The relationship between a task and another task of which the former is an adaptation. measured_by The relationship between a mental concept and a measurement that is thought to reflect the activity of that mental concept. measured_by past 1514330562628 cnt_3Z8dPSnKa4rge past past incongruent - congruent 1512660645037 cnt_4b196a25d1671 incongruent - congruent incongruent - congruent incongruent - neutral 1512660645069 cnt_4b196a314e3c4 incongruent - neutral incongruent - neutral go trial 1512660645106 cnt_4b44a4d544ee7 go trial go trial stop trial 1512660645139 cnt_4b44a4f353f68 stop trial stop trial stop signal reaction time 1512660645171 cnt_4b44a5321112e stop signal reaction time stop signal reaction time Go trials 1512660645205 cnt_4b4a2f2e27574 Go trials Go trials Stop trial 1512660645244 cnt_4b4a2f46e2faa Stop trial Stop trial Target 1512660645312 cnt_4b4a538defadc Target Target Nontarget 1512660645344 cnt_4b4a53b3e9525 Nontarget Nontarget 1-back 1512660645377 cnt_4b4a5473705db 1-back 1-back 2-back 1512660645410 cnt_4b4a5481dc0f2 2-back 2-back 3-back 1512660645446 cnt_4b4a5490f1bb4 3-back 3-back 3-back minus 1-back 1512660645489 cnt_4b4a54dd8d597 3-back minus 1-back 3-back minus 1-back no delay 1512660645522 cnt_4b4a5f651765d no delay no delay delay 1512660645556 cnt_4b4a5f85437c2 delay delay delay minus no delay 1512660645589 cnt_4b4a609f11b96 delay minus no delay delay minus no delay Matching 1512660645622 cnt_4b65e60a2f37a Matching Matching Non-matching 1512660645654 cnt_4b65e62c5351c Non-matching Non-matching Segmented blocks 1512660645684 cnt_4b7c0325a9f17 Segmented blocks Segmented blocks Unsegmented blocks 1512660645715 cnt_4b7c03351fc78 Unsegmented blocks Unsegmented blocks Difficulty Level 1 1512660645749 cnt_4b7c041db99fb Difficulty Level 1 Difficulty Level 1 Difficulty Level 2 1512660645787 cnt_4b7c04350ce30 Difficulty Level 2 Difficulty Level 2 Difficulty Level 3 1512660645819 cnt_4b7c044e556ea Difficulty Level 3 Difficulty Level 3 First category 1512660645852 cnt_4b7c0a3329368 First category First category Subsequent categories 1512660645884 cnt_4b7c0aa41e7a4 Subsequent categories Subsequent categories Perseverative errors 1512660645925 cnt_4b7c101e9b549 Perseverative errors Perseverative errors Nonperseverative errors 1512660645957 cnt_4b7c1033c2b16 Nonperseverative errors Nonperseverative errors Failure to maintain set 1512660645989 cnt_4b7c108cc7a68 Failure to maintain set Failure to maintain set Total number of categories acheived 1512660646024 cnt_4b7c10b1b1de1 Total number of categories acheived Total number of categories acheived Unsegmented blocks 1512660646061 cnt_4b82d26b480ea Unsegmented blocks Unsegmented blocks Segmented blocks 1512660646094 cnt_4b82d27f31194 Segmented blocks Segmented blocks Congruent 1512660646124 cnt_4b8436b57862e Congruent Congruent Incongruent 1512660646156 cnt_4b8436c051c94 Incongruent Incongruent Incongruent 1512660646188 cnt_4b8436e073769 Incongruent Incongruent Switch trial 1512660646218 cnt_4bd1ebae45752 Switch trial Switch trial Repeat trial 1512660646249 cnt_4bd1ebdb08e17 Repeat trial Repeat trial switch trial - repeat trial = switch cost 1512660646282 cnt_4bd1ec505dd14 switch trial - repeat trial = switch cost switch trial - repeat trial = switch cost Words 1512660646313 cnt_4be6eb858054b Words Words Pseudowords 1512660646345 cnt_4be6ebc7c0886 Pseudowords Pseudowords Consonant letter strings 1512660646376 cnt_4be6ec0d002ee Consonant letter strings Consonant letter strings Fixation 1512660646411 cnt_4be6ec2f802fb Fixation Fixation Words - Pseudowords 1512660646444 cnt_4be6ec4cb064c Words - Pseudowords Words - Pseudowords Words - Consonant letter strings 1512660646478 cnt_4be6ec6e29f57 Words - Consonant letter strings Words - Consonant letter strings Words - Fixation 1512660646509 cnt_4be6ec7c08a71 Words - Fixation Words - Fixation successful stop trial 1512660646543 cnt_4c6b5fd5bfc41 successful stop trial successful stop trial unsuccessful stop trial 1512660646663 cnt_4c6b600d4b80f unsuccessful stop trial unsuccessful stop trial d'-Context 1512660646696 cnt_4c9961cd8a778 d'-Context d'-Context beta (response criterion) 1512660646726 cnt_4c9970e9759d2 beta (response criterion) beta (response criterion) delay period distractor task 1512660646759 cnt_4c9974a44a920 delay period distractor task delay period distractor task sensory modality 1512660646813 cnt_4c9975fc3078c sensory modality sensory modality successful stop trial minus go trial 1512660646845 cnt_4caced7c54a55 successful stop trial minus go trial successful stop trial minus go trial parametric loss 1512660646912 cnt_4cacee8ad4b14 parametric loss parametric loss Loss aversion 1512660646943 cnt_4caceed40b5b9 Loss aversion Loss aversion probabilistic classification trials 1512660646977 cnt_4cacf26718047 probabilistic classification trials probabilistic classification trials stop-noncritical trial 1512660647074 cnt_4cacf4680bbcd stop-noncritical trial stop-noncritical trial word minus baseline 1512660647172 cnt_4d949c8f3101c word minus baseline word minus baseline pseudoword minus baseline 1512660647204 cnt_4d949c9b01604 pseudoword minus baseline pseudoword minus baseline meaningful 1512660647137 cnt_4de53a9746a40 meaningful meaningful meaningless 1512660647105 cnt_4de53abc62d10 meaningless meaningless antisaccade 1512660647237 cnt_4de55b6707536 antisaccade antisaccade prosaccade 1512660647275 cnt_4de55b77a9984 prosaccade prosaccade forward 1512660647308 cnt_4de56f49c2858 forward forward backward 1512660647340 cnt_4de56f7a17762 backward backward subject groups 1512660647404 cnt_4de575b6944bf subject groups subject groups Negativity Scale 1512660647470 cnt_4de57f6d43cfd Negativity Scale Negativity Scale Inconsistency Scale 1512660647503 cnt_4de57f7db9e97 Inconsistency Scale Inconsistency Scale short form 1512660647534 cnt_4de583fcb0789 short form short form long form 1512660647568 cnt_4de584598a9c7 long form long form copying test 1512660647604 cnt_4de6716415d2d copying test copying test size match 1512660647636 cnt_4de671af5aeb3 size match size match length match 1512660647667 cnt_4de671d131ff9 length match length match orientation match 1512660647705 cnt_4de671e75974e orientation match orientation match position of gap match 1512660647758 cnt_4de6722368730 position of gap match position of gap match overlapping figures test 1512660647809 cnt_4de674d6a85e6 overlapping figures test overlapping figures test object decision 1512660647845 cnt_4de6758abdfa5 object decision object decision minimal feature match 1512660647879 cnt_4de677aa1e1bb minimal feature match minimal feature match foreshortened match 1512660647914 cnt_4de67800c904a foreshortened match foreshortened match drawing from memory test 1512660647947 cnt_4de6789784d77 drawing from memory test drawing from memory test picture naming 1512660647985 cnt_4de678e027440 picture naming picture naming percent correct (number of correct sequences/number of total sequences) 1512660648018 cnt_4de6875390f37 percent correct (number of correct sequences/number of total sequences) percent correct (number of correct sequences/number of total sequences) percent correct (number of correct responses/number of total pictures) 1512660648052 cnt_4de68ca153c38 percent correct (number of correct responses/number of total pictures) percent correct (number of correct responses/number of total pictures) breath-holding index (mean blood flow velocity over time) 1512660648083 cnt_4de69a61a2545 breath-holding index (mean blood flow velocity over time) breath-holding index (mean blood flow velocity over time) immediate recall 1512660648113 cnt_4de6a278a7dd5 immediate recall immediate recall interference 1512660648145 cnt_4de6a2be90526 interference interference long recall 1512660648175 cnt_4de6a2f38a5ed long recall long recall recognition trial 1512660648207 cnt_4de6a334313b1 recognition trial recognition trial same images 1512660648237 cnt_4de6ad74bd885 same images same images novel images 1512660648269 cnt_4de6add395167 novel images novel images novel images with noise 1512660648300 cnt_4de6ae3e231dd novel images with noise novel images with noise probability of reward * magnitude of bet 1512660648330 cnt_4de6b5d032f89 probability of reward * magnitude of bet probability of reward * magnitude of bet ratio 1512660648363 cnt_4de6b69d1e765 ratio ratio total correct responses for all categories 1512660648449 cnt_4de6b87a44743 total correct responses for all categories total correct responses for all categories stimulus 1512660648480 cnt_4de6bfac7a994 stimulus stimulus non-stimulus 1512660648515 cnt_4de6bfdf5905a non-stimulus non-stimulus right hand 1512660648548 cnt_4de6c00e51eda right hand right hand left hand 1512660648580 cnt_4de6c02033259 left hand left hand response to first stimulus 1512660648612 cnt_4de6c3b459269 response to first stimulus response to first stimulus magnitude of response to second stimulus 1512660648642 cnt_4de6c3c82d46d magnitude of response to second stimulus magnitude of response to second stimulus risky option 1512660648676 cnt_4de6c5f53e708 risky option risky option non-risky option 1512660648708 cnt_4de6c62e9b5da non-risky option non-risky option conditional stimulus 1512660648740 cnt_4de6c84f74508 conditional stimulus conditional stimulus unconditional response 1512660648805 cnt_4de6c945846f2 unconditional response unconditional response conditional response 1512660648835 cnt_4de6c9842dbbe conditional response conditional response formulating sentences subtest 1512660648866 cnt_4de6d03ae67ac formulating sentences subtest formulating sentences subtest recalling sentences subtest 1512660648898 cnt_4de6d066cb97a recalling sentences subtest recalling sentences subtest sentence structure subtest 1512660648928 cnt_4de6d0d5790a3 sentence structure subtest sentence structure subtest concepts and directions subtest 1512660648958 cnt_4de6d1194349d concepts and directions subtest concepts and directions subtest word classes subtest 1512660648989 cnt_4de6d1650c739 word classes subtest word classes subtest word structure subtest 1512660649024 cnt_4de6d2747197f word structure subtest word structure subtest standard deviation 1512660649055 cnt_4de6d30243eb5 standard deviation standard deviation semantic relationships subtest 1512660649085 cnt_4de6d42855dcd semantic relationships subtest semantic relationships subtest sentence assembly subtest 1512660649118 cnt_4de6d45dd9ceb sentence assembly subtest sentence assembly subtest accuracy 1512660649150 cnt_4de7b92a0ce43 accuracy accuracy number of false positives 1512660649257 cnt_4de7c5b19456f number of false positives number of false positives number of false negatives (missed words) 1512660649293 cnt_4de7c5df194ea number of false negatives (missed words) number of false negatives (missed words) number of correct identifications 1512660649327 cnt_4de7c6ae5a2a1 number of correct identifications number of correct identifications hit rate (number of correct recognitions) 1512660649358 cnt_4de7d07b4366d hit rate (number of correct recognitions) hit rate (number of correct recognitions) false alarm rate (number of incorrect recognitions) 1512660649391 cnt_4de7d0972591c false alarm rate (number of incorrect recognitions) false alarm rate (number of incorrect recognitions) miss rate (number of items subject failed to recognize) 1512660649425 cnt_4de7d0b31ce2e miss rate (number of items subject failed to recognize) miss rate (number of items subject failed to recognize) number or value of rewards times probability of reward 1512660649456 cnt_4de7d854ceb50 number or value of rewards times probability of reward number or value of rewards times probability of reward money earned 1512660649485 cnt_4de7d90024fe4 money earned money earned probability of highest reward 1512660649516 cnt_4de7d90ca34da probability of highest reward probability of highest reward hider 1512660649547 cnt_4de7dc695fabb hider hider guesser 1512660649580 cnt_4de7dcca346d1 guesser guesser object occlusion and misinformation scores 1512660649615 cnt_4de7ddfb129a6 object occlusion and misinformation scores object occlusion and misinformation scores accuracy 1512660649646 cnt_4de7de54cdce7 accuracy accuracy valid 1512660649678 cnt_4de7e52cd0ad6 valid valid invalid 1512660649709 cnt_4de7e54b3b8d8 invalid invalid reaction time to correct stimuli 1512660649739 cnt_4de90fe2177d0 reaction time to correct stimuli reaction time to correct stimuli d' 1512660649770 cnt_4de919cf2b2bd d' d' positive feedback 1512660649800 cnt_4de91cc952b43 positive feedback positive feedback negative feedback 1512660649830 cnt_4de91ce5f279a negative feedback negative feedback immediate memory copy 1512660649861 cnt_4de929a613652 immediate memory copy immediate memory copy general memory copy 1512660649896 cnt_4de929f98367a general memory copy general memory copy digit/symbol coding - symbol copy 1512660649927 cnt_4de92b983089e digit/symbol coding - symbol copy digit/symbol coding - symbol copy response time and accuracy 1512660649957 cnt_4de93a6779688 response time and accuracy response time and accuracy verbal recall (people test) 1512660649994 cnt_4de93d2864ae9 verbal recall (people test) verbal recall (people test) visual recognition (doors test) 1512660650032 cnt_4de93ddadf379 visual recognition (doors test) visual recognition (doors test) visual recall (shapes test) 1512660650065 cnt_4de93e2a13bb5 visual recall (shapes test) visual recall (shapes test) verbal recognition (names test) 1512660650095 cnt_4de93e831c09d verbal recognition (names test) verbal recognition (names test) overall similarity to intended picture 1512660650129 cnt_4de948beb7f3c overall similarity to intended picture overall similarity to intended picture muscle control 1512660650158 cnt_4de95d2ff1462 muscle control muscle control amount consumed 1512660650188 cnt_4de95f0aa8476 amount consumed amount consumed sum of strength scores x sum of items per hand 1512660650221 cnt_4de963f853b03 sum of strength scores x sum of items per hand sum of strength scores x sum of items per hand # items remembered with encoding task - number remembered without 1512660650254 cnt_4de968d88e3d3 # items remembered with encoding task - number remembered without # items remembered with encoding task - number remembered without number of correct identifications 1512660650284 cnt_4de96cd8c9aad number of correct identifications number of correct identifications congruent correct 1512660650312 cnt_4decfedb91973 congruent correct congruent correct incongruent correct 1512660650343 cnt_4decff04d5cb5 incongruent correct incongruent correct incongruent response time minus congruent response time 1512660650374 cnt_4decff6567821 incongruent response time minus congruent response time incongruent response time minus congruent response time average number of trials per pattern change 1512660650409 cnt_4ded050f2e7f1 average number of trials per pattern change average number of trials per pattern change emotion detection 1512660650442 cnt_4ded127195273 emotion detection emotion detection identity detection 1512660650473 cnt_4ded129f8c996 identity detection identity detection score 1512660650504 cnt_4ded1fc8db0c2 score score % rhythm maintainance 1512660650536 cnt_4ded2a911252c % rhythm maintainance % rhythm maintainance tap speed 1512660650579 cnt_4ded2aa1ea79d tap speed tap speed rhythm tap 1512660650618 cnt_4ded2ba5e3681 rhythm tap rhythm tap time tap 1512660650669 cnt_4ded2bceeda6b time tap time tap fixation time below maximum degree of eye movement 1512660650708 cnt_4ded3a95a6098 fixation time below maximum degree of eye movement fixation time below maximum degree of eye movement degree of eye movement 1512660650739 cnt_4ded3b16cdb74 degree of eye movement degree of eye movement length of longest correct sequence 1512660650770 cnt_4ded480d5aec0 length of longest correct sequence length of longest correct sequence emotion manipulation versus control 1512660650803 cnt_4ded4b345f82a emotion manipulation versus control emotion manipulation versus control category list 1512660650839 cnt_4ded4b7c49083 category list category list stop minus go 1512660650870 cnt_4ded4dc5b5118 stop minus go stop minus go response time 1512660650899 cnt_4ded518b33a0b response time response time kinematics 1512660650934 cnt_4ded51930eba6 kinematics kinematics sum of rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension scaled scores 1512660650965 cnt_4ded542c8c4f8 sum of rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension scaled scores sum of rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension scaled scores accuracy 1512660650996 cnt_4ded60eb3a50f accuracy accuracy real task time minus imagined task time 1512660651031 cnt_4dee50b24d8c4 real task time minus imagined task time real task time minus imagined task time real task areas of activation minus imagined task areas of activation 1512660651064 cnt_4dee50d11696f real task areas of activation minus imagined task areas of activation real task areas of activation minus imagined task areas of activation real task effort minus imagined task effort 1512660651095 cnt_4dee50e19a0a5 real task effort minus imagined task effort real task effort minus imagined task effort real visual areas of activation minus imagined task areas of activation 1512660651125 cnt_4dee551d3a46b real visual areas of activation minus imagined task areas of activation real visual areas of activation minus imagined task areas of activation physical representation of imagined object 1512660651157 cnt_4dee593ebfcc7 physical representation of imagined object physical representation of imagined object number or percentage of words remembered 1512660651187 cnt_4dee5f41244cc number or percentage of words remembered number or percentage of words remembered accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660651218 cnt_4dee7fcd869e8 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls arousal in response to picture minus baseline arousal 1512660651255 cnt_4deeb0951bd72 arousal in response to picture minus baseline arousal arousal in response to picture minus baseline arousal accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls 1512660651285 cnt_4deff762a9fb7 accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls 1512660651316 cnt_4df108c45e041 accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls response time for risky decks minus response time for advantageous decks 1512660651346 cnt_4df10c8ee9834 response time for risky decks minus response time for advantageous decks response time for risky decks minus response time for advantageous decks accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls 1512660651378 cnt_4df10d2fb170f accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls number of plates read correctly by controls with normal color vision minus number of plates read correctly by subject 1512660651410 cnt_4df10f9cbd86c number of plates read correctly by controls with normal color vision minus number of plates read correctly by subject number of plates read correctly by controls with normal color vision minus number of plates read correctly by subject Transformation plates 1512660651441 cnt_4df114130545a Transformation plates Transformation plates Vanishing plates 1512660651481 cnt_4df1143e30adb Vanishing plates Vanishing plates Hidden Digits plates 1512660651512 cnt_4df11498b1933 Hidden Digits plates Hidden Digits plates MVC minus baseline 1512660651545 cnt_4df118fd720dd MVC minus baseline MVC minus baseline reaction time to figures minus reaction time to Kanizsa figures 1512660651578 cnt_4df133a20d8da reaction time to figures minus reaction time to Kanizsa figures reaction time to figures minus reaction time to Kanizsa figures accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660651615 cnt_4df133b48842d accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls 1512660651651 cnt_4df13aaa3f2be accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls standard deviation from the mean population score in the language of the participant 1512660651682 cnt_4df13d6084e80 standard deviation from the mean population score in the language of the participant standard deviation from the mean population score in the language of the participant accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of age-matched controls 1512660651714 cnt_4df1456d05cab accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of age-matched controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of age-matched controls longest correct sequence of controls minus longest correct sequence of subject 1512660651754 cnt_4df1585e55f60 longest correct sequence of controls minus longest correct sequence of subject longest correct sequence of controls minus longest correct sequence of subject size of subject sentence set minus average size of sentence set of control subjects 1512660651787 cnt_4df24f7376278 size of subject sentence set minus average size of sentence set of control subjects size of subject sentence set minus average size of sentence set of control subjects subject score minus average normal score 1512660651818 cnt_4df25f35f17e3 subject score minus average normal score subject score minus average normal score Contamination/Cleaning 1512660651855 cnt_4df2609ceae39 Contamination/Cleaning Contamination/Cleaning Checking 1512660651887 cnt_4df260fd670ea Checking Checking Slowness 1512660651921 cnt_4df26137bc72d Slowness Slowness Doubting 1512660651960 cnt_4df261fc3cd71 Doubting Doubting average male score minus average female score 1512660651992 cnt_4df26493887a0 average male score minus average female score average male score minus average female score areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660652038 cnt_4df265ff04368 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline subject score minus population-matched average score 1512660652073 cnt_4df26816e1c98 subject score minus population-matched average score subject score minus population-matched average score areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660652106 cnt_4df289c4c46fa areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline participant score minus average score 1512660652139 cnt_4df28c7e2f855 participant score minus average score participant score minus average score accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660652171 cnt_4df2917218780 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls longest correct sequence of controls minus longest correct sequence of subject 1512660652202 cnt_4df2918824fb9 longest correct sequence of controls minus longest correct sequence of subject longest correct sequence of controls minus longest correct sequence of subject number of choices with greater chance of loss than gain minus number of choices with greater chance of gain than loss 1512660652237 cnt_4df293d2889cb number of choices with greater chance of loss than gain minus number of choices with greater chance of gain than loss number of choices with greater chance of loss than gain minus number of choices with greater chance of gain than loss Comprehension 1512660652280 cnt_4df298c596941 Comprehension Comprehension Production 1512660652314 cnt_4df298fddce13 Production Production areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660652345 cnt_4df29910c149e areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls 1512660652375 cnt_4df29978d4002 accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls standard deviation from the mean score 1512660652405 cnt_4df29e99a47ae standard deviation from the mean score standard deviation from the mean score time to complete task with non-dominant hand minus time to complete task with dominant hand 1512660652435 cnt_4df29eca27ab5 time to complete task with non-dominant hand minus time to complete task with dominant hand time to complete task with non-dominant hand minus time to complete task with dominant hand areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660652467 cnt_4df2a238dd66b areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline average rating of sensation minus subject rating of sensation 1512660652497 cnt_4df2a27d637b3 average rating of sensation minus subject rating of sensation average rating of sensation minus subject rating of sensation rating of sensation minus baseline 1512660652528 cnt_4df2a4307daec rating of sensation minus baseline rating of sensation minus baseline average rating of sensation minus subject rating of sensation 1512660652559 cnt_4df2a4cb64388 average rating of sensation minus subject rating of sensation average rating of sensation minus subject rating of sensation areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660652590 cnt_4df2a4d2ecac9 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline rating of sensation minus baseline 1512660652620 cnt_4df2a4de25215 rating of sensation minus baseline rating of sensation minus baseline d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) 1512660652650 cnt_4df663cf4ea8a d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660652684 cnt_4df66400663ec accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls ERP strength minus baseline 1512660652715 cnt_4df66a33d6b43 ERP strength minus baseline ERP strength minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660652746 cnt_4df66a407cc2e areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660652776 cnt_4df66a5dec65d accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls average accuracy of controls minus accuracy of participant 1512660652806 cnt_4df67df7aaaea average accuracy of controls minus accuracy of participant average accuracy of controls minus accuracy of participant operation span of participant minus average operation span of controls 1512660652838 cnt_4df6818a8bcec operation span of participant minus average operation span of controls operation span of participant minus average operation span of controls average accuracy of controls minus accuracy of participant 1512660652875 cnt_4df685e797da2 average accuracy of controls minus accuracy of participant average accuracy of controls minus accuracy of participant average rating of sensation minus subject rating of sensation 1512660652906 cnt_4df689d409dec average rating of sensation minus subject rating of sensation average rating of sensation minus subject rating of sensation areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660652938 cnt_4df689e663ffe areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline subject rating during task minus subject baseline rating 1512660652975 cnt_4df689fe846de subject rating during task minus subject baseline rating subject rating during task minus subject baseline rating accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660653010 cnt_4df68cac967cc accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls subject's pantomime ability compared to controls 1512660653045 cnt_4df6974d8c674 subject's pantomime ability compared to controls subject's pantomime ability compared to controls areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660653078 cnt_4df69a929ce35 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660653147 cnt_4df69c712873f areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660653184 cnt_4df6a3169f42a accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of age-matched controls 1512660653216 cnt_4df6a77053b3f accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of age-matched controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of age-matched controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660653249 cnt_4df7af3c32a49 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls standard deviation of error 1512660653282 cnt_4df7bfc72c237 standard deviation of error standard deviation of error Uncued 1512660653313 cnt_4df8e1f29b788 Uncued Uncued Congruent Cue 1512660653346 cnt_4df8e24a62cc8 Congruent Cue Congruent Cue Incongruent Cue 1512660653376 cnt_4df8e2760df07 Incongruent Cue Incongruent Cue incongruent response time - congruent response time 1512660653408 cnt_4df8e29765d7b incongruent response time - congruent response time incongruent response time - congruent response time congruent response time - uncued response time 1512660653445 cnt_4df8e2af408ed congruent response time - uncued response time congruent response time - uncued response time proportion of correct responses across all trials minus proportion correct on early trials 1512660653478 cnt_4df8e8f10f33a proportion of correct responses across all trials minus proportion correct on early trials proportion of correct responses across all trials minus proportion correct on early trials accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660653512 cnt_4df8e900881cf accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls gains minus losses 1512660653545 cnt_4df8ef730f4cb gains minus losses gains minus losses accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660653577 cnt_4df8ef7a8d7c3 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls Word 1512660653610 cnt_4df8fae1e604a Word Word Morphologically Decomposable Pseudowords 1512660653647 cnt_4df8fb518c099 Morphologically Decomposable Pseudowords Morphologically Decomposable Pseudowords Morphologically Non-decomposable Pseudowords 1512660653679 cnt_4df8fb9e0224f Morphologically Non-decomposable Pseudowords Morphologically Non-decomposable Pseudowords Response time to morphologically non-decomposable pseudowords minus response time to morphologically decomposable psuedowords 1512660653710 cnt_4df8fc0a76f53 Response time to morphologically non-decomposable pseudowords minus response time to morphologically decomposable psuedowords Response time to morphologically non-decomposable pseudowords minus response time to morphologically decomposable psuedowords response time to pseudowords minus response time to words 1512660653742 cnt_4df8fc1e54759 response time to pseudowords minus response time to words response time to pseudowords minus response time to words accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660653772 cnt_4df9011fa1f5b accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy during task minus accuracy of some baseline test (like matching) 1512660653804 cnt_4df9015bcfad3 accuracy during task minus accuracy of some baseline test (like matching) accuracy during task minus accuracy of some baseline test (like matching) standard deviation from the mean time 1512660653837 cnt_4df914f00dd42 standard deviation from the mean time standard deviation from the mean time ERP strength minus baseline 1512660653868 cnt_4df91d85ed597 ERP strength minus baseline ERP strength minus baseline accuracy during task minus accuracy of some baseline test (e.g. only one pattern) 1512660653901 cnt_4df91dc172a88 accuracy during task minus accuracy of some baseline test (e.g. only one pattern) accuracy during task minus accuracy of some baseline test (e.g. only one pattern) accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660653932 cnt_4df91dd29b1c6 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls reading span of participant minus average reading span of controls 1512660654053 cnt_4df928c85f523 reading span of participant minus average reading span of controls reading span of participant minus average reading span of controls d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) 1512660654084 cnt_4df92bccc5ae1 d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) standard deviation from the mean accuracy score 1512660654118 cnt_4df938dc89175 standard deviation from the mean accuracy score standard deviation from the mean accuracy score accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660654163 cnt_4df9397fa59bd accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls gains minus losses 1512660654197 cnt_4df93a3c9bd2c gains minus losses gains minus losses pseudoword minus word 1512660654230 cnt_4dfa36c40f3a1 pseudoword minus word pseudoword minus word frequency of selecting the safe choice (20) minus frequency of selecting risky choices (40 and 80) 1512660654263 cnt_4dfa3bb649f8a frequency of selecting the safe choice (20) minus frequency of selecting risky choices (40 and 80) frequency of selecting the safe choice (20) minus frequency of selecting risky choices (40 and 80) listening span of participant minus average listening span 1512660654296 cnt_4dfa3e4d70781 listening span of participant minus average listening span listening span of participant minus average listening span listening comprehension of participant minus average listening comprehension 1512660654330 cnt_4dfa3ebab2930 listening comprehension of participant minus average listening comprehension listening comprehension of participant minus average listening comprehension listening span with comprehension questions minus listening span without 1512660654364 cnt_4dfa3ef2bcbf0 listening span with comprehension questions minus listening span without listening span with comprehension questions minus listening span without listening comprehension with listening span task minus listening comprehension without 1512660654396 cnt_4dfa3f0edd3d4 listening comprehension with listening span task minus listening comprehension without listening comprehension with listening span task minus listening comprehension without Accuracy on level 3 minus accuracy on level 1 1512660654426 cnt_4dfa42ba0f7c2 Accuracy on level 3 minus accuracy on level 1 Accuracy on level 3 minus accuracy on level 1 Overall accuracy of participant minus average accuracy 1512660654457 cnt_4dfa42dddd062 Overall accuracy of participant minus average accuracy Overall accuracy of participant minus average accuracy response time with competing stimuli minus response time with a single stimuli or congruent stimuli 1512660654488 cnt_4dfa46d8c1622 response time with competing stimuli minus response time with a single stimuli or congruent stimuli response time with competing stimuli minus response time with a single stimuli or congruent stimuli accuracy with a single stimuli or congruent stimuli minus accuracy with competing stimuli 1512660654520 cnt_4dfa4752a1120 accuracy with a single stimuli or congruent stimuli minus accuracy with competing stimuli accuracy with a single stimuli or congruent stimuli minus accuracy with competing stimuli accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660654552 cnt_4dfa523d45d5b accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls Semantically correct 1512660654582 cnt_4dfa6ad39f546 Semantically correct Semantically correct Semantically anomalous 1512660654613 cnt_4dfa6b1c622b1 Semantically anomalous Semantically anomalous d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) 1512660654644 cnt_4dfa6bad0c724 d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) accuracy on semantically anomalous sentences minus accuracy on semantically correct sentences 1512660654674 cnt_4dfa6be222aa7 accuracy on semantically anomalous sentences minus accuracy on semantically correct sentences accuracy on semantically anomalous sentences minus accuracy on semantically correct sentences ERP for related stimuli minus ERP for unrelated stimuli 1512660654704 cnt_4dfa704eaedf9 ERP for related stimuli minus ERP for unrelated stimuli ERP for related stimuli minus ERP for unrelated stimuli accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660654735 cnt_4dfa709c313b1 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls Semantically associated items 1512660654766 cnt_4dfa71f0c9d32 Semantically associated items Semantically associated items Semantically unrelated items 1512660654796 cnt_4dfa7237ec1f0 Semantically unrelated items Semantically unrelated items accuracy with learning minus accuracy without learning/practice 1512660654828 cnt_4dfa7d117d48f accuracy with learning minus accuracy without learning/practice accuracy with learning minus accuracy without learning/practice accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660654859 cnt_4dfa7d1ad09a6 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660654889 cnt_4dfa8214869b9 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls perservative errors minus nonperservative errors 1512660654920 cnt_4dfa838286e12 perservative errors minus nonperservative errors perservative errors minus nonperservative errors congruent cue 1512660654956 cnt_4dfa889b33ecf congruent cue congruent cue incongruent cue 1512660655014 cnt_4dfa891db4cf7 incongruent cue incongruent cue incongruent response time - congruent response time 1512660655057 cnt_4dfa893ade336 incongruent response time - congruent response time incongruent response time - congruent response time accuracy to congruent cues minus accuracy to incongruent cues 1512660655091 cnt_4dfa89596184f accuracy to congruent cues minus accuracy to incongruent cues accuracy to congruent cues minus accuracy to incongruent cues accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660655130 cnt_4dfa9088a6739 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls reaction time of participant minus average reaction time of controls 1512660655171 cnt_4dfa90af8345d reaction time of participant minus average reaction time of controls reaction time of participant minus average reaction time of controls reaction time after some manipulation minus reaction time at baseline 1512660655208 cnt_4dfa90c46cf46 reaction time after some manipulation minus reaction time at baseline reaction time after some manipulation minus reaction time at baseline d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) 1512660655242 cnt_4dfa93ee97bc8 d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) accuracy of recognition minus accuracy of source identification 1512660655282 cnt_4dfa94d49dc90 accuracy of recognition minus accuracy of source identification accuracy of recognition minus accuracy of source identification 0-back 1512660655316 cnt_4dfb9a322c52f 0-back 0-back 1-back 1512660655352 cnt_4dfb9a75a2cff 1-back 1-back 2-back 1512660655386 cnt_4dfb9ab8d70ce 2-back 2-back 3-back 1512660655422 cnt_4dfb9af098602 3-back 3-back 3-back minus 0-back 1512660655458 cnt_4dfb9b0719363 3-back minus 0-back 3-back minus 0-back difference between scores at different times of administration 1512660655490 cnt_4dfba830d0974 difference between scores at different times of administration difference between scores at different times of administration participant score minus average score 1512660655522 cnt_4dfba849ece4c participant score minus average score participant score minus average score Trait Anxiety 1512660655554 cnt_4dfba87cdaf19 Trait Anxiety Trait Anxiety State Anxiety 1512660655584 cnt_4dfba8b046120 State Anxiety State Anxiety accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660655615 cnt_4dfbaef575808 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of immediate recognition test minus accuracy of delayed test 1512660655645 cnt_4dfbaf2722de5 accuracy of immediate recognition test minus accuracy of delayed test accuracy of immediate recognition test minus accuracy of delayed test average response time 1512660655683 cnt_4dfbaf4e94f96 average response time average response time incongruent minus congruent 1512660655744 cnt_4dfbb1f51259f incongruent minus congruent incongruent minus congruent the examiner's evaluation 1512660655777 cnt_4dfbcad0d0f28 the examiner's evaluation the examiner's evaluation emotional rating to picture stimuli minus emotional rating to neutral baseline picture 1512660655806 cnt_4dfbd05eb07d6 emotional rating to picture stimuli minus emotional rating to neutral baseline picture emotional rating to picture stimuli minus emotional rating to neutral baseline picture substitution speed minus copy speed 1512660655838 cnt_4dfbd65810a40 substitution speed minus copy speed substitution speed minus copy speed standard deviation from the mean score 1512660655874 cnt_4dfbd9e47c418 standard deviation from the mean score standard deviation from the mean score accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660655906 cnt_4dfbe08944a96 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660655939 cnt_4dff7fcf1b8a2 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls Plausible Sentences 1512660655973 cnt_4dff8003a6b0a Plausible Sentences Plausible Sentences Implausible Snetences 1512660656008 cnt_4dff8030b7e41 Implausible Snetences Implausible Snetences response time to implausible sentences minus response time to plausible sentences 1512660656044 cnt_4dff80aec63b6 response time to implausible sentences minus response time to plausible sentences response time to implausible sentences minus response time to plausible sentences response time to second stimulus minus response time to first stimulus 1512660656077 cnt_4dff8603c1398 response time to second stimulus minus response time to first stimulus response time to second stimulus minus response time to first stimulus precision of participant minus precision of controls 1512660656107 cnt_4dff865de2859 precision of participant minus precision of controls precision of participant minus precision of controls areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660656137 cnt_4dff92a9d5875 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline standard deviation of k (discounting) 1512660656172 cnt_4dff93d462d38 standard deviation of k (discounting) standard deviation of k (discounting) standard deviation from the mean score 1512660656205 cnt_4dff9a6e99c08 standard deviation from the mean score standard deviation from the mean score average score minus participant's score 1512660656236 cnt_4dffaa78530b6 average score minus participant's score average score minus participant's score participant score minus average score of non-smoking controls 1512660656268 cnt_4dffb483c4c3f participant score minus average score of non-smoking controls participant score minus average score of non-smoking controls average score of smoking controls minus participant score 1512660656304 cnt_4dffb49d604fa average score of smoking controls minus participant score average score of smoking controls minus participant score accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660656336 cnt_4dffb78e1edc6 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls ANOVA of time by age group 1512660656366 cnt_4dffb9c632156 ANOVA of time by age group ANOVA of time by age group Single Number 1512660656419 cnt_4dffcea990109 Single Number Single Number Single Geometric Form 1512660656450 cnt_4dffcee92f400 Single Geometric Form Single Geometric Form Single Nonsense Letter 1512660656480 cnt_4dffd0380146f Single Nonsense Letter Single Nonsense Letter Gestalt Figure 1512660656510 cnt_4dffd0991b237 Gestalt Figure Gestalt Figure Single Letter 1512660656541 cnt_4dffd0f56b850 Single Letter Single Letter Single Letter in Syllable Context 1512660656571 cnt_4dffd14b5b0b3 Single Letter in Syllable Context Single Letter in Syllable Context Two Letters 1512660656603 cnt_4dffd181cb7da Two Letters Two Letters Sequence of Geometric Forms 1512660656636 cnt_4dffd1dbec4b1 Sequence of Geometric Forms Sequence of Geometric Forms Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Unpronounceable) 1512660656667 cnt_4dffd2399ebc0 Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Unpronounceable) Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Unpronounceable) Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Pronounceable) 1512660656697 cnt_4dffd280187c6 Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Pronounceable) Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Pronounceable) Four-Letter Word 1512660656728 cnt_4dffd2bac8005 Four-Letter Word Four-Letter Word Unspaced Four-Letter Word 1512660656759 cnt_4dffd3273f13e Unspaced Four-Letter Word Unspaced Four-Letter Word Single Number (Second Time) 1512660656790 cnt_4dffd35b101cb Single Number (Second Time) Single Number (Second Time) # correct minus # incorrect/30 or 60 seconds 1512660656822 cnt_4dffd4ed38b03 # correct minus # incorrect/30 or 60 seconds # correct minus # incorrect/30 or 60 seconds standard deviation from the mean score 1512660656853 cnt_4dffdbbb010e1 standard deviation from the mean score standard deviation from the mean score ANOVA of of score by disease timecourse 1512660656884 cnt_4dffdbd8c48f7 ANOVA of of score by disease timecourse ANOVA of of score by disease timecourse average time of men minus average time of women 1512660656914 cnt_4dffdeb36edc5 average time of men minus average time of women average time of men minus average time of women participant's time minus average time 1512660656944 cnt_4dffded7a9be2 participant's time minus average time participant's time minus average time areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660656974 cnt_4dffdf0929a7b areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660657005 cnt_4e00ccaa100fd accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660657038 cnt_4e00e397017e2 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) 1512660657070 cnt_4e00fd3de3b0a d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) reaction time after some manipulation minus reaction time at baseline 1512660657104 cnt_4e00fd62beac3 reaction time after some manipulation minus reaction time at baseline reaction time after some manipulation minus reaction time at baseline path of eye movements 1512660657135 cnt_4e00ffaa486fa path of eye movements path of eye movements d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) 1512660657169 cnt_4e0101e7e8898 d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) d' (difference between correct identifications and false alarms) frequency of participant's saccades minus average saccade frequency 1512660657200 cnt_4e0104905eaa1 frequency of participant's saccades minus average saccade frequency frequency of participant's saccades minus average saccade frequency path of eye movements 1512660657232 cnt_4e0104d85693b path of eye movements path of eye movements Congruent Cue 1512660657267 cnt_4e010aebbc19d Congruent Cue Congruent Cue Incongruent Cue 1512660657298 cnt_4e010b0c971d5 Incongruent Cue Incongruent Cue reaction time to incongruent cues minus reaction time to congruent cues 1512660657329 cnt_4e010b32b9f74 reaction time to incongruent cues minus reaction time to congruent cues reaction time to incongruent cues minus reaction time to congruent cues RMW 1512660657363 cnt_4e0112e7d3bca RMW RMW RMF 1512660657392 cnt_4e011301aee39 RMF RMF RMW minus RMF 1512660657426 cnt_4e01131ba65a7 RMW minus RMF RMW minus RMF participant score minus average score 1512660657456 cnt_4e0113430ffad participant score minus average score participant score minus average score Matrix Reasoning 1512660657485 cnt_4e011a8762e55 Matrix Reasoning Matrix Reasoning Block Design 1512660657516 cnt_4e011aded6b9e Block Design Block Design Similarities 1512660657549 cnt_4e011afe30540 Similarities Similarities Vocabulary 1512660657581 cnt_4e011b28cebdc Vocabulary Vocabulary participant IQ minus average IQ 1512660657612 cnt_4e011cb5c3e85 participant IQ minus average IQ participant IQ minus average IQ Information 1512660657643 cnt_4e0125dc5bc09 Information Information Digit Span 1512660657675 cnt_4e01261c45db8 Digit Span Digit Span Vocabulary 1512660657710 cnt_4e01263d51c93 Vocabulary Vocabulary Arithmetic 1512660657740 cnt_4e012662da2d7 Arithmetic Arithmetic Comprehension 1512660657772 cnt_4e01268a18f79 Comprehension Comprehension Similarities 1512660657804 cnt_4e0126b9ec56b Similarities Similarities Picture Completion 1512660657835 cnt_4e0126dc131ec Picture Completion Picture Completion Picture Arrangement 1512660657867 cnt_4e012702f0951 Picture Arrangement Picture Arrangement Block Design 1512660657907 cnt_4e012722eeb57 Block Design Block Design Digit Symbol 1512660657937 cnt_4e01278c5e632 Digit Symbol Digit Symbol Object Assembly 1512660657967 cnt_4e0127abddfeb Object Assembly Object Assembly Verbal IQ minus Performance IQ 1512660657999 cnt_4e0129ab22608 Verbal IQ minus Performance IQ Verbal IQ minus Performance IQ participant IQ minus average IQ 1512660658038 cnt_4e0129bf96513 participant IQ minus average IQ participant IQ minus average IQ Vocabulary 1512660658070 cnt_4e012e2269d7d Vocabulary Vocabulary Information 1512660658101 cnt_4e012e64947cf Information Information Logical Memory 1512660658136 cnt_4e012f7ba05e2 Logical Memory Logical Memory Verbal Paired Associates 1512660658166 cnt_4e012fc0a6d05 Verbal Paired Associates Verbal Paired Associates Designs 1512660658199 cnt_4e01302681cd3 Designs Designs Visual Reproduction 1512660658228 cnt_4e01306ba8db6 Visual Reproduction Visual Reproduction Spatial Addition 1512660658259 cnt_4e013090c4cf1 Spatial Addition Spatial Addition Symbol Span 1512660658290 cnt_4e0130c979bf1 Symbol Span Symbol Span participant score minus average score 1512660658325 cnt_4e01329cad8aa participant score minus average score