSON: Helen Parkinson PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON:Frank Gibson measure function OBI:0000456 material transformation objective The objective to create a mouse infected with LCM virus. The objective to create a defined solution of PBS. an objective specifiction that creates an specific output object from input materials. PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Frank Gibson PERSON: Jennifer Fostel PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra artifact creation objective GROUP: OBI PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch material transformation objective OBI:0000457 manufacturing A planned process with the objective to produce a processed material which will have a function for future use. A person or organization (having manufacturer role) is a participant in this process Manufacturing implies reproducibility and responsibility AR This includes a single scientist making a processed material for personal use. PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Frank Gibson PERSON: Jennifer Fostel PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra GROUP: OBI PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch manufacturing OBI:0000458 manufacturing objective is the objective to manufacture a material of a certain function (device) PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Frank Gibson PERSON: Jennifer Fostel PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra GROUP: OBI PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch manufacturing objective OBI:0000470 mass spectrometry assay Identification of a proteins cut out from a 2D gel by cleaving it into peptides using trypsin digestion using electrospray ionizatino to ensure the peptides are charged, and accelerating them with an electro magnetic field in which the flight path is determined by the mass / charge ratio of the peptides. Comparing the mass/charge ratio of peptides in the proteins with databases of protein sequences allows to identify which protein gave rise to the peptides. An assay that identifies the amount and type of material entities present in a sample by fragmenting the sample and measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of the resulting particles. Philippe Rocca-Serra Philippe Rocca-Serra mass spectrometry assay OBI:0000571 manufacturer role With respect to The Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer System, the organization Accuri bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a transformed line of tissue culture cells derived by a specific lab, the lab whose personnel isolated the cll line bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a specific antibody produced by an individual scientist, the scientist who purifies, characterizes and distributes the anitbody bears the role manufacturer role. Manufacturer role is a role which inheres in a person or organization and which is realized by a manufacturing process. GROUP: Role Branch OBI manufacturer role OBI:0000576 scattered molecular aggregate the sodium and chloride ions in a glass of salt water a material entity that consists of all the molecules of a specific type that are located in some bounded region and which is part of a more massive material entity that has parts that are other such aggregates PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg Collective Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. With inspiration from the paper Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Recto, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349 scattered molecular aggregate OBI:0000639 material separation objective The objective to obtain multiple aliquots of an enzyme preparation. The objective to obtain cells contained in a sample of blood. is an objective to transform a material entity into spatially separated components. PPPB branch PPPB branch material separation objective OBI:0000648 clustered data set A clustered data set is the output of a K means clustering data transformation A data set that is produced as the output of a class discovery data transformation and consists of a data set with assigned discovered class labels. PERSON: James Malone PERSON: Monnie McGee data set with assigned discovered class labels AR thinks could be a data item instead clustered data set OBI:0000649 data set of features A data set that is produced as the output of a descriptive statistical calculation data transformation and consists of producing a data set that represents one or more features of interest about the input data set. PERSON: James Malone PERSON: Monnie McGee data set of features OBI:0000652 material combination Mixing two fluids. Adding salt into water. Injecting a mouse with PBS. is a material processing with the objective to combine two or more material entities as input into a single material entity as output. created at workshop as parent class for 'adding material into target', which is asymmetric, while combination encompasses all addition processes. bp bp material combination OBI:0000659 specimen collection process drawing blood from a patient for analysis, collecting a piece of a plant for depositing in a herbarium, buying meat from a butcher in order to measure its protein content in an investigation, collecting a stone from a site A planned process with the objective to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed. Definition updated following discussion on 2024-10-07 OBI dev call. Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. Philly2013: A specimen collection can have as part a material entity acquisition, such as ordering from a bank. The distinction is that specimen collection necessarily involves the creation of a specimen role. However ordering cell lines cells from ATCC for use in an investigation is NOT a specimen collection, because the cell lines already have a specimen role. Philly2013: The specimen_role for the specimen is created during the specimen collection process. label changed to 'specimen collection process' on 10/27/2014, details see tracker: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/716/ Bjoern Peters specimen collection 5/31/2012: This process is not necessarily an acquisition, as specimens may be collected from materials already in posession 6/9/09: used at workshop specimen collection process OBI:0000661 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1) Detection of IL-2 (analyte) in a cell supernatant (evaluant), using plate bound anti IL-2 antibodies, and a reporter enzyme-linked reporter antibody. 2) Measurement of IgG antibody (analyte) titer in a serum sample (evaluant) using plate bound antigen and a reporter anti-IgG antibody. An analyte assay where binding of an enzyme linked antibody to a material entity that is immobilized on solid support is detected utilizing a chemiluminescent reaction. Depending on the setup, the enzyme-linked antibody could be binding directly to the analyte, or it serves as a secondary antibody detecting binding of the primary antibody to the analyte. IEDB ELISA IEDB enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay OBI:0000678 portioning objective The objective to obtain multiple aliquots of an enzyme preparation. A material separation objective aiming to separate material into multiple portions, each of which contains a similar composition of the input material. portioning objective OBI:0000681 separation into different composition objective The objective to obtain cells contained in a sample of blood. A material separation objective aiming to separate a material entity that has parts of different types, and end with at least one output that is a material with parts of fewer types (modulo impurities). We should be using has the grain relations or concentrations to distinguish the portioning and other sub-objectives separation into different composition objective OBI:0000684 specimen collection objective The objective to collect bits of excrement in the rainforest. The objective to obtain a blood sample from a patient. A objective specification that is fulfilled by obtaining a material entity for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed. OBI recommends against subclassing