participant score minus average score immediate score minus delayed score 1512660658363 cnt_4e0133e4d4fe1 immediate score minus delayed score immediate score minus delayed score areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660658396 cnt_4e0181c976a19 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline response time of subject minus response time of controls 1512660658426 cnt_4e0182336c9cc response time of subject minus response time of controls response time of subject minus response time of controls participant score minus average score 1512660658456 cnt_4e0219a2de6be participant score minus average score participant score minus average score reading comprehension age minus real age 1512660658486 cnt_4e022a9861397 reading comprehension age minus real age reading comprehension age minus real age number of words divided by time 1512660658520 cnt_4e022d7430161 number of words divided by time number of words divided by time areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660658552 cnt_4e02302350f17 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline ERP strength minus baseline 1512660658583 cnt_4e0232312c822 ERP strength minus baseline ERP strength minus baseline perceptual identification 1512660658614 cnt_4e02368e6d840 perceptual identification perceptual identification lexical decision 1512660658647 cnt_4e0236b247798 lexical decision lexical decision response time to known words minus (or learned words) response time to unknown words 1512660658678 cnt_4e023794e822b response time to known words minus (or learned words) response time to unknown words response time to known words minus (or learned words) response time to unknown words response time to pseudowords minus response time to words 1512660658712 cnt_4e0237aa75286 response time to pseudowords minus response time to words response time to pseudowords minus response time to words accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660658743 cnt_4e0237ba58871 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls latency identification 1512660658775 cnt_4e023b95e5100 latency identification latency identification primed identification 1512660658807 cnt_4e023c2ae3c76 primed identification primed identification areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660658841 cnt_4e02433a9f223 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline ERP strength minus baseline 1512660658872 cnt_4e0243468cb6f ERP strength minus baseline ERP strength minus baseline areas of activation during covert minus areas of activation during overt 1512660658935 cnt_4e0253808fe82 areas of activation during covert minus areas of activation during overt areas of activation during covert minus areas of activation during overt accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660658967 cnt_4e02539674407 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls ERP strength minus baseline 1512660658999 cnt_4e025467f28e7 ERP strength minus baseline ERP strength minus baseline response time to non-matching minus response time to matching 1512660659069 cnt_4e025694022e0 response time to non-matching minus response time to matching response time to non-matching minus response time to matching accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660659100 cnt_4e02569dd0139 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls pressure exerted by participant minus average pressure 1512660659133 cnt_4e025d79cc9f9 pressure exerted by participant minus average pressure pressure exerted by participant minus average pressure accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660659166 cnt_4e025d8d96ecf accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660659197 cnt_4e02624559a17 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660659265 cnt_4e026543eae67 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during covert minus areas of activation during overt 1512660659302 cnt_4e02654a92111 areas of activation during covert minus areas of activation during overt areas of activation during covert minus areas of activation during overt standard deviation from the mean score 1512660659362 cnt_4e026dfa02b6d standard deviation from the mean score standard deviation from the mean score Trait Affect 1512660659394 cnt_4e02713a45cdc Trait Affect Trait Affect State Affect 1512660659427 cnt_4e027155c037c State Affect State Affect accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660659458 cnt_4e037a9a47d41 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls pain at baseline minus pain during acupuncture 1512660659490 cnt_4e038151ee9fb pain at baseline minus pain during acupuncture pain at baseline minus pain during acupuncture areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660659522 cnt_4e0381ab6d190 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline accuracy without distractors minus accuracy with distractors 1512660659554 cnt_4e038ad0147d7 accuracy without distractors minus accuracy with distractors accuracy without distractors minus accuracy with distractors reaction time of participant minus average reaction time of controls 1512660659584 cnt_4e038b1c6fd1f reaction time of participant minus average reaction time of controls reaction time of participant minus average reaction time of controls reaction time (to detect target) to one stimulus minus reaction time to paired stimuli 1512660659614 cnt_4e038ba42d3a7 reaction time (to detect target) to one stimulus minus reaction time to paired stimuli reaction time (to detect target) to one stimulus minus reaction time to paired stimuli Early Blind 1512660659642 cnt_4e038e680bd57 Early Blind Early Blind Late Blind 1512660659682 cnt_4e038e90bd3e7 Late Blind Late Blind areas of activation of early blind minus areas of activation of late blind 1512660659712 cnt_4e03951a4914c areas of activation of early blind minus areas of activation of late blind areas of activation of early blind minus areas of activation of late blind areas of activation while reading words or sentences minus reading control dots 1512660659742 cnt_4e039557ad404 areas of activation while reading words or sentences minus reading control dots areas of activation while reading words or sentences minus reading control dots areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660659772 cnt_4e0399bbae0ed areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline average degrees of movement minus participant degrees of movement 1512660659865 cnt_4e03ae76b40ab average degrees of movement minus participant degrees of movement average degrees of movement minus participant degrees of movement participant's responses vs. Nash equilibrium equation 1512660659898 cnt_4e03b364135e2 participant's responses vs. Nash equilibrium equation participant's responses vs. Nash equilibrium equation areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660659930 cnt_4e03b6ae397cc areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660659960 cnt_4e03b8b959bc9 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls 1512660659993 cnt_4e03b8c2457b4 accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of participant minus average accuracy of controls response time to risky choices minus response time to non-risky choices 1512660660031 cnt_4e03bc67764f5 response time to risky choices minus response time to non-risky choices response time to risky choices minus response time to non-risky choices number of participant's risky choices minus average number of risky choices 1512660660068 cnt_4e03bc8177610 number of participant's risky choices minus average number of risky choices number of participant's risky choices minus average number of risky choices converted A and B error score 1512660660102 cnt_4e08ed0d8815f converted A and B error score converted A and B error score Initiation 1512660660139 cnt_4e08ed6a4d30d Initiation Initiation Inhibition 1512660660177 cnt_4e08ed9422f36 Inhibition Inhibition Initiation minus Inhibition 1512660660222 cnt_4e08edac14ee7 Initiation minus Inhibition Initiation minus Inhibition 0-back 1512660660255 cnt_4e08f52d8255d 0-back 0-back 1-back 1512660660286 cnt_4e08f54b8a426 1-back 1-back 2-back 1512660660319 cnt_4e08f563a47ed 2-back 2-back 3-back 1512660660350 cnt_4e08f5a26773d 3-back 3-back 3-back minus 0-back 1512660660383 cnt_4e08f5aa73703 3-back minus 0-back 3-back minus 0-back supra-span minus span 1512660660416 cnt_4e08fb9717d43 supra-span minus span supra-span minus span immediate accuracy minus delayed accuracy 1512660660459 cnt_4e08fdee5aec9 immediate accuracy minus delayed accuracy immediate accuracy minus delayed accuracy accuracy for meaningful actions minus accuracy for meaningless actions 1512660660493 cnt_4e08fe051b67b accuracy for meaningful actions minus accuracy for meaningless actions accuracy for meaningful actions minus accuracy for meaningless actions standard deviation from the mean accuracy score 1512660660533 cnt_4e08fe37729fc standard deviation from the mean accuracy score standard deviation from the mean accuracy score standard deviation from the mean accuracy score 1512660660581 cnt_4e08fefbf0382 standard deviation from the mean accuracy score standard deviation from the mean accuracy score cue onset asynchrony 1512660660624 cnt_4e31e4ff71f3c cue onset asynchrony cue onset asynchrony cue onset asynchrony 1512660660669 cnt_4e31e8204dad4 cue onset asynchrony cue onset asynchrony incongruent minus neutral 1512660660704 cnt_4e41708078f47 incongruent minus neutral incongruent minus neutral active versus sham 1512660660734 cnt_4e495afedc2df active versus sham active versus sham Switch minus No-Switch 1512660660765 cnt_4e495e81b3a05 Switch minus No-Switch Switch minus No-Switch Cue minus no cue: attention orienting 1512660660796 cnt_4e496d0e46a77 Cue minus no cue: attention orienting Cue minus no cue: attention orienting Spatial cue minus double cue: orienting efficiency 1512660660828 cnt_4e496d475896c Spatial cue minus double cue: orienting efficiency Spatial cue minus double cue: orienting efficiency Incongruent minus congruent: Conflict / Executive network efficiency 1512660660865 cnt_4e496d6e12225 Incongruent minus congruent: Conflict / Executive network efficiency Incongruent minus congruent: Conflict / Executive network efficiency Baseline minus heat stimulation 1512660660898 cnt_4e552738a229c Baseline minus heat stimulation Baseline minus heat stimulation Body ownership minus no body ownership 1512660660930 cnt_4e5bbed9bd8ae Body ownership minus no body ownership Body ownership minus no body ownership Noxious minus non-noxious stimulation 1512660660961 cnt_4e5d087f98fb2 Noxious minus non-noxious stimulation Noxious minus non-noxious stimulation Stimulation at PT-1.0°C minus Baseline 1512660659834 cnt_4e5e7c5149eec Stimulation at PT-1.0°C minus Baseline Stimulation at PT-1.0°C minus Baseline Stimulation at PT-0.7°C minus Baseline 1512660659803 cnt_4e5e7c658c494 Stimulation at PT-0.7°C minus Baseline Stimulation at PT-0.7°C minus Baseline Stimulation at PT+0.7°C minus Baseline 1512660649221 cnt_4e5e7c8b11873 Stimulation at PT+0.7°C minus Baseline Stimulation at PT+0.7°C minus Baseline Stimulation at PT+1.3°C minus Baseline 1512660649185 cnt_4e5e7ca787237 Stimulation at PT+1.3°C minus Baseline Stimulation at PT+1.3°C minus Baseline Cold pain vs. Baseline 1512660660992 cnt_4e5fcfb15979e Cold pain vs. Baseline Cold pain vs. Baseline Cool vs. Baseline 1512660661025 cnt_4e5fcfc70842b Cool vs. Baseline Cool vs. Baseline Thermal Grill vs. Baseline 1512660661062 cnt_4e5fcfe2883a1 Thermal Grill vs. Baseline Thermal Grill vs. Baseline Warm vs. Baseline 1512660661094 cnt_4e5fcff423ea1 Warm vs. Baseline Warm vs. Baseline Heat pain vs. Baseline 1512660661129 cnt_4e5fd004d47d7 Heat pain vs. Baseline Heat pain vs. Baseline Pain versus No Pain 1512660661162 cnt_4e611331826a0 Pain versus No Pain Pain versus No Pain Pain versus No Pain 1512660661194 cnt_4e61222e46c9c Pain versus No Pain Pain versus No Pain Noxious Cold minus Innocuous Cool 1512660661223 cnt_4e664e2ed4231 Noxious Cold minus Innocuous Cool Noxious Cold minus Innocuous Cool Innocuous Cool minus Neutral 1512660661254 cnt_4e664e4c90bf1 Innocuous Cool minus Neutral Innocuous Cool minus Neutral Painful versus Baseline 1512660661286 cnt_4e68e16ce673d Painful versus Baseline Painful versus Baseline Non-Painful versus Baseline 1512660661321 cnt_4e68e188bfadc Non-Painful versus Baseline Non-Painful versus Baseline Painful versus Non-Painful 1512660661352 cnt_4e68e1b3598ac Painful versus Non-Painful Painful versus Non-Painful Capsaicin-Evoked Pain versus Rest 1512660661387 cnt_4e6a2fce43903 Capsaicin-Evoked Pain versus Rest Capsaicin-Evoked Pain versus Rest Heat Stimulation versus Baseline 1512660661420 cnt_4e6a34f8c2f2c Heat Stimulation versus Baseline Heat Stimulation versus Baseline Cold Task versus Baseline 1512660661454 cnt_4e6a45ef2fdb1 Cold Task versus Baseline Cold Task versus Baseline Pain Task versus Cold Task 1512660661485 cnt_4e6a4602d08c8 Pain Task versus Cold Task Pain Task versus Cold Task successful stop minus go 1512660661518 cnt_4ebca1f15eb7d successful stop minus go successful stop minus go failed stop-critical 1512660661551 cnt_4ebca202935c6 failed stop-critical failed stop-critical failed stop-noncritical 1512660661581 cnt_4ebca22149619 failed stop-noncritical failed stop-noncritical junk 1512660661613 cnt_4ebca2351bb79 junk junk deterministic classification trials 1512660661643 cnt_4ebca72d737c1 deterministic classification trials deterministic classification trials blocks of both probabilistic classification trials and deterministic classification trials 1512660661675 cnt_4ebca8b8bb859 blocks of both probabilistic classification trials and deterministic classification trials blocks of both probabilistic classification trials and deterministic classification trials tone counting trials 1512660661708 cnt_4ebca9e1d3a16 tone counting trials tone counting trials dual task classification learning trials 1512660661740 cnt_4ebcaa463d20e dual task classification learning trials dual task classification learning trials dual-task tone counting probe 1512660661772 cnt_4ebcaa52e7dbd dual-task tone counting probe dual-task tone counting probe single task classification learning trials 1512660661805 cnt_4ebcaa755a7e5 single task classification learning trials single task classification learning trials classification trials: probabilistic 1512660661839 cnt_4ebcaad4c41d7 classification trials: probabilistic classification trials: probabilistic number of correctly recalled items 1512660661924 cnt_4f41830a3d5a9 number of correctly recalled items number of correctly recalled items reaction time 1512660661958 cnt_4fb3f6ec53aa5 reaction time reaction time stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) 1512660644940 cnt_4ffcb50c3f71c stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) Interstimulus Interval (ISI) 1512660662000 cnt_4ffdbab8b5539 Interstimulus Interval (ISI) Interstimulus Interval (ISI) same size-different size 1512660662066 cnt_50046d4f1c8a1 same size-different size same size-different size CS-participant report disparity 1512660655714 cnt_500478a733748 CS-participant report disparity CS-participant report disparity variable – invariant 1512660662124 cnt_50049a0f821aa variable – invariant variable – invariant number of distractors 1512660662162 cnt_5005b3ba37b11 number of distractors number of distractors consistent - inconsistent 1512660662229 cnt_5005c1421ee49 consistent - inconsistent consistent - inconsistent target - distractor 1512660662280 cnt_5005c2c544201 target - distractor target - distractor reward amount 1512660662330 cnt_5005c88d1f7fc reward amount reward amount reward probability 1512660662364 cnt_5005c89dd6bef reward probability reward probability reward probability-amount ratio 1512660662402 cnt_5005ca466073a reward probability-amount ratio reward probability-amount ratio (out-of-phase) - (in-phase) 1512660662440 cnt_5005cae1dffba (out-of-phase) - (in-phase) (out-of-phase) - (in-phase) number of correct identifications 1512660662477 cnt_5005cc79902cc number of correct identifications number of correct identifications degree of association between unattended and attended 1512660662511 cnt_5007088618bd2 degree of association between unattended and attended degree of association between unattended and attended commission errors (false alarms) 1512660662546 cnt_50070d3b312f4 commission errors (false alarms) commission errors (false alarms) commission errors (false alarms) 1512660662583 cnt_50070f2604b71 commission errors (false alarms) commission errors (false alarms) proportion of correct to incorrect responses 1512660662624 cnt_50070f5d10c03 proportion of correct to incorrect responses proportion of correct to incorrect responses proportion of correct to incorrect responses 1512660662662 cnt_50070f9310204 proportion of correct to incorrect responses proportion of correct to incorrect responses one cue versus two cues 1512660662698 cnt_500712871f6d5 one cue versus two cues one cue versus two cues short versus long 1512660662735 cnt_5007128e8defa short versus long short versus long distraction minus standard 1512660662769 cnt_50071af2372d9 distraction minus standard distraction minus standard valid versus invalid 1512660662816 cnt_5007217a45778 valid versus invalid valid versus invalid dual minus control 1512660662853 cnt_500723252de72 dual minus control dual minus control target size 1512660662887 cnt_5007421b7d846 target size target size movement amplitude 1512660662921 cnt_5007422433506 movement amplitude movement amplitude peak velocity 1512660662954 cnt_500742e46e628 peak velocity peak velocity target shape 1512660662986 cnt_5007432c64f97 target shape target shape target visibility 1512660663021 cnt_50074380529ff target visibility target visibility famous minus nonfamous 1512660663054 cnt_500746cd3e89f famous minus nonfamous famous minus nonfamous level of processing (semantic versus phonemic or structural) 1512660663095 cnt_500daccbafe09 level of processing (semantic versus phonemic or structural) level of processing (semantic versus phonemic or structural) presence versus absence of spatial cues 1512660663128 cnt_500ddba625847 presence versus absence of spatial cues presence versus absence of spatial cues experimental minus control 1512660663162 cnt_500ed6d06dd2e experimental minus control experimental minus control nonword length (number of syllables) 1512660663206 cnt_500edcfd883ea nonword length (number of syllables) nonword length (number of syllables) incongruent minus congruent 1512660663240 cnt_5016d66e0ecb7 incongruent minus congruent incongruent minus congruent mental age (difficulty) of maze 1512660663271 cnt_5016e1b12e5c8 mental age (difficulty) of maze mental age (difficulty) of maze final reversal errors minus correct responses 1512660663307 cnt_5016e59e25341 final reversal errors minus correct responses final reversal errors minus correct responses other preceding reversal errors minus correct responses 1512660663339 cnt_5016e5ab53cce other preceding reversal errors minus correct responses other preceding reversal errors minus correct responses probabilistic errors minus correct responses 1512660663371 cnt_5016e5b8068a9 probabilistic errors minus correct responses probabilistic errors minus correct responses final reversal errors minus other preceding reversal errors 1512660663403 cnt_5016e5c349611 final reversal errors minus other preceding reversal errors final reversal errors minus other preceding reversal errors final reversal errors minus probabilistic errors 1512660663437 cnt_5016e5cec4bf4 final reversal errors minus probabilistic errors final reversal errors minus probabilistic errors high importance versus low importance 1512660663469 cnt_5016ecda0cb5d high importance versus low importance high importance versus low importance proportion of dots moving randomly 1512660663500 cnt_501702188843e proportion of dots moving randomly proportion of dots moving randomly angular distance between test view and study view 1512660663533 cnt_501715cead551 angular distance between test view and study view angular distance between test view and study view primed versus unprimed 1512660663565 cnt_50183f13074db primed versus unprimed primed versus unprimed number of moves required to complete task 1512660663597 cnt_50184d223ef01 number of moves required to complete task number of moves required to complete task speed versus accuracy 1512660663628 cnt_50185135a51fc speed versus accuracy speed versus accuracy target infrequent omission 1512660663661 cnt_50185b18ad99e target infrequent omission target infrequent omission target frequent commission 1512660663692 cnt_50185b2433de1 target frequent commission target frequent commission relational complexity 1512660663723 cnt_50200ddfae9f9 relational complexity relational complexity amnesic versus control performance 1512660663756 cnt_5020142926f05 amnesic versus control performance amnesic versus control performance sequence length 1512660647372 cnt_5020196a49a19 sequence length sequence length stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) 1512660647437 cnt_5020250f031a2 stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) d' 1512660663824 cnt_50203c822eed9 d' d' unconditional stimulus 1512660648772 cnt_5020421e4a79e unconditional stimulus unconditional stimulus sequence length 1512660663856 cnt_5020507780603 sequence length sequence length decision making latency in ascending versus descending betting condition 1512660663887 cnt_50215d225f015 decision making latency in ascending versus descending betting condition decision making latency in ascending versus descending betting condition localized brain activation in face matching versus other object matching 1512660663918 cnt_502168c10e933 localized brain activation in face matching versus other object matching localized brain activation in face matching versus other object matching interfering versus non-interfering 1512660663982 cnt_502174397e768 interfering versus non-interfering interfering versus non-interfering identification of global feature versus identification of local feature 1512660664014 cnt_5021877eb2bcf identification of global feature versus identification of local feature identification of global feature versus identification of local feature d' 1512660664046 cnt_502199a142cab d' d' "safe" deck versus "risky" deck choices 1512660664077 cnt_5021a042336c1 "safe" deck versus "risky" deck choices "safe" deck versus "risky" deck choices proportion of correct responses 1512660664109 cnt_5021ae2c2ab3c proportion of correct responses proportion of correct responses mean length of utterance (MLU) score 1512660664143 cnt_5021b4664cfbb mean length of utterance (MLU) score mean length of utterance (MLU) score frequency of overregularization 1512660664174 cnt_5021b53e64523 frequency of overregularization frequency of overregularization usage of correct irregular word forms 1512660664205 cnt_5021b5773a9ae usage of correct irregular word forms usage of correct irregular word forms comprehension of common phrases 1512660664233 cnt_5022b4801fb23 comprehension of common phrases comprehension of common phrases comprehension of single words 1512660664264 cnt_5022b48dbd8e8 comprehension of single words comprehension of single words vocabulary production 1512660664295 cnt_5022b4da18b61 vocabulary production vocabulary production gesture production 1512660664333 cnt_5022b5173b371 gesture production gesture production use of suffixes 1512660664365 cnt_5022b539a2698 use of suffixes use of suffixes onset of combinatorial language 1512660664395 cnt_5022b5727f9d6 onset of combinatorial language onset of combinatorial language response time * accuracy compared to median 1512660664427 cnt_5022b85961b86 response time * accuracy compared to median response time * accuracy compared to median meditation versus control self-report of affect 1512660664466 cnt_5022e4acafe58 meditation versus control self-report of affect meditation versus control self-report of affect general oscillatory synchrony 1512660664497 cnt_5022e4e75d375 general oscillatory synchrony general oscillatory synchrony meditation versus control decrease in power of alpha oscillations 1512660664530 cnt_5022eb6a0eabd meditation versus control decrease in power of alpha oscillations meditation versus control decrease in power of alpha oscillations meditation versus control frontal midline theta activity 1512660664574 cnt_5022ec302de82 meditation versus control frontal midline theta activity meditation versus control frontal midline theta activity meditation versus control theta oscillations 1512660664608 cnt_5022f0d06e757 meditation versus control theta oscillations meditation versus control theta oscillations meditation versus control galvanic skin response 1512660664642 cnt_5022f1079e925 meditation versus control galvanic skin response meditation versus control galvanic skin response meditation versus control alpha coherence 1512660664673 cnt_5022f28631d3c meditation versus control alpha coherence meditation versus control alpha coherence CS-US interval 1512660664705 cnt_5023f9f966183 CS-US interval CS-US interval trace interval duration 1512660664738 cnt_5023ff000759f trace interval duration trace interval duration post-extinction response to CS 1512660664768 cnt_5024025b137a6 post-extinction response to CS post-extinction response to CS post-extinction response to US 1512660664810 cnt_502403657d971 post-extinction response to US post-extinction response to US reponse to US1 versus response to US2 1512660664841 cnt_50240446b8e2e reponse to US1 versus response to US2 reponse to US1 versus response to US2 punishment 1512660664872 cnt_50241122ad82b punishment punishment reinforcement 1512660664903 cnt_5024120d1b9af reinforcement reinforcement behavior - consequence interval 1512660664936 cnt_5024196b356d6 behavior - consequence interval behavior - consequence interval P cue–no cue P 1512660664969 cnt_5024229cb9cef P cue–no cue P P cue–no cue P no cue U–no cue N 1512660665001 cnt_502422c805b89 no cue U–no cue N no cue U–no cue N number of items to be counted (past subitizing threshold) 1512660665035 cnt_50295799192b3 number of items to be counted (past subitizing threshold) number of items to be counted (past subitizing threshold) number of distractors 1512660665068 cnt_50295a3179605 number of distractors number of distractors high minus low load conditions 1512660665100 cnt_50295d51eda87 high minus low load conditions high minus low load conditions proportion of dots moving in a specific direction other than target 1512660665131 cnt_502a9a529d5d1 proportion of dots moving in a specific direction other than target proportion of dots moving in a specific direction other than target cumulative duration of exposure to stimulus 1512660665163 cnt_502ac610413b0 cumulative duration of exposure to stimulus cumulative duration of exposure to stimulus duration of stimulus presentation interval 1512660665194 cnt_502ac6291faaa duration of stimulus presentation interval duration of stimulus presentation interval cumulative duration of exposure to stimulus 1512660665361 cnt_502ac644ac8c8 cumulative duration of exposure to stimulus cumulative duration of exposure to stimulus contrast between stimuli 1512660665393 cnt_502ace1922626 contrast between stimuli contrast between stimuli number of exposures to stimulus 1512660665423 cnt_502acf9fbd81c number of exposures to stimulus number of exposures to stimulus degree of head tilt (HT) 1512660665454 cnt_502ade3a6b4d4 degree of head tilt (HT) degree of head tilt (HT) degree of body tilt (BT) 1512660665486 cnt_502ade46b2038 degree of body tilt (BT) degree of body tilt (BT) degree of trunk tilt (TT) 1512660665518 cnt_502ade521b4bd degree of trunk tilt (TT) degree of trunk tilt (TT) HT - BT 1512660665550 cnt_502ade6246b25 HT - BT HT - BT HT - TT 1512660665583 cnt_502ade7522e56 HT - TT HT - TT stimulus contrast 1512660665626 cnt_502beb1124278 stimulus contrast stimulus contrast signal-to-noise ratio 1512660665660 cnt_502beb3168bac signal-to-noise ratio signal-to-noise ratio eccentricity of distractor stimuli 1512660665692 cnt_502bef633e582 eccentricity of distractor stimuli eccentricity of distractor stimuli post-extinction duration 1512660665732 cnt_5032be8b13109 post-extinction duration post-extinction duration response time for "bad" or risky doors minus response time for "good" doors 1512660645278 cnt_50b40c06406f1 response time for "bad" or risky doors minus response time for "good" doors response time for "bad" or risky doors minus response time for "good" doors accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls 1512660665761 cnt_50b40c1b28ad3 accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls accuracy of subject minus average accuracy of controls number of "good" doors chosen vs. number of "bad" doors 1512660665792 cnt_50b40c3aa95af number of "good" doors chosen vs. number of "bad" doors number of "good" doors chosen vs. number of "bad" doors stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) 1512660644995 cnt_50b42fb7d7c9d stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) reaction time 1512660665823 cnt_50b55e542e51d reaction time reaction time omissions 1512660665855 cnt_50b55e6945a0e omissions omissions commissions (false positives) 1512660665889 cnt_50b55e7cdd645 commissions (false positives) commissions (false positives) % correct recall 1512660665920 cnt_50b6603a36ae2 % correct recall % correct recall response time to incongruent vs. response time to congruent 1512660665952 cnt_50b666dabe619 response time to incongruent vs. response time to congruent response time to incongruent vs. response time to congruent self-report vs. task report 1512660665987 cnt_50b667617b8fb self-report vs. task report self-report vs. task report correct 1512660666113 cnt_50eb0b3d09ef0 correct correct incorrect 1512660666145 cnt_50eb0b44d1ca2 incorrect incorrect theta score 1512660666178 cnt_50eb0ec7d3a0e theta score theta score correct 1512660666211 cnt_50eb12958b083 correct correct incorrect 1512660666242 cnt_50eb129d5a541 incorrect incorrect number of adjacent pairs correct 1512660666273 cnt_50eb14da0c5d3 number of adjacent pairs correct number of adjacent pairs correct number of items correctly recalled 1512660666304 cnt_50eb17d3cde37 number of items correctly recalled number of items correctly recalled number of incorrect dimension assignments 1512660666334 cnt_50eb183de4efb number of incorrect dimension assignments number of incorrect dimension assignments number correct 1512660666380 cnt_50eb1b6d46337 number correct number correct correct pronunciation 1512660666412 cnt_50eb3da904b79 correct pronunciation correct pronunciation identification 1512660666444 cnt_50eb3dca702f2 identification identification # of words recalled 1512660666475 cnt_50eb42b349127 # of words recalled # of words recalled number correct 1512660666507 cnt_50eb467d50cab number correct number correct time to complete 1512660666541 cnt_50eb4e0450867 time to complete time to complete pounds or kilograms of force 1512660666573 cnt_50eb53a183bb6 pounds or kilograms of force pounds or kilograms of force postural sway 1512660666605 cnt_50eb55fe03a71 postural sway postural sway normalized path length 1512660666637 cnt_50eb562b899ef normalized path length normalized path length number of seconds to walk 4m 1512660666669 cnt_50eb6892e9317 number of seconds to walk 4m number of seconds to walk 4m distance walked 1512660666703 cnt_50eb6bfb7e504 distance walked distance walked hearing threshold (the level below which the subject cannot hear tones) 1512660666738 cnt_50f3752d9402b hearing threshold (the level below which the subject cannot hear tones) hearing threshold (the level below which the subject cannot hear tones) self-report score 1512660666804 cnt_50f377a5d345e self-report score self-report score generalized labeled magnitude scale (gLMS) 1512660666836 cnt_50f37b522549b generalized labeled magnitude scale (gLMS) generalized labeled magnitude scale (gLMS) minimum visible size 1512660666772 cnt_50f37cfea325a minimum visible size minimum visible size survey IRT score 1512660666868 cnt_50f37f45b00e2 survey IRT score survey IRT score minimum size visible while still minus while in motion 1512660666899 cnt_50f38168aba37 minimum size visible while still minus while in motion minimum size visible while still minus while in motion minimum size visible while in motion 1512660666931 cnt_50f381d2aab5a minimum size visible while in motion minimum size visible while in motion minimum size visible while still 1512660666962 cnt_50f381df14722 minimum size visible while still minimum size visible while still number correct 1512660666994 cnt_50f38423c93aa number correct number correct total score 1512660667026 cnt_50f3bc8c135bc total score total score total score 1512660667057 cnt_50f3c03878ce3 total score total score suppression - control (articulatory suppression effect) 1512660667090 cnt_50f582e4f0a26 suppression - control (articulatory suppression effect) suppression - control (articulatory suppression effect) total score 1512660667123 cnt_50f5bff7748da total score total score success 1512660667154 cnt_50f72efe2012e success success shift-related incorrect responses 1512660667185 cnt_50f7303ade3dd shift-related incorrect responses shift-related incorrect responses number correct 1512660667216 cnt_50f7346907d30 number correct number correct false positives 1512660667247 cnt_50f73471382f8 false positives false positives percent correct 1512660667278 cnt_50f73673c04d8 percent correct percent correct question-by-question analysis 1512660667310 cnt_50f737c173e2a question-by-question analysis question-by-question analysis mean number of boxes opened 1512660667341 cnt_50f73dbc3a2e7 mean number of boxes opened mean number of boxes opened probability of the participant's decision being correct based on the available evidence at the time of the decision 1512660667372 cnt_50f73de372e77 probability of the participant's decision being correct based on the available evidence at the time of the decision probability of the participant's decision being correct based on the available evidence at the time of the decision number correct 1512660667405 cnt_50f7409730966 number correct number correct number correct 1512660667439 cnt_50f741b1591cf number correct number correct number correct 1512660667470 cnt_50f844459f8c3 number correct number correct shift-related incorrect responses 1512660667504 cnt_50f8444dd50db shift-related incorrect responses shift-related incorrect responses number of moves required to complete task 1512660667535 cnt_50f84d060a842 number of moves required to complete task number of moves required to complete task number of problems solved on first choice 1512660667658 cnt_50f84d6fe2b09 number of problems solved on first choice number of problems solved on first choice response latency 1512660667692 cnt_50f84ec36494c response latency response latency movement time 1512660667725 cnt_50f84ecaeb640 movement time movement time false positives 1512660667754 cnt_50f851ed64f5f false positives false positives number correct 1512660667785 cnt_50f851f7a2cf5 number correct number correct number correct 1512660667816 cnt_50f853460010d number correct number correct false positives 1512660667848 cnt_50f8535a4f6f2 false positives false positives span length 1512660667878 cnt_50f862a47dd49 span length span length false positives 1512660667911 cnt_50f862ae98fc9 false positives false positives percent correct 1512660667942 cnt_50f864a19c88d percent correct percent correct false positives 1512660667972 cnt_50f864aed1ce5 false positives false positives percent correct 1512660668005 cnt_50f99541d75ac percent correct percent correct number correct 1512660668044 cnt_50f9992176d5c number correct number correct number of correct rejections 1512660668077 cnt_50f999352af03 number of correct rejections number of correct rejections false positives 1512660668109 cnt_50f9993f9d744 false positives false positives number correct 1512660668143 cnt_50f99e5dc7aff number correct number correct number of correct rejections 1512660668177 cnt_50f99e6433ec8 number of correct rejections number of correct rejections false positives 1512660668209 cnt_50f99e6849d22 false positives false positives number correct 1512660668243 cnt_50f9db0e69e86 number correct number correct number of correct rejections 1512660668276 cnt_50f9db1e70ebe number of correct rejections number of correct rejections false positives 1512660668309 cnt_50f9db2500981 false positives false positives percent correct 1512660668345 cnt_5106ec3ec9e23 percent correct percent correct number correct forward 1512660668376 cnt_5106ef685b53d number correct forward number correct forward number correct backward 1512660668410 cnt_5106ef70e1f21 number correct backward number correct backward number in correct order 1512660668443 cnt_5106ef8038cf0 number in correct order number in correct order percent correct 1512660668476 cnt_5106f430082a0 percent correct percent correct number correct 1512660668512 cnt_5106f549c82ae number correct number correct correct identifications 1512660668546 cnt_510707278e097 correct identifications correct identifications false positives 1512660668579 cnt_515490d277b2e false positives false positives number correct 1512660668612 cnt_5154924daead4 number correct number correct d'-context 1512660668646 cnt_515495ee6ef15 d'-context d'-context beta (response criterion) 1512660668679 cnt_515495f61ce8b beta (response criterion) beta (response criterion) difference from indifference 1512660668712 cnt_5175b81f53bf3 difference from indifference difference from indifference mirror minus plain 1512660669184 cnt_5176d049049f8 mirror minus plain mirror minus plain parametric gain 1512660646879 cnt_5181f79e38fb2 parametric gain parametric gain Go trial 1512660669119 cnt_5181f83b8eaae Go trial Go trial Stop trial 1512660669152 cnt_5181f83b8ec28 Stop trial Stop trial Stop Signal Reaction Time 1512660669022 cnt_5181f83b8ece8 Stop Signal Reaction Time Stop Signal Reaction Time Successful Stop Trial 1512660669055 cnt_5181f83b8ed9a Successful Stop Trial Successful Stop Trial Unsuccessful stop trial 1512660669087 cnt_5181f83b8ee51 Unsuccessful stop trial Unsuccessful stop trial Successful Stop trial - Go trial 1512660668988 cnt_5181f83b8ef06 Successful Stop trial - Go trial Successful Stop trial - Go trial successful stop trial minus go trial 1512660668918 cnt_5181f863d5290 successful stop trial minus go trial successful stop trial minus go trial stop signal reaction time 1512660668952 cnt_5181f863d5370 stop signal reaction time stop signal reaction time successful stop trial 1512660668846 cnt_5181f863d542a successful stop trial successful stop trial unsuccessful stop trial 1512660668881 cnt_5181f863d54db unsuccessful stop trial unsuccessful stop trial go trial 1512660668780 cnt_5181f863d5591 go trial go trial stop trial 1512660668812 cnt_5181f863d5647 stop trial stop trial classification learning trials 1512660668746 cnt_5181fb7c1b60c classification learning trials classification learning trials total score 1512660669254 cnt_51dd9e934148a total score total score social skill 1512660669285 cnt_51ec19c434db0 social skill social skill attention switching 1512660669317 cnt_51ec19d22283e attention switching attention switching attention to detail 1512660669350 cnt_51ec19df23bcb attention to detail attention to detail communication 1512660669380 cnt_51ec19f5be290 communication communication imagination 1512660669412 cnt_51ec1a03c57f1 imagination imagination communication total 1512660669444 cnt_520613b7ec09c communication total communication total play total 1512660669475 cnt_520613c2e388b play total play total social interaction total 1512660669509 cnt_520613ce52654 social interaction total social interaction total communication + social interaction total 1512660669541 cnt_520613efddbc2 communication + social interaction total communication + social interaction total stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests Total 1512660669579 cnt_5206140b96f95 stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests Total stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests Total Average difference in degrees from correct answer 1512660669612 cnt_5206bf3813b0d Average difference in degrees from correct answer Average difference in degrees from correct answer social awareness 1512660669643 cnt_5208ff7d82bce social awareness social awareness total score 1512660669674 cnt_5208ff894a6b7 total score total score social cognition 1512660669706 cnt_5208ffc82d64b social cognition social cognition autistic mannerisms 1512660669738 cnt_5208fff0019d6 autistic mannerisms autistic mannerisms social communication 1512660669769 cnt_520900032796f social communication social communication social motivation 1512660669802 cnt_520900265b01d social motivation social motivation visual delayed 1512660669868 cnt_52167f5cba608 visual delayed visual delayed verbal immediate 1512660669900 cnt_52167f717dac6 verbal immediate verbal immediate verbal delayed 1512660669931 cnt_52167f804e5e1 verbal delayed verbal delayed general memory 1512660669966 cnt_52167f957d6ea general memory general memory attention/concentration 1512660669998 cnt_52167fa84c173 attention/concentration attention/concentration learning 1512660670033 cnt_52167fb957a15 learning learning delayed recognition 1512660670065 cnt_52167fc85b968 delayed recognition delayed recognition visual immediate 1512660669834 cnt_52168231ae8b5 visual immediate visual immediate total score 1512660670097 cnt_52168a5a4c3d7 total score total score reciprical social interaction 1512660670131 cnt_52168a770f5c0 reciprical social interaction reciprical social interaction communication 1512660670163 cnt_52168a8712870 communication communication restrictive and repetitive behavior 1512660670196 cnt_52168a9794c01 restrictive and repetitive behavior restrictive and repetitive behavior Irritability/Agitation 1512660670228 cnt_523c7cdacdc20 Irritability/Agitation Irritability/Agitation Lethargy/Social Withdrawal 1512660670260 cnt_523c7cf0ea7b4 Lethargy/Social Withdrawal Lethargy/Social Withdrawal Stereotypic Behavior 1512660670295 cnt_523c7d0de6735 Stereotypic Behavior Stereotypic Behavior Hyperactivity/Noncompliance 1512660670338 cnt_523c7d1fc539f Hyperactivity/Noncompliance Hyperactivity/Noncompliance Inappropriate Speech 1512660670368 cnt_523c7d2b82709 Inappropriate Speech Inappropriate Speech Externalizing 1512660670432 cnt_523ca9488df58 Externalizing Externalizing Internalizing 1512660670401 cnt_523ca992819fd Internalizing Internalizing ADHD Inattentive - Severity Score 1512660670465 cnt_523df6dc5a14b ADHD Inattentive - Severity Score ADHD Inattentive - Severity Score ADHD Combined - Severity Score 1512660670496 cnt_523df6e767ea6 ADHD Combined - Severity Score ADHD Combined - Severity Score ADHD Hyperactivity / Impulsivity - Severity Score 1512660670528 cnt_523df7075b68e ADHD Hyperactivity / Impulsivity - Severity Score ADHD Hyperactivity / Impulsivity - Severity Score Conduct Disorder - Severity Score 1512660670560 cnt_523df7166b0aa Conduct Disorder - Severity Score Conduct Disorder - Severity Score Antisocial Personality - Severity Score 1512660670591 cnt_523df727b2b2d Antisocial Personality - Severity Score Antisocial Personality - Severity Score General Anxiety Disorder - Severity Score 1512660670623 cnt_523df733af85f General Anxiety Disorder - Severity Score General Anxiety Disorder - Severity Score Opposition Defiant Disorder - Severity Score 1512660670656 cnt_523df74587157 Opposition Defiant Disorder - Severity Score Opposition Defiant Disorder - Severity Score Specific Phobia - Severity Score 1512660670687 cnt_523df759d51e4 Specific Phobia - Severity Score Specific Phobia - Severity Score Panic Attack - Severity Score 1512660670720 cnt_523df76abff7c Panic Attack - Severity Score Panic Attack - Severity Score Obsessions - Severity Score 1512660670757 cnt_523df778821d2 Obsessions - Severity Score Obsessions - Severity Score Compulsions - Severity Score 1512660670789 cnt_523df7816b16b Compulsions - Severity Score Compulsions - Severity Score PTSD - Severity Score 1512660670821 cnt_523df78aee64c PTSD - Severity Score PTSD - Severity Score Motor Tics - Severity Score 1512660670869 cnt_523df7992469b Motor Tics - Severity Score Motor Tics - Severity Score Vocal Tics - Severity Score 1512660670902 cnt_523df7a5120c9 Vocal Tics - Severity Score Vocal Tics - Severity Score Somatization Disorder - Severity Score 1512660670936 cnt_523df7b28d95a Somatization Disorder - Severity Score Somatization Disorder - Severity Score Social Phobia - Severity Score 1512660670970 cnt_523df7c01a116 Social Phobia - Severity Score Social Phobia - Severity Score Separation Anxiety - Severity Score 1512660671004 cnt_523df7d6697ef Separation Anxiety - Severity Score Separation Anxiety - Severity Score Schizoid Personality - Severity Score 1512660671036 cnt_523df7e0f0100 Schizoid Personality - Severity Score Schizoid Personality - Severity Score Schizophrenia - Severity Score 1512660671069 cnt_523df7fc9aa9f Schizophrenia - Severity Score Schizophrenia - Severity Score Nocturnal Enuresis - Severity Score 1512660671107 cnt_523df80a6d9a1 Nocturnal Enuresis - Severity Score Nocturnal Enuresis - Severity Score Major Depressive Disorder - Severity Score 1512660671144 cnt_523df8243edb4 Major Depressive Disorder - Severity Score Major Depressive Disorder - Severity Score Enuresis, Encopresis - Severity Score 1512660671180 cnt_523df830e8f93 Enuresis, Encopresis - Severity Score Enuresis, Encopresis - Severity Score Dysthymic Disorder - Severity Score 1512660671216 cnt_523df847494a2 Dysthymic Disorder - Severity Score Dysthymic Disorder - Severity Score Anorexia Nervosa - Severity Score 1512660671251 cnt_523df856697a2 Anorexia Nervosa - Severity Score Anorexia Nervosa - Severity Score Bipolar Disorder - Severity Score 1512660671293 cnt_523df86e56445 Bipolar Disorder - Severity Score Bipolar Disorder - Severity Score Bulimia Nervosa - Severity Score 1512660671331 cnt_523df87d24f91 Bulimia Nervosa - Severity Score Bulimia Nervosa - Severity Score aloof personality 1512660671365 cnt_523dfd6ddf9ef aloof personality aloof personality rigid personality 1512660671403 cnt_523dfd7f816b6 rigid personality rigid personality pragmatic language 1512660671436 cnt_523dfd9d6a5ba pragmatic language pragmatic language total score 1512660671469 cnt_523e12859c3ce total score total score visual perception score 1512660671515 cnt_523f592b5aaf9 visual perception score visual perception score motor coordination score 1512660671551 cnt_523f593964534 motor coordination score motor coordination score energy/extraversion 1512660671585 cnt_523f5c34d27c1 energy/extraversion energy/extraversion conscientiousness 1512660671619 cnt_523f5c4dc38bf conscientiousness conscientiousness emotional instability 1512660671652 cnt_523f5c5e490b9 emotional instability emotional instability agreeableness 1512660671686 cnt_523f5c6c34adc agreeableness agreeableness intellect/openness 1512660671719 cnt_523f5c876e89c intellect/openness intellect/openness social interest 1512660671754 cnt_524055e0365e7 social interest social interest expressiveness 1512660671788 cnt_524055ec1c81d expressiveness expressiveness restricted interests 1512660671821 cnt_52405600433b6 restricted interests restricted interests conversational skill 1512660671854 cnt_5240560bb6b8c conversational skill conversational skill anxiety 1512660671891 cnt_52405bbeec6bc anxiety anxiety hostility 1512660671924 cnt_52405bc94d887 hostility hostility depression 1512660671957 cnt_52405bd546e33 depression depression somatization 1512660671992 cnt_52405be30419a somatization somatization interpersonal sensitivity 1512660672027 cnt_52405bf41b0f9 interpersonal sensitivity interpersonal sensitivity psychosis 1512660672060 cnt_52405bff90283 psychosis psychosis paranoid 1512660672094 cnt_52405c0bec117 paranoid paranoid obsessive compulsive 1512660672126 cnt_52405c167b088 obsessive compulsive obsessive compulsive phobia 1512660672160 cnt_52405c29582fb phobia phobia emotionally reactive 1512660672197 cnt_524b4a6b1b418 emotionally reactive emotionally reactive anxious depressed 1512660672230 cnt_524b4a79a1a62 anxious depressed anxious depressed somatic complaints 1512660672264 cnt_524b4a92ba8fb somatic complaints somatic complaints withdrawn 1512660672297 cnt_524b4a9eaee3a withdrawn withdrawn sleep problems 1512660672331 cnt_524b4aab945a1 sleep problems sleep problems attention problems 1512660672372 cnt_524b4ac7607c5 attention problems attention problems aggressive behavior 1512660672405 cnt_524b4ad9275ba aggressive behavior aggressive behavior internalizing problems 1512660672439 cnt_524b4aef50da4 internalizing problems