this term in order to avoid further parallel hierarchies between this term and specimen collection process. Bjoern Peters Bjoern Peters specimen collection objective OBI:0000685 creating a mixture of molecules in solution The production of PBS is a process with the objective to prepare a liquid solution of one or more chemicals at desired concentrations. Bjoern Peters PERSON: Helen Parkinson creating a mixture of molecules in solution OBI:0000686 material combination objective is an objective to obtain an output material that contains several input materials. PPPB branch bp material combination objective OBI:0000796 purification objective the objective to obtain a pure fraction of a specific peptide when running an HPLC on a crude synthesis of peptides. The objective to separate a material entity into different compositions of which one or more have are purified fractions that contain higher concentration of a desired component, while others contain impurities and are not of interest PERSON:Bjoern Peters isolation objective BP 10/14/09, BP: This should be linked to the 'purified' 'currently conferred quality purification objective OBI:0000806 material maintenance objective An objective specification maintains some or all of the qualities of a material over time. PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Bjoern Peters material maintenance objective OBI:0000832 measurement device A ruler, a microarray scanner, a Geiger counter. A device in which a measure function inheres. GROUP:OBI Philly workshop OBI measurement device OBI:0000835 manufacturer A person or organization that has a manufacturer role. manufacturer OBI:0000838 material maintenance A planned process with the objective to maintain some or all of the characteristics of an input material over time. material maintenance OBI:0000932 material separation device flow cytometer A device with a separation function realized in a planed process material separation device OBI:0000947 service provider role Jackson Lab provides experimental animals, EBI provides training on databases, a core facility provides access to a DNA sequencer. is a role which inheres in a person or organization and is realized in in a planned process which provides access to training, materials or execution of protocols for an organization or person PERSON:Helen Parkinson service provider role OBI:0000953 processed specimen A specimen that has been intentionally physically modified. A tissue sample that has been sliced and stained for a histology study. Bjoern Peters Bjoern Peters processed specimen OBI:0000963 categorical label The labels 'positive' vs. 'negative', or 'left handed', 'right handed', 'ambidexterous', or 'strongly binding', 'weakly binding' , 'not binding', or '+++', '++', '+', '-' etc. form scales of categorical labels. A label that is part of a categorical datum and that indicates the value of the data item on the categorical scale. Bjoern Peters Bjoern Peters categorical label OBI:0000967 container A device that can be used to restrict the location of material entities over time 03/21/2010: Added to allow classification of children (similar to what we want to do for 'measurement device'. Lookint at what classifies here, we may want to reconsider a contain function assigned to a part of an entity is necessarily also a function of the whole (e.g. is a centrifuge a container because it has test tubes as parts?) PERSON: Bjoern Peters container OBI:0000968 device A voltmeter is a measurement device which is intended to perform some measure function. An autoclave is a device that sterlizes instruments or contaminated waste by applying high temperature and pressure. A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent. 2012-12-17 JAO: In common lab usage, there is a distinction made between devices and reagents that is difficult to model. Therefore we have chosen to specifically exclude reagents from the definition of "device", and are enumerating the types of roles that a reagent can perform. 2013-6-5 MHB: The following clarifications are outcomes of the May 2013 Philly Workshop. Reagents are distinguished from devices that also participate in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during the realization of their experimental role. By contrast, devices do not participate in such chemical reactions/interactions. Note that there are cases where devices use reagent components during their operation, where the reagent-device distinction is less clear. For example: (1) An HPLC machine is considered a device, but has a column that holds a stationary phase resin as an operational component. This resin qualifies as a device if it participates purely in size exclusion, but bears a reagent role that is realized in the running of a column if it interacts electrostatically or chemically with the evaluant. The container the resin is in (“the column”) considered alone is a device. So the entire column as well as the entire HPLC machine are devices that have a reagent as an operating part. (2) A pH meter is a device, but its electrode component bears a reagent role in virtue of its interacting directly with the evaluant in execution of an assay. (3) A gel running box is a device that has a metallic lead as a component that participates in a chemical reaction with the running buffer when a charge is passed through it. This metallic lead is considered to have a reagent role as a component of this device realized in the running of a gel. In the examples above, a reagent is an operational component of a device, but the device itself does not realize a reagent role (as bearing a reagent role is not transitive across the part_of relation). In this way, the asserted disjointness between a reagent and device holds, as both roles are never realized in the same bearer during execution of an assay. PERSON: Helen Parkinson instrument OBI development call 2012-12-17. device OBI:0000971 fresh specimen a liver freshly removed from a rat a specimen that is output of a specimen creation process used for an investigation without storage. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert PERSON: Jie Zheng MO_730 fresh_sample fresh specimen OBI:0001007 image acquisition Taking a polaroid picture of a patients skin lesion; Using a digital camera to take a picture of a gel A planned process that captures an image of an object. PERSON: Jie Zheng image acquisition image creation OBI:0001032 light emission device A light source is an optical subsystem that provides light for use in a distant area using a delivery system (e.g., fiber optics) A device which has a function to emit light. Person:Helen Parkinson OBI light emission device OBI:0001034 environmental control device A growth chamber is an environmental control device. An environmental control device is a device which has the function to control some aspect of the environment such as temperature, or humidity. Helen Parkinson OBI environmental control device OBI:0001042 pump function a transfer unction where the transfer requires work to move the entity, often against a gradient. EAGLE-I pump function OBI:0001061 microwave synthesis system A device that is used to apply microwave irradiation to chemical reactions. PERSON: Erik Segerdell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_chemistry microwave synthesis system OBI:0001138 X-ray source A device that is used to generate X-rays. PERSON: Erik Segerdell x-ray generator http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_generator X-ray source OBI:0001468 cell specimen A specimen primarily composed of a cell or cells collected from a multicellular organism or a cell culture. Discussed on obi call Jan 23, 2017. To improve cell specimen that include single cell specimen. Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/828 PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng, Alexander Diehl MO_612 cell cell specimen OBI:0001472 specimen with known storage state A specimen for which it is known whether it has been subjected to storage of a specified type. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng MO_95 BiosourceType specimen with known storage state OBI:0001479 specimen from organism A specimen that derives from an anatomical part or substance arising from an organism. Examples of tissue specimen include tissue, organ, physiological system, blood, or body location (arm). PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng tissue specimen MO_954 organism_part specimen from organism OBI:0001501 fluorescence detection assay Using a laser to stimulate a cell culture that was previously labeled with fluorescent antibodies to detect light emmission at a different wavelength in order to determine the presence of surface markers the antibodies are specific for. An assay in which a material's fluorescence is determined. IEDB IEDB fluorescence detection assay OBI:0001505 purification A planned process to separate a material entity into different compositions of which one or more have are purified fractions that contain higher concentration of a desired component, while others contain impurities and are not of interest PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng MO_406 purify purification OBI:0001633 purified material A mixture of peptide molecules that has been run through an HPLC column to remove 65 A material entity that is generated by a purification process in which an input material is separated to obtain a fraction with a higher concentration of a desired component GROUP: OBI call OBI conference call purified material OBI:0001879 reagent A biological or chemical entity that bears a reagent role in virtue of it being intended for application in a scientific technique to participate in (or have molecular parts that participate in) a chemical reaction that facilitates the generation of data about some distinct entity, or the generation of some distinct material specified output. 2013-6-5 MHB: Clarifications regarding the distinction between reagetns and devices were made at the May 2013 Philly Workshop. Reagents are distinguished from devices that also participate in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during the realization of their experimental role. By contrast, devices do not participate in such chemical reactions/interactions. Note that there are cases where devices use reagent components during their operation, where the reagent-device distinction is less clear. For examples, see editor note on OBI:device. PERSON:Matthew Brush PERSON:Matthew Brush (copied from ReO) Reagents are distinguished from devices/instruments that also serve as facilitators in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in or have parts that participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during their intended participation in some technique. By contrast, devices do not participate in a chemical reaction/interaction during the technique. Reagents are distinguished from study subjects/evaluants in that study subjects and evaluants are that about which conclusions are drawn and knowledge is sought in an investigation - while reagents, by definition, are not. It should be noted, however, that reagent and study subject/evaluant roles can be borne by instances of the same type of material entity - but a given instance can only realize one of these roles in the execution of a given assay. For example, taq polymerase can bear a reagent role or an evaluant role. In a DNA sequencing assay aimed at generating sequence data about some plasmid, the reagent role of the taq polymerase is realized. In an assay to evaluate the quality of the taq polymerase itself, the evaluant/study subject role of the taq is realized, but not the reagent role since the taq is the subject about which data is generated. In regard to the statement that reagents are 'distinct' from the specified outputs of a technique: note that a reagent may be incorporated into a material output of a technique, as long as the IDENTITY of this output is distinct from that of the bearer of the reagent role. For example, dNTPs input into a PCR are reagents that become part of the material output of this technique, but this output has a new identity (ie that of a 'nucleic acid molecule') that is distinct from the identity of the dNTPs that comprise it. Similarly, a biotin molecule input into a cell labeling technique are reagents that become part of the specified output, but the identity of the output is that of some modified cell specimen which shares identity with the input unmodified cell specimen, and not with the biotin label. Thus, we see that an important criteria of 'reagent-ness' is that it is a facilitator, and not the primary focus of an investigation or material processing technique (ie not the specified subject/evaluant about which knowledge is sought, or the specified output material of the technique). reagent OBI:0001930 categorical value specification A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories PERSON:Bjoern Peters categorical value specification OBI:0001933 value specification The value of 'positive' in a classification scheme of "positive or negative"; the value of '20g' on the quantitative scale of mass. An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale. This term is currently a descendant of 'information content entity', which requires that it 'is about' something. A value specification of '20g' for a measurement data item of the mass of a particular mouse 'is about' the mass of that mouse. However there are cases where a value specification is not clearly about any particular. In the future we may change 'value specification' to remove the 'is about' requirement. PERSON:Bjoern Peters value specification OBI:0002076 collection of specimens Blood cells collected from multiple donors over the course of a study. A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts. Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/ Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng OBIB, OBI Biobank collection of specimens OBI:0002089 physical store a freezer. a humidity controlled box. A container with an environmental control function. For details see tracker item: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/793/ Chris Stoeckert Duke Biobank, OBIB physical store OBI:0002119 microscopy assay Lung, liver, and spleen tissue samples were collected from female BALB/c mice and fixed in 100% formalin solution, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The stained samples were examined for signs of pathological changes under light microscopy. An imaging assay that utilizes a microscope to magnify features of the visualized material of interest that are not visible to naked eye. ImmPort PMID:21685355 microscopy assay OBI:0002989 material supplier A person or organization that provides material supplies to other people or organizations. Rebecca Jackson https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1289 material supplier OBI:0003097 liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assay A mass spectrometry assay where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterized by using mass spectrometry based on their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. Michelle Giglio Rebecca Jackson Suvarna Nadendla LC-MS CHMO:0000524 https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1404 CFDE liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assay OBI:0003540 tandem mass spectrometry assay A precursor ion is selected in the first stage, allowed to fragment and then all resultant masses are scanned in the second mass analyzer and detected in the detector that is positioned after the second mass analyzer. This experiment is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS. A mass spectrometry assay that uses two or more analyzers separated by a region in which ions can be induced to fragment by transfer of energy (frequently by collision with other molecules). Discussed on the OBI developer call 2022-03-07: 'tandem mass spectrometry' OBI:0200198 is under 'data transformation' but is actually defined like an assay. Moving OBI:0200198 from 'data transformation' to 'assay' is a major logical change, so the OBI development team supports obsoleting 'tandem mass spectrometry' OBI:0200198 and replacing it with ‘tandem mass spectrometry assay’ OBI:0003540. Hector Guzman-Orozco, ORCID:0000-0003-3430-8997 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200198 