internalizing problems externalizing problems 1512660672486 cnt_524b4afe10a65 externalizing problems externalizing problems affective problems 1512660672528 cnt_524b4b114d758 affective problems affective problems anxiety problems 1512660672561 cnt_524b4b1c6dd43 anxiety problems anxiety problems pervasive developmental score 1512660672593 cnt_524b4b30ea93c pervasive developmental score pervasive developmental score attention deficit hyperactivity 1512660672625 cnt_524b4b4506e51 attention deficit hyperactivity attention deficit hyperactivity social problems 1512660672688 cnt_524b4b83ab297 social problems social problems thought problems 1512660672720 cnt_524b4b8f51cef thought problems thought problems obsessive compulsive problems 1512660672752 cnt_524b4baf1f04d obsessive compulsive problems obsessive compulsive problems post traumatic stress problems 1512660672784 cnt_524b4bc9ee0a0 post traumatic stress problems post traumatic stress problems conduct problems 1512660672816 cnt_524b4d978c37c conduct problems conduct problems oppositional defiant problems 1512660672656 cnt_524b4db24ad5e oppositional defiant problems oppositional defiant problems attention scale 1512660672849 cnt_524b5702780ad attention scale attention scale persistence 1512660672880 cnt_524b570288099 persistence persistence interest involvement 1512660672913 cnt_524b570288b15 interest involvement interest involvement initiation of activities 1512660672944 cnt_524b575f2b696 initiation of activities initiation of activities joint attention 1512660672977 cnt_524b5772e43a8 joint attention joint attention affect 1512660673012 cnt_524b578b851f8 affect affect language structure 1512660673045 cnt_5255c9e5a349e language structure language structure pragmatic skills 1512660673078 cnt_5255c9f1ebfda pragmatic skills pragmatic skills social engagement 1512660673110 cnt_5255c9fbe77f0 social engagement social engagement speech 1512660673197 cnt_5255cb7b65a68 speech speech general communication composite 1512660673229 cnt_5255cb8a5a7c9 general communication composite general communication composite syntax 1512660673261 cnt_5255cbcce4b86 syntax syntax semantics 1512660673294 cnt_5255cbd7b880a semantics semantics coherence 1512660673329 cnt_5255cbe8f3d77 coherence coherence initiation 1512660673361 cnt_5255cbf47097d initiation initiation context 1512660673400 cnt_5255cc169ffda context context scripted language 1512660673438 cnt_5255cc24c4013 scripted language scripted language interests 1512660673471 cnt_5255cc441ddfb interests interests sleep 1512660673503 cnt_52583b494605a sleep sleep appetite 1512660673538 cnt_52583b62b9127 appetite appetite sadness 1512660673573 cnt_52583ba6ea3bd sadness sadness thinking / concentration 1512660673605 cnt_52583bbbcfd9c thinking / concentration thinking / concentration lack of interest 1512660673636 cnt_52583bc89a63b lack of interest lack of interest guilt 1512660673669 cnt_52583bd8020da guilt guilt tired / fatigue 1512660673700 cnt_52583beae7af6 tired / fatigue tired / fatigue suicidal ideation 1512660673733 cnt_52583c058bea0 suicidal ideation suicidal ideation total score 1512660673776 cnt_525c4abf79872 total score total score inattention score 1512660673808 cnt_525c4ccfd861d inattention score inattention score hyperactivity score 1512660673841 cnt_525c4cdf291ad hyperactivity score hyperactivity score learning problems 1512660673873 cnt_525c4cf3157f7 learning problems learning problems executive functioning 1512660673905 cnt_525c4d023f957 executive functioning executive functioning aggression 1512660673938 cnt_525c4d10ef555 aggression aggression peer relations 1512660673974 cnt_525c4d2927062 peer relations peer relations oppositional 1512660674007 cnt_525c572fd0e6b oppositional oppositional cognitive problems 1512660674040 cnt_525c57456e8d6 cognitive problems cognitive problems hyperactivity 1512660674075 cnt_525c57664d7a7 hyperactivity hyperactivity anxious 1512660674110 cnt_525c5771523cb anxious anxious perfectionism 1512660674142 cnt_525c577f94423 perfectionism perfectionism psychosomatic 1512660674176 cnt_525c578b8e221 psychosomatic psychosomatic social 1512660674208 cnt_525c57980c6af social social restlessness 1512660674241 cnt_525c57b11694a restlessness restlessness emotional 1512660674277 cnt_525c57bbddf7c emotional emotional impulsivity 1512660674309 cnt_525c57d12435a impulsivity impulsivity inattention 1512660674340 cnt_525c5bbee5aa5 inattention inattention age of first word (months) 1512660674376 cnt_525d84bfad373 age of first word (months) age of first word (months) age of first phrases (months) 1512660674408 cnt_525d84d3df53b age of first phrases (months) age of first phrases (months) infant babbling 1512660674443 cnt_525d84fa886ed infant babbling infant babbling hearing concerns 1512660674475 cnt_525d8540300d6 hearing concerns hearing concerns echolalia 1512660674507 cnt_525d8551c4a1a echolalia echolalia eating 1512660674544 cnt_525d859ac7a85 eating eating gait 1512660674576 cnt_525d85df4d1dc gait gait overactivity 1512660674610 cnt_525d85fbf2cb1 overactivity overactivity self injury 1512660674642 cnt_525d862700cc6 self injury self injury sleep problems 1512660674675 cnt_525d86eb4aeaa sleep problems sleep problems tantrums 1512660674709 cnt_525d8738330eb tantrums tantrums abnormal or negative response to sensory stimuli 1512660674741 cnt_525d8758edffb abnormal or negative response to sensory stimuli abnormal or negative response to sensory stimuli compulsions and rituals 1512660674774 cnt_525d876e43942 compulsions and rituals compulsions and rituals difficulty with minor change 1512660674806 cnt_525d879a4aca1 difficulty with minor change difficulty with minor change hand and finger mannerisms 1512660674837 cnt_525d87b78dee5 hand and finger mannerisms hand and finger mannerisms unusual attachment to objects 1512660674871 cnt_525d87fb5b1f1 unusual attachment to objects unusual attachment to objects unusual sensory interests 1512660674903 cnt_525d8816f017f unusual sensory interests unusual sensory interests noise sensitivity 1512660674937 cnt_525d882970b5d noise sensitivity noise sensitivity head shaking 1512660674970 cnt_525d8850bf413 head shaking head shaking imaginative play 1512660675004 cnt_525d88753a6ed imaginative play imaginative play level of language 1512660675044 cnt_525d888c5c514 level of language level of language imitation 1512660675079 cnt_525d88c670300 imitation imitation social verbalization 1512660675111 cnt_525d88dac8010 social verbalization social verbalization direct gaze 1512660675146 cnt_525d892ec0346 direct gaze direct gaze facial expression 1512660675179 cnt_525d895459b16 facial expression facial expression smiling 1512660675209 cnt_525d895db3590 smiling smiling nonword repetition 1512660675243 cnt_526027fdc9141 nonword repetition nonword repetition phonological memory 1512660675280 cnt_526028bb8afc0 phonological memory phonological memory memory for digits 1512660675313 cnt_5260291679470 memory for digits memory for digits blending words 1512660675347 cnt_5260292385acd blending words blending words rapid digit naming 1512660675383 cnt_52602991a559b rapid digit naming rapid digit naming rapid letter naming 1512660675415 cnt_5260299eb3d0f rapid letter naming rapid letter naming total score 1512660675447 cnt_52602c88d74b0 total score total score total score 1512660675482 cnt_52602e7ab102f total score total score total score 1512660675516 cnt_5262c996e744b total score total score classification 1512660675549 cnt_5262cb66ad4cf classification classification sequential order 1512660675586 cnt_5262cb729d8f4 sequential order sequential order repeated patterns 1512660675619 cnt_5262cb80328c7 repeated patterns repeated patterns design analogies 1512660675653 cnt_5262cb97eb717 design analogies design analogies reasoning 1512660675686 cnt_5262cba00d9d1 reasoning reasoning memory 1512660675718 cnt_5262cba80a837 memory memory visualization 1512660675750 cnt_5262cbbf50dc7 visualization visualization forward memory span 1512660675783 cnt_5262cbd26aa57 forward memory span forward memory span backward memory span 1512660675815 cnt_5262cbed815c6 backward memory span backward memory span immediate recognition 1512660675847 cnt_5262cbfa2cbb6 immediate recognition immediate recognition delayed recognition 1512660675880 cnt_5262cc0801239 delayed recognition delayed recognition associative memory 1512660675914 cnt_5262cc12a3d87 associative memory associative memory associative delayed memory 1512660675954 cnt_5262cc25f2467 associative delayed memory associative delayed memory spatial memory 1512660675987 cnt_5262cc368f077 spatial memory spatial memory visual coding 1512660676021 cnt_5262cc418ea0d visual coding visual coding sustained attention 1512660676054 cnt_5262cc597b2b1 sustained attention sustained attention divided attention 1512660676090 cnt_5262cc64bb978 divided attention divided attention figure rotation 1512660676124 cnt_5262cd27045a1 figure rotation figure rotation gross motor 1512660676158 cnt_5262d6e7255a4 gross motor gross motor visual reception 1512660676190 cnt_5262d6f024e7d visual reception visual reception fine motor 1512660676222 cnt_5262d6ff7da05 fine motor fine motor expressive language 1512660676256 cnt_5262d709f36dd expressive language expressive language receptive language 1512660676289 cnt_5262d714c6169 receptive language receptive language aggressiveness 1512660676322 cnt_5262d98b148af aggressiveness aggressiveness arousal 1512660676355 cnt_5262d994b86f1 arousal arousal phonological skills 1512660676390 cnt_5262d9a1aec5c phonological skills phonological skills semantic/pragmatic competence 1512660676425 cnt_5262d9b79a40e semantic/pragmatic competence semantic/pragmatic competence specific fears 1512660676461 cnt_5262d9d19c56b specific fears specific fears learning, memory, and receptive language 1512660676493 cnt_5262d9e96079d learning, memory, and receptive language learning, memory, and receptive language ritualisms 1512660676524 cnt_5262d9fd26a5f ritualisms ritualisms sensory total 1512660676555 cnt_5262da0b14ae6 sensory total sensory total semantic/pragmatic problems 1512660676592 cnt_5262da1dbe022 semantic/pragmatic problems semantic/pragmatic problems social approach 1512660676631 cnt_5262da3a15ba0 social approach social approach total score 1512660676663 cnt_5262da43d451b total score total score total score 1512660676697 cnt_5266bca2e6a0d total score total score auditory comprehension 1512660676733 cnt_5266bcb8dd805 auditory comprehension auditory comprehension expressive communication 1512660676766 cnt_5266bcd51c5bc expressive communication expressive communication total score 1512660676801 cnt_5266c222da58d total score total score verbal comprehension 1512660676834 cnt_5266cc547e0dd verbal comprehension verbal comprehension expressive language 1512660676866 cnt_5266cc7eb942a expressive language expressive language modulation of endurance and tone 1512660676900 cnt_526945035073c modulation of endurance and tone modulation of endurance and tone auditory processing 1512660676932 cnt_5269451644ae7 auditory processing auditory processing modulation of movement 1512660676964 cnt_526945da9b9c0 modulation of movement modulation of movement visual processing 1512660676998 cnt_52694f2f10eef visual processing visual processing vestibular processing 1512660677031 cnt_52694f7753cc0 vestibular processing vestibular processing multi-sensory processing 1512660677062 cnt_52694fa003431 multi-sensory processing multi-sensory processing modulation of body position and movement 1512660677097 cnt_52696df47325c modulation of body position and movement modulation of body position and movement modulation of movement affecting activity level 1512660677128 cnt_526994e2f34fe modulation of movement affecting activity level modulation of movement affecting activity level modulation of sensory input affecting emotional responses 1512660677165 cnt_526994fa6650a modulation of sensory input affecting emotional responses modulation of sensory input affecting emotional responses modulation of visual input 1512660677200 cnt_5269951211abd modulation of visual input modulation of visual input emotional and social responses 1512660677232 cnt_52699525e50e4 emotional and social responses emotional and social responses behavioral outcomes of sensory processing 1512660677262 cnt_5269961107e91 behavioral outcomes of sensory processing behavioral outcomes of sensory processing total score 1512660677296 cnt_52700368df6d8 total score total score vocabulary 1512660677329 cnt_5270053b30cb5 vocabulary vocabulary comprehension 1512660677363 cnt_52700566e4732 comprehension comprehension pattern analysis 1512660677399 cnt_527007430497f pattern analysis pattern analysis quantitative 1512660677432 cnt_52700c2f1cfc3 quantitative quantitative memory for sentences 1512660677464 cnt_52700c49523b9 memory for sentences memory for sentences receptive language 1512660677500 cnt_5271387cc163d receptive language receptive language expressive language 1512660677536 cnt_52713899ea192 expressive language expressive language total score 1512660677573 cnt_52713b2a0d0e7 total score total score spoken language 1512660677607 cnt_52713da7a1f5d spoken language spoken language written language 1512660677641 cnt_52713e90e499d written language written language general language 1512660677675 cnt_52713ea34e4a3 general language general language picture vocabulary 1512660677711 cnt_527143e1d60c2 picture vocabulary picture vocabulary sentence combining 1512660677744 cnt_527146c8c759d sentence combining sentence combining word ordering 1512660677779 cnt_52714c0a91b84 word ordering word ordering relational vocabulary 1512660677822 cnt_52714c2591532 relational vocabulary relational vocabulary morphological compensation 1512660677855 cnt_52714d41df4cd morphological compensation morphological compensation multiple meanings 1512660677896 cnt_5271749977ff2 multiple meanings multiple meanings total score 1512660677942 cnt_52717634eaa19 total score total score expressive communication 1512660677975 cnt_52717bb0bb848 expressive communication expressive communication receptive communication 1512660678008 cnt_52717cd1461e2 receptive communication receptive communication daily living - personal 1512660678044 cnt_52717df4e8959 daily living - personal daily living - personal written communication 1512660678079 cnt_52717e043cd2f written communication written communication daily living - domestic 1512660678110 cnt_52717e1b87a15 daily living - domestic daily living - domestic daily living - community 1512660678152 cnt_52717ec122bf9 daily living - community daily living - community maladaptive behavior 1512660678183 cnt_52717eeade9e5 maladaptive behavior maladaptive behavior interpersonal relationships 1512660678217 cnt_52717eff2a75d interpersonal relationships interpersonal relationships play and leisure time 1512660678253 cnt_52717f1a9b5ee play and leisure time play and leisure time coping skills 1512660678287 cnt_52717f2e9a362 coping skills coping skills gross motor 1512660678321 cnt_5271807c80df3 gross motor gross motor fine motor 1512660678354 cnt_5271808f8f605 fine motor fine motor gaze shifts 1512660678387 cnt_527186794628a gaze shifts gaze shifts positive affect 1512660678421 cnt_5271868393809 positive affect positive affect emotion and eye gaze 1512660678455 cnt_5271869901fb5 emotion and eye gaze emotion and eye gaze communication 1512660678489 cnt_527186cd116f2 communication communication behavioral regulation 1512660678523 cnt_527186d95c3cb behavioral regulation behavioral regulation social interaction 1512660678557 cnt_527187cbb684e social interaction social interaction joint attention 1512660678590 cnt_5271886ab5997 joint attention joint attention gestures 1512660678623 cnt_527188cf5d8c6 gestures gestures words 1512660678665 cnt_527189f1d8eca words words sounds 1512660678696 cnt_52718a1a2fcf1 sounds sounds understanding 1512660678728 cnt_52718a35e6077 understanding understanding social composite 1512660678761 cnt_52718a55b30db social composite social composite speech composite 1512660678793 cnt_52718a781a09a speech composite speech composite symbolic composite 1512660678827 cnt_52718acd157fb symbolic composite symbolic composite copying 1512660678861 cnt_527280b09a883 copying copying early number concepts 1512660678894 cnt_527280c2b9042 early number concepts early number concepts matching letter-like forms 1512660678928 cnt_527280d15e0c1 matching letter-like forms matching letter-like forms matrices 1512660678961 cnt_527280e2da2da matrices matrices naming vocabulary 1512660678997 cnt_527280fcbc7f6 naming vocabulary naming vocabulary pattern construction 1512660679035 cnt_52728113402ad pattern construction pattern construction phonological processing 1512660679068 cnt_52728125ee3cf phonological processing phonological processing picture similarities 1512660679104 cnt_5272813e7ad58 picture similarities picture similarities rapid naming 1512660679138 cnt_52728153ba9d7 rapid naming rapid naming recall of designs 1512660679176 cnt_52728198e8de8 recall of designs recall of designs recall of digits 1512660679210 cnt_527281ac7d9b4 recall of digits recall of digits recall of objects 1512660679245 cnt_527281ba2970c recall of objects recall of objects recall of sequential order 1512660679280 cnt_527281e1d41da recall of sequential order recall of sequential order recognition of pictures 1512660679313 cnt_527281f1ea4c3 recognition of pictures recognition of pictures sequential and quantitative reasoning 1512660679347 cnt_52728205170c9 sequential and quantitative reasoning sequential and quantitative reasoning verbal similarities 1512660679381 cnt_52728216c4a99 verbal similarities verbal similarities speed of information processing 1512660679413 cnt_52728224d01c3 speed of information processing speed of information processing verbal comprehension 1512660679445 cnt_5272823262ea5 verbal comprehension verbal comprehension word definitions 1512660679477 cnt_5272823f1ac11 word definitions word definitions oppositional 1512660679509 cnt_5297c9a46ea03 oppositional oppositional perfectionism 1512660679541 cnt_5297c9dbcc0ef perfectionism perfectionism social cognition 1512660679576 cnt_5297ca1f4b4b9 social cognition social cognition cognitive problems 1512660679609 cnt_5297ca29b8826 cognitive problems cognitive problems activity level / energy 1512660679641 cnt_5298e7d15982e activity level / energy activity level / energy attentional focusing 1512660679676 cnt_5298e7de72d54 attentional focusing attentional focusing attentional shifting 1512660679708 cnt_5298e7e9cce5d attentional shifting attentional shifting cuddliness 1512660679740 cnt_5298e7f615c45 cuddliness cuddliness discomfort 1512660679771 cnt_5298e7ffb4564 discomfort discomfort fear 1512660679804 cnt_5298e814e6fcd fear fear frustration 1512660679837 cnt_5298e8212f015 frustration frustration high intensity pleasure 1512660679868 cnt_5298e8307848f high intensity pleasure high intensity pleasure impulsivity 1512660679900 cnt_5298e85d6d494 impulsivity impulsivity inhibitory control 1512660679931 cnt_5298e86a0ad46 inhibitory control inhibitory control low intensity pleasure 1512660679963 cnt_5298e8770e879 low intensity pleasure low intensity pleasure motor activation 1512660679997 cnt_5298e898828cf motor activation motor activation perceptual sensitivity 1512660680037 cnt_5298e8a800088 perceptual sensitivity perceptual sensitivity positive anticipation 1512660680071 cnt_5298e8b54ac46 positive anticipation positive anticipation sadness 1512660680103 cnt_5298e8c899b82 sadness sadness shyness 1512660680136 cnt_5298e8d589544 shyness shyness soothability 1512660680170 cnt_5298e8e13c3a3 soothability soothability sociability 1512660680203 cnt_5298ea6de528f sociability sociability communication 1512660680235 cnt_5298ed32ea678 communication communication repetitive behavior 1512660680270 cnt_5298ed452d73c repetitive behavior repetitive behavior regulatory behavior 1512660680303 cnt_5298ed53c8281 regulatory behavior regulatory behavior social 1512660680340 cnt_5298ed5f7af62 social social sensory 1512660680374 cnt_5298ed6939932 sensory sensory tone 1512660680406 cnt_5298ed71daa03 tone tone stressful event 1512660680438 cnt_5298ed8042bfc stressful event stressful event percent of time responded to joint attention 1512660680485 cnt_5298fa8955db0 percent of time responded to joint attention percent of time responded to joint attention mean grip strength 1512660680517 cnt_52991172871a9 mean grip strength mean grip strength grooved peg total time 1512660680549 cnt_529911e50beb7 grooved peg total time grooved peg total time anxiety 1512660680582 cnt_5299143fed521 anxiety anxiety JO social orient percent correct 1512660680616 cnt_529ce0ceec559 JO social orient percent correct JO social orient percent correct JO nonsocial orient percent correct 1512660680649 cnt_529ce0f2aa03d JO nonsocial orient percent correct JO nonsocial orient percent correct JO joint attention percent correct 1512660680681 cnt_529ce116b5cff JO joint attention percent correct JO joint attention percent correct JO social orient percent incorrect 1512660680714 cnt_529ce133886f4 JO social orient percent incorrect JO social orient percent incorrect JO nonsocial orient percent incorrect 1512660680746 cnt_529ce149671c4 JO nonsocial orient percent incorrect JO nonsocial orient percent incorrect JO joint attention percent incorrect 1512660680778 cnt_529ce15d64bc7 JO joint attention percent incorrect JO joint attention percent incorrect riddles 1512660680810 cnt_529cf2d97e3d3 riddles riddles matrices 1512660680842 cnt_529cfb9f8cce6 matrices matrices verbal 1512660680877 cnt_529cfc2e15385 verbal verbal nonverbal 1512660680911 cnt_529cfc4e356ce nonverbal nonverbal IQ 1512660680943 cnt_529cfc5925318 IQ IQ total score 1512660680975 cnt_529d0a711d43d total score total score successful stop trial minus failed stop trial 1512660681007 cnt_52b00d23dc3e9 successful stop trial minus failed stop trial successful stop trial minus failed stop trial Alerting: no cue minus double cue 1512660681039 cnt_52b4cfac3a8ce Alerting: no cue minus double cue Alerting: no cue minus double cue Central cue minus Spatial cue: Orienting / Shifting network efficiency 1512660681071 cnt_52dfa1b677494 Central cue minus Spatial cue: Orienting / Shifting network efficiency Central cue minus Spatial cue: Orienting / Shifting network efficiency areas of activation during task minus baseline 1512660681103 cnt_534690b1afd30 areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during task minus baseline areas of activation during covert minus areas of activation during overt 1512660681135 cnt_534690b1b9fd1 areas of activation during covert minus areas of activation during overt areas of activation during covert minus areas of activation during overt Repetition minus baseline 1512660681206 cnt_5346921d1d3fa Repetition minus baseline Repetition minus baseline Generation minus baseline 1512660681238 cnt_5346929d22655 Generation minus baseline Generation minus baseline incongruent minus congruent depending on the congruency condicition of the previous trial 1512660681270 cnt_5358ef9570ace incongruent minus congruent depending on the congruency condicition of the previous trial incongruent minus congruent depending on the congruency condicition of the previous trial incongruent minus congruent correct 1512660681315 cnt_5358f019cdf06 incongruent minus congruent correct incongruent minus congruent correct rest eyes closed 1512660681173 cnt_54e6a394d0fb8 rest eyes closed rest eyes closed rest eyes open 1512660659331 cnt_54e6a3ceb7216 rest eyes open rest eyes open tone counting probe 1512660659233 cnt_54f8cb27bce65 tone counting probe tone counting probe single task probe 1512660659035 cnt_54f8cb5b80caa single task probe single task probe classification trials: deterministic 1512660658901 cnt_54f8cbcb6fab6 classification trials: deterministic classification trials: deterministic Faces (0-back faces + 2-back faces) 1512660653111 cnt_550b52d8506ec Faces (0-back faces + 2-back faces) Faces (0-back faces + 2-back faces) Places (0-back places + 2-back places) 1512660681347 cnt_550b52ec705da Places (0-back places + 2-back places) Places (0-back places + 2-back places) Tools (0-back tools + 2-back tools) 1512660681382 cnt_550b52fd2e6fa Tools (0-back tools + 2-back tools) Tools (0-back tools + 2-back tools) Body (0-back body + 2-back body) 1512660681415 cnt_550b53110c3a8 Body (0-back body + 2-back body) Body (0-back body + 2-back body) Inter Stimulus Interval 1512660681449 cnt_55245849e85e0 Inter Stimulus Interval Inter Stimulus Interval Color 1512660681500 cnt_552459a006d45 Color Color eye movement reaction time 1512660681540 cnt_5526f6aa83790 eye movement reaction time eye movement reaction time Faces 1512660681572 cnt_5531474e117df Faces Faces Shapes 1512660681606 cnt_55314757a78a1 Shapes Shapes Faces minus Shapes 1512660681639 cnt_553147632424b Faces minus Shapes Faces minus Shapes Negative Faces 1512660681672 cnt_5531476fa91e9 Negative Faces Negative Faces Negative Shapes 1512660681704 cnt_553147783d53b Negative Shapes Negative Shapes Shapes minus Faces 1512660681736 cnt_55314781f094c Shapes minus Faces Shapes minus Faces Random Interaction 1512660681769 cnt_553147b362347 Random Interaction Random Interaction Mental Interaction 1512660681801 cnt_553147bb4e97d Mental Interaction Mental Interaction Random Interaction minus Mental Interaction 1512660681833 cnt_553147f2ea504 Random Interaction minus Mental Interaction Random Interaction minus Mental Interaction Negative Random Interaction 1512660681865 cnt_5531491f76a16 Negative Random Interaction Negative Random Interaction Negative Mental Interaction 1512660681901 cnt_5531492d016c7 Negative Mental Interaction Negative Mental Interaction Mental Interaction minus Random Interaction 1512660681933 cnt_55314940f18c6 Mental Interaction minus Random Interaction Mental Interaction minus Random Interaction Matching 1512660681966 cnt_553149868c670 Matching Matching Relational Processing 1512660681996 cnt_553149979dc2e Relational Processing Relational Processing Matching - Relational Processing 1512660682032 cnt_553149b03d240 Matching - Relational Processing Matching - Relational Processing Relational Processing minus Matching 1512660682065 cnt_553149bc9f9d1 Relational Processing minus Matching Relational Processing minus Matching Negative Matching 1512660682100 cnt_553149c9ef4fd Negative Matching Negative Matching Negative Relational Processing 1512660682134 cnt_553149d39942a Negative Relational Processing Negative Relational Processing Math 1512660682168 cnt_55314a02877ba Math Math Story 1512660682201 cnt_55314a0837714 Story Story Math minus Story 1512660682237 cnt_55314a10d4412 Math minus Story Math minus Story Story minus Math 1512660682272 cnt_55314a1a5514c Story minus Math Story minus Math Negative Math 1512660682306 cnt_55314a245b40b Negative Math Negative Math Negative Story 1512660682338 cnt_55314a2b79a0b Negative Story Negative Story Punish 1512660682371 cnt_55314a4320df9 Punish Punish Reward 1512660682407 cnt_55314a4b8ec77 Reward Reward Punish minus Reward 1512660682442 cnt_55314a8aa3751 Punish minus Reward Punish minus Reward Negative Punish 1512660682474 cnt_55314a9748fe6 Negative Punish Negative Punish Negative Reward 1512660682510 cnt_55314aaa2239e Negative Reward Negative Reward Reward minus Punish 1512660682546 cnt_55314abd12b63 Reward minus Punish Reward minus Punish 2-back Body 1512660682579 cnt_55314aff55913 2-back Body 2-back Body 2-back Face 1512660682615 cnt_55314b0643005 2-back Face 2-back Face 2-back Place 1512660682650 cnt_55314b12878f7 2-back Place 2-back Place 2-back Tool 1512660682683 cnt_55314b1edb310 2-back Tool 2-back Tool 0-back Body 1512660682716 cnt_55314b2a72bee 0-back Body 0-back Body 0-back Face 1512660682747 cnt_55314b49e5c9d 0-back Face 0-back Face 0-back Place 1512660682780 cnt_55314b56bceed 0-back Place 0-back Place 0-back Tool 1512660682810 cnt_55314b5e393d2 0-back Tool 0-back Tool 2-back 1512660682843 cnt_55314b688f165 2-back 2-back 0-back 1512660682875 cnt_55314b6d8b510 0-back 0-back 2-back minus 0-back 1512660682906 cnt_55314b78d85fd 2-back minus 0-back 2-back minus 0-back Negative 2-back 1512660682937 cnt_553151539f545 Negative 2-back Negative 2-back Negative 0-back 1512660682970 cnt_5531515c422fe Negative 0-back Negative 0-back 0-back minus 2-back 1512660683003 cnt_5531516762fb2 0-back minus 2-back 0-back minus 2-back Body minus Average 1512660683036 cnt_5531517957741 Body minus Average Body minus Average Face minus Average 1512660683069 cnt_55315184e74dd Face minus Average Face minus Average Place minus Average 1512660683103 cnt_5531518f600cf Place minus Average Place minus Average Tool minus Average 1512660683136 cnt_5531519b47d97 Tool minus Average Tool minus Average Negative Body 1512660683169 cnt_553151b0cb13c Negative Body Negative Body Negative Face 1512660683202 cnt_553151ba0be1f Negative Face Negative Face Negative Place 1512660683238 cnt_553151c3b05f5 Negative Place Negative Place Negative Tool 1512660683269 cnt_553151ccb63f4 Negative Tool Negative Tool Average minus Body 1512660683303 cnt_553151dd37b0d Average minus Body Average minus Body Average minus Face 1512660683335 cnt_553151e627665 Average minus Face Average minus Face Average minus Place 1512660683366 cnt_553151eda891e Average minus Place Average minus Place Average minus Tool 1512660683399 cnt_553151fe97771 Average minus Tool Average minus Tool Cue 1512660683430 cnt_55315226076d3 Cue Cue Left Foot 1512660683463 cnt_55315270d1e14 Left Foot Left Foot Left Hand 1512660683496 cnt_55315278ea6cc Left Hand Left Hand Right Foot 1512660683529 cnt_5531528173117 Right Foot Right Foot Right Hand 1512660683562 cnt_5531528989cc7 Right Hand Right Hand Tongue 1512660683595 cnt_553152908ac51 Tongue Tongue Average 1512660683627 cnt_553152984f850 Average Average Cue minus Average 1512660683659 cnt_5531529f4645b Cue minus Average Cue minus Average Left Foot minus Average 1512660683691 cnt_553152a7a0b6c Left Foot minus Average Left Foot minus Average Left Hand minus Average 1512660683722 cnt_553152b1dfd37 Left Hand minus Average Left Hand minus Average Right Foot minus Average 1512660683755 cnt_553152bf58a31 Right Foot minus Average Right Foot minus Average Right Hand minus Average 1512660683786 cnt_553152c97dd5d Right Hand minus Average Right Hand minus Average Tongue minus Average 1512660683820 cnt_553152d16cfe1 Tongue minus Average Tongue minus Average Negative Cue 1512660683850 cnt_553152d8c233d Negative Cue Negative Cue Negative Left Foot 1512660683882 cnt_553152e128eb4 Negative Left Foot Negative Left Foot Negative Left Hand 1512660683913 cnt_553152e8980dd Negative Left Hand Negative Left Hand Negative Right Foot 1512660683945 cnt_553152f4dbf86 Negative Right Foot Negative Right Foot Negative Right Hand 1512660683976 cnt_553152fd52bf1 Negative Right Hand Negative Right Hand Negative Tongue 1512660684007 cnt_5531530759866 Negative Tongue Negative Tongue Negative Average 1512660684046 cnt_553153113dfc5 Negative Average Negative Average Average minus Cue 1512660684079 cnt_55315317b4224 Average minus Cue Average minus Cue Average minus Left Foot 1512660684111 cnt_55315323a698b Average minus Left Foot Average minus Left Foot Average minus Left Hand 1512660684144 cnt_5531532dc579d Average minus Left Hand Average minus Left Hand Average minus Right Foot 1512660684176 cnt_5531533c43e15 Average minus Right Foot Average minus Right Foot Average minus Right Hand 1512660684208 cnt_5531534a03607 Average minus Right Hand Average minus Right Hand Average minus Tongue 1512660684240 cnt_55315357c5638 Average minus Tongue Average minus Tongue go-critical minus go-noncritical 1512660684271 cnt_553999f2c69ef go-critical minus go-noncritical go-critical minus go-noncritical unsuccessful stop minus successful stop 1512660684303 cnt_55399a008d960 unsuccessful stop minus successful stop unsuccessful stop minus successful stop go-noncritical 1512660684334 cnt_55399a202b4ff go-noncritical go-noncritical successful stop-critical 1512660684409 cnt_55399a3f5e512 successful stop-critical successful stop-critical go-critical 1512660647010 cnt_55399ad50b4f4 go-critical go-critical all 1512660684366 cnt_55399c9a3ae82 all all failed stop 1512660684440 cnt_55399d6bcd8dc failed stop failed stop junk 1512660684472 cnt_55399d74220c0 junk junk all 1512660684504 cnt_55399d7c03593 all all unsuccessful minus successful 1512660684536 cnt_55399d987e2f1 unsuccessful minus successful unsuccessful minus successful feedback 1512660684569 cnt_55399dc274d97 feedback feedback feedback 1512660684602 cnt_55399e161c884 feedback feedback words minus consonants 1512660684637 cnt_55399e33d9ed4 words minus consonants words minus consonants words 1512660684669 cnt_55399e3b3d13e words words scrambled objects 1512660684702 cnt_55399e44106d4 scrambled objects scrambled objects objects minus scrambled 1512660684734 cnt_55399e4c6c429 objects minus scrambled objects minus scrambled objects 1512660684766 cnt_55399e5388e65 objects objects consonant strings 1512660684797 cnt_55399e5ab094d consonant strings consonant strings control minus pumps average 1512660684830 cnt_55399f01df2de control minus pumps average control minus pumps average cash parametric 1512660684862 cnt_55399f08a4fe4 cash parametric cash parametric control parametric minus pumps parametric 1512660684894 cnt_55399f18cab6a control parametric minus pumps parametric control parametric minus pumps parametric cash average real reaction time 1512660684925 cnt_55399f2a6bc4f cash average real reaction time cash average real reaction time control pumps average 1512660684956 cnt_55399f33ed10b control pumps average control pumps average control pumps average real reaction time 1512660684987 cnt_55399f4094b1b control pumps average real reaction time control pumps average real reaction time cash average 1512660685019 cnt_55399f4618e42 cash average cash average control real reaction time minus pumps real reaction time 1512660685050 cnt_55399f597f9ea control real reaction time minus pumps real reaction time control real reaction time minus pumps real reaction time control pumps parametric 1512660685083 cnt_55399f648ae8a control pumps parametric control pumps parametric pumps real reaction time minus control real reaction time 1512660685112 cnt_55399f741c859 pumps real reaction time minus control real reaction time pumps real reaction time minus control real reaction time pumps average 1512660685165 cnt_55399f7c60721 pumps average pumps average pumps parametric 1512660685198 cnt_55399f8675b23 pumps parametric pumps parametric pumps parametric minus control parametric 1512660685230 cnt_55399f92abc88 pumps parametric minus control parametric pumps parametric minus control parametric explode average 1512660685262 cnt_55399f9ac9c55 explode average explode average pumps average real reaction time 1512660685294 cnt_55399fa95aaee pumps average real reaction time pumps average real reaction time pumps average minus control average 1512660685332 cnt_55399fb3842fa pumps average minus control average pumps average minus control average spanish-english minus abstract-repeat 1512660663792 cnt_553a644f24049 spanish-english minus abstract-repeat spanish-english minus abstract-repeat english-english minus concrete-novel 1512660685366 cnt_553a645f6d002 english-english minus concrete-novel english-english minus concrete-novel abstract minus concrete 1512660685398 cnt_553a646be2a49 abstract minus concrete abstract minus concrete english-spanish minus abstract-repeat 1512660685428 cnt_553a647ca67ed english-spanish minus abstract-repeat english-spanish minus abstract-repeat spanish-spanish minus abstract-repeat 1512660685459 cnt_553a648cc0a93 spanish-spanish minus abstract-repeat spanish-spanish minus abstract-repeat spanish-english minus concrete-novel 1512660685491 cnt_553a649d060b8 spanish-english minus concrete-novel spanish-english minus concrete-novel spanish-english minus concrete-repeat 1512660685524 cnt_553a64b3e171d spanish-english minus concrete-repeat spanish-english minus concrete-repeat english-spanish minus concrete-novel 1512660685556 cnt_553a64d23c393 english-spanish minus concrete-novel english-spanish minus concrete-novel spanish-spanish minus concrete-novel 1512660685589 cnt_553a64ea67841 spanish-spanish minus concrete-novel spanish-spanish minus concrete-novel english-english minus concrete-repeat 1512660685626 cnt_553a6521c5c4d english-english minus concrete-repeat english-english minus concrete-repeat english-spanish minus abstract-novel 1512660685662 cnt_553a65621ddd2 english-spanish minus abstract-novel english-spanish minus abstract-novel english-english minus abstract-repeat 1512660685697 cnt_553a6573c37ee english-english minus abstract-repeat english-english minus abstract-repeat spanish-spanish minus concrete-repeat 1512660685729 cnt_553a659cba94c spanish-spanish minus concrete-repeat spanish-spanish minus concrete-repeat spanish-spanish minus abstract-novel 1512660685760 cnt_553a65b24119c spanish-spanish minus abstract-novel spanish-spanish minus abstract-novel all 1512660685792 cnt_553a65b8b5a92 all all spanish-english minus abstract-novel 1512660685824 cnt_553a65c88528d spanish-english minus abstract-novel spanish-english minus abstract-novel novel minus repeat 1512660685984 cnt_553a6640aa059 novel minus repeat novel minus repeat english-spanish minus concrete-repeat 1512660686016 cnt_553a664f97104 english-spanish minus concrete-repeat english-spanish minus concrete-repeat english-english minus abstract-novel 1512660686053 cnt_553a665bef7b8 english-english minus abstract-novel english-english minus abstract-novel junk single-task items 1512660686087 cnt_553a67d1e4b8e junk single-task items junk single-task items junk dual-task items 1512660686120 cnt_553a67dadf57e junk dual-task items junk dual-task items positive feedback 1512660686153 cnt_553a68284e225 positive feedback positive feedback negative feedback 1512660686187 cnt_553a682f464e7 negative feedback negative feedback positive minus negative feedback 1512660686231 cnt_553a683d08f6f positive minus negative feedback positive minus negative feedback false picture question 1512660686267 cnt_553a6888a86e7 false picture question false picture question false belief question minus false picture question 1512660686316 cnt_553a689b663ed false belief question minus false picture question false belief question minus false picture question false picture story 1512660686361 cnt_553a68a9eaea4 false picture story false picture story false belief story 1512660686394 cnt_553a68b954b07 false belief story false belief story all 1512660686428 cnt_553a68c3d7ff8 all all false belief story minus false picture story 1512660686465 cnt_553a68cf05712 false belief story minus false picture story false belief story minus false picture story false belief minus false picture 1512660686498 cnt_553a68dc57c0c false belief minus false picture false belief minus false picture false belief question 1512660686533 cnt_553a68e3f0566 false belief question false belief question incorrect minus correct 1512660686568 cnt_553a694a86e65 incorrect minus correct incorrect minus correct incorrect minus correct incongruent 1512660686601 cnt_553a695e0415c incorrect minus correct incongruent incorrect minus correct incongruent invalidly minus validly cued objects 1512660686641 cnt_553a69974d4eb invalidly minus validly cued objects invalidly minus validly cued objects cue minus fixation 1512660686674 cnt_553a69a6226a2 cue minus fixation cue minus fixation switch minus nonswitch mirror only 1512660686706 cnt_553a6a506990c switch minus nonswitch mirror only switch minus nonswitch mirror only plain-repeat 1512660686740 cnt_553a6a5cafdac plain-repeat plain-repeat junk 1512660686772 cnt_553a6a62708eb junk junk mirror-repeat nonswitch 1512660686806 cnt_553a6a7493147 mirror-repeat nonswitch mirror-repeat nonswitch mirror-reversal minus plain-text 1512660686842 cnt_553a6a8934d60 mirror-reversal minus plain-text mirror-reversal minus plain-text switch minus nonswitch plain only 1512660686875 cnt_553a6a9c84dca switch minus nonswitch plain only switch minus nonswitch plain only switch minus nonswitch 1512660686907 cnt_553a6aaacecdf switch minus nonswitch switch minus nonswitch plain-switch 1512660686939 cnt_553a6abe9438e plain-switch plain-switch mirror-repeat switch 1512660686971 cnt_553a6ac873184 mirror-repeat switch mirror-repeat switch no response (task) 1512660669219 cnt_553a6c7bb774d no response (task) no response (task) correct response (task) 1512660687004 cnt_553a6c849b13f correct response (task) correct response (task) correct or incorrect response (control) 1512660687037 cnt_553a6c99a61ed correct or incorrect response (control) correct or incorrect response (control) lips 1512660687070 cnt_553a6d1b80024 lips lips finger 1512660687134 cnt_553a6d4507859 finger finger foot 1512660687171 cnt_553a6d4b20f76 foot foot easy trials all 1512660687102 cnt_553a6e24c3c78 easy trials all easy trials all easy parametric 1512660687203 cnt_553a6e2abcca9 easy parametric easy parametric hard trials all 1512660687234 cnt_553a6e30d85a1 hard trials all hard trials all hard parametric 1512660687265 cnt_553a6e3c583d8 hard parametric hard parametric junk 1512660687300 cnt_553a6e4424e4d junk junk all 1512660687332 cnt_553a6e49737bf all all hard all minus easy all 1512660687365 cnt_553a6e52baf3b hard all minus easy all hard all minus easy all attend negative stimulus 1512660687397 cnt_553a6e6f8336e attend negative stimulus attend negative stimulus attend neutral stimulus 1512660687428 cnt_553a6e7daf8e6 attend neutral stimulus attend neutral stimulus reappraise negative rating 1512660687492 cnt_553a6e9a84bd2 reappraise negative rating reappraise negative rating reappraise negative stimulus minus attend negative stimulus 1512660687593 cnt_553a6ed942692 reappraise negative stimulus minus attend negative stimulus reappraise negative stimulus minus attend negative stimulus incorrect minus correct (incongruent) 1512660687659 cnt_553a6f7bd6db8 incorrect minus correct (incongruent) incorrect minus correct (incongruent) incongruent correct 1512660687692 cnt_553a6f8aee26e incongruent correct incongruent correct incorrect minus correct 1512660687725 cnt_553a6f9fc8748 incorrect minus correct incorrect minus correct incongruent minus congruent (correct) 1512660687757 cnt_553a6fb033bb0 incongruent minus congruent (correct) incongruent minus congruent (correct) congruent correct 1512660687788 cnt_553a6fbcbd6e6 congruent correct congruent correct incongruent minus congruent 1512660687823 cnt_553a6fcb98efa incongruent minus congruent incongruent minus congruent congruent incorrect 1512660687855 cnt_553a6fdae849b congruent incorrect congruent incorrect incongruent incorrect 1512660687886 cnt_553a6fe1db191 incongruent incorrect incongruent incorrect all 1512660687920 cnt_553a706ca6e88 all all word minus pseudoword 1512660687953 cnt_553a719509b22 word minus pseudoword word minus pseudoword all 1512660687985 cnt_553a71a13dfc5 all all scrambled 1512660688019 cnt_553a7355cfc2c scrambled scrambled face minus house 1512660688053 cnt_553a735f124cd face minus house face minus house house minus scrambled 1512660688088 cnt_553a73665ef81 house minus scrambled house minus scrambled chair 1512660688121 cnt_553a736eda4fd chair chair cat 1512660688155 cnt_553a73739fed0 cat cat scissors 1512660688188 cnt_553a737936e1f scissors scissors face 1512660688220 cnt_553a737fa2d81 face face shoe 1512660688253 cnt_553a7384838a1 shoe shoe bottle 1512660688286 cnt_553a738ae5a91 bottle bottle face minus scrambled 1512660688318 cnt_553a739219c69 face minus scrambled face minus scrambled house minus face 1512660688353 cnt_553a739bdc9ed house minus face house minus face all 1512660688386 cnt_553a73a084bdd all all chair minus scrambled 1512660688417 cnt_553a73a7b6b8d chair minus scrambled chair minus scrambled house 1512660688452 cnt_553a73ad4759c house house auditory oddball stimulus presentation 1512660688485 cnt_553a75dbedfc5 auditory oddball stimulus presentation auditory oddball stimulus presentation auditory standard stimulus presentation 1512660688528 cnt_553a75fe3ca65 auditory standard stimulus presentation auditory standard stimulus presentation behavioral response time following auditory oddball stimulus onset 1512660688562 cnt_553a76353b465 behavioral response time following auditory oddball stimulus onset behavioral response time following auditory oddball stimulus onset auditory all 1512660688597 cnt_553a763e198f5 auditory all auditory all auditory oddball 1512660688631 cnt_553a7675c00bc auditory oddball auditory oddball auditory reaction time 1512660688664 cnt_553a767c981c7 auditory reaction time auditory reaction time auditory standard 1512660688698 cnt_553a7683a550a auditory standard auditory standard auditory targets minus standards 1512660688731 cnt_553a768dc270f auditory targets minus standards auditory targets minus standards visual oddball stimulus presentation 1512660688765 cnt_553a769fcbf40 visual oddball stimulus presentation visual oddball stimulus presentation visual standard stimulus presentation 1512660688796 cnt_553a7710d845a visual standard stimulus presentation visual standard stimulus presentation behavioral response time following visual oddball stimulus onset 1512660688828 cnt_553a772e8ed98 behavioral response time following visual oddball stimulus onset behavioral response time following visual oddball stimulus onset visual all 1512660688860 cnt_553a773529f0e visual all visual all visual targets minus standards 1512660688892 cnt_553a7740160a3 visual targets minus standards visual targets minus standards change point probability 1512660688925 cnt_553e6d2a395b2 change point probability change point probability relative uncertainty 1512660688958 cnt_553e6d32a3fd7 relative uncertainty relative uncertainty reward value 1512660688991 cnt_553e6d3f41b03 reward value reward value residual update 1512660689023 cnt_553e6d44d6921 residual update residual update congruent 1512660689056 cnt_553e742270631 congruent congruent incongruent 1512660689088 cnt_553e742833727 incongruent incongruent scrambled 1512660689122 cnt_553e742dd3beb scrambled scrambled letter string 1512660689153 cnt_553e7438f2bef letter string letter string high-value go choice at probe 1512660689185 cnt_553e7a5b2584d high-value go choice at probe high-value go choice at probe high-value go minus nogo at probe 1512660689219 cnt_553e7a6205b87 high-value go minus nogo at probe high-value go minus nogo at probe horizontal checkerboard 1512660689326 cnt_553e85be83924 horizontal checkerboard horizontal checkerboard vertical checkerboard 1512660689360 cnt_553e85c82f108 vertical checkerboard vertical checkerboard right audio click 1512660689393 cnt_553e85d4af020 right audio click right audio click left audio click 1512660689427 cnt_553e85f11747b left audio click left audio click right video click 1512660689462 cnt_553e85fc78496 right video click right video click left video click 1512660689495 cnt_553e86042df77 left video click left video click audio computation 1512660689528 cnt_553e860cb6e0a audio computation audio computation video computation 1512660689562 cnt_553e8616191c4 video computation video computation video sentences 1512660689595 cnt_553e865074ad4 video sentences video sentences audio sentences 1512660689630 cnt_553e865d69738 audio sentences audio sentences left click 1512660689663 cnt_553e8663d056a left click left click right click 1512660689696 cnt_553e86698bd6b right click right click checkerboard 1512660689728 cnt_553e8672a9f1d checkerboard checkerboard motor 1512660689767 cnt_553e867843f97 motor motor computation 1512660689798 cnt_553e86803c9a5 computation computation sentences 1512660689828 cnt_553e868732f16 sentences sentences audio 1512660689862 cnt_553e868c4a13c audio audio video 1512660689894 cnt_553e869334ef6 video video horizontal checkerboard minus vertical checkerboard 1512660689926 cnt_553e86a6a4c76 horizontal checkerboard minus vertical checkerboard horizontal checkerboard minus vertical checkerboard vertical checkerboard minus horizontal checkerboard 1512660689961 cnt_553e86b42d9ed vertical checkerboard minus horizontal checkerboard vertical checkerboard minus horizontal checkerboard left click minus right click 1512660689994 cnt_553e86bd44b55 left click minus right click left click minus right click right click minus left click 1512660690035 cnt_553e86c6009b3 right click minus left click right click minus left click video minus audio 1512660690070 cnt_553e86d01c026 video minus audio video minus audio audio minus video 1512660690104 cnt_553e86d979710 audio minus video audio minus video motor minus cognitive 1512660690138 cnt_553e86e46731e motor minus cognitive motor minus cognitive cognitive minus motor 1512660690171 cnt_553e86ed4315c cognitive minus motor cognitive minus motor audio computation minus audio sentences 1512660690205 cnt_553e86fb2bff8 audio computation minus audio sentences audio computation minus audio sentences video computation minus video sentences 1512660690240 cnt_553e87063e84c video computation minus video sentences video computation minus video sentences computation minus sentences 1512660690273 cnt_553e870ddfe83 computation minus sentences computation minus sentences video minus checkerboard 1512660690306 cnt_553e8714cbac7 video minus checkerboard video minus checkerboard video sentences minus checkerboard 1512660690339 cnt_553e871eb790c video sentences minus checkerboard video sentences minus checkerboard audio click minus audio sentences 1512660690373 cnt_553e872e377e1 audio click minus audio sentences audio click minus audio sentences video click minus video sentences 1512660690404 cnt_553e873c6106c video click minus video sentences video click minus video sentences effects of interest without time derivative 1512660690436 cnt_553e874fc762f effects of interest without time derivative effects of interest without time derivative expectation violation (mean expected offer minus actual offer) 1512660690470 cnt_553e8a1c41262 expectation violation (mean expected offer minus actual offer) expectation violation (mean expected offer minus actual offer) [(chosen minus best unchosen) on irrelevant attribute] MINUS [(chosen minus best unchosen) on relevant attribute], at time of decision. 