https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1506 tandem mass spectrometry assay OBI:0003547 liquid chromatography A preparative chromatography in which material components are separated in a liquid solution. Hector Guzman-Orozco OBI https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1685 liquid chromatography OBI:0003610 reactant role A role borne by a biological or chemical entity that participates or has molecular components that participate in a chemical reaction. Sebastian Duesing reactant role OBI:0100026 organism animal fungus plant virus A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs. 10/21/09: This is a placeholder term, that should ideally be imported from the NCBI taxonomy, but the high level hierarchy there does not suit our needs (includes plasmids and 'other organisms') 13-02-2009: OBI doesn't take position as to when an organism starts or ends being an organism - e.g. sperm, foetus. This issue is outside the scope of OBI. GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism organism OBI:0100051 specimen Biobanking of blood taken and stored in a freezer for potential future investigations stores specimen; collecting a stone from a site. A material entity that is collected for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed. PERSON: James Malone PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch specimen OBI:0200000 data transformation The application of a clustering protocol to microarray data or the application of a statistical testing method on a primary data set to determine a p-value. A planned process that produces output data from input data. Elisabetta Manduchi Helen Parkinson James Malone Melanie Courtot Philippe Rocca-Serra Richard Scheuermann Ryan Brinkman Tina Hernandez-Boussard data analysis data processing Branch editors data transformation OBI:0200050 dimensionality reduction A dimensionality reduction is data partitioning which transforms each input m-dimensional vector (x_1, x_2, ..., x_m) into an output n-dimensional vector (y_1, y_2, ..., y_n), where n is smaller than m. Elisabetta Manduchi James Malone Melanie Courtot Philippe Rocca-Serra data projection PERSON: Elisabetta Manduchi PERSON: James Malone PERSON: Melanie Courtot dimensionality reduction OBI:0200051 principal components analysis dimensionality reduction A principal components analysis dimensionality reduction is a dimensionality reduction achieved by applying principal components analysis and by keeping low-order principal components and excluding higher-order ones. Elisabetta Manduchi James Malone Melanie Courtot Philippe Rocca-Serra pca data reduction PERSON: Elisabetta Manduchi PERSON: James Malone PERSON: Melanie Courtot principal components analysis dimensionality reduction OBI:0200078 descriptive statistical calculation objective A descriptive statistical calculation objective is a data transformation objective which concerns any calculation intended to describe a feature of a data set, for example, its center or its variability. Elisabetta Manduchi James Malone Melanie Courtot Monnie McGee PERSON: Elisabetta Manduchi PERSON: James Malone PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Monnie McGee descriptive statistical calculation objective OBI:0200111 data visualization Generation of a heatmap from a microarray dataset A planned process with the objective to graphically represent some data by inputing the data and outputting images, diagrams or animations. Elisabetta Manduchi James Malone Melanie Courtot Tina Boussard data encoding as image visualization PERSON: Elisabetta Manduchi PERSON: James Malone PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Tina Boussard Possible future hierarchy might include this: information_encoding >data_encoding >>image_encoding data visualization OBI:0200166 data transformation objective normalize objective An objective specification to transformation input data into output data Modified definition in 2013 Philly OBI workshop James Malone PERSON: James Malone data transformation objective OBI:0200175 class discovery data transformation A class discovery data transformation (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation that has objective class discovery. James Malone clustering data transformation unsupervised classification data transformation PERSON: James Malone class discovery data transformation OBI:0200178 class discovery objective A class discovery objective (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation objective where the aim is to organize input data (typically vectors of attributes) into classes, where the number of classes and their specifications are not known a priori. Depending on usage, the class assignment can be definite or probabilistic. James Malone clustering objective discriminant analysis objective unsupervised classification objective PERSON: Elisabetta Manduchi PERSON: James Malone class discovery objective OBI:0200184 descriptive statistical calculation data transformation A descriptive statistical calculation data transformation is a data transformation that has objective descriptive statistical calculation and which concerns any calculation intended to describe a feature of a data set, for example, its center or its variability. James Malone PERSON: James Malone descriptive statistical calculation data transformation OBI:0200190 clustered data visualization A data visualization which has input of a clustered data set and produces an output of a report graph which is capable of rendering data of this type. James Malone clustered data visualization OBI:0302716 pool of specimens A pool of specimens is a mixture of a population of samples which have been gathered from one or more sample populations, obtained by the physical process of mixing individual specimens, e.g. mixing the DNA collected from the individual fish. check with advisors as to how to represent multiple instances of any class? a set of specimens which have been gathered from one or more sample_populations, obtained by the physical process of mixing individual specimens, e.g. mixing the DNA collected from the individual fish PERSON: Jennifer Fostel GROUP: CEBS pool of specimens OBI:0302729 chemical solution PMID: 18289311.Anesth Analg. 2008 Apr;106(4):1078-86.Less impairment of hemostasis and reduced blood loss in pigs after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock using the small-volume concept with hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch as compared to administration of 4% gelatin or 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution. A material entity that is made up of at least 2 scattered molecular aggregates, one playing the role of solvent and the other one playing the role of solute. PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra liquid chemical solution GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch chemical solution OBI:0302732 solvent role PMID: 18373502.Transfusion. 2008 Mar 25. Solvent/detergent treatment of platelet concentrates enhances the release of growth factors. solvent role is a role which inheres in a molecular entity capable of ensuring the dissolution of another chemical entity and realized by the process of solvation The class CHEBI:solvent is logically equivalent to this class, iff it is properly subsumed under the BFO:role branch. The label and textual definition of this CHEBI class are however misleadingly denoting the material entity that bears this role and not the role itself. The OBI modeling was needed as what is considered a solvent in a mixture can depend on the intent of the person creating the mixture. It would be great if this could be dealt with in CHEBI itself. See also https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1771. Philippe Rocca-Serra adpated from wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvatation) solvent role OBI:0302733 solute role PMID: 18380397.Pharmazie. 