1512660690502 cnt_553eb2f965ebd [(chosen minus best unchosen) on irrelevant attribute] MINUS [(chosen minus best unchosen) on relevant attribute], at time of decision. [(chosen minus best unchosen) on irrelevant attribute] MINUS [(chosen minus best unchosen) on relevant attribute], at time of decision. attribute prediction error 1512660690535 cnt_553eb3113497b attribute prediction error attribute prediction error reward prediction error 1512660690569 cnt_553eb31d57363 reward prediction error reward prediction error Contrast [(chosen minus best unchosen) on irrelevant attribute] PLUS [(chosen minus best unchosen) on relevant attribute], at time of decision 1512660690602 cnt_553eb34fd6730 Contrast [(chosen minus best unchosen) on irrelevant attribute] PLUS [(chosen minus best unchosen) on relevant attribute], at time of decision Contrast [(chosen minus best unchosen) on irrelevant attribute] PLUS [(chosen minus best unchosen) on relevant attribute], at time of decision age judgment 1512660690635 cnt_553eb5457e145 age judgment age judgment attractiveness judgment 1512660690668 cnt_553eb550dc520 attractiveness judgment attractiveness judgment trustworthiness judgment 1512660690709 cnt_553eb5644f96f trustworthiness judgment trustworthiness judgment happiness judgment 1512660690761 cnt_553eb56aa25df happiness judgment happiness judgment left motor response 1512660690793 cnt_553eb57214e91 left motor response left motor response right motor response 1512660690825 cnt_553eb57906332 right motor response right motor response perception 1512660690859 cnt_553ebfc3ab40d perception perception remembered minus forgotten 1512660690891 cnt_553ec692268ca remembered minus forgotten remembered minus forgotten remembered plus forgotten minus null events 1512660690924 cnt_553ec6a0a72d3 remembered plus forgotten minus null events remembered plus forgotten minus null events viewing unhealthy foods minus viewing healthy foods during feedback trials 1512660690988 cnt_553fbd5d4a2e9 viewing unhealthy foods minus viewing healthy foods during feedback trials viewing unhealthy foods minus viewing healthy foods during feedback trials receiving feedback that peers disagreed minus peers agreed during feedback trials [peers higher + peers lower > 2*peers agree] 1512660691021 cnt_553fbd9907040 receiving feedback that peers disagreed minus peers agreed during feedback trials [peers higher + peers lower > 2*peers agree] receiving feedback that peers disagreed minus peers agreed during feedback trials [peers higher + peers lower > 2*peers agree] receiving feedback that peers agreed minus peers disagreed during feedback trials [2*peers agree > peers higher + peers lower] 1512660691053 cnt_553fbdb6b1d18 receiving feedback that peers agreed minus peers disagreed during feedback trials [2*peers agree > peers higher + peers lower] receiving feedback that peers agreed minus peers disagreed during feedback trials [2*peers agree > peers higher + peers lower] parametric acquired bias 1512660691086 cnt_553fc4f4362c1 parametric acquired bias parametric acquired bias parametric context based action reward error 1512660691120 cnt_553fc50126261 parametric context based action reward error parametric context based action reward error main experiment 1512660691152 cnt_553fc9eb4a0ab main experiment main experiment main experiment minus control experiment 1512660691186 cnt_553fc9f429430 main experiment minus control experiment main experiment minus control experiment control experiment 1512660691219 cnt_553fc9fa8a39b control experiment control experiment why minus how 1512660691253 cnt_553fcacc72dd6 why minus how why minus how belief minus photo 1512660691287 cnt_553fcad9e49ee belief minus photo belief minus photo [why minus how] minus [belief minus photo] (interaction) 1512660691320 cnt_553fcb03070af [why minus how] minus [belief minus photo] (interaction) [why minus how] minus [belief minus photo] (interaction) go trial 1512660691351 cnt_553fcbbeaa31e go trial go trial stop trial 1512660691384 cnt_553fcbbeaa537 stop trial stop trial stop signal reaction time 1512660691416 cnt_553fcbbeaa80f stop signal reaction time stop signal reaction time successful stop trial 1512660691455 cnt_553fcbbeb237e successful stop trial successful stop trial unsuccessful stop trial 1512660691489 cnt_553fcbbeb2507 unsuccessful stop trial unsuccessful stop trial successful stop trial minus go trial 1512660691522 cnt_553fcbbeb282f successful stop trial minus go trial successful stop trial minus go trial successful stop trial minus failed stop trial 1512660691555 cnt_553fcbbeb291c successful stop trial minus failed stop trial successful stop trial minus failed stop trial failed stop 1512660691587 cnt_553fcbbeb2a98 failed stop failed stop junk 1512660691627 cnt_553fcbbeb2c0c junk junk all 1512660691660 cnt_553fcbbeb2f5e all all unsuccessful minus successful 1512660691693 cnt_553fcbbeb30e2 unsuccessful minus successful unsuccessful minus successful viewing monostable image minus global mean 1512660691726 cnt_553fcefe2f38d viewing monostable image minus global mean viewing monostable image minus global mean viewing bistable image minus global mean 1512660691760 cnt_553fcf09c316c viewing bistable image minus global mean viewing bistable image minus global mean pattern seen during bistable images minus pattern seen during monostable image 1512660691796 cnt_553fcf145379e pattern seen during bistable images minus pattern seen during monostable image pattern seen during bistable images minus pattern seen during monostable image age judgment 1512660663951 cnt_553fd376185ca age judgment age judgment happiness judgment 1512660691840 cnt_553fd380354b2 happiness judgment happiness judgment trustworthiness judgment 1512660691878 cnt_553fd389b23b4 trustworthiness judgment trustworthiness judgment left motor response 1512660691912 cnt_553fd39457558 left motor response left motor response right motor response 1512660691946 cnt_553fd39d1fec4 right motor response right motor response why face minus how face 1512660691979 cnt_55410975ce70b why face minus how face why face minus how face why hand minus how hand 1512660692012 cnt_5541098145b5a why hand minus how hand why hand minus how hand why nonsocial minus how nonsocial 1512660692043 cnt_55410992b9c4b why nonsocial minus how nonsocial why nonsocial minus how nonsocial [why face minus how nonsocial] minus [why nonsocial minus how face] 1512660692079 cnt_554109af50e85 [why face minus how nonsocial] minus [why nonsocial minus how face] [why face minus how nonsocial] minus [why nonsocial minus how face] [why hand minus how nonsocial] minus [why nonsocial minus how hand] 1512660692113 cnt_554109c5544c8 [why hand minus how nonsocial] minus [why nonsocial minus how hand] [why hand minus how nonsocial] minus [why nonsocial minus how hand] scrambled minus letter string 1512660692150 cnt_55413a0769113 scrambled minus letter string scrambled minus letter string congruent minus scrambled 1512660692184 cnt_55413a13ad2fb congruent minus scrambled congruent minus scrambled incongruent minus congruent 1512660692216 cnt_55413a264f834 incongruent minus congruent incongruent minus congruent incongruent minus scrambled 1512660692249 cnt_55413a3228c77 incongruent minus scrambled incongruent minus scrambled main plus control experiment 1512660692283 cnt_5541621795e47 main plus control experiment main plus control experiment pre-cash trials minus pre-pump trials matched for risk level 1512660692315 cnt_5542665e734fe pre-cash trials minus pre-pump trials matched for risk level pre-cash trials minus pre-pump trials matched for risk level go last scan training run 1512660689294 cnt_5542754960e93 go last scan training run go last scan training run nogo last scan training run 1512660689260 cnt_5542755046230 nogo last scan training run nogo last scan training run stroop inference versus color naming 1512660692348 cnt_55428542ad068 stroop inference versus color naming stroop inference versus color naming total score 1512660692381 cnt_5585c855ab224 total score total score dual task RT minus single task RT 1512660692415 cnt_55a300d4a2e78 dual task RT minus single task RT dual task RT minus single task RT distracted RT minus non-distracted RT 1512660692446 cnt_55a3010bbd12c distracted RT minus non-distracted RT distracted RT minus non-distracted RT percent detected 1512660692479 cnt_55a30151c0e78 percent detected percent detected percent correct 1512660692512 cnt_55a3018591a8d percent correct percent correct percent correct 1512660692544 cnt_55a301cd38de4 percent correct percent correct percent detected 1512660692577 cnt_55a301d6d57b9 percent detected percent detected percent correct 1512660692611 cnt_55a30247227e5 percent correct percent correct response time 1512660692643 cnt_55a302526f444 response time response time response time to identify target 1512660692681 cnt_55a3028a5477b response time to identify target response time to identify target percent correct 1512660692713 cnt_55a302cbb1f7c percent correct percent correct percent correct 1512660692745 cnt_55a30313da429 percent correct percent correct response time 1512660692777 cnt_55a303261a647 response time response time percent correct 1512660692810 cnt_55a3034ca0943 percent correct percent correct percent correct 1512660692844 cnt_55a3036a4175b percent correct percent correct percent correct 1512660692877 cnt_55a303c74baf9 percent correct percent correct percent correct 1512660692910 cnt_55a30418945f9 percent correct percent correct percent correct 1512660692944 cnt_55a304556bac7 percent correct percent correct percent commission error 1512660692981 cnt_55a30468444a6 percent commission error percent commission error percent correct 1512660693020 cnt_55a304d1cfc84 percent correct percent correct percent correct 1512660693053 cnt_55a3056e571ca percent correct percent correct percent correct 1512660693085 cnt_55a3069a3b9f9 percent correct percent correct response time 1512660693118 cnt_55a306a830bfc response time response time percent intrusions 1512660693148 cnt_55a306f9b7178 percent intrusions percent intrusions percent correct 1512660693179 cnt_55a30725ee445 percent correct percent correct percent correct 1512660693211 cnt_55a3075967471 percent correct percent correct blunt affect 1512660693244 cnt_55a6a399ea943 blunt affect blunt affect alogia 1512660693275 cnt_55a6a3a385759 alogia alogia avolition 1512660693309 cnt_55a6a3abcd129 avolition avolition anhedonia 1512660693341 cnt_55a6a3b4b552d anhedonia anhedonia attention 1512660693373 cnt_55a6a3ba669c9 attention attention total score 1512660693404 cnt_55a6a44770b40 total score total score total score 1512660693436 cnt_55a6a486c0fca total score total score attention 1512660693468 cnt_55a6a4be25a47 attention attention hyperactivity 1512660693501 cnt_55a6a4c6659ce hyperactivity hyperactivity total severity 1512660693534 cnt_55a6a4d4afbbf total severity total severity mania 1512660693567 cnt_55a6a53e0515f mania mania negative 1512660693598 cnt_55a6a54e3bce2 negative negative positive 1512660693634 cnt_55a6a554315f7 positive positive depanx 1512660693666 cnt_55a6a55ac4405 depanx depanx total score 1512660693701 cnt_55a6a7b01babb total score total score anxiety 1512660693734 cnt_55a6a88090b03 anxiety anxiety depression 1512660693767 cnt_55a6a8865332e depression depression inappropriate affect 1512660693800 cnt_55a6d00bbcd72 inappropriate affect inappropriate affect hallucinations 1512660693836 cnt_55a6d017a87a9 hallucinations hallucinations delusions 1512660693870 cnt_55a6d038c3861 delusions delusions bizarre behavior 1512660693904 cnt_55a6d042e6b4b bizarre behavior bizarre behavior HE vs LE food choice periods 1512660693939 cnt_55c68750052fa HE vs LE food choice periods HE vs LE food choice periods Choice periods of NSC versus SC trials 1512660693973 cnt_55c691df5c0c7 Choice periods of NSC versus SC trials Choice periods of NSC versus SC trials task minus baseline 1512660694009 cnt_55ef1305643e9 task minus baseline task minus baseline target 1-back minus 0-back 1512660687626 cnt_55ef43b5be6da target 1-back minus 0-back target 1-back minus 0-back food choice periods of high energy trials versus food choice periods of low energy trials 1512660694044 cnt_55ef440b3f6f2 food choice periods of high energy trials versus food choice periods of low energy trials food choice periods of high energy trials versus food choice periods of low energy trials reward antisaccade 1512660694197 cnt_565a2e7be5281 reward antisaccade reward antisaccade neutral antisaccade 1512660694230 cnt_565a2e7c28333 neutral antisaccade neutral antisaccade reward antisaccade minus neutral antisaccade 1512660694263 cnt_565a3047b5740 reward antisaccade minus neutral antisaccade reward antisaccade minus neutral antisaccade regulate up 1512660694335 cnt_565a335495029 regulate up regulate up regulate down 1512660694369 cnt_565a335d476eb regulate down regulate down regulate up minus regulate down 1512660694402 cnt_565a33703badb regulate up minus regulate down regulate up minus regulate down deviant minus standard 1512660694820 cnt_566db122ef282 deviant minus standard deviant minus standard high minus low condition 1512660694502 cnt_566db1953db67 high minus low condition high minus low condition deviance by intensity interaction 1512660694470 cnt_566db1a5e230d deviance by intensity interaction deviance by intensity interaction attend negative minus attend neutral stimulus 1512660687526 cnt_5679bec3715cd attend negative minus attend neutral stimulus attend negative minus attend neutral stimulus task A vs. task B 1512660687460 cnt_573609d150d95 task A vs. task B task A vs. task B delayed inention vs. no delayed intention 1512660687561 cnt_573609e3a736d delayed inention vs. no delayed intention delayed inention vs. no delayed intention verbal forgetting (trial 3 - delayed) 1512660690956 cnt_579614f464f73 verbal forgetting (trial 3 - delayed) verbal forgetting (trial 3 - delayed) visual forgetting (trial 3 - delayed) 1512660647043 cnt_579615e961f37 visual forgetting (trial 3 - delayed) visual forgetting (trial 3 - delayed) reverse role minus lexical 1512660694437 cnt_5796442240254 reverse role minus lexical reverse role minus lexical reverse role passive minus reverse role active 1512660694297 cnt_57964433e0efb reverse role passive minus reverse role active reverse role passive minus reverse role active Total score 1512660694854 cnt_57964ea91ff76 Total score Total score number of errors 1512660694887 cnt_5798c78bcea27 number of errors number of errors highest level of command correctly performed 1512660694920 cnt_5798cd3deaac0 highest level of command correctly performed highest level of command correctly performed number of steps completed correctly 1512660694952 cnt_5798d115b13e3 number of steps completed correctly number of steps completed correctly number of features correctly drawn 1512660694984 cnt_5798d2b73fb3b number of features correctly drawn number of features correctly drawn similarity of copy to original 1512660695022 cnt_5798d47082694 similarity of copy to original similarity of copy to original number of items correct 1512660695055 cnt_5798d7d41f82b number of items correct number of items correct predicted premorbid IQ 1512660695102 cnt_5798f639d1544 predicted premorbid IQ predicted premorbid IQ total errors 1512660695155 cnt_5798f8797e2d6 total errors total errors predicted premorbid IQ 1512660695191 cnt_5798f9476456f predicted premorbid IQ predicted premorbid IQ total errors 1512660695226 cnt_5798f947648b1 total errors total errors predicted premorbid IQ 1512660695261 cnt_5798fa39c1328 predicted premorbid IQ predicted premorbid IQ total errors 1512660695297 cnt_5798fa39c150a total errors total errors Moral dilemma vs rest 1512660695352 cnt_57ebe6b3d2cb7 Moral dilemma vs rest Moral dilemma vs rest Control vs rest 1512660695403 cnt_57ebe6c30816b Control vs rest Control vs rest Moral dilemma vs Control 1512660695439 cnt_57ebe6de6b4e5 Moral dilemma vs Control Moral dilemma vs Control BELIEF versus PHOTO contrast 1512660695473 cnt_5845af7bc358f BELIEF versus PHOTO contrast BELIEF versus PHOTO contrast BIO > SCRAM 1512660695512 cnt_58a5d349d8618 BIO > SCRAM BIO > SCRAM Intentional vs unintentional social norm violations 1512660695566 cnt_58c80c7799aec Intentional vs unintentional social norm violations Intentional vs unintentional social norm violations Intentional social norm violations vs neutral social stories 1512660695601 cnt_58c80c8cc23cc Intentional social norm violations vs neutral social stories Intentional social norm violations vs neutral social stories Unintentional social norm violations vs neutral social stories 1512660695635 cnt_58c80ca085301 Unintentional social norm violations vs neutral social stories Unintentional social norm violations vs neutral social stories Unintentional vs intentional social norm violations 1512660695678 cnt_58c80cad7d79d Unintentional vs intentional social norm violations Unintentional vs intentional social norm violations Food > Non-food viewing 1537997607295 cnt_rWfeYv6MVSpeJ Food > Non-food viewing Food > Non-food viewing future 1514330550619 cnt_rkzAKkhmkurzt future future congruent 1512660601745 con_4b1969ec123ec congruent The color and word names match congruent incongruent 1512660601879 con_4b1969ffa6857 incongruent The color and word names conflict with one another incongruent neutral 1512660601918 con_4b196a106c24a neutral The word is not a color name neutral Go trial 1512660601954 con_4b44a4d54233a Go trial Trials on which a go stimulus is presented and the subject is expected to respond Go trial Stop trial 1512660601991 con_4b44a4f3505bb Stop trial Trials on which a stop signal is presented at some delay (stop-signal delay) following the go stimulus, and the subject is expected to stop Stop trial Go trials 1512660602033 con_4b4a2f2e253fc Go trials Trials on which the stimulus is in the go category Go trials Stop trial 1512660602066 con_4b4a2f46e10c3 Stop trial Trials on which the stimulus is in the stop category Stop trial 0-back 1512660602101 con_4b4a51b665917 0-back A condition requiring stimulus matching but not working memory 0-back 3-back 1512660602135 con_4b4a51d944c3e 3-back A condition requiring memory for stimuli occurring 3 stimuli back 3-back Target 1512660602171 con_4b4a538ded442 Target The stimulus to be responded to Target Nontarget 1512660602205 con_4b4a53b3e6eb5 Nontarget Any stimulus other than the target Nontarget 1-back 1512660602253 con_4b4a54736e57a 1-back A condition requiring memory for stimuli occurring 1 stimuli back 1-back 2-back 1512660602298 con_4b4a5481d9f61 2-back A condition requiring memory for stimuli occurring 2 stimuli back 2-back 3-back 1512660602342 con_4b4a5490ef92f 3-back A condition requiring memory for stimuli occurring 3 stimuli back 3-back no delay 1512660602380 con_4b4a5f6515553 no delay No delay between initial presentation and probe no delay delay 1512660602418 con_4b4a5f854160f delay Probe presentation follows a delay after initial presentation delay Matching 1512660602455 con_4b65e60a2cd66 Matching The word and picture refer to the same concept Matching Non-matching 1512660602492 con_4b65e62c517d4 Non-matching The word and picture refer to different concepts Non-matching Segmented blocks 1512660602528 con_4b7c0325a84d2 Segmented blocks None Segmented blocks Unsegmented blocks 1512660602568 con_4b7c03351da6c Unsegmented blocks None Unsegmented blocks Difficulty Level 1 1512660602606 con_4b7c041db7971 Difficulty Level 1 All three stimulus dimensions must match Difficulty Level 1 Difficulty Level 2 1512660602643 con_4b7c04350b339 Difficulty Level 2 Only two stimulus dimensions must match Difficulty Level 2 Difficulty Level 3 1512660602693 con_4b7c044e53f9e Difficulty Level 3 Only one stimulus dimension must match Difficulty Level 3 First category 1512660602729 con_4b7c0a332773f First category The first category presented in the series First category Subsequent categories 1512660602772 con_4b7c0aa41ca2a Subsequent categories Categories presented after the first in the series Subsequent categories Perseverative errors 1512660602816 con_4b7c101e99f7e Perseverative errors Errors that involve perseveration on the previously acquired set Perseverative errors Nonperseverative errors 1512660602865 con_4b7c1033c0b2d Nonperseverative errors Errors that do not involve perseveration on the previously acquired set Nonperseverative errors Failure to maintain set 1512660602901 con_4b7c108cc5daf Failure to maintain set Loss of the correct sorting rule during performance Failure to maintain set Congruent 1512660602938 con_4b8436b5767e7 Congruent Both body and head belong to the same animal Congruent Incongruent 1512660602991 con_4b8436e0716e9 Incongruent Body and head belong to different types of animals Incongruent Switch trial 1512660603048 con_4bd1ebae43d9f Switch trial Those trials on which subjects are required to switch from one task to another Switch trial Repeat trial 1512660603090 con_4bd1ebdb08118 Repeat trial Those trials on which subjects are required to repeat the same task that was performed on the previous trial Repeat trial Words 1512660603128 con_4be6eb857e704 Words Valid words in the testing language for which the correct response is &#34;Yes&#34; Words Pseudowords 1512660603178 con_4be6ebc7bf079 Pseudowords Pronounceable letter or phoneme strings which do not form a valid word in the testing language. The correct response is &#34;No&#34; Pseudowords Consonant letter strings 1512660603223 con_4be6ec0cf3081 Consonant letter strings In imaging studies (as opposed to purely behavioural expts) strings of consonants are often used as a nonlexical control condition because they do not engage the reading system to the same extent Consonant letter strings Fixation 1512660603271 con_4be6ec2f7f42c Fixation A &#34;baseline&#34; condition when no letter string stimulus is presented and no response is expected Fixation Successful Stop Trial 1512660603312 con_4c6b5fd5be8b2 Successful Stop Trial A trial on which a stop signal is presented at a delay following the go stimulus, and the subject successfully withholds their response Successful Stop Trial Unsuccessful stop trial 1512660603352 con_4c6b600d4a2c2 Unsuccessful stop trial A trial on which a stop signal is presented at a delay following the go stimulus, and the subject fails to withhold their response Unsuccessful stop trial delay period distractor task 1512660603395 con_4c9974a448553 delay period distractor task an optional task performed during the delay period between target presentation and the response cue; tasks examples : number subtraction, word categorization delay period distractor task sensory modality 1512660603438 con_4c9975fc2e715 sensory modality This task is overwhelmingly performed with visual stimuli with a visual saccade response, however, a haptic version performed blind is described in Park & Holzman 1996. sensory modality Probabilistic classification trials 1512660603565 con_4cacf2671647d Probabilistic classification trials Trials on which the subject classifies items Probabilistic classification trials Go trials 1512660603606 con_4cacf41107509 Go trials Trials on which a go stimulus is presented and the subject is expected to respond Go trials Stop-critical trial 1512660603642 con_4cacf4462f7cf Stop-critical trial Trials on which a stop signal is presented at some delay (stop-signal delay) following the go, and the stimulus is the critical stimulus, meaning that the subject is expected to stop Stop-critical trial Stop-noncritical trial 1512660603679 con_4cacf4680a5e0 Stop-noncritical trial Trials on which a stop signal is presented at some delay (stop-signal delay) following the go, and the stimulus is the non-critical stimulus, meaning that the subject is not expected to stop Stop-noncritical trial Word 1512660603717 con_4d949c72f2589 Word Pairs of real english words Word Pseudoword 1512660603753 con_4d949c8528903 Pseudoword Pairs of pseudowords Pseudoword meaningful 1512660603789 con_4de53a974622f meaningful actions are common gestures meaningful meaningless 1512660603826 con_4de53abc62726 meaningless actions are novel, and have likely not been seen or performed by the participant before meaningless antisaccade 1512660603862 con_4de55b6707137 antisaccade eye movements away from the fixation point antisaccade prosaccade 1512660603898 con_4de55b77a975e prosaccade eye movements toward the fixation point prosaccade forward 1512660603947 con_4de56f49c241c forward participant repeats a string of digits in the order they were presented forward backward 1512660603990 con_4de56f7a1755f backward participant repeats a string of digits in the reverse order, beginning with the last digit presented backward explosion 1512660604086 con_4de5788dbc4bf explosion the balloon bursts and the participant loses all gains for the trial explosion short form 1512660604132 con_4de583fcb050b short form 27 points, subjects match possible faces to one picture, the last seven questions use pictures different poses short form long form 1512660604180 con_4de584598a7df long form 54 points, subjects complete the short form plus an additional nine questions with the pictures using alternate lighting and poses. Each picture has 3 possible matches during this portion long form copying test 1512660604230 con_4de67164155d6 copying test participants copy pictures or geometric objects copying test size match 1512660604264 con_4de671af5ac83 size match participants judge whether two objects presented side-by-side are the same size size match length match 1512660604299 con_4de671d131e0a length match participants judge whether two objects presented side-by-side are the same length length match orientation match 1512660604333 con_4de671e759538 orientation match participants judge whether two objects presented side-by-side are shown with the same orientation orientation match position of gap match 1512660604373 con_4de6722368540 position of gap match participants judge whether two objects presented side-by-side have a gap in the same position position of gap match overlapping figures test 1512660604407 con_4de674d6a83ce overlapping figures test participants are asked to identify all the objects in pictures containing overlapping figures overlapping figures test object decision 1512660604444 con_4de6758abdd95 object decision participants are shown pictures and asked to identify whether the object could be real or is unreal object decision minimal feature match 1512660604481 con_4de677aa1df70 minimal feature match participants are asked to select a picture that is the same as the original picture, but the saliency of the object’s most distinctive feature is reduced minimal feature match foreshortened view 1512660604522 con_4de67800c8e2a foreshortened view participants are asked to select a picture that is the same as the original picture, but the object&#39;s principle axis is foreshortened foreshortened view drawing from memory test 1512660604558 con_4de6789784b81 drawing from memory test participants draw images varying in complexity from simple shapes to complex objects like faces drawing from memory test picture naming 1512660604593 con_4de678e0271fa picture naming participants identify the names for pictures presented. Pictures are generally words used infrequently picture naming immediate recall 1512660604629 con_4de6a278a78fe immediate recall 16 words from four categories are presented to the participant, who is then asked to recall as many as possible in 5 consecutive trials immediate recall interference 1512660604664 con_4de6a2be90318 interference a list of other words is presented, and the participant is once again asked to recall the initial 16 words interference long recall 1512660604702 con_4de6a2f38a3dd long recall after 20 minutes have passed, the participant is again asked to recall as many words as possible from the original list of 16 long recall recognition trial 1512660604740 con_4de6a33431179 recognition trial some researchers include a recognition trial at the end of the test, in which the participant is shown a list of words and asked which ones were on the original list recognition trial same images 1512660604780 con_4de6ad74bd5ee same images participants view 6 faces in a random order, then are given 3 forced-choice tasks per face they have seen, in which 2 distractor faces are added and the participant must choose which face they have seen before same images novel images 1512660604818 con_4de6add394f5b novel images participants complete a forced-choice task as in the same images condition, but the original 6 faces are now shown in a different way (different lighting, new facial expression, etc.) novel images novel images with noise 1512660604853 con_4de6ae3e22fb0 novel images with noise the participants complete a novel images forced-choice task, with Gaussian noise added novel images with noise ratio 1512660604888 con_4de6b69d1e52b ratio each trial has different ratios of one color to the other, affecting the probability of selecting the right color for the token ratio stimulus 1512660604925 con_4de6bfac7a76f stimulus a subject must watch for a stimulus to be presented in the way it was shown to them before the test, then must react by pressing a button stimulus non-stimulus 1512660604963 con_4de6bfdf58e8e non-stimulus a subject is watching for a stimulus, but some other shape/picture/object is shown non-stimulus right hand 1512660604998 con_4de6c00e51ce0 right hand subjects are instructed to identify a stimulus or set of stimuli by pressing a button with the right hand right hand left hand 1512660605036 con_4de6c02033068 left hand subjects are instructed to identify a stimulus or set of stimuli by pressing a button with the left hand left hand risky option 1512660605071 con_4de6c5f53e3b1 risky option a choice that has a low probability of reward, but a higher reward than the non-risky option risky option non-risky option 1512660605110 con_4de6c62e9b3ed non-risky option a choice that has a high probability of reward, but the reward is lower than in the risky option non-risky option conditioned stimulus 1512660605148 con_4de6c84f74297 conditioned stimulus a stimulus is presented that the subject has no instinctive response to, but the researcher hopes to create an automatic response to by pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus 1512660605187 con_4de6c8bbe652f unconditioned stimulus a stimulus that the subject has a natural, instinctive reaction to ( stimuli associated with pain, noise, fear, and reward are often used) unconditioned stimulus formulating sentences subtest 1512660605343 con_4de6d03ae6527 formulating sentences subtest participant is asked to use a specific word or phrase correctly in a sentence to describe a picture formulating sentences subtest recalling sentences subtest 1512660605376 con_4de6d066cb774 recalling sentences subtest participant is asked to repeat a sentence recalling sentences subtest sentence structure subtest 1512660605412 con_4de6d0d578e8e sentence structure subtest participant responds to sentences of varying difficulty and structure sentence structure subtest concepts and directions subtest 1512660605448 con_4de6d1194328b concepts and directions subtest participant is asked to follow directions that become increasingly difficult and cover a range of language concepts concepts and directions subtest word classes subtest 1512660605488 con_4de6d1650c54a word classes subtest participants must identify how words relate to each other (synonyms/antonyms, types, etc.) word classes subtest word structure subtest 1512660605526 con_4de6d27471736 word structure subtest assesses participants understanding of morphology word structure subtest semantic relationships subtest 1512660605564 con_4de6d42855b8b semantic relationships subtest only administered to children 9 years and older, assesses ability to understand semantic relationships semantic relationships subtest sentence assembly subtest 1512660605603 con_4de6d45dd9ade sentence assembly subtest only administered to children 9 years and older, participant is given words or phrases and asked to construct sentences using them sentence assembly subtest hider 1512660605713 con_4de7dc695f6f3 hider the subject hides an object and is encouraged to mislead the experimenter or other participant about where the object is hidden hider guesser 1512660605747 con_4de7dcca3449f guesser the experimenter or another participant hides an object and clearly tries to decieve the subject about where the object is hidden. In this task the experimenter is trying to ascertain whether the subject has the theory of mind to identify deceptive intent in others. guesser valid 1512660605784 con_4de7e52cd087d valid a subject is given a syllogism and asked to complete it or, if complete, to judge whether it is logically sound valid invalid 1512660605827 con_4de7e54b3b6d2 invalid a subject is given an illogical syllogism and asked to judge whether it is logically sound invalid positive feedback 1512660605874 con_4de91cc95248e positive feedback the participant chooses a box containing a prize positive feedback negative feedback 1512660605913 con_4de91ce5f25a9 negative feedback the participant chooses the devil box and loses all previous gains negative feedback immediate memory copy 1512660605947 con_4de929a6133f6 immediate memory copy in this version of the digit/symbol coding test, participants are shown a list of digits and symbols and immediately asked to write down the symbols that correspond to a list of digits immediate memory copy general memory copy 1512660606008 con_4de929f983464 general memory copy in this version of the digit/symbol coding test, participants are given time to study a list of digits and symbols and, after a period of time, asked to write down the symbols that correspond to a list of digits general memory copy verbal recall (people test) 1512660606048 con_4de93d28647c8 verbal recall (people test) participants are shown picures of people with names and occupations (or other information) attached. They are asked to recall the names when prompted with the occupation verbal recall (people test) visual recognition (doors test) 1512660606084 con_4de93ddadf156 visual recognition (doors test) participants view pictures of doors. They then are presented with groupings of doors, each containing one from the studyied photos and 3 distractors and asked to identify the familiar door visual recognition (doors test) visual recall (shapes test) 1512660606120 con_4de93e2a139bb visual recall (shapes test) participants copy line drawings that resemble crosses, then they are asked to redraw the shapes from memory visual recall (shapes test) verbal recognition (names test) 1512660606155 con_4de93e831be61 verbal recognition (names test) participants view a list of names. They then are presented with groupings of names, each containing one from the studyied list and 3 distractors and asked to identify the familiar name verbal recognition (names test) congruent 1512660606192 con_4decfedb911e2 congruent the participant is shown a stimulus flanked by some congruent image (the same letter or number as the stimulus or arrows pointing in the same direction as the target stimulus) congruent incongruent 1512660606240 con_4decff04d5ada incongruent the participant is shown a stimulus flanked by incongruent images (different letters or numbers or arrows pointing in the opposite direction) incongruent emotion detection 1512660606275 con_4ded127194dd6 emotion detection participants must indicate when the current faces emotion matches the emotion of the face presented n previously emotion detection identity detection 1512660606310 con_4ded129f8c792 identity detection participants must indicate when the current picture is of the same person as presented n previously identity detection rhythm tap 1512660606344 con_4ded2ba5e3333 rhythm tap subject must tap a button each time they hear a tone or see a light flash, which is presented in a consistent rhythm. Then, they must continue tapping in this rhythm after the stimulus has ceased rhythm tap time tap 1512660606379 con_4ded2bceed869 time tap subject must tap a button as many times as possible in a period of 10 seconds. Usually repeated trials are administered and an average score is obtained. time tap emotion manipulation 1512660606412 con_4ded4b345f18a emotion manipulation some words on the list have neutral meaning, while other words have highly emotional content emotion manipulation category list 1512660606459 con_4ded4b7c48e71 category list words on the list, even if organized randomly, come from distinct categories of association so the subject can group them together as a memorization strategy category list Transformation plates 1512660606498 con_4df11413051f5 Transformation plates plates are designed so that a person with deficient color vision will report a different digit than someone with normal color vision Transformation plates Vanishing plates 1512660606533 con_4df1143e308e6 Vanishing plates plates are designed to that a person with deficient color vision will not see any digits, while people with normal color vision will report some digit Vanishing plates Hidden Digits plates 1512660606576 con_4df11498b173f Hidden Digits plates plates are designed so that a person with deficient color vision will report seeing a digit, while people with normal color vision will not Hidden Digits plates Contamination/Cleaning 1512660606612 con_4df2609cea616 Contamination/Cleaning questions that assess whether the participant has abnormal standards of cleanliness or abnormal negative feelings associated with uncleanliness Contamination/Cleaning Checking 1512660606645 con_4df260fd66ed8 Checking questions that assess whether the participant rechecks things that have been checked before, or checks things after certainty should already have been attained Checking Slowness 1512660606683 con_4df26137bc517 Slowness questions that assess whether the participant takes longer than necessary to perform common tasks Slowness Doubting 1512660606718 con_4df261fc3cb2d Doubting questions that assess whether a participant requires an unrealistic amount of perfection or underestimates their ability to adequately perform tasks or make moral decisions Doubting Comprehension 1512660606753 con_4df298c5963fa Comprehension subjects are played music and tested to see if they processed it, remembered it, or had the same auditory experience as others Comprehension Production 1512660606794 con_4df298fddcc24 Production subjects are asked to play or sing music Production Uncued 1512660606829 con_4df8e1f29aef3 Uncued The subject is not shown a cue prior to the appearance of the stimulus Uncued Congruent Cue 1512660606863 con_4df8e24a62aa3 Congruent Cue A cue appears before the target stimulus. This cue is in the same location as the target stimulus (a location cue) or pointing in the direction of the target stimulus (an orientation cue). Congruent Cue Incongruent Cue 1512660606900 con_4df8e2760dd20 Incongruent Cue A cue appears before the target stimulus, but in another location or orientation. Incongruent Cue Word 1512660606934 con_4df8fae1e5bec Word participants are presented with a real word Word Morphologically Decomposable Pseudowords 1512660606971 con_4df8fb518be8c Morphologically Decomposable Pseudowords participants are presented with pseudowords whose structure contains morphemes that commonly exist in their language Morphologically Decomposable Pseudowords Morphologically Non-decomposable Pseudowords 1512660607012 con_4df8fb9e02055 Morphologically Non-decomposable Pseudowords participants are presented with pseudowords that do not have morphological structure Morphologically Non-decomposable Pseudowords Semantically correct 1512660607046 con_4dfa6ad39ee74 Semantically correct participants view sentences that are semantically correct and would make sense in everday speech (e.g. &#34;Did the visitor that admired the plants leave the wallet in the room?&#34;) Semantically correct Semantically anomalous 1512660607078 con_4dfa6b1c620a6 Semantically anomalous participants view sentences that are semantically incorrect and would not make sense (e.g. &#34;The boys admired the curly, new car of the secretary in the office.&#34;) Semantically anomalous Semantically associated items 1512660607114 con_4dfa71f0c9afd Semantically associated items participants view items that have some semantic association (e.g. &#34;car&#34; and &#34;truck&#34;) Semantically associated items Semantically unrelated items 1512660607154 con_4dfa7237ebfdd Semantically unrelated items participants view items that have no strong semantic association between them (e.g. &#34;shirt&#34; and &#34;airplane&#34;) Semantically unrelated items Congruent Cue 1512660607187 con_4dfa889b33ab5 Congruent Cue Participants view stimuli that are pointing in the same direction as the visual field they appear in, or participants press a button that resembles the stimulus or visual field (i.e. pressing a right arrow on a keyboard when a right-facing arrow appears, or the stimulus is in the right visual field) Congruent Cue Incongruent Cue 1512660607223 con_4dfa891db4ac6 Incongruent Cue Participants view stimuli that are pointing opposite the visual field they appear in, or the participants press a button that is opposite the stimulus direction or visual field (i.e. pressing a left arrow on a keyboard when a right-facing arrow appears, or when the stimulus is in the right visual field) Incongruent Cue 0-back 1512660607262 con_4dfb9a322be5a 0-back participants are asked to identify the spatial location of the dot in the current picture 0-back 1-back 1512660607298 con_4dfb9a75a2ae8 1-back participants are asked to identify the spatial location of the dot presented 1 picture previously, or indicate whether the current dot matches the position of the dot in the previous picture 1-back 2-back 1512660607333 con_4dfb9ab8d6e90 2-back participants are asked to identify the spatial location of the dot presented 2 pictures previously, or indicate whether the current dot matches the position of the dot in the picture presented 2 previously 2-back 3-back 1512660607364 con_4dfb9af0983f6 3-back participants are asked to identify the spatial location of the dot presented 3 pictures previously, or indicate whether the current dot matches the position of the dot in the picture presented 3 previously 3-back Trait Anxiety 1512660607396 con_4dfba87cdac32 Trait Anxiety this half of the questionnaire evaluates how the participant feels in general Trait Anxiety State Anxiety 1512660607429 con_4dfba8b045f20 State Anxiety this half of the questionnaire evaluates how the participant feels at the moment. This half is more likely to change with re-administration of the questionnaire State Anxiety congruent 1512660607462 con_4dfbb16a63016 congruent the word is printed in the color that its name suggests (e.g. &#34;yellow&#34; printed in yellow ink) congruent incongruent 1512660607492 con_4dfbb1aa36fb5 incongruent the word is printed in a different color than its name suggests (e.g. &#34;yellow&#34; printed in red ink) incongruent Plausible Sentences 1512660607527 con_4dff8003a65ab Plausible Sentences participants view sentences that are grammatically correct and plausible as real sentences Plausible Sentences Implausible Snetences 1512660607565 con_4dff8030b7c3b Implausible Snetences participants view sentences that are grammatically incorrect and implausible as real sentences Implausible Snetences Single Number 1512660607597 con_4dffcea98fb12 Single Number participants are asked to underline a specific number each time it appears on a printed page with random sequences of numbers Single Number Single Geometric Form 1512660607629 con_4dffcee92f1ed Single Geometric Form participants are asked to underline a specific symbol or drawing each time it appears on a printed page with random sequences of geometric forms Single Geometric Form Single Nonsense Letter 1512660607661 con_4dffd03801231 Single Nonsense Letter participants are asked to underline a single, specific letter each time it appears on a printed page with random sequences of letters Single Nonsense Letter Gestalt Figure 1512660607692 con_4dffd0991b013 Gestalt Figure participants are asked to underline a complex figure each time it appears on a page with a random sequences of similarly constructed complex figures Gestalt Figure Single Letter 1512660607728 con_4dffd0f56b62b Single Letter participants are asked to underline a single, specific letter each time it appears on a printed page with random sequences of letters. Unlike the nonsense letter subtest, this test utilizes real letters from the alphabet of the participant&#39;s first language Single Letter Single Letter in Syllable Context 1512660607773 con_4dffd14b5ae1b Single Letter in Syllable Context participants are asked to underline all syllables containing a specific letter on a page of random sequences of syllables. Single Letter in Syllable Context Two Letters 1512660607814 con_4dffd181cb5ac Two Letters participants are asked to underline two different, real letters each time they appear on a printed page with random sequences of letters Two Letters Sequence of Geometric Forms 1512660607848 con_4dffd1dbec2a2 Sequence of Geometric Forms a page is filled with different orders of four geometric shapes. The participant is asked to underline the symbols when they occur in a specific order (e.g. triangle, then cross, then crescent, then circle) Sequence of Geometric Forms Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Unpronounceable) 1512660607879 con_4dffd2399e9c1 Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Unpronounceable) a page is filled with random collections of syllables containing no vowels, and must underline a specific nonsense syllable (e.g. fsbm) each time it appears Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Unpronounceable) Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Pronounceable) 1512660607912 con_4dffd28018603 Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Pronounceable) a page is filled with random collections of syllables containing vowels, and must underline a specific nonsense syllable (e.g. funp) each time it appears Four-Letter Nonsense Syllable (Pronounceable) Four-Letter Word 1512660607946 con_4dffd2bac7de2 Four-Letter Word participants are asked to underline a specific four-letter word each time it appears on a page filled with random sequences of other four-letter words made up of the same letters as the target word Four-Letter Word Unspaced Four-Letter Word 1512660607982 con_4dffd3273ef33 Unspaced Four-Letter Word participants are asked to underline a specific four-letter word each time it appears on a page filled with random sequences of other four-letter words made up of the same letters as the target word. Unlike the Four-Letter Word subtest, this subtest does not include spaces in between the four-letter words Unspaced Four-Letter Word Single Number (Second Time) 1512660608019 con_4dffd35b0ffab Single Number (Second Time) participants repeat the first subtest, but search for a different number this time Single Number (Second Time) Congruent Cue 1512660608051 con_4e010aebbbc24 Congruent Cue a visual cue appears in the same place as the target will appear, but slightly early Congruent Cue Incongruent Cue 1512660608083 con_4e010b0c96ff9 Incongruent Cue a visual cue appears before the target does, but in a different location Incongruent Cue RMW 1512660608118 con_4e0112e7d3937 RMW participant is shown words and asked to later identify which ones have been seen before RMW RMF 1512660608149 con_4e011301aec43 RMF participant is shown faces and asked to later identify which ones have been seen before RMF Matrix Reasoning 1512660608186 con_4e011a8762bf1 Matrix Reasoning assesses the fluid intelligence of the participant Matrix Reasoning Block Design 1512660608219 con_4e011aded69ae Block Design assesses spatial abilities of participants Block Design Similarities 1512660608251 con_4e011afe30329 Similarities assesses semantic knowledge and verbal ability of the participant Similarities Vocabulary 1512660608283 con_4e011b28ce9da Vocabulary assesses the vocabulary and lexical knowledge of the participant Vocabulary Information 1512660608316 con_4e0125dc5b957 Information the participant is asked questions to measure general knowledge Information Digit Span 1512660608354 con_4e01261c45bc4 Digit Span the participant is given a set of digits to repeat either forward or backward. The set grows each time until the participant can no longer correctly recall all the digits in order Digit Span Vocabulary 1512660608388 con_4e01263d51a65 Vocabulary the participant is asked to define 35 words Vocabulary Arithmetic 1512660608422 con_4e012662da0cf Arithmetic the participant is asked to solve 14 story problems with mental arithmetic Arithmetic Comprehension 1512660608455 con_4e01268a18d60 Comprehension the participant is asked 16 questions about social awareness Comprehension Similarities 1512660608490 con_4e0126b9ec375 Similarities the participant is asked to say how seemingly dissibmilar items might be similar Similarities Picture Completion 1512660608523 con_4e0126dc12ff6 Picture Completion the participant is asked to identify the vital missing detail in 20 pictures Picture Completion Picture Arrangement 1512660608555 con_4e012702f073f Picture Arrangement the participant is given 10 sets of pictures and must arrange each set into a logical sequence Picture Arrangement Block Design 1512660608591 con_4e012722ee912 Block Design the participant mut assemble blocks to match pictures of designs Block Design Digit Symbol 1512660608629 con_4e01278c5e3b9 Digit Symbol the participant use a key - which pairs each number with a symbol - to identify which digit matches the symbols they are presented with Digit Symbol Object Assembly 1512660608661 con_4e0127abdddd2 Object Assembly the participant completes puzzles Object Assembly Vocabulary 1512660608695 con_4e012e2269b4c Vocabulary the participant is asked to define words Vocabulary Information 1512660608732 con_4e012e64945d9 Information the participant is asked questions to measure general knowledge Information Logical Memory 1512660608767 con_4e012f7ba03d0 Logical Memory participants must recall or recognize elements from a short story Logical Memory Verbal Paired Associates 1512660608805 con_4e012fc0a6afb Verbal Paired Associates participants must recall or recognize a word when prompted by an unrelated word that was paired with it during the presentation of word pairs Verbal Paired Associates Designs 1512660608846 con_4e01302681ad2 Designs participants must recall visual details and spatial locations of designs Designs Visual Reproduction 1512660608878 con_4e01306ba8bb6 Visual Reproduction participants view a picture and reproduce it after it has been taken away Visual Reproduction Spatial Addition 1512660608913 con_4e013090c4ac2 Spatial Addition participants manipulate visuospatial information in their working memory Spatial Addition Symbol Span 1512660608957 con_4e0130c9799c6 Symbol Span participants must recall sequences of symbols, increasing in size with each correct completion Symbol Span perceptual identification 1512660608998 con_4e02368e6d12e perceptual identification a word is presented extremely briefly (and often tachistoscopically) on a computer screen and the participant is asked to say the word aloud when they see it perceptual identification lexical decision 1512660609037 con_4e0236b24758c lexical decision a string of letters is presented and the participant is asked to identify whether the letters form a word or not lexical decision latency identification 1512660609081 con_4e023b95e4eb1 latency identification words are presented that the participant is asked to read, but some words are very common and others are used infrequently latency identification primed identification 1512660609120 con_4e023c2ae3a10 primed identification participants are shown words that are semantically or structurally similar to the target word before the target word, which they are asked to read, appears primed identification Trait Affect 1512660609152 con_4e02713a4577a Trait Affect how the participant would answer questions in general Trait Affect State Affect 1512660609185 con_4e027155c0175 State Affect how the participant would answer questions at the moment, or over the past few days State Affect Early Blind 1512660609227 con_4e038e680b751 Early Blind subjects who have been blind since birth or before the acquisition of developed language and/or reading skills Early Blind Late Blind 1512660609267 con_4e038e90bd1f9 Late Blind subjects who lost their sight after acquiring the ability to read non-braille text Late Blind Initiation 1512660609305 con_4e08ed6a4cedb Initiation participants were instructed to complete a series of 15 sentences (e.g., He posted the letter without a ….) using the contextually predicted word (STAMP) Initiation Inhibition 1512660609339 con_4e08ed9422d1a Inhibition participants were instructed to complete a series of 15 sentences (e.g., He posted the letter without a ….) using totally unconnected words (e.g. BANANA) Inhibition 0-back 1512660609380 con_4e08f52d8230f 0-back participant is shown or read a list of letters and then asked to identify the last letter given 0-back 1-back 1512660609414 con_4e08f54b8a1f9 1-back participant is shown or read a list of letters and then asked to identify the letter given 1 letter previously 1-back 2-back 1512660609449 con_4e08f563a4600 2-back participant is shown or read a list of letters and then asked to identify the letter given 2 letters previously 2-back 3-back 1512660609481 con_4e08f5a26750f 3-back participant is shown or read a list of letters and then asked to identify the letter given 3 letters previously, or asked if the current letter matches the letter given 3 letters back 3-back cue onset asynchrony 1512660609512 con_4e31e4ff71bc3 cue onset asynchrony different onset lags between the two cues (e.g., the auditory onset is 50ms after visual onset) cue onset asynchrony cue onset asynchrony 1512660609546 con_4e31e8204d888 cue onset asynchrony different onset lags between the two cues (e.g., the auditory onset is 50ms after visual onset) cue onset asynchrony neutral 1512660609580 con_4e4170453dfb1 neutral the stimulus is a non-color word or nonword (e.g., &#34;house&#34; or &#34;XXXX&#34; printed in red ink&#34;) neutral verum acupuncture 1512660609612 con_4e495acbd916c verum acupuncture needles placed according to guidelines usually derived from traditional Chinese practice verum acupuncture sham acupuncture 1512660609648 con_4e495af163b9a sham acupuncture needles placed at locations not corresponding to guidelines sham acupuncture No-switch trials 1512660609679 con_4e495e56dd1bc No-switch trials trials that are preceeded by trials of the same type No-switch trials Switch trials 1512660609710 con_4e495e6ea76b0 Switch trials trials that are preceeded by trials of the other task type Switch trials Common animals 1512660609743 con_4e49604f16ce1 Common animals Animals that are frequent and commonly known (e.g., horse) Common animals Rare animals 1512660609777 con_4e49606e91d44 Rare animals Animals that are not commonly encountered or known (e.g., egret) Rare animals Congruent 1512660609808 con_4e49694dc6d46 Congruent flanker items indicate same response as target Congruent Incongruent 1512660609840 con_4e49695f7fb24 Incongruent flanker items indicate opposite response as target Incongruent Neutral 1512660609873 con_4e4969740c6a5 Neutral flanker items do not indicate either response Neutral Cue: none 1512660609904 con_4e4969c33c594 Cue: none no cue precedes trial Cue: none Cue: double 1512660609935 con_4e4969eae9080 Cue: double cue precedes trial but provides no information about the location of the upcoming stimulus Cue: double Cue: spatial 1512660609969 con_4e496a10647ec Cue: spatial cue precedes trial and can predict location of upcoming stimulus Cue: spatial Target 1512660610001 con_4e496f2729d3f Target An &#34;X&#34; that is preceded by an &#34;A&#34; Target Distractors 1512660610038 con_4e496f4abd731 Distractors All other items (including the &#34;A&#34; and any &#34;X&#34; not preceded by an &#34;A&#34; Distractors Baseline 1512660610073 con_4e551ea3799e5 Baseline Stimulation at skin temperature Baseline Heat Stimulation 1512660610108 con_4e551f0136d17 Heat Stimulation Stimulation at a temperature above pain threshold Heat Stimulation Body ownership 1512660610143 con_4e5bbcf7e689a Body ownership Synchronous paintbrush stroking of the occluded hand and the rubber hand elicits the illusion of the rubber hand being part of one’s body. Body ownership No body ownership 1512660610181 con_4e5bbda6f11ff No body ownership Asynchronous paintbrush stroking of the occluded hand and the rubber hand. No body ownership Noxious stimulation 1512660610218 con_4e5d07e8aa85f Noxious stimulation Painful stimuli (e.g. sharp tips) are delivered to the skin Noxious stimulation Non-noxious stimulation 1512660610254 con_4e5d0827085a2 Non-noxious stimulation Non-painful stimuli (e.g. blunt tips) are delivered to the skin Non-noxious stimulation Stimulation at PT-1.0°C 1512660605676 con_4e5e7b3e4b895 Stimulation at PT-1.0°C Heat stimulation at pain threshold minus 1.0°C Stimulation at PT-1.0°C Stimulation at PT-0.7°C 1512660605640 con_4e5e7b75a6db4 Stimulation at PT-0.7°C Heat stimulation at pain threshold minus 0.7°C Stimulation at PT-0.7°C Stimulation at PT+0.7°C 1512660610289 con_4e5e7bb11d3b2 Stimulation at PT+0.7°C Heat stimulation at pain threshold plus 0.7°C Stimulation at PT+0.7°C Stimulation at PT+1.3°C 1512660610323 con_4e5e7bef29b14 Stimulation at PT+1.3°C Heat stimulation at pain threshold plus 1.3°C Stimulation at PT+1.3°C Baseline 1512660610359 con_4e5e7c35246cc Baseline Rest, stimulation at skin temperature Baseline Baseline 1512660610395 con_4e5fcdd5bc764 Baseline Stimulation with indifferent temperature – not warm and not cold (around skin temperature) Baseline Warm 1512660610429 con_4e5fce1e14d37 Warm Stimulation with warm, but not painful, temperature Warm Cool 1512660610462 con_4e5fce7f45ec7 Cool Stimulation with cold, but not painful, temperature Cool Heat pain 1512660610497 con_4e5fced0a43a0 Heat pain Stimulation with painful heat stimulus Heat pain Cold pain 1512660610530 con_4e5fcf1a7fb30 Cold pain Stimulation with painful cold stimulus Cold pain Thermal grill 1512660610574 con_4e5fcf4da0d3e Thermal grill Stimulation with thermal grill Thermal grill No Pain 1512660610620 con_4e6112c1b51c1 No Pain Not painful thermal (hot/cold), electrical, chemical or mechanical stimulation No Pain Pain 1512660610656 con_4e6112fc0a8c4 Pain Painful thermal (hot/cold), electrical, chemical or mechanical stimulation Pain No Pain 1512660610689 con_4e6121f28cb21 No Pain Not painful thermal (hot/cold), electrical, or mechanical stimulation No Pain Pain 1512660610723 con_4e6122135c5e3 Pain Painful thermal (hot/cold), electrical, or mechanical stimulation Pain Noxious Cold 1512660610761 con_4e664d8cc1085 Noxious Cold A noxious cold stimulus is applied to the skin Noxious Cold Innocuous Cool 1512660610795 con_4e664dde482aa Innocuous Cool An innocuous cool stimulus is applied to the skin Innocuous Cool Neutral 1512660610827 con_4e664e057e8b3 Neutral A neutral thermal stimulus is applied to the skin Neutral Painful 1512660610860 con_4e68e0ec9397f Painful Application of a painful electric stimulus Painful Non-Painful 1512660610892 con_4e68e1280bb1b Non-Painful Application of a non-painful electric stimulus Non-Painful Baseline 1512660610924 con_4e68e14867ee2 Baseline Rest Baseline Capsaicin-Evoked Pain 1512660610958 con_4e6a2f906c4ec Capsaicin-Evoked Pain Intradermal injection of capsaicin Capsaicin-Evoked Pain Rest 1512660610997 con_4e6a2fa945aff Rest Rest, no stimulation Rest Baseline 1512660611030 con_4e6a345e36b25 Baseline Stimulation at skin temperature Baseline Heat Stimulation 1512660611063 con_4e6a34c8e3614 Heat Stimulation Heat stimulus above pain threshold Heat Stimulation Cold Task 1512660611097 con_4e6a453d055e8 Cold Task Application of cold but not painful water Cold Task Pain Task 1512660611129 con_4e6a45b172df5 Pain Task Application of painful cold water Pain Task Baseline 1512660611161 con_4e6a45d9eae6d Baseline No application of water Baseline Match trials 1512660611193 con_4e8a0f0c33eb1 Match trials Trials on which the same shape is presented twice Match trials Mismatch trials 1512660611228 con_4e8a0f2605595 Mismatch trials Trials on which different objects are presented Mismatch trials Deterministic classification trials 1512660611261 con_4ebc64ff11a11 Deterministic classification trials trials on which the subject classifies items Deterministic classification trials blocks of both probabilistic classification trials and deterministic classification trials 1512660611293 con_4ebc684fbf0dd blocks of both probabilistic classification trials and deterministic classification trials trials on which the subject classifies items blocks of both probabilistic classification trials and deterministic classification trials tone counting trials 1512660611326 con_4ebc6aeadbf81 tone counting trials trials on which a subject listens and rembers that a tone was presented tone counting trials classification learning trials 1512660611362 con_4ebc7658154a6 classification learning trials trials on which the subject classifies items classification learning trials classification learning trials 1512660611394 con_4ebc98faf2729 classification learning trials trials on which the subject classifies items while also listening for a specific tone and keeps count of how many times it occurs classification learning trials tone-counting probe 1512660611432 con_4ebc9926b5598 tone-counting probe probe for the number of times that the relevant tone was presented tone-counting probe feedback 1512660611508 con_4ebd3c8329fd8 feedback presentation of feedback following response feedback Classification trials: Probabilistic 1512660611543 con_4ebd3d3ded757 Classification trials: Probabilistic Classification on items learned with probabilistic feedback Classification trials: Probabilistic Classification trials: Deterministic 1512660611577 con_4ebd3d74160ea Classification trials: Deterministic Classification on items learned with deterministic feedback Classification trials: Deterministic Gamble judgment 1512660611470 con_4ebd3eeacf977 Gamble judgment Judgment of whether to accept or reject a particular gamble Gamble judgment Junk trial 1512660603528 con_4ebd3f96a11e3 Junk trial A go trial on which subject failed to respond or responded incorrectly Junk trial Successful stop trial 1512660603490 con_4ebd400a8721f Successful stop trial Stop trial on which subjects successfully inhibit Successful stop trial Failed stop trial 1512660611611 con_4ebd40282d26c Failed stop trial Trial on which subject fails to successfully inhibit Failed stop trial Junk trial 1512660611644 con_4ebd4046e2ef7 Junk trial Go trial on which subject fails to respond or responds incorrectly Junk trial Go trials - critical 1512660611678 con_4ebd4179ce36d Go trials - critical Go trial on which the response corresponds to the one that should be inhibited on stop trials Go trials - critical Go trials - noncritical 1512660611713 con_4ebd419090a49 Go trials - noncritical Go trial on which the response corresponds to the one that should not be inhibited on stop trials Go trials - noncritical Failed stop trial - critical 1512660611766 con_4ebd41c62e086 Failed stop trial - critical Trials on which a stop signal was presented and the response was the critical one (i.e., the one that should be inhibited) Failed stop trial - critical Failed stop trial - noncritical 1512660611816 con_4ebd41ebc1bbc Failed stop trial - noncritical Trials on which a stop signal was presented and the response was the noncritical one (i.e., the one that should not be inhibited) Failed stop trial - noncritical Probe 1512660611849 con_4ebd4262dc8f7 Probe Presentation of a probe regarding the number of tones counted in the block Probe Probe 1512660611885 con_4ebd43333ae4d Probe Probe asking which of two numbers is higher Probe Classification trials: Single task learning 1512660611918 con_4ebd43e58784f Classification trials: Single task learning Classification on items learned under single task conditions Classification trials: Single task learning Classification trials: Dual task learning 1512660611951 con_4ebd43fca537f Classification trials: Dual task learning Classification on items learned under dual task conditions Classification trials: Dual task learning Junk trial 1512660611986 con_4ebd44252ef5e Junk trial Trials on which subject did not respond or made an error Junk trial EE-Abstract-Novel 1512660612020 con_4ebd44f6ce988 EE-Abstract-Novel Novel abstract English word EE-Abstract-Novel EE-Abstract-Repeat 1512660612054 con_4ebd457616acf EE-Abstract-Repeat Repeated abstract English word (first seen in English) EE-Abstract-Repeat Probabilistic classification trials: Positive feedback 1512660612089 con_4ebd45f01543f Probabilistic classification trials: Positive feedback Trials on which subject classifies item and receives positive feedback Probabilistic classification trials: Positive feedback Probabilistic classification trials: Negative feedback 1512660612124 con_4ebd45fd32ef6 Probabilistic classification trials: Negative feedback Trials on which subject classifies item and receives negative feedback Probabilistic classification trials: Negative feedback Probabilistic reversal learning trials: Positive feedback 1512660612157 con_4ebd46789f909 Probabilistic reversal learning trials: Positive feedback Trials on which subject classifies item under reversal conditions and receives positive feedback Probabilistic reversal learning trials: Positive feedback Probabilistic reversal learning trials: Negative feedback 1512660612191 con_4ebd469d8a3c9 Probabilistic reversal learning trials: Negative feedback Trials on which subject classifies item under reversal conditions and receives negative feedback Probabilistic reversal learning trials: Negative feedback House 1512660612228 con_4ebd47cf0dfed House Images of houses House Scrambled 1512660612267 con_4ebd47de279d1 Scrambled Scrambled images Scrambled Words 1512660612303 con_4ebd4851b94e8 Words Real words Words Consonant strings 1512660612340 con_4ebd485d8c036 Consonant strings Consonant strings Consonant strings Objects 1512660612373 con_4ebd488f5a316 Objects Images of various visual objects Objects feedback 1512660612410 con_4ebd4cf1e5218 feedback presentation of feedback following response feedback EE-Concrete-Novel 1512660612446 con_4ebd50a63e4fd EE-Concrete-Novel Novel concrete English word EE-Concrete-Novel ES-Abstract-Novel 1512660612481 con_4ebd51abcad7e ES-Abstract-Novel Novel abstract English word ES-Abstract-Novel ES-Concrete-Novel 1512660612515 con_4ebd5208da2ca ES-Concrete-Novel Novel concrete English word ES-Concrete-Novel SE-Abstract-Novel 1512660612548 con_4ebd524b68628 SE-Abstract-Novel Novel abstract Spanish word SE-Abstract-Novel SE-Concrete-Novel 1512660612581 con_4ebd527776c01 SE-Concrete-Novel Novel concrete Spanish word SE-Concrete-Novel SS-Abstract-Novel 1512660612616 con_4ebd529e6b0db SS-Abstract-Novel Novel abstract Spanish word SS-Abstract-Novel SS-Concrete-Novel 1512660612650 con_4ebd52c09f52f SS-Concrete-Novel Novel concrete Spanish word SS-Concrete-Novel Congruent Correct 1512660612682 con_4ebd59c1122ae Congruent Correct Participants respond correctly to a congruent cue Congruent Correct Congruent Incorrect 1512660612717 con_4ebd59ee5e939 Congruent Incorrect Participants respond incorrectly to a congruent cue Congruent Incorrect Incongruent Correct 1512660612752 con_4ebd5a0be306a Incongruent Correct Participants respond correctly to a incongruent cue Incongruent Correct Incongruent incorrect 1512660612786 con_4ebd5a24bee02 Incongruent incorrect Participants respond incorrectly to a incongruent cue Incongruent incorrect Cat 1512660612821 con_4ebd5aadbbcc9 Cat Images of cats Cat Shoe 1512660612854 con_4ebd5abb4cf5a Shoe images of shoes Shoe Bottle 1512660612887 con_4ebd5ac6c401f Bottle images of bottles Bottle Scissors 1512660612920 con_4ebd5ae179420 Scissors Images of scissors Scissors Chair 1512660612953 con_4ebd5af004f7e Chair Images of chairs Chair Face 1512660612985 con_4ebd5afbab5b2 Face Images of faces Face EE-Concrete-Repeat 1512660613021 con_4ebd5c919bc58 EE-Concrete-Repeat Repeated concrete English word (first seen in English) EE-Concrete-Repeat ES-Abstract-Repeat 1512660613057 con_4ebd5d114a4ec ES-Abstract-Repeat Repeated abstract Spanish word (first seen in English) ES-Abstract-Repeat Junk single-task items 1512660613090 con_4ebd69416a180 Junk single-task items Single task items on which the subject did not respond or made an error Junk single-task items Junk dual-task items 1512660613126 con_4ebd697931d91 Junk dual-task items Dual task items on which the subject did not respond or made an error Junk dual-task items ES-Concrete-Repeat 1512660613158 con_4ebd6c63c9327 ES-Concrete-Repeat Repeated concrete Spanish word (first seen in English) ES-Concrete-Repeat SE-Abstract-Repeat 1512660613192 con_4ebd6ca71ac1f SE-Abstract-Repeat Repeated abstract English word (first seen in Spanish) SE-Abstract-Repeat SE-Concrete-Repeat 1512660613227 con_4ebd6d2831524 SE-Concrete-Repeat Repeated concrete English word (first seen in Spanish) SE-Concrete-Repeat SS-Abstract-Repeat 1512660613261 con_4ebd6dbecfcad SS-Abstract-Repeat Repeated abstract Spanish word (first seen in Spanish) SS-Abstract-Repeat SS-Concrete-Repeat 1512660613293 con_4ebd6de3528c0 SS-Concrete-Repeat Repeated abstract Spanish word (first seen in Spanish) SS-Concrete-Repeat Congruent Correct 1512660613328 con_4ebd8d721c4dc Congruent Correct the participant is shown a stimulus flanked by some congruent image (the same letter or number as the stimulus or arrows pointing in the same direction as the target stimulus) and makes a correct response Congruent Correct Congruent Incorrect 1512660613361 con_4ebd8ded947c1 Congruent Incorrect the participant is shown a stimulus flanked by some congruent image (the same letter or number as the stimulus or arrows pointing in the same direction as the target stimulus) and makes an incorrect response Congruent Incorrect Incongruent Correct 1512660613394 con_4ebd8e0b9844c Incongruent Correct the participant is shown a stimulus flanked by incongruent images (different letters or numbers or arrows pointing in the opposite direction) and makes a correct response Incongruent Correct Incongruent Incorrect 1512660613427 con_4ebd8e2098713 Incongruent Incorrect the participant is shown a stimulus flanked by incongruent images (different letters or numbers or arrows pointing in the opposite direction) and makes an incorrect response Incongruent Incorrect correct recall 1512660613613 con_4f4182c4c2814 correct recall None correct recall pump 1512660613646 con_4ffc9bb00438e pump The participant chooses to pump the balloon pump cash-out 1512660613677 con_4ffc9be8c0792 cash-out The participant decides to stop pumping and put current earnings into the bank. cash-out control pump 1512660604037 con_4ffc9c54be174 control pump The participant pumps a control balloon which has no reward associated with it control pump in-phase 1512660613722 con_50047c8de6910 in-phase movement is consistent between hands in-phase out-of-phase 1512660613754 con_50047c958d589 out-of-phase movement is different between hands out-of-phase invariant 1512660613785 con_50049a5650899 invariant distractor stimuli locations repeated across blocks within a session invariant variable 1512660613819 con_50049a912aa4e variable distractor stimuli locations generated anew for each block within a session variable congruent 1512660613858 con_50049f59bd0fb congruent None congruent incongruent 1512660613890 con_50049f664e93b incongruent None incongruent neutral 1512660613924 con_50049f6d1e831 neutral None neutral consistent 1512660613956 con_5005c166b72f1 consistent number is in a circle whose color follows the pattern specified consistent inconsistent 1512660613999 con_5005c17b31d31 inconsistent number is in a circle whose color does not follow the pattern specified inconsistent part 1 1512660614034 con_5005c1fa09530 part 1 participant is to make pencil line connections in numerical order between 25 encircled numbers which are randomly arranged; odd numbers are in pink and even numbers are in yellow part 1 part 2 1512660614066 con_5005c260d8671 part 2 all numbers 1-25 are shown twice, once in pink and once in yellow; participant is to connect in sequential order and to alternate between colors, ignoring circled numbers out of pattern part 2 synonymous 1512660614099 con_500707ba5da67 synonymous word played in unattended channel is synonymous with that being played concurrently in attended channel synonymous associated 1512660614131 con_500707e2b72c6 associated word played in unattended channel is related to but not synonymous with that being played concurrently in attended channel associated unassociated 1512660614165 con_500708152c906 unassociated word being played in unattended channel is entirely unrelated to that being played concurrently in attended channel unassociated identical 1512660614197 con_50070cba6b797 identical second number is identical to the first identical false alarm 1512660614228 con_50070cd634c82 false alarm second number is similar to the first in composition and order, but one digit is different false alarm different 1512660614269 con_50070cea20c7b different second number is dissimilar from first different identical 1512660614336 con_50070ef8a9847 identical second number is identical to the first identical false alarm 1512660614303 con_50070f0e8bf1e false alarm second number is similar to the first in composition and order, but one digit is different false alarm different 1512660614374 con_50070f1e1f5b9 different second number is dissimilar from first different short 1512660614408 con_50071245a130e short delay of 5 seconds short long 1512660614443 con_5007125352caa long delay of 60 seconds long one cue 1512660614477 con_5007126a901e8 one cue one dot-shaped cue appears at a time one cue two cues 1512660614512 con_50071276b50c8 two cues two dot-shaped cues appear at a time two cues standard 1512660614545 con_50071a37b1d5d standard participants are shown an 8.5&#34;x11&#34; sheet of paper with a 15cm x 10cm array of numbers and are instructed to cross out specific numbers standard distraction 1512660614579 con_50071a8868d23 distraction like standard except that participants are to ignore numbers being read aloud at a rate of 1/s through earphones while completing the task distraction valid 1512660614617 con_5007214ea57b0 valid probe is preceded by specified cue valid invalid 1512660614649 con_50072163abcd6 invalid probe is preceded by non-specified cue invalid control 1512660614680 con_5007230227b63 control each task performed individually control dual 1512660614712 con_5007231499001 dual tasks performed simultaneously dual experimental 1512660614748 con_500ed40dee3f2 experimental a distractor from the prime trial is the target in the test trial experimental control 1512660614780 con_500ed43a992dc control neither targets nor distractors are repeated across trials control 1 syllable 1512660614818 con_500edb7bb2eba 1 syllable None 1 syllable 2 syllables 1512660614851 con_500edb831bf11 2 syllables None 2 syllables 3 syllables 1512660614887 con_500edb89d30bb 3 syllables None 3 syllables 4 syllables 1512660614949 con_500edba4a9d54 4 syllables None 4 syllables Arabic 1512660614987 con_500f1c07cfd4d Arabic numberals are represented in the Arabic system Arabic verbal 1512660615025 con_500f1c258ac99 verbal numerals are represented as words verbal wordlike 1512660615059 con_500f2884d0343 wordlike nonwords more closely resemble real words wordlike less wordlike 1512660615108 con_500f28a8b2663 less wordlike nonwords less closely resemble real words less wordlike congruent 1512660615162 con_5016d64fde9f0 congruent name matches drawing congruent incongruent 1512660615205 con_5016d65d3d127 incongruent name does not match drawing incongruent time-based 1512660615241 con_5016ec35ef530 time-based remembering to perform task in specified intervals time-based event-based 1512660615274 con_5016ec5405d68 event-based remembering to perform task after a specified event event-based high importance 1512660615310 con_5016ec67d0741 high importance task described as more important than alternative task high importance low importance 1512660615343 con_5016ecccbb23a low importance task described as less important than alternative task low importance normal 1512660615378 con_5016ed2c51295 normal participant is only given prospective memory tasks normal demanding 1512660615416 con_5016ed5b9d173 demanding participant performs prospective memory task and a competing task (e.g. listening for a digit named in an auditory stream) demanding related 1512660615451 con_50183cc26e109 related prime is related to target related unrelated 1512660615487 con_50183cd33de35 unrelated prime is unrelated to target unrelated identical 1512660615520 con_50183ce33eec5 identical prime is identical to target identical unprimed 1512660615560 con_50183e7dbc0ec unprimed only target is presented unprimed target infrequent 1512660615603 con_501859fc9af83 target infrequent the first half of the test, in which the target:nontarget ratio is 1:3.5 target infrequent target frequent 1512660615653 con_50185a2f8cbc5 target frequent the second half of the test, in which the target:nontarget ratio is 3.5:1 target frequent amnesic 1512660615686 con_502014153aa0b amnesic participants have severely impaired declarative memory amnesic walker 1512660615717 con_50203ad19317b walker points of light move at a rate and in a direction generated by an algorithm approximating human walking walker scrambled walker 1512660615754 con_50203b19cc8ea scrambled walker point of light mirror the direction and speed of walker points, but their x or y coordinates are randomly shifted scrambled walker ascending 1512660605306 con_50215d7c5e1bb ascending possible bets start low and increase over time ascending descending 1512660605221 con_50215d9130bbd descending bets start high and decrease over time descending meditation 1512660605272 con_5022e5a2e1b2f meditation participant performs meditation of a specific subtype meditation control 1512660615790 con_5022f1292501d control participant performs engages in an analogous activity control positive reinforcement 1512660615822 con_50240f36c3eb2 positive reinforcement behavior is followed by grant of a rewarding stimulus positive reinforcement negative reinforcement 1512660615856 con_50240f820328f negative reinforcement behavior is followed by removal of an aversive stimulus negative reinforcement positive punishment 1512660615888 con_50240fc4ca92e positive punishment behavior is followed by grant of an aversive stimulus positive punishment negative punishment 1512660615924 con_50240fdd1ff57 negative punishment behavior is followed by removal of a rewarding stimulus negative punishment N (neutral) 1512660615961 con_50242136e2a98 N (neutral) no aversive stimulus presented N (neutral) P (predictable) 1512660615996 con_5024215793bcc P (predictable) aversive stimulus only presented after a specific cue P (predictable) U (unpredictable) 1512660616032 con_5024217433505 U (unpredictable) aversive stimulus presented without relationship to cue U (unpredictable) cued 1512660616066 con_50242249c5047 cued segment within a given trial (either N, P, or U) during which cue is present cued uncued 1512660616098 con_502422595ada7 uncued segment within a given trial (either N, P, or U) during which cue is absent uncued subitizing 1512660616132 con_50295964c90b4 subitizing the number of items to be counted is below a threshold above which participants must actively count, typically less than 4 subitizing counting 1512660616164 con_502959925374c counting the number of items is past a certain threshold beyond which participants must actively count, typically >4 counting low load 1512660616209 con_50295b35edd59 low load items to be counted are appraised for one feature (e.g. color or arrangement) low load high load 1512660616245 con_50295b3ccdd3d high load items to be counted are appraised for more than one feature (e.g. color and arrangement) high load method of limits 1512660616277 con_502985c73076c method of limits None method of limits staircase method 1512660616311 con_502985cece499 staircase method None staircase method random 1512660616345 con_502a99f58d5d3 random some proportion of dots is moving in a particular motion while the rest move randomly random 1512660616380 con_502a9a6a70396 dots other than those in target array move in a specific direction operation span 1512660616415 con_504ca95bcec8c operation span Presentation of mathematical verification followed by word operation span sleep deprived 1512660616447 con_50b55df0387fb sleep deprived the subjects have not had adequate sleep for one or more nights sleep deprived controls 1512660616491 con_50b55e45ba1cb controls the subjects get adequate sleep or have not undergone neurobehavioral change controls congruent 1512660616522 con_50b66686e34f2 congruent the associations are congruent with the participant&#39;s beliefs (i.e. negative words are associated with obesity when the participant has an implicit bias against the obese) congruent incongruent 1512660616557 con_50b666a40f0c3 incongruent the associations are incongruent with the participant&#39;s beliefs (i.e. positive words are associated with obesity when the participant has an implicit bias against the obese) incongruent Valid HC-Hit Cue 1512660616718 con_50df0eb2562c4 Valid HC-Hit Cue valid cue where following object was a subsequent high confidence hit Valid HC-Hit Cue Valid HC-Hit Obj 1512660616751 con_50df0ed536d9d Valid HC-Hit Obj object that was a subsequent high confidence hit and that followed a valid cue Valid HC-Hit Obj Valid LC-Hit Cue 1512660616787 con_50df0eeeee5b6 Valid LC-Hit Cue valid cue where following object was a subsequent low confidence hit Valid LC-Hit Cue Valid LC-Hit Obj 1512660616819 con_50df0f098f736 Valid LC-Hit Obj object that was a subsequent low confidence hit and that followed a valid cue Valid LC-Hit Obj Valid Miss Cue 1512660616853 con_50df0f215cb96 Valid Miss Cue valid cue where following object was a subsequent miss Valid Miss Cue Valid Miss Obj 1512660616885 con_50df0f36c245d Valid Miss Obj object that was a subsequent miss and that followed a valid cue Valid Miss Obj Invalid HC-Hit Cue 1512660616917 con_50df0f4e0b601 Invalid HC-Hit Cue invalid cue where following object was a subsequent high confidence hit Invalid HC-Hit Cue Invalid HC-Hit Obj 1512660616947 con_50df0f64eaf31 Invalid HC-Hit Obj object that was a subsequent high confidence hit and that followed an invalid cue Invalid HC-Hit Obj Invalid LC-Hit Cue 1512660616978 con_50df0f7c63c57 Invalid LC-Hit Cue invalid cue where following object was a subsequent low confidence hit Invalid LC-Hit Cue Invalid LC-Hit Obj 1512660617012 con_50df0f9232e1f Invalid LC-Hit Obj object that was a subsequent low confidence hit and that followed an invalid cue Invalid LC-Hit Obj Invalid Miss Cue 1512660617046 con_50df0fa9cc5ad Invalid Miss Cue invalid cue where following object was a subsequent miss Invalid Miss Cue Invalid Miss Obj 1512660617081 con_50df0fbf22cb6 Invalid Miss Obj object that was a subsequent miss and that followed an invalid cue Invalid Miss Obj Valid Other Obj Cue 1512660617113 con_50df0fe14a329 Valid Other Obj Cue valid cue where following stimulus was an untested or no response object Valid Other Obj Cue Valid Other Obj 1512660617148 con_50df0ff82e373 Valid Other Obj stimulus that was an untested or no response object and that followed a valid cue Valid Other Obj Valid Other Greeble Cue 1512660617181 con_50df10153b7bf Valid Other Greeble Cue valid cue where following stimulus was an untested or no response greeble Valid Other Greeble Cue Valid Other Greeble 1512660617224 con_50df102bc3458 Valid Other Greeble stimulus that was an untested or no response greeble and that followed a valid cue Valid Other Greeble Invalid Other Greeble Cue 1512660617259 con_50df10401ea84 Invalid Other Greeble Cue invalid cue where following stimulus was an untested or no response greeble Invalid Other Greeble Cue Invalid Other Greeble 1512660617291 con_50df10598b840 Invalid Other Greeble stimulus that was an untested or no response greeble and that followed a invalid cue Invalid Other Greeble Look Neutral Cue 1512660617326 con_50df74ef610eb Look Neutral Cue participant views a cue that signals to look at a neutral image Look Neutral Cue Look Negative Cue 1512660617362 con_50df751810f05 Look Negative Cue participant views a cue that signals to look at an aversive image Look Negative Cue Reappraise Negative Cue 1512660617394 con_50df756e1d33c Reappraise Negative Cue participant looks at a cue that signals to reappraise an aversive image Reappraise Negative Cue look Neutral Stimulus 1512660617427 con_50df7707af0bb look Neutral Stimulus participant views a neutral image look Neutral Stimulus Look Negative Stimulus 1512660617462 con_50df7733cfb90 Look Negative Stimulus participant views an aversive image Look Negative Stimulus Reappraise Negative Stimulus 1512660617493 con_50df77948b9ad Reappraise Negative Stimulus participant reappraises the emotional value of an aversive image so the emotional impact is less negative Reappraise Negative Stimulus Look Neutral Rating 1512660617526 con_50df78c4dd566 Look Neutral Rating participants rate their negative affect after a neutral stimulus Look Neutral Rating Look Negative Rating 1512660617559 con_50df792ceb48a Look Negative Rating participants rate their negative affect after an aversive stimulus Look Negative Rating Reappraise Negative Rating 1512660617593 con_50df797fd16fc Reappraise Negative Rating participants rate their negative affect after they were asked to reappraise an aversive image Reappraise Negative Rating Look Neutral Anticipation 1512660617626 con_50df7da4c458d Look Neutral Anticipation anticipation trial that involves viewing a neutral cue without a neutral stimulus following the cue Look Neutral Anticipation Look Negative Anticipation 1512660617659 con_50df7dc9acea8 Look Negative Anticipation anticipation trial that involves viewing a negative cue without a aversive stimulus following the cue Look Negative Anticipation Reappraise Negative Anticipation 1512660617704 con_50df7e2f7195c Reappraise Negative Anticipation anticipation trial that involves viewing a reappraisal cue without the aversive image appearing after the cue Reappraise Negative Anticipation control 1512660617742 con_50eb0a8e319e8 control No background noise is heard; only the voice the participant is asked to repeat is audible. control word in noise 1512660617776 con_50eb0acb0b7d8 word in noise Noise, such as other voices conversing, is heard in the background, and the participant must discriminate the voice. word in noise age 1512660617809 con_50eb0eb594ef3 age this task is often administered at multiple time points to determine improvement age Single dimension 1512660617844 con_50eb12042553f Single dimension participants must match pictures based on one dimension (color, shape, type, size) Single dimension Switch dimensions 1512660617881 con_50eb123d568c0 Switch dimensions participants must match pictures based on one dimension (color, shape, type, size), then switch to another. This may be repeated multiple times in one trial. Switch dimensions 1-List 1512660617913 con_50eb176d80cd0 1-List participants repeat items according to only one dimension 1-List 2-List 1512660617954 con_50eb17830016a 2-List participants repeat items according to two dimensions 2-List left hand 1512660617990 con_50eb4dabf217b left hand participant uses only the left hand to place and remove pegs left hand right hand 1512660618030 con_50eb4dbe3ac59 right hand participant uses only the right hand to place and remove pegs right hand left hand 1512660618068 con_50eb52b61eb0c left hand participant uses only the left hand to squeeze dynamometer left hand right hand 1512660618106 con_50eb52c6989fd right hand participant uses only the right hand to squeeze dynamometer right hand eyes open on solid surface 1512660618143 con_50eb55490a80d eyes open on solid surface None eyes open on solid surface eyes closed on a solid surface 1512660618176 con_50eb55559d7fc eyes closed on a solid surface None eyes closed on a solid surface eyes open on a foam surface 1512660618208 con_50eb55639098e eyes open on a foam surface None eyes open on a foam surface eyes closed on a foam surface 1512660618241 con_50eb556ec4c57 eyes closed on a foam surface None eyes closed on a foam surface eyes open in tandem stance on a solid surface 1512660618274 con_50eb558569fa5 eyes open in tandem stance on a solid surface None eyes open in tandem stance on a solid surface right ear 1512660618306 con_50f37535cf238 right ear None right ear left ear 1512660618340 con_50f3753fcc0b8 left ear None left ear still 1512660618376 con_50f3818945a77 still participant does not move their head or body during the task still suppression 1512660618409 con_50f582ae00bbe suppression the subject must produce irrelevant speech during maintenance suppression control 1512660618442 con_50f582c38ea5f control the subject must maintain information without production) control control 1512660618481 con_50f7373e452f1 control the participant completes the task in what they would consider their normal state (naive to alterations by the experimenters) control subjective state 1512660618523 con_50f7379834a1c subjective state the participant completes the task after an alteration to their subjective state has been made by the researchers (drug administered, a specific emotion elicited, etc.) subjective state fixed win 1512660618557 con_50f73d738249e fixed win subject is awarded 100 points for a correct decision regardless of the number of boxes opened fixed win decreasing win 1512660618588 con_50f73d891f5be decreasing win number of points that can be won for a correct decision starts at 250 and decreases by 10 points for every box touched decreasing win false belief story 1512660618620 con_50f8708de32a9 false belief story participants listen to a false belief story false belief story false belief question 1512660618654 con_50f870b8eb8cc false belief question participants answer a question about the false belief story false belief question false belief picture story 1512660618686 con_50f8712146b18 false belief picture story participants look at a physical representation of a false belief story false belief picture story false belief picture question 1512660618785 con_50f871f68ae7a false belief picture question participants answer a question about a picture of a false belief story false belief picture question Immediate 1512660618820 con_50f9997f676f2 Immediate Participant is shown list immediately after learning target words Immediate Delayed 1512660618852 con_50f999958552e Delayed Participant is shown list 20 minutes after learning target words Delayed forward 1512660618886 con_5106ef0dbbd61 forward the subject is given a set of numbers and asked to repeat them in the order given. forward backward 1512660618919 con_5106ef2710e26 backward the subject is given a set of numbers and asked to repeat them in the opposite of the order given. backward sequencing 1512660618954 con_5106ef40748b3 sequencing the subject is given a set of numbers and asked to list them in ascending order from smallest to largest. sequencing line criterion rule 1512660618988 con_512e7df3f05ad line criterion rule size of criterion line used for classifying stimuli line criterion rule size of line 1512660619022 con_512e7ed7dffc2 size of line size of line stimulus presented on each trial size of line line trial 1512660619058 con_512e7f07caf9d line trial trials with responses line trial dot criterion rule 1512660619216 con_512e8f483ae6a dot criterion rule size of dot matrix(number of dots in dot matrix) used for classifying stimuli dot criterion rule number of dots 1512660619249 con_512e8f98ce8e7 number of dots number of dots in dot matrix presented on each trial number of dots dot trial 1512660619315 con_512e8fccc0954 dot trial trials with responses dot trial correct trial 1512660619346 con_512e904eb351d correct trial correct responses on line and dot stimuli trials correct trial error trial 1512660619399 con_512e906c50035 error trial error trials on line and dot stimuli trials error trial accept 1512660619504 con_514a09160dc6c accept trials accepted accept reject 1512660619536 con_514a092211043 reject trials rejected reject target 1512660619471 con_51537e897f2e7 target simultaneously playing Space Fortress and performing an oddball task target nontarget 1512660619433 con_51537e91130e4 nontarget playing Space Fortress nontarget change 1512660619570 con_51549090cc831 change the second array contains a different item than the original change no change 1512660619602 con_515490a7787af no change the second array is identical to the original no change Target 1512660619646 con_5154969d504f7 Target the dot pattern matches the pattern that the subject is told to respond to Target Non-target 1512660619688 con_515496b2797ae Non-target the dot pattern differs from the intended target pattern Non-target Mirror-Switch 1512660619741 con_5176cff54add4 Mirror-Switch Mirror-reversed trials preceded by a plain text trial Mirror-Switch Mirror-Repeat 1512660619784 con_5176d0097cac2 Mirror-Repeat Mirror-reversed trials preceded by a mirror-reversed trial Mirror-Repeat Plain-Switch 1512660619834 con_5176d01c424d9 Plain-Switch Plain-text trials preceded by a mirror-reversed trial Plain-Switch Plain-Repeat 1512660619866 con_5176d02ddd1b0 Plain-Repeat Plain-text trials preceded by a plain-text trial Plain-Repeat Rating 1512660619283 con_5176d7bee856e Rating Rating of affect across all conditions Rating Rating - Parametric 1512660619184 con_5176d7e488bb9 Rating - Parametric Parametric modulation by rating Rating - Parametric Easy trials 1512660619899 con_5176d87fe1c3b Easy trials Trials in which the difference in value between options is large Easy trials Hard trials 1512660619932 con_5176d88d48168 Hard trials Trials in which the difference in value between options is small Hard trials Easy - parametric 1512660619964 con_5176d8b1e4bf2 Easy - parametric Parametric modulation by distance from indifference Easy - parametric Hard - parametric 1512660619998 con_5176d8bb1aa49 Hard - parametric Parametric modulation by distance from indifference Hard - parametric line trial response time 1512660620035 con_5181f0ebe7145 line trial response time response time for line trials line trial response time dot trial response time 1512660620068 con_5181f1086cf68 dot trial response time response time for dot trials dot trial response time measure of difficulty 1512660620107 con_5181f12f2e43a measure of difficulty where a higher number means greater difficulty measure of difficulty pumps_fixed 1512660620144 con_5181f47468c45 pumps_fixed average activity across all pumps with fixed duration and without parametric modulation pumps_fixed pumps_demean 1512660620177 con_5181f4b083b11 pumps_demean parametrically modulated activity by the demeaned number of pumps (linearly increasing) within each trial and with fixed duration pumps_demean pumps_fixed_real_RT 1512660620214 con_5181f4e07430c pumps_fixed_real_RT average activity across all pumps with duration of pumps set to actual RT of each pump pumps_fixed_real_RT cash_fixed 1512660620246 con_5181f506e4391 cash_fixed average activity across all pumps on cash-out events with fixed duration and without parametric modulation cash_fixed cash_demean 1512660620279 con_5181f53313a76 cash_demean parametrically modulated activity by the demeaned number of pumps on cash-out events (linearly increasing) within each trial and