2008 Feb;63(2):113-21.Deviations of drug solubility in water-cosolvent mixtures from the Jouyban-Acree model--effect of solute structure. solute role is a role played by a chemical entity which is dissolved by another chemical entity (the solvent) when creating a solution Philippe Rocca-Serra adapted from wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute) solute role OBI:0302876 dissolved material entity Salt molecules that have been mixed into water A material entity that has been going through a process of being put into solution Person:Bjoern Peters Philippe Rocca-Serra dissolved material entity OBI:0302886 centrifugation PMID: 18428461.Purification of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors using immunomagnetic separation and Percoll gradient centrifugation. Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2001 May;Chapter 3:Unit 3.12. centrifugation is a process separating molecules by size or density using centrifugal forces generated by a spinning rotor. G-forces of several hundred thousand times gravity are generated in ultracentrifugation Philippe Rocca-Serra adapted from http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E06.htm centrifugation OBI:0302888 washing PMID: 6874122. Dialysis leucopenia--no correction after prolonged washing of the membrane. Int J Artif Organs. 1983 May;6(3):113-4. washing is a process by which a material entity acting as contaminant (e.g. excess staining reagent) is removed by application of one or more cycles of solution in flow. Philippe Rocca-Serra OBI-Branch washing OBI:0302893 storage PMID: 18550121.Total Prostate Specific Antigen Stability Confirmed After Long-Term Storage of Serum at -80C. J Urol. 2008 Jun 10. A planned process with the objective to preserve and protect material entities by placing them in an identified location which may have a controlled environment. Philippe Rocca-Serra OBI-Branch storage OBI:0302905 elution PMID: 18549238.Theory and Application of the Two-Mode Gradient Elution in Liquid Chromatography Involving Simultaneous Changes in Temperature and Mobile-Phase Composition.Anal Chem. 2008 Jun 13. the process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent to remove adsorbed material from an adsorbent (as in washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions) Philippe Rocca-Serra wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn elution OBI:0302912 electroporation PMID: 18551712. Microfluidic electroporation for selective release of intracellular molecules at the single-cell level. Electrophoresis. 2008 Jun 13. a process in which a significant increase in the electrical conductivity and permeability of the cell plasma membrane caused by an externally applied electrical field. It is usually used in molecular biology as a way of introducing some substance into a cell, such as loading it with a molecular probe, a drug that can change the cell's function, or a piece of coding DNA Philippe Rocca-Serra electropermeabilization WEB:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroporation electroporation OBI:0400064 laser A laser is the most common way to irradiate a cell in a flow cytometer. A laser (acronym for light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation) is a light source that emits photons of the same characteristics in a coherent beam. A laser uses a solid, liquid or gaseous lasing medium, that contains molecules, of which some atoms have electrons that emit photons of the same frequency when falling back to their normal orbital after excitation (pumping) by external means A laser is the most common way to irradiate a cell in a flow cytometer. Daniel Schober light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation John Quinn http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser laser OBI:0400065 light source A light source is an optical subsystem that provides light for use in a distant area using a delivery system (e.g., fiber optics). Light sources may include one of a variety of lamps (e.g., xenon, halogen, mercury). Most light sources are operated from line power, but some may be powered from batteries. They are mostly used in endoscopic, microscopic, and other examination and/or in surgical procedures. The light source is part of the optical subsystem. In a flow cytometer the light source directs high intensity light at particles at the interrogation point. The light source in a flow cytometer is usually a laser. Elizabeth M. Goralczyk John Quinn Olga Tchuvatkina Practical Flow Cytometry 4th Edition, Howard Shapiro, ISBN-10: 0471411256, ISBN-13: 978-0471411253 light source OBI:0400106 centrifuge A device with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force to its contents Melanie Courtot Person: Jennifer Fostel Trish Whetzel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge centrifuge OBI:0400142 power supply A AC/DC transformer that generates the reqired power for an electrophoresis apparatus A power supply is an device or part of a device that permits the required application of a defined electrical charge to an instrument. The power supply may permit the defined application of a given amount of current for a defined length of time. Daniel Schober Frank Gibson PSU electrical power supply power pack power supply unit PERSON: Daniel Schober sep:00093 was power_pack, maps to SEP electrical_power_supply power supply OBI:0400169 microscope PMID:18466942. A light and transmission electron microscope study of hepatic portal tracts in the rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus). Tissue Cell. 2008 May 6 A microscope is an instrument which magnifies the view on objects (too small to be viewed by the naked eye) under increased resolution. A microscope can be an optical instrument but also and electronic instrument. There are various kind of optical microscopes, e.g confocal microscope, epifluoresence microscope) PERSON: Phillippe Rocca-Serra wikipedia microscope OBI:0600014 material component separation Using a cell sorter to separate a mixture of T cells into two fractions; one with surface receptor CD8 and the other lacking the receptor, or purification a material processing in which components of an input material become segregated in space Bjoern Peters IEDB material component separation OBI:0600033 cell permeabilization Electroporation of HeLa cells to allow transfection with pUC19. A protocol application to permeabilize cell membranes, allowing molecules to more easily pass through the membrane than was possible prior to the protocol application need to add output cell has_quality permeable PERSON:Bjoern Peters OBI branch derived definition blessed by Jay, Alan, Randi cell permeabilization OBI:0600046 preparative chromatography The use of gas chromatography in order separate out from an input sample of eggs a fraction that would be enriched for pesticides. the use of a biomaterial's preferential affinity for either the mobile phase or the stationary phase to separate it from other materials of differing affinity PERSON:Kevin Clancy; Bjoern Peters OBI branch derived preparative chromatography OBI:1110022 adaptive immune receptor is a receptor produced by cells of the adaptive immune system with the purpose of binding epitopes. IEDB IEDB adaptive immune receptor A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities PATO:0000072 quality PATO:0000001 quality PATO:0000001 A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities PATOC:GVG fluorescence A luminous flux quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's emitting longer wavelength light following the absorption of shorter wavelength radiation; fluorescence is common with aromatic compounds with several rings joined together. quality PATO:0000018 fluorescence PATO:0000018 A luminous flux quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's emitting longer wavelength light following the absorption of shorter wavelength radiation; fluorescence is common with aromatic compounds with several rings joined together. PATOC:GVG physical quality A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATO:0002079 Wikipedia:Physical_property relational physical quality quality PATO:0001018 physical quality PATO:0001018 A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATOC:GVG physical object quality A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATO:0001237 PATO:0001238 snap:Quality monadic quality of a continuant multiply inhering quality of a physical entity quality of a continuant quality of a single physical entity quality of an object quality of continuant monadic quality of an object monadic quality of continuant quality PATO:0001241 Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles. physical object quality PATO:0001241 A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATOC:GVG luminous flux A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer. quality PATO:0001296 luminous flux PATO:0001296 A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer. PATOC:GVG optical quality An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. quality PATO:0001300 optical quality PATO:0001300 An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. PATOC:GVG quality of a substance A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution. 