with fixed duration cash_demean cash_fixed_real_RT 1512660620313 con_5181f559c92c9 cash_fixed_real_RT average activity across all pumps on cash-out event with duration of pumps set to actual RT of each pump cash_fixed_real_RT explode_fixed 1512660620349 con_5181f5808ea93 explode_fixed average activity across all pumps on explosion events with fixed duration and without parametric modulation explode_fixed explode_demean 1512660620384 con_5181f5a480b56 explode_demean parametrically modulated activity by the demeaned number of pumps on explosion events (linearly increasing) within each trial and with fixed duration explode_demean control_pumps_fixed 1512660620420 con_5181f5ce21189 control_pumps_fixed average activity across all pumps on control balloons with fixed duration and without parametric modulation control_pumps_fixed control_pumps_demean 1512660620454 con_5181f5f6e6f8b control_pumps_demean parametrically modulated activity by the demeaned number of pumps on control balloons (linearly increasing) within each trial and with fixed duration control_pumps_demean control_pumps_fixed_real_RT 1512660620485 con_5181f624a380b control_pumps_fixed_real_RT average activity across all pumps on control balloon with duration of pumps set to actual RT of each pump control_pumps_fixed_real_RT probabilistic classification trials 1512660620518 con_5181f6ea8c76f probabilistic classification trials None probabilistic classification trials deterministic classification trials 1512660620550 con_5181f702d67cd deterministic classification trials None deterministic classification trials parametric gain 1512660620583 con_5181f7678014f parametric gain None parametric gain parametric loss 1512660620616 con_5181f7727d7e4 parametric loss None parametric loss distance from indifference 1512660620647 con_5181f78292b39 distance from indifference None distance from indifference Go trial 1512660620678 con_5181f83b8e5d0 Go trial Trials on which a go stimulus is presented and the subject is expected to respond Go trial Stop trial 1512660620716 con_5181f83b8e70e Stop trial Trials on which a stop signal is presented at some delay (stop-signal delay) following the go stimulus, and the subject is expected to stop Stop trial Successful Stop Trial 1512660620748 con_5181f83b8e7c1 Successful Stop Trial A trial on which a stop signal is presented at a delay following the go stimulus, and the subject successfully withholds their response Successful Stop Trial Unsuccessful stop trial 1512660620780 con_5181f83b8e875 Unsuccessful stop trial A trial on which a stop signal is presented at a delay following the go stimulus, and the subject fails to withhold their response Unsuccessful stop trial Junk trial 1512660620813 con_5181f83b8e920 Junk trial A go trial on which subject failed to respond or responded incorrectly Junk trial Go trial 1512660620845 con_5181f863d4de3 Go trial Trials on which a go stimulus is presented and the subject is expected to respond Go trial Stop trial 1512660620877 con_5181f863d4ecc Stop trial Trials on which a stop signal is presented at some delay (stop-signal delay) following the go stimulus, and the subject is expected to stop Stop trial Successful Stop Trial 1512660620912 con_5181f863d4f88 Successful Stop Trial A trial on which a stop signal is presented at a delay following the go stimulus, and the subject successfully withholds their response Successful Stop Trial Unsuccessful stop trial 1512660620946 con_5181f863d5046 Unsuccessful stop trial A trial on which a stop signal is presented at a delay following the go stimulus, and the subject fails to withhold their response Unsuccessful stop trial Junk trial 1512660620978 con_5181f863d50f9 Junk trial A go trial on which subject failed to respond or responded incorrectly Junk trial correct classification of dual-task items 1512660621016 con_5181fa1e66a37 correct classification of dual-task items None correct classification of dual-task items positive feedback 1512660621050 con_5181faac8b631 positive feedback trials when subject received positive feedback positive feedback negative feedback 1512660621083 con_5181fac688ec9 negative feedback trials when subject received negative feedback negative feedback classification learning trials 1512660621126 con_5181fb7c1b32b classification learning trials trials on which the subject classifies items classification learning trials Probe 1512660621160 con_5181fb7c1b42a Probe Probe asking which of two numbers is higher Probe positive feedback 1512660621193 con_5181fb7c1b4c2 positive feedback trials when subject received positive feedback positive feedback negative feedback 1512660621229 con_5181fb7c1b543 negative feedback trials when subject received negative feedback negative feedback words 1512660621265 con_5181fc76c54d1 words None words consonant strings 1512660621297 con_5181fc87a2444 consonant strings None consonant strings task 1512660621331 con_518c28192f54f task None task successful stop - critical 1512660621363 con_518c2b07f10de successful stop - critical trials when subjects successfully completed a stop - critical trial successful stop - critical Cue: central 1512660621400 con_52df9fcd93042 Cue: central cue precedes trial but no provides information about the location of the upcoming stimulus Cue: central Repetition 1512660621433 con_5346920ceb308 Repetition Repetition of words Repetition Generation 1512660621468 con_534692923de0a Generation Covert generation of verbs Generation Finger 1512660621500 con_5346930c6e0be Finger Tap index finger in response to a picture of a finger Finger Foot 1512660621534 con_5346931aab88a Foot Flex foot in response to picture of a foot Foot Lips 1512660621569 con_5346932bab789 Lips Purse lips in response to picture of lips Lips Landmark 1512660621606 con_534693b9b6973 Landmark Decide whether a line is crossed in the middle Landmark Detection 1512660621640 con_534693c651f43 Detection Decide whether a line is crossed at all Detection 0-back faces 1512660621672 con_550b515f779fa 0-back faces blocked 0-back faces 0-back places 1512660621703 con_550b516d4cacf 0-back places blocked 0-back places 0-back tools 1512660621735 con_550b517bd07c4 0-back tools blocked 0-back tools 0-back body parts 1512660621768 con_550b51862472e 0-back body parts blocked 0-back body parts 2-back faces 1512660621800 con_550b51949b7df 2-back faces blocked 2-back faces 2-back places 1512660621842 con_550b519cf0ebb 2-back places blocked 2-back places 2-back tools 1512660621879 con_550b51a7c499c 2-back tools blocked 2-back tools 2-back body parts 1512660621912 con_550b51b041eed 2-back body parts blocked 2-back body parts 0-back correct trials 1512660621946 con_550b524533150 0-back correct trials event-related 0-back correct trials 0-back error trials 1512660621980 con_550b52534532d 0-back error trials event-related 0-back error trials 0-back no response trials 1512660622015 con_550b525f91901 0-back no response trials event-related 0-back no response trials 2-back correct trials 1512660622049 con_550b526c7b603 2-back correct trials event-related 2-back correct trials 2-back error trials 1512660622089 con_550b52788b465 2-back error trials event-related 2-back error trials 2-back no response trials 1512660622123 con_550b52861724b 2-back no response trials event-related 2-back no response trials Left finger blocks 1512660622154 con_550b540d2ea96 Left finger blocks None Left finger blocks Right finger blocks 1512660622186 con_550b541683b30 Right finger blocks None Right finger blocks Left toe blocks 1512660622225 con_550b54243df8f Left toe blocks None Left toe blocks Right toe blocks 1512660622266 con_550b542d7ef14 Right toe blocks None Right toe blocks tongue movement 1512660622302 con_550b54361e652 tongue movement None tongue movement Story 1512660622336 con_550b54ed648e2 Story blocked Story Math 1512660622368 con_550b54f4089d5 Math blocked Math Random Interaction 1512660622406 con_550b558b93b30 Random Interaction None Random Interaction Mental Interaction 1512660622442 con_550b55940dfa4 Mental Interaction None Mental Interaction Relational Processing 1512660622478 con_550b5a7eee88c Relational Processing blocked Relational Processing Matching 1512660622514 con_550b5a86cc730 Matching blocked Matching Face 1512660622547 con_550b5b2140faf Face blocked Face Shape 1512660622579 con_550b5b287394c Shape blocked Shape Mostly reward blocks 1512660622614 con_550b5c41f3442 Mostly reward blocks blocked Mostly reward blocks Mostly loss blocks 1512660622661 con_550b5c4d74cd7 Mostly loss blocks blocked Mostly loss blocks Reward trials 1512660622707 con_550b5c5ad13b9 Reward trials event-related Reward trials Loss trials 1512660622749 con_550b5c65129b1 Loss trials event-related Loss trials Neutral trials 1512660622794 con_550b5c6fa8e76 Neutral trials event-related Neutral trials Go trial 1512660622838 con_553fcbbea3d1c Go trial Trials on which a go stimulus is presented and the subject is expected to respond Go trial Stop trial 1512660622871 con_553fcbbea4b0b Stop trial Trials on which a stop signal is presented at some delay (stop-signal delay) following the go stimulus, and the subject is expected to stop Stop trial Successful Stop Trial 1512660622905 con_553fcbbea4d58 Successful Stop Trial A trial on which a stop signal is presented at a delay following the go stimulus, and the subject successfully withholds their response Successful Stop Trial Unsuccessful stop trial 1512660622939 con_553fcbbea5161 Unsuccessful stop trial A trial on which a stop signal is presented at a delay following the go stimulus, and the subject fails to withhold their response Unsuccessful stop trial Junk trial 1512660622972 con_553fcbbea52f9 Junk trial A go trial on which subject failed to respond or responded incorrectly Junk trial scrambled 1512660623005 con_554139e235534 scrambled None scrambled letter string 1512660623041 con_554139eabf26c letter string None letter string congruent 1512660623074 con_5542841f5334d congruent The color and word names match congruent incongruent 1512660623108 con_5542841f53e65 incongruent The color and word names conflict with one another incongruent neutral 1512660623145 con_5542841f55944 neutral The word is not a color name neutral face 1-back 1512660623177 con_558c32659a3e1 face 1-back None face 1-back face 2-back 1512660623210 con_558c326d31452 face 2-back None face 2-back scene 1-back 1512660623244 con_558c3278dc907 scene 1-back None scene 1-back scene 2-back 1512660623282 con_558c328005b4a scene 2-back None scene 2-back Chinese character 1-back 1512660623315 con_558c328cddf52 Chinese character 1-back None Chinese character 1-back Chinese character 2-back 1512660623350 con_558c329653a9a Chinese character 2-back None Chinese character 2-back go trials 1512660623381 con_558c336b97854 go trials None go trials successful stop trials 1512660623415 con_558c3373920d1 successful stop trials None successful stop trials unsuccessful stop trials 1512660623453 con_558c337e24f06 unsuccessful stop trials None unsuccessful stop trials motion cohrence 1512660623486 con_558c33984dbd5 motion cohrence a parametric manipulation of dot motion coherence motion cohrence faces 1512660623519 con_558c3434cf9dc faces None faces body parts 1512660623555 con_558c343b8a62a body parts None body parts limbs 1512660623589 con_558c344ab86d5 limbs None limbs houses 1512660623628 con_558c3451526fb houses None houses places 1512660623666 con_558c3456a3302 places None places cars 1512660623699 con_558c345b994ef cars None cars guitars 1512660623731 con_558c34620c6c0 guitars None guitars words 1512660623763 con_558c3468b0cb5 words None words numbers 1512660623797 con_558c3471d9a1c numbers None numbers response 1512660623837 con_558c34808ccf8 response events on which the subject made a target detection response response Sentences 1512660623871 con_558c35b971df5 Sentences None Sentences Nonwords 1512660623904 con_558c35c07b63e Nonwords None Nonwords Response 1512660623935 con_558c35cd4855e Response Subject responds to the probe Response HE food choice period 1512660623971 con_55c688e795c06 HE food choice period Visual presentation of high energy food stimulus HE food choice period LE food choice period 1512660624009 con_55c6890d5a187 LE food choice period Visual presentation of low energy food stimulus LE food choice period antisaccade 1512660624044 con_565a2e7bd6c76 antisaccade eye movements away from the fixation point antisaccade prosaccade 1512660624077 con_565a2e7be494e prosaccade eye movements toward the fixation point prosaccade regulate up 1512660624109 con_565a31faa889e regulate up None regulate up regulate down 1512660624142 con_565a31faa8b7e regulate down None regulate down Recent Positive 1512660624174 con_566749b60c7c0 Recent Positive a member of the current trial training set and the preceding trial training set Recent Positive Recent Negative 1512660624210 con_566749d614267 Recent Negative a member of the preceding trial training set but not the current trial training set Recent Negative Non-recent Positive 1512660624244 con_56674a0e9d637 Non-recent Positive a member of the current trial training set but not the preceding trial training set Non-recent Positive Non-recent Negative 1512660624278 con_56674a4005561 Non-recent Negative not a member of the current trial training set or the preceding trial training set Non-recent Negative Positive probe 1512660624310 con_56674c945d1ff Positive probe a letter that was in the memory set Positive probe Negative probe 1512660624343 con_56674ca497dc6 Negative probe a letter that was in the forget set Negative probe Neutral probe 1512660624375 con_56674cecc7de8 Neutral probe a letter that was not in the training set Neutral probe High-persistance (HP) environment 1512660624407 con_56674ea4ed756 High-persistance (HP) environment delays were drawn uniformly from the values 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40. High-persistance (HP) environment Low-persistance (LP) environment 1512660624440 con_56674ed5a5a79 Low-persistance (LP) environment delays were set to 90 s with probability of 0.5, and otherwise drawn uniformly from the values 5, 10, 15 and 20s. Low-persistance (LP) environment Risk-Taking(RT) 1512660624479 con_5696acdba7dea Risk-Taking(RT) risk taking behavior Risk-Taking(RT) Risk-Perceptions(RP) 1512660624520 con_5696acfd4fb4a Risk-Perceptions(RP) perceptions of risk Risk-Perceptions(RP) Expected-Benefits(EB) 1512660624557 con_5696ad24bf739 Expected-Benefits(EB) expected value and risk Expected-Benefits(EB) Finite Horizon 1512660624592 con_5696b19e94c9c Finite Horizon small, fixed number of trials Finite Horizon Infinite Horizon 1512660624625 con_5696b1b2083cd Infinite Horizon unknown number of trials Infinite Horizon neutral 1512660624659 con_5696b640f3072 neutral the position of the target digit is in the same position as the required hand response neutral interference 1512660624696 con_5696b66af3856 interference the position of the target digit is in the opposite position as the required hand response interference task A 1512660624782 con_573624842b8cc task A The intention to perform task A is maintained during the delay phase. task A task B 1512660624814 con_573624908dd7e task B The intention to perform task B is maintained during the delay phase. task B delay intention 1512660624848 con_5736249fbd4e9 delay intention An intention is maintained during the delay phase. delay intention no delay intention 1512660624886 con_573624acd7db1 no delay intention No intention is maintained during the delay phase. no delay intention Verbal recall Trial 3 1512660624918 con_5796146ecd955 Verbal recall Trial 3 The final round of immediate verbal recall Verbal recall Trial 3 Verbal recall delayed 1512660624949 con_579614a548c1f Verbal recall delayed Verbal recall after a delay of 10-15 minutes Verbal recall delayed Visual recall trial 3 1512660624981 con_579614c186687 Visual recall trial 3 The final round of immediate visual recall Visual recall trial 3 Visual recall delayed 1512660625015 con_579614d8e9c66 Visual recall delayed Visual recall after a delay of 10-15 minutes Visual recall delayed reverse role active 1512660625053 con_579643c7a8e63 reverse role active reverse role errors for active voice sentences reverse role active reverse role passive 1512660625087 con_579643ddcaf30 reverse role passive reverse role errors for passive voice sentences reverse role passive lexical active 1512660625120 con_579643ee71405 lexical active lexical errors for active voice sentences lexical active lexical passive 1512660625154 con_579643ff3cc11 lexical passive lexical errors for passive voice sentences lexical passive Visuspatial / Executive 1512660625187 con_57964d06a7eff Visuspatial / Executive Alternating Trail Making, cube copying and clock drawing Visuspatial / Executive Naming 1512660625221 con_57964da8a71f0 Naming Verbal naming of line drawings of three animals Naming Memory 1512660625254 con_57964dbfc42a6 Memory Memorisation of five spoken words (not scored) Memory Attention 1512660625286 con_57964e18ab6dd Attention Forward and backward digit list repetition, vigilance (1-back) and serial 7s Attention Language 1512660625320 con_57964e387e505 Language Sentence repetition and letter fluency Language Abstraction 1512660625352 con_57964e5816aa9 Abstraction Category naming Abstraction Delayed recall 1512660625385 con_57964e783c81c Delayed recall Recall of the five words learned earlier Delayed recall Orientation 1512660625418 con_57964e8d8af88 Orientation Date, month, year, day, place and city Orientation one-step command 1512660625453 con_5798ccf7ef929 one-step command None one-step command two-step command 1512660625488 con_5798cd003e9c1 two-step command None two-step command three-step command 1512660625528 con_5798cd0763c98 three-step command None three-step command four-step command 1512660625561 con_5798cd14446ef four-step command None four-step command five-step command 1512660625597 con_5798cd1c60b32 five-step command None five-step command Moral dilemma 1512660625630 con_57ebe67799487 Moral dilemma Presentation of moral dilemma vignette Moral dilemma Control 1512660625665 con_57ebe6857b051 Control Presentation of non-normal vignette Control rest 1512660625697 con_57ebe69fdce6f rest resting baseline rest BELIEF 1512660625736 con_5845ae50c90f8 BELIEF stories describing false beliefs BELIEF PHOTO 1512660625769 con_5845ae7a151ae PHOTO stories describing outdated (i.e. false) photographs and maps PHOTO BIO 1512660625803 con_58a5d3341afb2 BIO Biological motion BIO SCRAM 1512660625836 con_58a5d341205d5 SCRAM Scrambled motion SCRAM Stories on intentional social norm violations 1512660625871 con_58c80ce8852f9 Stories on intentional social norm violations None Stories on intentional social norm violations Stories on unintentional social norm violations 1512660625904 con_58c80cf6892fe Stories on unintentional social norm violations None Stories on unintentional social norm violations Neutral social stories 1512660625938 con_58c80cff79ecd Neutral social stories None Neutral social stories past events 1512660625974 con_59ed241532991 past events A set of details (e.g., person, place, object) from participants&#39; own autobiographical memories is presented on a screen and participants are asked to recall a past event in as much detail as possible past events future events 1512660626012 con_59ed24533aa21 future events A set of details (e.g., person, place, object) that has been recombined from details of participants&#39; autobiographical memories is presented on a screen and participants are asked to imagine a novel future event in as much detail as possible future events Decision 1533223809329 con_9w7FbLYnIlNWZ Decision Decision GS trial: 0% chance of aversive reinforcer, regardless of response 1513103034974 con_DzqO65o0FRLb3 GS trial: 0% chance of aversive reinforcer, regardless of response GS trial: 0% chance of aversive reinforcer, regardless of response CS- trial: 0% chance of aversive reinforcer, regardless of response 1513103006659 con_PT07mIpde9ayt CS- trial: 0% chance of aversive reinforcer, regardless of response CS- trial: 0% chance of aversive reinforcer, regardless of response Non-food image viewing 1537997470318 con_VuCuA0qAoSPkA Non-food image viewing Non-food image viewing CS+ trial: aversive reinforcer administered [on 80% of trials], if no avoidance response made 1513103022363 con_Vy4e1x3SzIekH CS+ trial: aversive reinforcer administered [on 80% of trials], if no avoidance response made CS+ trial: aversive reinforcer administered [on 80% of trials], if no avoidance response made Food image viewing 1537997442428 con_j5Vu7JR7tM4RV Food image viewing Food image viewing 1512660843609 Perception Perception Perception 1512660843794 Motivation Motivation Motivation 1512660843632 Attention Attention Attention 1512660843652 Reasoning and Decision Making Reasoning and Decision Making Reasoning and Decision Making 1512660843672 Executive/Cognitive Control Executive-Cognitive Control Executive/Cognitive Control 1512660843691 Learning and Memory Learning and Memory Learning and Memory 1512660843713 Language Language Language 1512660843736 Action Action Action 1512660843754 Emotion Emotion Emotion 1512660843774 Social Function Social Function Social Function 1574101425635 north-south orientation assessment of the north-south cardinal orientation north-south orientation usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660626063 abductive reasoning The process of adopting an explanatory hypothesis; inferring the cause A as a possible explanation for the consequence B abductive reasoning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626088 abstract analogy high-level analogy that retains general information relevant to many specific instances abstract analogy usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626111 abstract knowledge Knowledge that is general and not tied to a specific instance. abstract knowledge usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660626133 acoustic coding a type of short term memory coding that represents the acoustic properties of the signal acoustic coding usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626154 acoustic encoding the processing and encoding of auditory input for storage and later retrieval. acoustic encoding usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626178 acoustic phonetic processing the cognitive ability to discriminate items on the basis of contrasts in sonorance, manner, place, or voicing in auditory stimuli. acoustic phonetic processing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626200 acoustic processing the extraction of information from signals propagated undersea, in the atmosphere, or in the solid earth in the presence of acoustic noise. acoustic processing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626221 action the bringing about of an alteration by force or through a natural agency; expression by means of attitude, voice, and gesture; a function of the body or one of its parts; an act of will; a thing done; the accomplishment of a thing usually over a period of time, in stages, or with the possibility of repetition. action usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626244 activation the relative engagement of a particular mental representation compared to other representations activation usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660626266 activation level quantity or amount of activation activation level usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626288 adaptation adjustment to environmental conditions; adjustment of a sense organ to the intensity or quality of stimulation; modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for existence under the conditions of its environment. adaptation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626308 adaptive control modifying the control law used by a controller to cope with the fact that the parameters of the system being controlled are slowly time-varying or uncertain. adaptive control usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660626330 affect perception The ability to understand a facial, vocal, or gestural behavior that serves as an indicator of emotion. affect perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626352 affect recognition The ability to understand a physical expression that serves as an indicator of emotion. affect recognition usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660626377 altruism selflessness helping others in the absence of an immediately obvious reward. altruism usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626399 altruistic motivation A desire or need to help others driven by selflessness. altruistic motivation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626421 alveolar speech sound articulated with the tip of the tongue touching or near the teethridge. alveolar usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660626442 amodal representation The way the brain codes multiple inputs such as words and pictures to integrate and create a larger conceptual idea; independent of a particular modality amodal representation usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660626470 analog representation a value or variable in analog form. analog representation usr_4f177506dde77 1512660626495 analogical encoding the structural comparison of a familiar with a novel situation analogical encoding usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660626516 analogical inference is the ability to reason by permitting the extension of knowledge of a target domain by virtue of its similarity to a base domain. The general procedure for analogical inference involves copying structure from the base to the target in which missing information is generated, and substitutions are made for items for which analogical correspondences have already been found. analogical inference usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626536 analogical problem solving using principles or concepts from a well-understood situation to solve problems in a new domain or area analogical problem solving usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626556 analogical reasoning a method of processing information that compares the similarities between new and understood concepts, then uses those similarities to gain understanding of the new concept; a form of inductive reasoning. analogical reasoning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626578 analogical transfer The transfer of knowledge from one situation to another by finding a set of one-to-one correspondences between aspects of one body of information and aspects of another. analogical transfer usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660626599 analogy inference that if two or more things agree with one another in some respects they will probably agree in others; resemblance in some particulars between things otherwise unlike; correspondence between the members of pairs or sets of linguistic forms that serves as a basis for the creation of another form; correspondence in function between anatomical parts of different structure and origin. analogy usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626620 anchoring a cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily, or &#34;anchor,&#34; on one trait or piece of information when making decisions. anchoring usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660626641 anticipation intuition, foreknowledge, prescience, foresight, prediction, imaginative speculation prior expectation of an event or occurrence, sometimes accompanied by an emotional reaction anticipation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626662 apparent motion apparent movement The illusory perception that movement is occurring in one or more static images. apparent motion usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660626686 apperception the process by which new experience is assimilated to and transformed by the residuum of past experience of an individual to form a new whole. apperception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626711 appetitive motivation behavior directed toward goals that are usually associated with positive hedonic processes. appetitive motivation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626732 arousal Disambiguation arousal usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626752 articulation the act of vocally producing an utterance or expression articulation usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660626772 articulatory planning The action of coordinating complex tongue and mouth movements in order to produce sound. articulatory planning usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660626796 articulatory rehearsal the process of subvocally repeating material that is to be stored in memory. articulatory rehearsal usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660626817 assimilation the process of receiving new facts or of responding to new situations in conformity with what is already available to consciousness. assimilation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626836 association the process of forming mental connections or bonds between sensations, ideas, or memories. association usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626857 association learning learning process in which two or more items or concepts become associated with each other; often used in relation to learned stimulus-response associations association learning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626879 attachment a social connection between individuals attachment usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660626902 attended channel the particular input, out of two or more, that is consciously perceived due to attention. attended channel usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660626923 attended stimulus the specific object in the environment on which attention is focused. attended stimulus usr_4f177506dde77 1512660626943 attention used to describe any number of cognitive processes, organized as top-down or bottom-up, goal-directed or stimulus-driven, and more, but generally reflecting an interplay between cognitive and sensory systems. attention usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660626966 attention capacity refers to the extent that one can allocate their processing resources. attention capacity usr_514c850935a72 1512660626989 attentional effort a motivated activation of attention systems in order to stabilize or recover attentional performance in response to the detection of errors and reward loss or, more generally, deteriorating attentional performance; amount of attentional resources needed for a particular situation; engagement of attentional resources attentional effort usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627019 attentional resources amount of available attentional capacity attentional resources usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627041 attentional state referring to amount of attentional resources being engaged; a relaxed attentional state requires little attentional effort, whereas an alert, focused attentional state requires more attentional state usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627061 attitude a mental position with regard to a fact or state attitude usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660627084 audiovisual perception a single unified awareness derived from the integration of auditory and visual sensory processes when a audiovisual stimulus is present. audiovisual perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627109 audition auditory the sense or act of hearing. audition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627129 auditory attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one auditory stream in the environment while ignoring others. auditory attention usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627153 auditory coding processing and encoding of sound, words, and all other auditory input for storage and later retrieval. According to Baddeley, processing of auditory information is aided by the concept of the phonological loop, which allows input within our echoic memory. auditory coding usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660627175 auditory encoding the process of storing auditory information in memory. auditory encoding usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660627196 auditory feedback is provided by auditory stimulation in response to specific behavior. The feedback may be used to amend subsequent behavior, cognition, perception or performance. auditory feedback usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627218 auditory grouping joining disparate sounds together into one percept; assessing which acoustic streams belong together auditory grouping usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627239 auditory imagery the subjective experience of hearing in the absence of auditory stimulation. auditory imagery usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627261 auditory learning learning of auditorily presented information auditory learning usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627283 auditory lexical access The process by which the basic sound-meaning connections of language, i.e., lexical entries, are activated. auditory lexical access usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627305 auditory localization a listener&#39;s ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound. auditory localization usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627328 auditory masking the perception of one sound is affected by the presence of another sound; presenting a sound to interfere with or terminate a target sound auditory masking usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660627350 auditory memory the cognitive capacity of storing and retrieving information related to sound. auditory memory usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627373 auditory perception The ability to identify, interpret, and attach meaning to sound. auditory perception usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660627397 auditory scene auditory scene analysis is the process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements. auditory scene usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627419 auditory scene analysis the process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements. auditory scene analysis usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627442 auditory sentence comprehension ability to combine auditory words into a meaningful sentence unit. auditory sentence comprehension usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627464 auditory stream segregation the perceptual grouping of sounds to form coherent representations of objects in the acoustic scene; a fundamental aspect of hearing and speech perception. auditory stream segregation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627487 auditory word comprehension ability to parse acoustic signals into meaningful words auditory word comprehension usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627508 auditory word recognition ability to recognize acoustically presented words auditory word recognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627530 auditory working memory Working memory for auditory information auditory working memory usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627551 autobiographical memory a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual’s life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory. autobiographical memory usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627573 autobiographical recall episodes recollected from an individual’s life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory. autobiographical recall usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627595 automaticity behavior performed without intention automaticity usr_4ac3cb258c7ba 1512660627616 availability heuristic A heuristic in which people predict the frequency of classes or the probability of events based on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. availability heuristic usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627636 aversive learning behavior modification using an adverse stimulus in response to the inappropriate or undesirable behavior. aversive learning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627657 backward chaining an inference method used in automated theorem provers, proof assistants and other artificial intelligence applications. Backward chaining starts with a list of goals (or a hypothesis) and works backwards from the consequent to the antecedent to see if there is data available that will support any of these consequents. backward chaining usr_4b9003ea0be96 backward masking 1512660579368 trm_4a3fd79d09b6d backward masking a phenomenon wherein presenting one stimulus (a &#34;mask&#34; or &#34;masking stimulus&#34;) immediately after another brief (≤ 50 ms) &#34;target&#34; stimulus leads to a failure to consciously perceive the first stimulus. backward masking usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627678 behavioral inhibition Disambiguation behavioral inhibition usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627706 belief a state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person or thing; conviction of the truth of some statement or the reality of some being or phenomenon especially when based on examination of evidence. belief usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627740 binocular convergence when you look at an object that is closer than approximately 25 feet, your eyes must converge on the object to perceive it as a single object clearly in focus.&#34; binocular convergence usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627762 binocular disparity the difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes, resulting from the eyes&#39; horizontal separation. The brain uses binocular disparity to extract depth information from the two-dimensional retinal images in stereopsis. binocular disparity usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627783 binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used together. Having two eyes confers at least four advantages over having one. First, it gives a creature a spare eye in case one is damaged. Second, it gives a wider field of view. Third, it gives binocular summation in which the ability to detect faint objects is enhanced. Fourth it can give stereopsis in which parallax provided by the two eyes&#39; different positions on the head give precise depth perception. Such binocular vision is usually accompanied by singleness of vision or binocular fusion, in which a single image is seen despite each eye&#39;s having its own image of any object. Other phenomena of binocular vision include utrocular discrimination, eye dominance, allelotropia, and binocular rivalry. binocular vision usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627804 bitterness being or inducing the one of the four basic taste sensations that is peculiarly acrid, astringent, or disagreeable; marked by intensity or severity; marked by cynicism and rancor; intensely unpleasant especially in coldness or rawness; expressive of severe pain, grief, or regret. bitterness usr_4f177506dde77 1512660627826 body orientation perception of the orientation of the body overall relative to other objects in the environment body orientation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627847 capacity limitation a limitation on the capacity to process information capacity limitation usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660627868 case based reasoning the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems. case based reasoning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627890 categorical clustering the clustering of recalled items based on category membership categorical clustering usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627912 categorical knowledge knowledge about different attributes and uses of an object that allows it to be placed in a group of objects with similar attributes and uses. categorical knowledge usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627933 categorical perception A form of perception in which the individual perceives a categorical distinction rather than a continuous scale of a varying perceptual feature. categorical perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627953 categorization The assignment of a stimulus to one of a set of categories categorization usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660627974 category based induction requires that information about one set of categories is used to infer something about another category. A set of premises establishes that one or more categories possess a certain property. The premises are followed by an assertion (the conclusion) that a target category also possesses that property. category based induction usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660627995 category learning is a strategy which requires a learner to compare and contrast groups or categories that contain concept-relevant features with groups or categories that do not contain concept-relevant features. category learning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660628018 causal inference The process of inferring that one state/object/event causes the occurrence of another state/object/event. causal inference usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660628040 central attention is the cognitive process that allows one to focus on the most important and relevant train of thought that needs to be attended to in a specific situation. central attention usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628063 centration the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others. centration usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660628085 chemonociception perception of stimulation by noxious chemical agents chemonociception usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628108 chromatic contrast When a small patch is surrounded by a color field, the patch appears to be tinted in the opponent color of the surrounding field. chromatic contrast usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660628130 chunk Structure in memory that is used as a unit of knowledge representation. Also refers to the process of learning by which these units are acquired. chunk usr_4ebffe404b3a6 1512660628152 chunking The process of recoding information by splitting or reorganizing it into smaller parts. Actually: combining several smaller items into a larger &#34;group&#34; item, i.e.: 3 separate &#34;incoming aircraft&#34; considered as &#34;3 incoming aircraft&#34;. Significantly reduces the working memory space used. Likely concept model for computer programming data-forms that list pointers to numerous specific data. Larger classes of concepts include: Learning and Memory, Attention, Action (Planning), Executive Control. chunking usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628179 cognitive development the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. cognitive development usr_4abbda3fb048e 1512660628201 cognitive dissonance The mental state in which a person holds multiple conflicting ideas simultaneously cognitive dissonance usr_514c850935a72 1512660628222 cognitive effort mental effort Consciously or intentionally engaging cognitive resources in order to achieve a particular end. cognitive effort usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660628243 cognitive heuristic are simple, efficient rules, hard-coded by evolutionary processes or learned, which have been proposed to explain how people make decisions, come to judgments, and solve problems, typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information. These rules work well under most circumstances, but in certain cases lead to systematic errors or cognitive biases. cognitive heuristic usr_4f177506dde77 1512660628265 cognitive load cognitive effort, processing capacity The amount of demand placed on working memory, typically expressed along some continuum and within a theoretical maximum. cognitive load usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628288 cognitive map a type of mental processing composed of a series of psychological transformations by which an individual can acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment. cognitive map usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660628309 color perception The process of distinguishing objects based on the wavelengths of the light they reflect or emit. color perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660628331 communication a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior. communication usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628352 competition the act or process of competing; active demand by two or more organisms or kinds of organisms for some environmental resource in short supply; a contest between rivals. competition usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628374 concept a cognitive unit of meaning—an abstract idea or a mental symbol sometimes defined as a &#34;unit of knowledge,&#34; built from other units which act as a concept&#39;s characteristics. concept usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660628395 concept learning Concept learning, also known as category learning and concept attainment, is largely based on the works of the cognitive psychologist Jerome Bruner. Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin (1967) defined concept attainment (or concept learning) as &#34;the search for and listing of attributes that can be used to distinguish exemplars from non exemplars of various categories.