2010-03-15T04:35:27Z quality PATO:0002198 quality of a substance PATO:0002198 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution. PATOC:GVG quality of interaction of a substance with electromagnetic radiation A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength. quality PATO:0070060 quality of interaction of a substance with electromagnetic radiation PATO:0070060 A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 PR:000000001 protein antithrombin III is a protein An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA, and any derivatives thereof. protein UBERON:0000465 material anatomical entity Anatomical entity that has mass. material anatomical entity UBERON:0000477 anatomical cluster Anatomical group whose component anatomical structures lie in close proximity to each other. anatomical cluster UO:0000001 length unit length unit UO:0000002 mass unit mass unit UO:0000003 time unit time unit UO:0000005 temperature unit temperature unit UO:0000006 substance unit substance unit UO:0000051 concentration unit concentration unit UO:0000095 volume unit volume unit UO:0000105 frequency unit frequency unit UO:0000270 volumetric flow rate unit volumetric flow rate unit UO:0000280 rate unit rate unit owl:Thing example to be eventually removed example to be eventually removed failed exploratory term The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job Person:Alan Ruttenberg failed exploratory term metadata complete Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete. metadata complete organizational term Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg organizational term ready for release Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release." ready for release metadata incomplete Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors. metadata incomplete uncurated Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term. uncurated pending final vetting All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor. pending final vetting Core is an instance of a grouping of terms from an ontology or ontologies. It is used by the ontology to identify main classes. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot obsolete_core true placeholder removed placeholder removed terms merged An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge. terms merged term imported This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use. term imported term split This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created. term split universal Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents. Alan Ruttenberg A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf universal defined class A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal. Alan Ruttenberg defined class named class expression A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression. named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions Alan Ruttenberg named class expression to be replaced with external ontology term Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI to be replaced with external ontology term requires discussion A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI requires discussion An confidence interval with 95 percent probability that the true population value can be found. Jie Zheng 95% confidence interval Transformation-ML Transformation-ML file describing parameter transformations used in a GvHD experiment. Transformation-ML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Transformation-ML standard.(http://wiki.ficcs.org/ficcs/Transformation-ML?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Transformation-ML_v1.0.26.pdf) person:Jennifer Fostel web-page:http://wiki.ficcs.org/ficcs/Transformation-ML?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Transformation-ML_v1.0.26.pdf Transformation-ML ACS d06.acs, ACS1.0 data file of well D06 of plate 2 of part 1 of a GvHD experiment. ACS is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Analytical Cytometry Standard. (http://www.isac-net.org/content/view/607/150/) person:Jennifer Fostel web-page:http://www.isac-net.org/content/view/607/150/ ACS XML RDF/XML file, OWL file, Compensation-ML file, WSDL document, SVG document XML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the W3C Extensible Markup Language Recommendation.(http://www.w3.org/XML/) person:Jennifer Fostel web-page:http://www.w3.org/XML/ XML RDF A FOAF file, a SKOS file, an OWL file. RDF is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the W3C Resource Description Framework RDF/XML Syntax specification.(http://www.w3.org/RDF/) person:Jennifer Fostel web-page:http://www.w3.org/RDF/ RDF zip MagicDraw MDZIP archive, Java JAR file. zip is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the PKWARE .ZIP file format specification (http://www.pkware.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=59&Itemid=103/) person:Jennifer Fostel web-page:http://www.pkware.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=59&Itemid=103/ zip tar Example.tar file. tar is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the tape archive file format as standardized by POSIX.1-1998, POSIX.1-2001, or any other tar format compliant with the GNU tar specification. (http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/) person:Jennifer Fostel web-page:http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/ tar FCS d01.fcs, FCS3 data file of well D06 of plate 2 of part 1 of a GvHD experiment. FCS is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Flow Cytometry Data File Standard.(http://www.fcspress.com/) person:Jennifer Fostel web-page:http://www.fcspress.com/ FCS Compensation-ML compfoo.xml, Compensation-ML file describing compensation used in a GvHD experiment Compensation-ML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Compensation-ML standard. (http://wiki.ficcs.org/ficcs/Compensation-ML?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Compensation-ML_v1.0.24.pdf) person:Jennifer Fostel web-page:http://wiki.ficcs.org/ficcs/Compensation-ML?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Compensation-ML_v1.0.24.pdf Compensation-ML Gating-ML foogate.xml, Gating-ML file describing gates used in a GvHD experiment. Gating-ML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Gating-ML standard. (http://www.flowcyt.org/gating/) person:Jennifer Fostel web-page:http://www.flowcyt.org/gating/ Gating-ML OWL OBI ontology file, Basic Formal Ontology file, BIRNLex file, BioPAX file. OWL is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the W3C Web Ontology Language specification.