&#34; More simply put, concepts are the mental categories that help us classify objects, events, or ideas and each object, event, or idea has a set of common relevant features. Thus, concept learning is a strategy which requires a learner to compare and contrast groups or categories that contain concept-relevant features with groups or categories that do not contain concept-relevant features. concept learning usr_4f177506dde77 1512660628417 conceptual category a way of organizing information, generally derived from experience; they can be part of a hierarchy, as in a taxonomy, or without, as in an alphabet. conceptual category usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628439 conceptual coherence combining a set concepts to make sense of a situation or set of situations. conceptual coherence usr_4f177506dde77 1512660628463 conceptual planning in linguistics, a flexible process of preparation pertaining to grammatical structure of clauses, occurring both before and during production thereof conceptual planning usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660628485 conceptual skill is the ability to form concepts about abstract and complex ideas such as communication, language, time, and money, for example. conceptual skill usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628507 conceptualization to form a concept of; to interpret. conceptualization usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660628529 conditional reasoning the reasoner must draw a conclusion based on a conditional, or “if…then,” proposition. conditional reasoning usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660628550 conflict detection arises in the presence of concurrently active, mutually exclusive representations conflict detection usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660628572 conjunction search the process of searching for a target that is not defined by any single unique visual feature, but by a combination of two or more features. conjunction search usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660628595 connotation the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes; something suggested by a word or thing; the signification of something; an essential property or group of properties of a thing named by a term in logic. connotation usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660628619 consciousness awareness the quality or state of being aware especially of something within oneself; the state or fact of being conscious of an external object, state, or fact; the state of being characterized by sensation, emotion, volition, and thought; the totality of conscious states of an individual; the normal state of conscious life,(regained consciousness); the upper level of mental life of which the person is aware as contrasted with unconscious processes. consciousness usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628641 constancy steadfastness of mind under duress; a state of being constant or unchanging. constancy usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660628662 constituent structure is an analysis, often in the form of a schematic representation, of the constituents of a construction, such as a sentence. constituent structure usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660628684 context A set of interrelated conditions in which something exists or occurs (e.g., a style of language in a particular passage, activity of a given regions given sensory input). context usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660628705 context dependent is a class of memory that refers to improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same. context dependent usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660628726 context memory refers to improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are similar. context memory usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628747 contextual knowledge information, and/or skills that have particular meaning because of the conditions that form part of their description. contextual knowledge usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660628768 contingency learning Learning of the contingencies between different events contingency learning usr_0000000000 1512660628789 contrastive stress No definition submitted yet contrastive stress usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628810 conventionality the quality, fact, or condition of being conventional; conventional behavior or act; a conventional form, usage, or rule. conventionality usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628831 convergent thinking analytical, usually deductive, thinking in which ideas are examined for their logical validity or in which a set of rules is followed. convergent thinking usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660628852 conversation An exchange of sentiments, observations, opinions, or ideas. conversation usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660628872 conversational skill Ability to engage in appropriate communication of sentiments, observations, opinions, or ideas through dialogue. conversational skill usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660628894 conversational speech is interactive, more-or-less spontaneous, communication between two or more conversants. Interactivity occurs because contributions to a conversation are response reactions to what has previously been said. Spontaneity occurs because a conversation must proceed, to some extent, and in some way, unpredictably. conversational speech usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660628917 conversational structure is the organization of interactive, more-or-less spontaneous, communication between two or more conversants. conversational structure usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660628940 coordination is the act of coordinating, making different people or things work together for a goal or effect. coordination usr_0000000000 1512660628961 coproduction No definition submitted yet coproduction usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660628983 coreference a relationship between two words or phrases in which both refer to the same person or thing and one stands as a linguistic antecedent of the other. coreference usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660629005 creative cognition involves two types of processes: generative processes and exploratory processes. Generative processes are those that most of us think about when we think of creativity. They are the processes by which creative concepts are first born. These processes are highly visible in extreme acts of creativity, but they are also evident in ordinary, everyday cognition. Examples (from Ward et al.(cited below)) include memory retrieval, association formation among information retrieved from memory, combinations of structures retrieved from memory, the synthesis of new structures, the transformation of retrieved structures into &#34;new forms,&#34; analogical transfer between domains, and &#34;categorical reduction,&#34; which involves reducing existing structures to &#34;more primitive constituents&#34;. Exploratory processes are the processes used to explore the structures produced by generative processes. Examples of exploratory processes (given by Ward, et al.) include searching retrieved structures for &#34;novel attributes,&#34; searching for &#34;metaphorical implications,&#34; searching for possible functions, &#34;the evaluation of structures from different perspectives or within different contexts,&#34; interpretation of structures from the perspective of the problem(s) to be solved, and &#34;the search for various practical or conceptual limitations that are suggested by the structures.&#34; creative cognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629031 creative problem solving the mental process of independently creating a solution to a problem without learned assistance. creative problem solving usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660629052 creative thinking the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action (Scriven & Paul, 1992). creative thinking usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660629083 critical period a limited time in which an event can occur, usually to result in some kind of transformation; in developmental psychology and developmental biology, it is a time in the early stages of an organism&#39;s life during which it displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli, and develops in particular ways due to experiences at this time. critical period usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629104 crosstalk interference by information presented via multiple channels crosstalk usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629130 crystallized intelligence the ability to utilize previously acquired knowledge and experience. crystallized intelligence usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660629151 cue dependent forgetting is the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded. cue dependent forgetting usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629171 cue validity the conditional probability that an object falls in a particular category given a particular feature or cue. cue validity usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660629192 cueing to give/present a stimulus that prompts a reaction. cueing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629213 dative shift a grammatical process by which an oblique argument of a verb, usually one functioning as a recipient or a benefactive (roles often expressed by datives), is placed in the same grammatical role as a patient, increasing the valency of the verb and forming a clause with two objects. dative shift usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660629237 decay of activation An explanation for why spreading activation, in network-based models of knowledge representation, peters out as a function of the distance between nodes. decay of activation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629259 deception an act to propagate beliefs that are not true, or not the whole truth (as in half-truths or omission). deception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629280 decision making The deliberate selection of a single alternative amongst multiple alternatives. decision making usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660629301 declarative knowledge Knowledge that is descriptive and includes knowing &#34;that&#34; rather than knowing &#34;how&#34; (can be expressed in declarative sentences). declarative knowledge usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629325 declarative memory Memory for facts, and that can be intentionally articulated in some manner. declarative memory usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660629347 declarative rule A criterion for which one possesses declarative knowledge. Contrasts with an implicit or non-declarative rule, which one might follow but not represent as a rule or even be aware that they are following. declarative rule usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660629370 deductive inference A type of inference in which the conclusion always follows from the stated premises.If the premises are true, then the conclusion is valid. deductive inference usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660629396 deductive reasoning is reasoning which constructs or evaluates deductive arguments. Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises or hypotheses. deductive reasoning usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660629418 deep processing Evaluating a piece of information in terms of meaning or associations to other concepts as opposed to surface or incidental characteristics. deep processing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629440 deep structure The essential meaning of a sentence, without regard to the grammatical features (surface structure) of the sentence that are needed to express it in words. deep structure usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660629460 depth cue Depth perception arises from a variety of depth cues. These are typically classified into binocular cues that require input from both eyes and monocular cues that require the input from just one eye. Binocular cues include stereopsis, yielding depth from binocular vision through exploitation of parallax. Monocular cues include size: distant objects subtend smaller visual angles than near objects. A third class of cues requires synthetic integration of binocular and monocular cues. depth cue usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660629483 depth perception Ability to perceive the visual world in three dimensions. depth perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629505 desire to long or hope for, exhibit or feel desire for; to express a wish for. desire usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660629526 diphthong a gliding monosyllabic speech sound (as the vowel combination at the end of toy) that starts at or near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves to or toward the position of another. diphthong usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660629547 dispositions Tendency to act in a particular manner given a certain set of antecedents. dispositions usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629573 distraction Any event that interrupts a mental process. distraction usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660629599 distributed coding A type of coding in which the information that constitutes a concept (or mental representation) is spread amongst a number of constituent representations. distributed coding usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629621 divergent thinking a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. divergent thinking usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629645 divided attention A state in which the focus of attention is spread across more than one object or event. divided attention usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660629666 dream a succession of thoughts, images, sounds or emotions which the mind experiences during sleep. dream usr_514c850935a72 1512660629695 efficiency effective operation as measured by a comparison of production with cost (as in energy, time, money, or cortical activity) efficiency usr_514c850935a72 1512660629717 effort Consciously or intentionally engaging resources in order to achieve a particular end. effort usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660629738 effortful processing learning or storing (encoding) that requires attention and effort. effortful processing usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660629760 egocentric A frame of reference centered around the self. In perception, a first-person frame of reference. egocentric usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660629785 elaborative processing Processing in which semantic associations or relations between words/concepts are generated or elaborated on. elaborative processing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629809 emotion a complex of psychological phenomena that involve some degree of arousal and valence (positive/negative) emotion usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660629831 emotional decision making The use of affective information as information in a decision making process or as a basis for making a decision. Hot cognition. emotional decision making usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629851 emotional expression observable verbal and nonverbal behavior that communicates emotion with or without self-awareness. emotional expression usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660629872 emotional intelligence the capacity, skill or ability to identify, assess, and manage the emotions of one&#39;s self, of others, and of groups. emotional intelligence usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660629895 emotional memory Emotional memory is the storage and recall of events and details that are couple with the physiological response that was present when the event occurred. emotional memory usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660629916 emotional mimicry is the ability of a person to imitate, copy, and experience the physical and emotional characteristics of another persons emotion. emotional mimicry usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660629937 emotional suppression A process to reduce or inhibit the impact of an emotion on ones current conscious state or behavior. emotional suppression usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660629958 episodic learning a change in behavior that occurs as a result of an event; episodic learning is so named because events are recorded into episodic memory. episodic learning usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660629978 episodic memory memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual knowledge) that can be explicitly stated. episodic memory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630003 error detection Processes that identify when an error has been made. error detection usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660630041 error signal An event following error detection, in which a sign is relayed notifying the advent of an error. error signal usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660630064 error trapping procedures that detect and correct errors before the errors cause further confusion. error trapping usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630086 excitation a state of increased emotional arousal excitation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630109 expertise Having a highly cultivated level of skill in a particular domain. Occurs after prolonged experience in a domain. expertise usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660630130 explicit knowledge Knowledge that can be articulated or expressed intentionally. explicit knowledge usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660630151 explicit learning Acquisition of skills and/or knowledge actively and with awareness. Typically such learning is accompanied by meta-awareness - individuals can explain how they acquired the skill/knowledge. explicit learning usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660630172 explicit memory the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. explicit memory usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660630198 extrinsic motivation motivated by external factors, as opposed to the internal drivers of intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation drives one to do things for tangible rewards or pressures. extrinsic motivation usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660630221 face perception The processes by which faces are identified as such. face perception usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660630241 face recognition The process of determining whether a face is the same as another face that has been previously encountered. face recognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630268 facial expression Movements and positions of the facial muscles that can be used as a form of nonverbal communication, particularly in conveying emotional states. facial expression usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630291 false memory a memory that refers to an event that did not actually occur false memory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630313 feature extraction Processes by which relevant aspects of a data stream are separated from irrelevant aspects. feature extraction usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660630335 feedback processing feedback Evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process delivered to the original or controlling source, often with the intent of modifying future actions. feedback processing usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660630357 filtering a device or process that removes from a signal some unwanted component or feature. filtering usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660630379 fixation Maintaining gaze or attention on some object or event. (Experimental design) A trial period in which a participant is instructed to direct attention toward a visual stimulus (often a cross). fixation usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660630400 fixed action patterns an instinctive behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs to completion. fixed action patterns usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660630420 fluid intelligence fluid reasoning a factor of general intelligence originally identified by Raymond Cattell; Cattell defined fluid intelligence as &#34;…the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships.&#34; Fluid intelligence is the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. fluid intelligence usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660630442 focus The center of attention or concentration. focus usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660630465 focused attention the ability to respond discretely to specific visual, auditory or tactile stimuli. focused attention usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660630488 form perception the sensory discrimination of a pattern, shape or outline. form perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630527 functional fixedness a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. functional fixedness usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660630550 gaze The act of fixating the eyes onto a location. gaze usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660630574 generalization The act of transferring knowledge learned from one event to a novel event that is similar in some respect. generalization usr_4d7fd2c7d9e4d 1512660630595 generic knowledge Generic knowledge is knowledge that is applicable not just to a single entity but to a class of entities. generic knowledge usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630617 gestalt a collection of physical, biological, psychological or symbolic entities that creates a unified concept, configuration or pattern which is greater than the sum of its parts (of a character, personality, or being). gestalt usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630640 goal The desired end-point of behavior(s). goal usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630662 goal formation The processes that create and maintain representations of goal states. goal formation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630684 goal maintenance The maintenance of information regarding task goals in working memory. goal maintenance usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630706 goal management consists of the process of recognizing or inferring goals, abandoning no longer relevant goals, identifying and resolving conflicts among goals, and prioritizing goals consistently for optimal success. goal management usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630730 goal state A point reached when goal directed behavior has successfully concluded. goal state usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660630750 gustatory learning The formation of a knowledge representation that contains information about gustatory percepts. gustatory learning usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660630771 gustatory memory the cognitive capacity of storing and retrieving information related to taste. gustatory memory usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660630792 gustatory perception The processes involved with representing gustatory sensations as such. gustatory perception usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660630825 habit An acquired pattern of behavior that often occurs automatically and is reliably triggered by some event or stimulus. habit usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630847 habit learning The process of acquiring a habit habit learning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630870 habit memory the memory representation of a learned habit, generally thought to be represented as a stimulus-response association habit memory usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660630894 hallucination in the broadest sense of the word, is a perception in the absence of a stimulus. In a stricter sense, hallucinations are defined as perceptions in a conscious and awake state in the absence of external stimuli which have qualities of real perception, in that they are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space. hallucination usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660630916 hedonism a school which argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good, often used as a justification for evaluating actions in terms of how much pleasure and how little pain (i.e. suffering) they produce. hedonism usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630937 heuristic search refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery. Heuristic methods are used to speed up the process of finding a good enough solution, where an exhaustive search is impractical. Examples of this method include using a &#34;rule of thumb&#34;, an educated guess, an intuitive judgment, or common sense. In more precise terms, heuristics are strategies using readily accessible, though loosely applicable, information to control problem solving in human beings and machines heuristic search usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660630977 hill climbing A fast but sometimes unreliable optimization method. When searching for the minimum/maximum value of a function a random step is taken; if the value improves it replaces the current value, then another random step is taken. hill climbing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631014 humiliation to reduce to a lower position in one&#39;s own eyes or others&#39; eyes. humiliation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631051 humor the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. humor usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631087 iconic memory very brief sensory memory of some visual stimuli, that occur in the form of mental pictures. iconic memory usr_4d8cf965dfa84 1512660631120 imageability is a property of a word or concept reflecting how easy or difficult it is to visually or acoustically imagine. imageability usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631142 imagery an experience that, on most occasions, significantly resembles the experience of perceiving some object, event, or scene, but occurs when the relevant object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses. imagery usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631164 implicit knowledge knowledge that is kept in a person’s mind without necessarily being expressed in words and is often acted on instinctively. implicit knowledge 1512660631186 implicit learning None implicit learning usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660631208 implicit memory Type of memory in which experiences increases performance of task without one&#39;s conscious awareness of these previous experiences. This type of memory applies to habit learning, skills, conditioning. implicit memory usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631230 imprinting a rapid learning process that takes place early in the life of a social animal and establishes a behavior pattern (as recognition of and attraction to its own kind or a substitute). imprinting usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660631251 inattention The failure to process an external stimulus (often refers to sensory stimuli). inattention usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660631272 incidental learning Learning without explicit knowledge of doing so, but occurring through interaction with the environment (e.g., by observation/copying of behavior or response to reinforcement). incidental learning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631294 incubation the process of thinking about a problem subconsciously while being involved in other activities incubation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631315 indignation anger aroused by something unjust, unworthy, or mean. indignation usr_4f177506dde77 1512660631338 induction inductive reasoning reaching a conclusion from a set of premises that could, but do not necessarily, lead to it induction usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631360 inductive reasoning inductive inference reasoning from a specific case or cases and deriving a general rule, drawing inferences from observations in order to make generalizations. inductive reasoning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631382 inference the act of passing from one proposition, statement, or judgment considered as true to another whose truth is believed to follow from that of the former; the act of passing from statistical sample data to generalizations (as of the value of population parameters) usually with calculated degrees of certainty. inference usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631404 inhibition The process by which a response or thought is suppressed. inhibition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631425 inhibition of return the phenomenon in which the speed and accuracy with which an object is detected are first briefly enhanced (for perhaps 100-300 milliseconds) after the object is attended, and then detection speed and accuracy are impaired (for perhaps 500-3000 milliseconds). inhibition of return usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660631448 insight In problem solving, the moment at which an underlying relation between cause and effect is discovered/identified. insight usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631470 instinct a natural or inherent aptitude, impulse, or capacity; a largely inheritable and unalterable tendency of an organism to make a complex and specific response to environmental stimuli without involving reason, behavior that is mediated by reactions below the conscious level. instinct usr_4f177506dde77 1512660631491 instrumental conditioning instrumental learning, operant conditioning a learning process in which the consequences of an action are used to modify aspects of that action thereafter; these aspects include form and frequency (including the likelihood of reoccurrence at all). instrumental conditioning usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631515 instrumental learning learning based on reward; a form of learning that takes place as a direct consequence of a reward or pleasant outcome for the learner. instrumental learning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631537 integration coordination of mental processes into a normal effective personality or with the individual&#39;s environment integration usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631558 intelligence the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations; the skilled use of reason; the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one&#39;s environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria intelligence usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631590 intention an act or instance of determining mentally upon some action or result; meaning or significance. intention usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631613 intentional forgetting the purposeful forgetting of information that is no longer needed. intentional forgetting usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631635 intentional learning learning that is motivated with intention and is usually goal directed. intentional learning usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631657 intentionality the state of having or being formed by an intention; (philosophy) the property of being about or directed toward a subject, as inherent in conscious states, beliefs, or creations of the mind, such as sentences or books. intentionality usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631679 interference the disturbing effect of new information on the other information with which it is inconsistent interference usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660631701 intermediate-term memory ITM a specialized term referring for information about a current task. intermediate-term memory usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660631721 internal speech also known as inner voice, internal speech, or verbal stream of consciousness is thinking in words. It also refers to the semi-constant internal monologue one has with oneself at a conscious or semi-conscious level. internal speech usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631741 interrogative of, pertaining to, or conveying a question. interrogative usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631762 intonation the ability to play or sing notes in tune; manner of utterance, specifically the rise and fall in pitch of the voice in speech. intonation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631783 intrinsic motivation a highly desired form of incentive that stems from a person&#39;s internal desire for self-satisfaction or pleasure in performing the task itself. intrinsic motivation usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631807 introspection the self-observation and reporting of conscious inner thoughts, desires and sensations. It is a conscious mental and usually purposive process relying on thinking, reasoning, and examining one&#39;s own thoughts, feelings. introspection usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660631828 involuntary attention results when the conscious mind changes focus to sudden changes in the environment (big sound, intensity of light, unique situation etc.). The person is not prepared for the attention and the attention is not under control of the individual. The persons attention is less concerned with motives, interests, and needs and the stimulus is usually more important than any functional factors. involuntary attention usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631851 irony a situation, literary technique, or rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or discordance that goes strikingly beyond the most simple and evident meaning of words or actions. irony usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631874 judgment the process of forming an opinion or evaluation by discerning and comparing judgment usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631896 kinaesthetic representation kinesthetic representation is a representation of sensory inputs from muscles, tendons, and joints (e.g.,the joint angles used to reach a point in space). kinaesthetic representation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660631919 kinesthesia kinaesthesia a sense mediated by receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints and stimulated by bodily movements and tensions. kinesthesia usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660631943 knowledge information acquired and represented by a person through experience or education knowledge usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660631965 language The mental ability to encode and decode information, and translate this information into verbal, acoustic and visual representations, according to a set of rules that are common across a population. language usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660631987 language comprehension The ability to understand communication from others, such as speech, written text, gestures, or sign language. language comprehension usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660632011 language learning the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive, produce and use words to understand and communicate, this capacity involves the picking up of diverse capacities including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary, the language might be vocal as with speech or manual as in sign. language learning usr_4b64af5545a03 1512660632036 language production is translating a concept or set of ideas into spoken, signed or written form language production usr_4ac2cdeede9e6 1512660632072 learning The process of acquiring new skills/knowledge/information learning usr_4f177506dde77 1512660632098 lemma an abstract form of a word before any phonological assignment, arising early in speech production lemma usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632128 lexical encoding converting vocabulary, words, or morphemes of a language into a code. lexical encoding usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632163 lexical retrieval retrieval of a lexical entry lexical retrieval usr_4b54bb9dcf254 1512660632193 lexicon vocabulary The vocabulary of a language, including its words and expressions. lexicon usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660632230 linguistic competence a speaker&#39;s implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their language. linguistic competence usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660632253 listening to pay attention to sound; to hear something with thoughtful attention, give consideration; to be alert to catch an expected sound. listening usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660632276 logic a science that deals with the principles and criteria of validity of inference and demonstration; the science of the formal principles of reasoning. logic usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660632299 logical reasoning The strategy when one uses deduction, induction, or abduction to evaluate preconditions and rules to determnie a conclusion. logical reasoning usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660632320 long-term memory LTM a system for permanently storing, managing, and retrieving information for later use, items of information stored as long-term memory may be available for a lifetime. long-term memory usr_4ac3cb258c7ba 1512660632341 loss aversion The tendency of individuals to be more sensitive to the possibility of losing objects or money than they are to the possibility of gaining the same objects or amounts of money. loss aversion usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632364 lying the expression of a falsehood lying usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632392 mathematical reasoning Reasoning about mathematical objects mathematical reasoning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632414 meaning the connotation of a word or phrase meaning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632435 mechanical reasoning Reasoning about mechanical objects or functions mechanical reasoning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632459 melody tune a linear succession of musical tones which is perceived as a single entity. melody usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632481 memory The ability of an organism to use past events to inform/influence current actions memory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632503 mental arithmetic mathematical calculations done mentally, without writing them down. mental arithmetic usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660632525 mental imagery is an experience that, on most occasions, significantly resembles the experience of perceiving (through any of the senses) of some object, event, or scene, but occurs when the relevant object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses. mental imagery usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660632553 mental representation a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image. mental representation usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660632575 mental rotation Ability to rotate an object in one&#39;s mind; ability to make perceptual judgments on a new spatial configuration of an object. mental rotation usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660632598 metacognition awareness or analysis of one&#39;s own learning or thinking processes. metacognition usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660632619 metacognitive skill a learners&#39; automatic awareness of their own knowledge and their ability to understand, control, and manipulate their own cognitive processes. metacognitive skill usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660632643 metaphor a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them. metaphor usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660632669 misattribution attributing an event to something with which it has no connection or association. misattribution usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632691 monitoring the act of checking for particular kinds of information monitoring usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660632715 mood a conscious state of mind or predominant emotion. mood usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632741 motor control The function of supervising motor activities motor control usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632762 motor learning the process of improving motor skills, the smoothness and accuracy of movements. motor learning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632784 motor planning movement planning the conception of a future motoric action motor planning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632806 motor program abstract representation of a movement motor program usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632848 motor sequence learning The acquisition of knowledge regarding sequences of motor action motor sequence learning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632872 movement change of place or position or posture movement usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632894 naming the expression of the name of an object naming usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632916 narrative a story that is created in a constructive format (as a work of writing, speech, poetry, prose, pictures, song, motion pictures, video games, theater or dance) that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events. narrative usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660632938 navigation The process of controlling the movement of a body/entity/vehicle through space from one point to another. navigation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660632959 nociception the processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli. nociception usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660632987 nondeclarative knowledge The nonconscious or implicit ability to express and practice learned information. nondeclarative knowledge usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660633010 nondeclarative memory Memory acquired through experience and which can not be consciously articulated (such as by recall or recognition). This type of memory includes priming, conditioning, skill-acquisition, and habits. nondeclarative memory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633033 novelty detection the identification of new or unknown information novelty detection usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633056 object categorization the assignment of an object to a particular category object categorization usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660633077 object centered representation In an object-centered representation, the position of the subparts of an object are encoded with respect to a set of axes and an origin centered on the object. Several physiological and neuropsychological results support the existence of such representations in humans and monkeys. An explicit representation would involve neurons with invariant response properties in object-centered coordinates. object centered representation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633098 object detection deals with detecting instances of semantic objects of a certain class (such as humans, buildings, cars, etc.). object detection usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633120 object manipulation is a form of dexterity play or performance in which one or more artists physically interact with props such as balls, hoops, rings, poi, staff, devil sticks, or clubs. Object manipulation can be considered an advanced combinatorial form of sports, dance, and games. object manipulation usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660633142 object perception The process of transforming basic visual sensory input (such as contrast, edge, motion, color etc) into a more abstract and semantically identifiable whole. object perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633162 object recognition object identification is the ability to perceive an object’s physical properties (such as shape, colour and texture) and apply semantic attributes to the object, which includes the understanding of its use, previous experience with the object and how it relates to others. object recognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633185 olfaction the sense of smell; the act or process of smelling. olfaction usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660633206 olfactory perception the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form. olfactory perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633228 orthographic lexicon A set of representations of orthographic information orthographic lexicon usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633249 parsing to resolve (as a sentence) into component parts of speech and describe them grammatically parsing usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660633270 passive attention refers to the involuntary process directed by external events that stand out from their environment, such as a bright flash, a strong odor, or a sudden loud noise. passive attention usr_4b64af5545a03 1512660633291 past tense refers to a form of a verb that indicates that the action already has occurred past tense usr_4b54bb9dcf254 1512660633312 pattern recognition The process of identifying a meaningful pattern in raw data. pattern recognition usr_4f177506dde77 1512660633332 pavlovian conditioning classical conditioning, respondent conditioning a form of learning in which a stimulus (designated the &#34;conditional stimulus&#34; or CS and being one without inherent significance) is paired with an unconditional stimulus or US, so named because it is biologically significant (e.g. food, sex, drug, pain), until the participant responds to the former in a way that conveys its association of the two. Importantly, participant response may be different between the US and its paired CS. pavlovian conditioning usr_4abeb2310354e 1512660633355 perception the conscious experience or mental registration of a sensory stimulus perception usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660633376 perceptual binding is the cognitive ability to couple characteristics between items that one is perceiving. This can be illustrated by the one observing a blue square and a yellow circle. Through the neural mechanisms of perceptual binding, one can ensure that the sensing of blue is coupled to that of a square shape and that of yellow is coupled to that of a circle. perceptual binding usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660633397 perceptual categorization A selective system that can have no a priori information about the particular stimuli that might be encountered in its environment, other than boundary conditions implicit in the construction of its recognizing elements. Perceptual categorization, according to this view, does not involve the &#34;reading in&#34; of readily available information about the stimulus category; rather, it involves the utilization of multiple cues in degenerate, overlapping sets and under the influence of context. perceptual categorization usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660633418 perceptual fluency is the ease at which the brain can process information. perceptual fluency usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660633438 perceptual identification has two different processing stages. The first stage yields a state of of perceptual information about the stimulus presented. The second stage is the processing of attained perceptual information in a response. perceptual identification usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660633460 perceptual learning long lasting improvement in performing perceptual (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory or taste) tasks as a function of experience. perceptual learning usr_4e885e1ee3733 1512660633481 perceptual similarity Perceptual similarity is the subjective similarity between two stimuli as perceived by the observer. Thus, object A may be rated as more similar to object B than to object C despite a greater difference in some physical metric (such as height or width) between objects A and C than between objects A and B. This may differ across modalities: for example, two objects may be rated as more similar when seen than when touched. However, the physical, objective similarity between the two objects remains the same regardless of which modality is used to explore them. perceptual similarity usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660633503 perceptual skill The ability to observe and understand the events surrounding an individual. perceptual skill usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633525 performance monitoring the online evaluation of one&#39;s performance on a task performance monitoring usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660633546 phonation process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration; any oscillatory state of any part of the larynx that modifies the airstream. phonation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633567 phonological buffer a passive storage device that is part of the articulatory rehearsal loop; serves as a part of the mechanisms ordinarily needed for hearing. In rehearsal, the buffer is loaded by means of subvocalization. phonological buffer usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633590 phonological code A representation of information using phonological features phonological code usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660633611 phonological encoding involves retrieval of segmental and supra-segmental information and the generation of a syllabified phonological word, and the computation of the phonetic form of the intended utterance, referred to as phonetic encoding. phonological encoding usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633634 phonological retrieval The retrieval of phonological representations based on other cues phonological