(http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/) person:Jennifer Fostel web-page:http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/ OWL Affymetrix Affymetrix supplied microarray An organization which supplies technology, tools and protocols for use in high throughput applications Affymetrix Thermo Philippe Rocca-Serra Thermo Waters Philippe Rocca-Serra Waters BIO-RAD Philippe Rocca-Serra BIO-RAD Ambion Philippe Rocca-Serra Ambion Helicos Philippe Rocca-Serra Helicos Roche Philippe Rocca-Serra Roche Illumina Philippe Rocca-Serra Illumina GenePattern PCA GenePattern PCA Agilent Philippe Rocca-Serra Agilent Li-Cor Philippe Rocca-Serra Li-Cor Bruker Corporation Philippe Rocca-Serra Bruker Corporation Applied Biosystems Philippe Rocca-Serra Applied Biosystems Bruker Daltonics Philippe Rocca-Serra Bruker Daltonics GenePattern HeatMapViewer data visualization The GenePattern process of generating Heat Maps from clustered data. James Malone GenePattern HeatMapViewer data visualization GenePattern HierarchicalClusteringViewer data visualization The GenePattern process of generating hierarchical clustering visualization from clustered data. James Malone GenePattern HierarchicalClusteringViewer data visualization Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan WEB:http://www.sysmex.com/@2009/08/06 Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration right handed right handed ambidexterous ambidexterous left handed left handed eBioscience Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.ebioscience.com/@2011/04/11 eBioscience Cytopeia Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.cytopeia.com/@2011/04/11 Cytopeia Exalpha Biological Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.exalpha.com/@2011/04/11 Exalpha Biological Apogee Flow Systems Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.apogeeflow.com/@2011/04/11 Apogee Flow Systems Exbio Antibodies Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.exbio.cz/@2011/04/11 Exbio Antibodies Becton Dickinson (BD Biosciences) Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.bdbiosciences.com/@2011/04/11 Becton Dickinson (BD Biosciences) Dako Cytomation Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.dakousa.com/@2011/04/11 Dako Cytomation Millipore Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.guavatechnologies.com/@2011/04/11 Millipore Antigenix Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.antigenix.com/@2011/04/11 Antigenix Partec Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.partec.de/@2011/04/11 Partec Beckman Coulter Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.beckmancoulter.com/@2011/04/11 Beckman Coulter Advanced Instruments Inc. (AI Companies) Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.aicompanies.com/@2011/04/11 Advanced Instruments Inc. (AI Companies) Miltenyi Biotec Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/@2011/04/11 Miltenyi Biotec AES Chemunex Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.aeschemunex.com/@2011/04/11 AES Chemunex Bentley Instruments Karin Breuer WEB:http://bentleyinstruments.com/@2011/04/11 Bentley Instruments Invitrogen Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.invitrogen.com/@2011/04/11 Invitrogen Luminex Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.luminexcorp.com/@2011/04/11 Luminex CytoBuoy Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.cytobuoy.com/@2011/04/11 CytoBuoy Nimblegen An organization that focuses on manufacturing target enrichment probe pools for DNA sequencing. Person: Jie Zheng Nimblegen Pacific Biosciences An organization that supplies tools for studying the synthesis and regulation of DNA, RNA and protein. It developed a powerful technology platform called single molecule real-time (SMRT) technology which enables real-time analysis of biomolecules with single molecule resolution. Person: Jie Zheng Pacific Biosciences NanoString Technologies An organization that supplies life science tools for translational research and molecular diagnostics based on a novel digital molecular barcoding technology. The NanoString platform can provide simple, multiplexed digital profiling of single molecules. NanoString Technologies Thermo Fisher Scientific An organization that is an American multinational, biotechnology product development company, created in 2006 by the merger of Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific. Chris Stoeckert, Helena Ellis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific Thermo Fisher Scientific Oxford Nanopore Technologies An organization that is developing and selling nanopore sequencing products and is based in the UK. James A. Overton https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Nanopore_Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies BioGents An organization that manufactures mosquito traps and other mosquito control products. John Judkins WEB:https://eu.biogents.com/about-biogents/ BioGents Abbott A manufacturer of rapid point-of-care assay devices. John Judkins ORCID:0000-0001-6595-0902 WEB:https://www.globalpointofcare.abbott/en/about.html https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1456 Abbott J. Mitra A manufacturer of in vitro diagnostic assay kits in India. John Judkins ORCID:0000-0001-6595-0902 WEB:https://jmitra.co.in/about-us/ https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1456 J. Mitra InBios A manufacturer that specializes in in vitro diagnostic devices designed to test for infectious diseases. John Judkins ORCID:0000-0001-6595-0902 WEB:https://inbios.com/about/ https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1456 InBios The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not. This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/77 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 out of scope The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was a valid domain entity, but it turns out the entity does not exist in reality. This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. For example: Obsoleting class that describes a breed of cow based on a record in an existing database, that was later retracted as faulty (breed does not exist). Do not use this term to obsolete a historic concept (that was once valid, but not anymore). https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/136 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4142-7153 domain entity does not exist meter A length unit which is equal to the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. m meter kilogram A mass unit which is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram kept by the BIPM at Svres, France. kg kilogram second A time unit which is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. s sec second centimeter A length unit which is equal to one hundredth of a meter or 10^[-2] m. cm centimeter millimeter A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m. mm millimeter micrometer A length unit which is equal to one millionth of a meter or 10^[-6] m. um micrometer nanometer A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a meter or 10^[-9] m. nm nanometer angstrom A length unit which is equal to 10 [-10] m. angstrom gram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a kilogram or 10^[-3] kg. g gram milligram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a gram or 10^[-3] g. mg milligram microgram A mass unit which is equal to one millionth of a gram or 10^[-6] g. ug microgram nanogram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a gram or 10^[-9] g. ng nanogram picogram A mass unit which is equal to 10^[-12] g. pg picogram degree Celsius A temperature unit which is equal to one kelvin degree. However, they have their zeros at different points. The centigrade scale has its zero at 273.15 K. C degree C degree Celsius minute A time unit which is equal to 60 seconds. min minute hour A time unit which is equal to 3600 seconds or 60 minutes. h hr hour day A time unit which is equal to 24 hours. day week A time unit which is equal to 7 days. week month A time unit which is approximately equal to the length of time of one of cycle of the moon's phases which in science is taken to be equal to 30 days. month year A time unit which is equal to 12 months which is science is taken to be equal to 365.25 days. year micromole A substance unit equal to a millionth of a mol or 10^[-6] mol. umol micromole nanomole A substance unit equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a mole or 10^[-9] mol. nmol nanomole picomole A substance unit equal to 10^[-12] mol. pmol picomole molar A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of 1 mole of solute per liter of solution (mol/L). M molar millimolar A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of a molar or 10^[-3] M. mM millimolar micromolar A unit of molarity which is equal to one millionth of a molar or 10^[-6] M. uM micromolar nanomolar A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molar or 10^[-9] M. nM nanomolar picomolar A unit of molarity which is equal to 10^[-12] M. pM picomolar cubic centimeter A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a cubic meter or 10^[-9] m^[3], or to 1 ml. cc cubic centimeter milliliter A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a liter or 10^[-3] L, or to 1 cubic centimeter. ml milliliter liter A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 decimeter. L liter cubic decimeter A volume unit which is equal to one thousand of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 L. cubic decimeter microliter A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter or 10^[-6] L. ul microliter nanoliter A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a liter or 10^[-9] L. nl nanoliter picoliter A volume unit which is equal to 10^[-12] L. pl picoliter hertz A frequency unit which is equal to 1 complete cycle of a recurring phenomenon in 1 second. hertz mass percentage A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture. % w/w percent weight pr weight mass percentage mass volume percentage A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture. % w/v percent vol per vol mass volume percentage volume percentage A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution. % v/v percent vol per vol volume percentage gram per liter A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in liters. g per L g/L gram per liter milligram per milliliter A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in milligrams divided by the volume in milliliters. mg per ml mg/ml milligram per milliliter degree Fahrenheit A temperature unit which is equal to 5/9ths of a kelvin. Negative 40 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to negative 40 degrees Celsius. degree Fahrenheit pH A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the acidity of a solution in terms of activity of hydrogen ions (H+). pH milliliter per liter A volume per unit volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter of solute in one liter of solution. ml per L ml/l milliliter per liter gram per deciliter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in deciliters. g/dl gram per deciliter colony forming unit per volume A concentration unit which a measure of viable bacterial numbers in a given volume. colony forming unit per volume microliters per minute A volumetric flow rate unit which is equal to one microliter volume through a given surface in one minute. microliters per minute count per nanomolar second A rate unit which is equal to one over one nanomolar second. count per nanomolar second count per molar second A rate unit which is equal to one over one molar second. count per molar second count per nanomolar A rate unit which is equal to one over one nanomolar. count per nanomolar count per molar A rate unit which is equal to one over one molar. count per molar microgram per liter A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in liters. ng/ml ug/L microgram per liter 2025-01-22 has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part BFO:0000051 chebi_ontology has_part false has_part has part has part BFO:0000052 inheres_in realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) BFO:0000054 Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes BFO:0000056 participates in at some time BFO:0000057 has participant BFO:0000068 begins to exist during BFO:0000085 has function at some time BFO:0000087 has role BFO:0000110 has continuant part at all times BFO:0000118 has proper occurrent part BFO:0000137 proper part of continuant at all times BFO:0000174 has proper continuant part at some time BFO:0000175 proper part of continuant at some time BFO:0000178 has continuant part at some time CHMO:0002748 p has_participant e o e has_role analyte_role. Don't know how to do this in OBO format. has analyte A process p probes_atom n if it has_participant n and its objective o is to determine the energy levels of n. CHMO:0002922 should really be probes_nucleus but ChEBI doesn't have the nuclei. Will use atoms for now. probes_atom A process p probes_atom n if it has_participant n and its objective o is to determine the energy levels of n. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5985-7429 CHMO:0010016 the range of 'prevents' is an adverse laboratory event (process). The object that prevents the ALE blocks a disposition that is manifested as the ALE. Example: water blocks flammability. From a safety officer pov, this is about planning. prevents CHMO:0010017 the range of 'mitigates' is an adverse laboratory event (process). The object that mitigates the ALE has the capability (disposition) to take part in the process and prevent downstream adverse events. From a safety officer pov, this is about responding. mitigates is about This document is about information artifacts and their representations A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. person:Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about has_specified_input see is_input_of example_of_usage The inverse property of is_specified_input_of 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Coutot has_specified_input has_specified_output The inverse property of is_specified_output_of PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Courtot has_specified_output is_specified_output_of A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_output_of achieves_planned_objective A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective' This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. BP, AR, PPPB branch PPPB branch derived modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch achieves_planned_objective has grain the relation of the cells in the finger of the skin to the finger, in which an indeterminate number of grains are parts of the whole by virtue of being grains in a collective that is part of the whole, and in which removing one granular part does not nec- essarily damage or diminish the whole. Ontological Whether there is a fixed, or nearly fixed number of parts - e.g. fingers of the hand, chambers of the heart, or wheels of a car - such that there can be a notion of a single one being missing, or whether, by contrast, the number of parts is indeterminate - e.g., cells in the skin of the hand, red cells in blood, or rubber molecules in the tread of the tire of the wheel of the car. Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. Definition take from the definition of granular parthood in the cited paper. Needs work to put into standard form PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PAPER: Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Rector, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349 has grain has value specification A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value. PERSON: James A. Overton OBI has value specification inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this fragility is a characteristic of this vase this red color inheres in this apple this red color is a characteristic of this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing. characteristic of inheres in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has participant this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. function_of is function of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. function of this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has_function has function this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role has role has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO has member p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q. causally upstream of Royal Society of Chemistry CHMO, the chemical methods ontology, describes methods used to collect data in chemical experiments, such as mass spectrometry and electron microscopy prepare and separate material for further analysis, such as sample ionisation, chromatography, and electrophoresis synthesise materials, such as epitaxy and continuous vapour deposition It also describes the instruments used in these experiments, such as mass spectrometers and chromatography columns. It is intended to be complementary to the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI). Chemical Methods Ontology 2025-01-22