retrieval usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660633687 phonological working memory The process of maintaining sound information online for a limited amount of time. phonological working memory usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660633709 planning formulation, evaluation and selection of a sequence of actions to achieve a desired goal. planning usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660633731 pragmatic inference Inferences are made when a person (or machine) goes beyond available evidence to form a conclusion. A pragmatic inference (also known as an inductive inference) is one which is likely to be true because of the state of the world. Unlike deductive inferences, pragmatic (inductive) inferences do yield conclusions that increase the semantic information over and above that found in the initial premises. pragmatic inference usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660633752 pragmatic knowledge is how individuals communicate meaning and how they produce contextually appropriate utterances, sentences, or texts. Pragmatic knowledge includes sociolinguistic and functional knowledge. pragmatic knowledge usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633773 pragmatic reasoning Pragmatic reasoning is defined as the process of finding the intended meaning(s) of the given, and it is suggested that this amounts to the process of inferring the appropriate context(s) in which to interpret the given. pragmatic reasoning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633802 preattentive processing background activity that necessarily precedes conscious mental activity; major purpose is the preparation of sensory input for use in focal-attentive processes including encoding of the basic properties of sensory input. preattentive processing usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660633825 preconscious perception is the subthreshold process of visual perception. preconscious perception usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660633854 prejudice preconceived judgment or opinion; an adverse opinion or leaning formed without just grounds or before sufficient knowledge; an irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, a group, a race, or their supposed characteristics. prejudice usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660633877 primary memory the temporary maintenance system for conscious processing of information. primary memory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633897 proactive interference the forgetting of information due to interference from the traces of events or learning that occurred prior to the materials to be remembered; occurs when in any given context, past memories inhibit an individual’s full potential to retain new memories. proactive interference usr_4abeb2310354e 1512660633920 problem solving Broadly, the mental processes involved in finding a solution to a problem. problem solving usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633941 procedural knowledge Knowledge exercised in the performance of a task/activity. Its acquisition or structure is often unavailable to the actor. procedural knowledge usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660633962 procedural learning The acquisition of a skill or ability through practice which is not accessible to verbalization or conscious awareness. procedural learning usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660633985 procedural memory memory for how to do things; procedural memories are automatically retrieved and utilized for the execution of the step-by-step procedures involved in both cognitive and motor skills. procedural memory usr_0000000000 1512660634020 procedural rule No definition submitted yet procedural rule usr_0000000000 1512660634058 processing capacity No definition submitted yet processing capacity usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660634099 processing stage A subset of mental operations that are confined some feature space of information within a stream and/or hierarchy of mental operations. processing stage usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660634135 pronunciation the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. pronunciation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660634166 proper noun A subject that usually indicates a particular person, place, or object. proper noun usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660634193 proprioception the sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body. proprioception usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660634217 prosodic stress the stress and intonation patterns of an utterance. prosodic stress usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660634241 prosody the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. prosody usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660634264 prospective memory remembering to perform an intended action...prospective memory is self-initiated and does not operate directly on external stimuli. prospective memory usr_0000000000 1512660634287 prospective planning No definition submitted yet prospective planning usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660634311 prototype A most common, standard or basic mental representation of some category. prototype usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660634334 quantitative skill the ability to to use mathematical concepts to solve problems. quantitative skill usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660634358 reading Decoding symbols to derive their meaning. reading usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660634381 reasoning drawing of inferences or conclusions through the use of reason. reasoning usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660634412 regret an emotional response to remembrance of a past state, condition, or experience that one wishes had been different regret usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660634435 relational learning learning to differentiate among stimuli on the basis of relational properties (e.g., the larger of two stimuli) rather than absolute properties (e.g., the stimulus that has a given size). relational learning usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660634457 remote memory memory for events of long ago as opposed to recent events. remote memory usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660634478 repressed memory A memory (often traumatic) that is unavailable for recall. repressed memory usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660634500 resource limit the maximum amount of cognitive resources that can be allocated to various, often competing tasks resource limit usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660634521 resource sharing is a unique characteristic of humans and several primates that involve sharing resources such as food, shelter, etc., as a collective risk-reduction against variability in resource supply. resource sharing usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660634543 response inhibition motor inhibition Suppression of actions that are inappropriate in a given context and that interfere with goal-driven behavior. response inhibition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660634565 response selection action selection, motor execution The selection of one action from a limited set of possible actions. response selection usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660634587 retention a preservation of the aftereffects of experience and learning that makes recall or recognition possible. Persistence of learned behavior or experience during a period when it is not being performed o r practiced. Retention is the second stage of memory after encoding and before retrival retention usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660634609 retrieval The process of accessing information from memory or other storage devices; the possibility of recovery, restoration, or rectification. Retrieval is the third stage of memory after encoding and retention. retrieval usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660634634 retrieval cue An event or experience that facilitates retrieval of information from long-term memory because of its association to that information. retrieval cue usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660634658 retroactive interference retroactive inhibition impeded retrieval and performance of previously learnt information due to newly acquired and practiced information. retroactive interference usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660634698 rhythm Movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions. While rhythm most commonly applies to sound, such as music and spoken language, it may also refer to visual presentation, as timed movement through space. rhythm usr_55dcefd8b28c0 1512660634720 risk Formally and mathematically speaking, the minimal definition of risk is what (Rothschild and Stiglitz, 1970) call a mean-preserving increase in dispersion. A typical example is a gamble offering $400 or $600 based on the outcome of a coin flip (i.e. with equal probability (50%)); this is less risky as compared to a similar gamble offering $200 or $800 [again depending on the outcome of a coin flip]. Notice here that the mean outcome (or “expected value”) remains the same for both gambles. Thus risk can increase by keeping both the probabilities and the expected value the same. There are other approaches to risk that are less mathematically stringent but have higher ecological validity. For instance increasing the probability of a (positive outcome) is associated with a reduced perception of risk. Notice though now that the expected value (or the mean outcome) also increases. So, it is difficult in that case to disentangle the two metrics. Many times the term risk is associated with the probability of a negative outcome, or what is formally called downside risk. This idea is mostly due to the way actuarial science and insurance companies (which are more interested in the negative aspects of risk) use the term. For instance, the statement, “now we increase the risk,” might be translated as taking more perilous actions, but formally, this is not the case. The point of risk is that the opportunity also increases (“upside” risk). Thus, a situation that is riskier can be attractive, especially if the agent focuses on the positive outcomes. Another approach is the so-called “moment-based” approach. Here, one is interested in the second or higher moments of a distribution, roughly corresponding to variance, skewness and kurtosis. Skewness is of particular interest because it seems that risk-seeking persons (gamblers) can be attracted by positively skewed outcomes. Bets that offer a small probability of a high outcome are attractive to gamblers (Garrett and Sobel, 1999). Overall, risk is not a unitary concept and should be very carefully defined. Note that the term risk as used here should be distinguished from the way the term is used in sentences such as &#34;risk of developing Parkinson&#39;s disease&#34;. An epidemiologist could help on the definition in that context. Input by other contributors: the probability or likelihood that an event will occur; possibility of loss or injury; someone or something that creates or suggests a hazard; the chance that an investment will lose value. risk usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660634742 route knowledge is represented as a series of directions to follow to get from one place to another. route knowledge usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660634763 routine a regular course of procedure; habitual or mechanical performance of an established procedure; a reiterated speech or formula; a sequence of computer instructions for performing a particular task. routine usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660634786 rule a method for performing a psychological operation rule usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660634896 rule learning process in which a participant gradually acquires knowledge about a fixed but unstated standard that defines, for example, the acceptability of a response or membership of category rule learning usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660634922 sadness an emotion characterized by feelings of unhappiness, disadvantage, loss, and helplessness. sadness usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660634949 salience a parameter of a stimulus that indexes its effectiveness. salience usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660634970 schema a structured representation that includes a particular organized way of perceiving and responding to a complex situation or set of stimuli. schema usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660634992 search to look into or over carefully or thoroughly in an effort to find or discover something; to look through or explore by inspecting possible places of concealment or investigating suspicious circumstances; to look at as if to discover or penetrate intention or nature; to uncover, find, or come to know by inquiry or scrutiny. search usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660635016 selective attention controlled attention, directed attention When multiple external sensory inputs are present, the process of dedicating cognitive and perceptual resources to one type/set of input and attenuating receptiveness to other inputs. selective attention usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635038 self monitoring monitoring of one&#39;s own behavior. self monitoring usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660635061 semantic category is a grouping of vocabulary within a language, organizing words which are interrelated and define each other in various ways. Also referred to as a semantic field. semantic category usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635083 semantic knowledge long-established knowledge about objects, facts, and word meanings. semantic knowledge usr_4b64af5545a03 1512660635104 semantic memory refers to one&#39;s conceptual knowledge and includes the meanings of words, factual information about the world, and other information not related to specific events or episodes semantic memory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635126 semantic working memory Working memory for meaning semantic working memory usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660635150 sensory memory sensory-information store; sensory register brief storage of sensory information in each of the senses, which temporarily holds material (e.g., a perceptual experience) for recoding into another memory (such as short-term memory) or for comprehension. sensory memory usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660635175 sequence learning learning of a sequence of items or responses in the precise order of their presentation. sequence learning usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660635208 serial learning The process of acquiring information in sequence and following an order that must be preserved at recall. serial learning usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660635240 serial processing intermittent processing, sequential processing information processing in which only one sequence of processing operations is carried on at a time. serial processing usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660635264 serial search The process of identifying a target within a set of candidate elements by testing the identity of each element against the identity of the sought after target one at a time. serial search usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660635285 shallow processing a mode of thinking in which one pays attention only to appearances and other superficial aspects of the material, typically leading to poor memory retention. shallow processing usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660635306 shame a painful emotion caused by consciousness of guilt, shortcoming, or impropriety; a condition of humiliating disgrace or disrepute; something that brings censure or reproach. shame usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660635327 short-term memory STM A limited-capacity and short-lasting representation of information in the mind. The duration of short-term memory is on the order of seconds, while its capacity is on the order of 4 to 9 independent items. short-term memory usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660635350 skepticism an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object. skepticism usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660635374 skill Proficiency, facility, or dexterity that is acquired or developed through training or experience. skill usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635398 skill acquisition skill learning The process of learning to perform a task or set of tasks with increasing facility. Typically implies the formation of procedural (as distinct from semantic or episodic) memories. skill acquisition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635444 social cognition the encoding, storage, retrieval, and processing, in the brain, of information relating to conspecifics, or members of the same species. social cognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635469 social context the identical or similar social positions and social roles as a whole that influence the individuals of a group. social context usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635489 social intelligence the ability to function successfully in interpersonal situations. social intelligence usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635511 somatosensation somatosensory perception the components of the central and peripheral nervous systems that receive and interpret sensory information from organs in the joints, ligaments, muscles, and skin. This system processes information about the length, degree of stretch, tension, and contraction of muscles; pain; temperature; pressure; and joint position. somatosensation usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660635532 source memory the episodic source from which a specific item was acquired (e.g., from a person, a book, or television (Schacter, Kaszniak, Kihlstrom, & Valdiserri, 1991, p. 559). source memory usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660635553 source monitoring The process of identifying the the source or context at acquisition of information that has been stored in memory. source monitoring usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660635575 spatial ability skill in perceiving the visual world, transforming and modifying initial perceptions, and mentally recreating spatial aspects of one&#39;s visual experience without the relevant stimuli. spatial ability usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660635597 spatial attention The allocation or prioritization of mental resources based on spatial coordinates (with respect to the body, head etc). spatial attention usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660635619 spatial cognition the acquisition, organization, utilization, and revision of knowledge about spatial environments. spatial cognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635642 spatial memory the part of memory responsible for recording information about one&#39;s environment and its spatial orientation. spatial memory usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660635663 spatial working memory The ability to maintain online information that relates to space. This process has limited capacity and its contents are not stored permanently. spatial working memory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635684 speech perception the process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted and understood. speech perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635707 speech processing the processing of speech signals speech processing usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660635728 speech production is the process by which spoken words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics formulated and then finally are articulated by the motor system in the vocal apparatus. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation, reaction such as when they name a picture or read aloud a written word, or a vocal imitation such as in speech repetition. Speech production is not the same as language production since language can also be produced manually by signs. speech production usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660635748 spreading activation a method for searching associative networks, neural networks, or semantic networks; the search process is initiated by labeling a set of source nodes (e.g. concepts in a semantic network) with weights or &#34;activation&#34; and then iteratively propagating or &#34;spreading&#34; that activation out to other nodes linked to the source nodes. spreading activation usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660635773 stereopsis the process in visual perception leading to the sensation of depth from the two slightly different projections of the world onto the retinas of the two eyes. stereopsis usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635795 stereotypes something conforming to a fixed or general pattern; a standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinion, prejudiced attitude, or uncritical judgment. stereotypes usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660635818 strategy A plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. strategy usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635839 stress refers to the consequence of the failure of an organism – human or animal – to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats, whether actual or imagined. stress usr_4b64af5545a03 1512660635861 sublexical route is a theoretical component of Coltheart&#39;s dual-route reading model that refers to using spelling-to-sound correspondences to convert a written word (i.e. orthography) into a spoken word (i.e. phonology). In other words, it is the route by which letters are linked to their sounds and the sounds are assembled into a whole word pronunciation. It complements the lexical route where the whole word is recognized and linked to its sound. sublexical route usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660635881 subliminal perception a visual or auditory message that is allegedly perceived psychologically, but not consciously; occurs when a stimulus is too weak to be perceived yet a person is influenced by it. subliminal perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635902 supervisory attentional system a loosely defined collection of brain processes that are responsible for planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, rule acquisition, initiating appropriate actions and inhibiting inappropriate actions, and selecting relevant sensory information. supervisory attentional system usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660635924 surprise a brief emotional state that is the result of experiencing an unexpected relevant event. surprise usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660635944 sustained attention the ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity. sustained attention usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660635965 syntactic parsing the way that human beings, rather than computers, analyze a sentence or phrase (in spoken language or text) in terms of grammatical constituents, identifying the parts of speech, syntactic relations, etc. syntactic parsing usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660635986 syntactic processing processing of the structural and grammatical aspects of language syntactic processing usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660636011 syntax the processing of elements (e.g. linguistic elements, like words) that are grouped to form constituents in a connected or orderly manner (e.g. phrases or clauses), implying an harmonious arrangement of such elements. syntax usr_4e445b04142c2 1512660636035 taste aversion occurs when the taste of a certain food is associated with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance; generally caused after ingestion of the food causes nausea, sickness, or vomiting. The ability to develop a taste aversion is considered an adaptive trait or survival mechanism that trains the body to avoid poisonous substances (e.g., poisonous berries) before they can cause harm. taste aversion usr_4e445b04142c2 1512660636058 text comprehension Intentional thinking during which meaning is constructed through interactions between text and reader. text comprehension usr_4e445b04142c2 1512660636085 text processing The handling of alphabetic characters text processing usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660636112 theory of mind mentalizing the ability for a person to connect emotional states to themselves and others and understand that other people may have different beliefs, desires, or intentions from one&#39;s self. It is intimately connected with the development of a person&#39;s ability to analyze and interpret the intentions of others. theory of mind usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660636133 thermosensation the sensory perception of thermal stimuli. thermosensation usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660636154 top down processing perceptions formed by starting with the larger concept or idea, then working down to the finer details of that concept or idea. top down processing usr_4b9003ea0be96 trace conditioning 1512660579706 trm_4a3fd79d0b3d7 trace conditioning a form of classical conditioning in which the presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is separated in time by an interstimulus interval. trace conditioning usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636175 traumatic memory A type of memory results from trauma experience, such as a natural disaster or violent events. traumatic memory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636196 uncertainty the lack of knowledge regarding the likelihood of potential outcomes uncertainty usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636218 unconscious process a mental process that you are not directly aware of. unconscious process usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636239 utility a measure of the subjective worth of an outcome. utility usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636266 valence the degree of attractiveness an individual, activity, or thing possesses as a behavioral goal. valence usr_4e445b04142c2 1512660636290 verbal fluency the ability to rapidly access your mental vocabulary while talking or writing. verbal fluency usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660636311 verbal memory Recall based on spoken words. verbal memory usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660636356 visual attention two-stage process in which attention is distributed uniformly over the external visual scene and processing of information is performed in parallel, attention is then concentrated to a specific area of the visual scene (i.e. it is focused), and processing is performed in a serial fashion. visual attention usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636377 visual buffer a short-term memory store for visual information visual buffer usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636399 visual imagery an experience that, on most occasions, significantly resembles the experience of perceiving some object, event, or scene, but occurs when the relevant object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses. visual imagery usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660636422 visual masking masking the reduction or elimination of the visibility of a brief a target stimulus by the presentation of a second stimulus (the mask) contiguous in space and/or time visual masking usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660636452 visual memory a part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. visual memory usr_4b64af5545a03 1512660636475 visual object recognition is the process of identifying an object based on its visual attributes visual object recognition usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660636497 visual perception Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment by processing information that is contained in visible light. The resulting perception is also known as eyesight, sight, or vision. visual perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636519 visual representation An internal representation of visual information visual representation usr_4f177506dde77 1512660636540 visual search orienting for targets in an array or a natural scene, through both covert and overt shifts in attention; this is different from the visual search task in that it refers to a general phenomenon and not to a paradigm. visual search usr_4f177506dde77 1512660636563 visual working memory The ability to maintain visual information online for a limited time interval (~ 4 sec). This information is not stored permanently. visual working memory usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660636584 visuospatial sketch pad The cognitive construct and mental process of temporarily storing visual and spatial information for online use in operations of working memory (c.f., Alan Baddeley) . visuospatial sketch pad usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660636605 wisdom accumulated philosophic or scientific learning. wisdom usr_4e445b04142c2 1512660636628 word comprehension the ability to understand the meaning of words. word comprehension usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660636650 word generation word production The cognitive process of producing words on ones own term instead of extracting them from an outside source. word generation usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660636673 word order is the sequence of the syntactic constituents of a language. word order usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660636695 word pronunciation is the act or result of producing the sounds of speech, including articulation, stress, and intonation, often with reference to some standard of correctness or acceptability. word pronunciation usr_55dcf04c46019 1512660636717 word recognition the ability of a reader to recognize words correctly and virtually effortlessly. word recognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636738 word repetition overt repetition Overt pronounciation of auditorily presented words word repetition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636760 working memory active maintenance and flexible updating of goal/task relevant information (items, goals, strategies, etc.) in a form that resists interference but has limited capacity. These representations may involve flexible binding of representations, may be characterized by the absence of external support for the internally maintained representations, and are frequently temporary due to ongoing interference working memory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636781 action initiation the facilitation or initiation of an act action initiation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636802 attention shift The change that occurs when information that is currently active in the mind is replaced by other information. The information content is typically sensory in nature. attention shift usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660636823 attention span Amount of time or space that an individual can dedicate to particular task or content without becoming distracted. attention span usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636845 attentional focusing The ability to focus attention on cues in the environment that are relevant to the task in hand; can also include suppression of distracting stimuli attentional focusing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660636868 attention shifting The process by which information that is currently relevant in the mind is replaced by other information. This information is typically sensory in nature but may also be semantic. attention shifting usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660636889 set shifting mental set shifting, task set reconfiguration disengagement of an irrelevant task set and subsequent engagement of a relevant task set despite interference and/or priming set shifting usr_514c850935a72 1512660636909 task switching The process of switching from one task or goal to another, depending on the context or instructions, that is, the process of switching between task sets. task switching usr_4ac2cdeede9e6 1512660636931 decision The outcome of a process during which a choice is made, usually between several possible options decision usr_4abeb2310354e 1512660636953 framing Framing is a method of biasing opinions- a framing effect occurs when the description of information, such as a speaker presenting an issue, has an emphasis on a subset of potentially <br /> relevant considerations and causes individuals to focus on these considerations when constructing their opinions. framing 1512660636975 risk aversion None risk aversion usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660636996 risk seeking The willingness of an individual to choose an option with a less-than-certain probability of reward over an option with a certain reward of equal or higher expected value. BEHAVIORAL PHENOMENA risk seeking usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660637020 emotion perception The process involving understanding feelings with different valences of oneself or of others emotion perception usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637043 emotion recognition The process of assigning an emotion to one of the discrete categories of emotion available in a particular culture. emotion recognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637065 emotional bonding A process of bringing people together based on mutually shared emotions. emotional bonding usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660637087 empathy The act of understanding, being aware of, being sensitive to, and or experiencing the feelings, thoughts, and experience of another. empathy usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660637109 fear acute threat A state of high negative emotional arousal triggered by an impending threat (real or imaginary) and generally associated with the flight or fight response. Fear is the activation of the brain’s defensive motivational system to promote behaviors that protect the organism from perceived danger. Normal fear involves a pattern of adaptive responses to conditioned or unconditioned threat stimuli (exteroceptive or interoceptive). Fear can involve internal representations and cognitive processing, and can be modulated by a variety of factors. fear usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637131 frustration a deep chronic sense or state of insecurity and dissatisfaction arising from unresolved problems or unfulfilled needs. frustration usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660637153 grief deep and poignant distress caused by or as if by bereavement. grief usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637174 happiness a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction, pleasure, or joy. happiness usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637194 discourse the capacity of orderly thought or procedure, verbal interchange of ideas; formal and orderly and usually extended expression of thought on a subject, connected speech or writing, linguistic unit larger than a sentence. discourse usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637218 discourse comprehension Discourse comprehension is the act of interpreting a written or spoken message by integrating the incoming information into the memory or knowledge structures of the interpreter. discourse comprehension usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637240 discourse knowledge knowledge regarding discourse discourse knowledge usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660637266 discourse planning the formulation of structures, patterns, mental representations, and processes that constitute the written and spoken unit of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence. discourse planning usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660637288 discourse processing is the cognitive process that investigates the structures, patterns, mental representations, and processes that underlie the written and spoken unit of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence. discourse processing usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660637310 discourse production the formation of a spoken unit of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence. discourse production usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660637331 grammatical encoding the selection of semantically appropriate lexical items and the generation of a syntactic frame or surface form. grammatical encoding usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637355 grapheme a unit (as a letter or digraph) of a writing system; the set of units of a writing system (as letters and letter combinations) that represent a phoneme. grapheme usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637376 graphemic buffer a component dedicated to the temporary storage of abstract orthographic representations prior to their format-specific expression in spelling and/or reading. graphemic buffer usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637398 illocutionary force a speaker&#39;s intention in delivering an utterance. illocutionary force usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660637419 language acquisition the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive, produce and use words to understand and communicate. language acquisition usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660637443 language processing the way human beings process speech or writing and understand it as language. language processing usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660637469 lexical access the process by which contact is made with the lexicon on the basis of an initial acoustic-phonetic or phonological representation of some portion of the speech input, the result of lexical success is a cohort of potential word candidates which are compatible with this initial analysis. lexical access usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660637489 lexical ambiguity the presence of two or more possible meanings within a single word. lexical ambiguity usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637510 lexical processing A general term referring to the processing of single words, typically in the context of visual or auditory word recognition. lexical processing usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660637531 morphological processing is how the brain registers the patterns of word formation in a particular language, including inflection, derivation, and composition. morphological processing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637553 morphology the structure and content of word forms morphology usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637574 orthography the representation of the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols; a part of language study that deals with letters and spelling. orthography usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660637595 phonetics the system of speech sounds of a language or group of languages; the study and systematic classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance. phonetics usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637616 semantic processing the cognitive processing of extracting meaning from any form of language (e.g. human language, programming language) as well as formal logics and semiotics semantic processing usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660637644 sentence comprehension takes place whenever a reader or listener processes a language utterance, either in isolation or in the context of a conversation or a text. sentence comprehension usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660637669 sentence processing takes place whenever a reader or listener cognitively processes a language utterance, either in isolation or in the context of a conversation or a text. sentence processing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637691 sentence production The creation and/or utterance of a sentence sentence production usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660637714 active recall a principle of efficient learning, which claims the need to actively stimulate memory during the learning process. active recall usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660637736 active retrieval Effortful (volitional) attempt to consciously recollect a memory; often required when retrieval cannot be automatically driven by stimuli. active retrieval usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660637759 consolidation the process by which a representation becomes stabilized consolidation usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660637781 elaborative rehearsal a type of rehearsal proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972) in their Levels of Processing model of memory. Elaborative rehearsal involves deep semantic processing of a to-be-remembered item resulting in the production of durable memories. elaborative rehearsal usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660637802 encoding memory encoding The process of creating a new memory trace. encoding usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637823 episodic buffer A theoretical construct that is part of Alan Baddeley&#39;s working memory model and the object of which is to integrate information across sensory domains and communicate with long term memory in the service of working memory. episodic buffer usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660637845 familiarity A quality of memory that is associated with a feeling of knowing that an event has previously occurred, but often not including enough contextual or episodic details sufficient for claiming actual remembering of the event. familiarity usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637871 forgetting The loss of or inability to retrieve a memory. forgetting usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660637892 memory acquisition is the process of storage and retrieval of new information in memory. memory acquisition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660637914 memory consolidation a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after the initial acquisition. memory consolidation usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660637936 memory decay the loss of memory over time. memory decay usr_4b54bb9dcf254 1512660637956 memory storage The representation of information in the brain in a form that enables potential retrieval at a later time. memory storage usr_4b54bb9dcf254 1512660637980 memory trace A residual, and often decayed, neural representation of previous knowledge or experience. memory trace usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660638001 metamemory subjective awareness of and knowledge about memory, and strategies for its effective access and application; includes: awareness of memory contents, different and appropriate memory strategies for particular tasks, and how to use a given memory strategy most effectively. metamemory usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660638025 recall The process of retrieving previously stored information, done without the aid of external cues. recall usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660638047 recognition assigning a detected stimulus into a category (not necessarily task defined) recognition usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660638070 reconsolidation the process of previously consolidated memories being recalled and actively consolidated, it is a distinct process that serves to maintain, strengthen and modify memories that are already stored in the long-term memory. reconsolidation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638092 acuity accuracy of perception. acuity usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638113 echolocation the general method of locating objects by determining the time for an echo to return and the direction from which it returns, used by some animals echolocation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638134 edge detection a fundamental tool in image processing and computer vision, particularly in the areas of feature detection and feature extraction, which aim at identifying points in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply or more formally has discontinuities. edge detection usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660638155 feature detection a process of recognizing specific aspects of a stimulus, such as lines, edges, angle, or movement. feature detection usr_4e42bd78e66cc 1512660638178 figure ground reversal Occurs in certain visual illusions (e.g., Vases and Faces or &#34;Rubin&#39;s Vase&#34;) in which there are multiple valid figure-ground segmentations that can be selected depending on an observer&#39;s interpretation. figure ground reversal usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660638201 figure ground segregation Discriminating objects from their surroundings by the visual system. figure ground segregation usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660638222 gustation processing gustation Form of chemoreception that facilitates taste perception. gustation processing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638244 memory retrieval the process of accessing a stored memory memory retrieval usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638264 active maintenance The maintenance of information in working memory through active (volitional) rather than passive means active maintenance usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638286 articulatory loop phonological loop one of the subsystems postulated in Alan Baddeley’s multicomponent model of WORKING MEMORY, specialized for the temporary storage of verbal information. It consists of a phonological store and an articulatory rehearsal process. The phonological store can hold speech-based information, subject to a rapid decay. The articulatory rehearsal process can refresh the decaying representation by reading it off and feeding it back to the store. It also serves to convert visually presented information (such as written words) into phonological codes and register them into the phonological store. articulatory loop usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660638307 central executive Theoretical &#39;top-down&#39; cognitive system responsible for the management of executive functions including planning, working memory, attention, problem solving, reasoning, inhibition, multi-tasking, and the initiation and monitoring of actions. central executive usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660638331 maintenance The process of keeping information in active and immediately accessible state. maintenance usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638354 manipulation performance of operations upon information held in working memory manipulation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638377 phonological loop deals with sound or phonological information and consists of two parts: a short-term phonological store with auditory memory traces that are subject to rapid decay and an articulatory rehearsal component that can revive the memory traces. phonological loop usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638399 rehearsal The repetition of information in an attempt to maintain it longer in memory. rehearsal usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660638421 rehearsal loop or phonological loop, also called the phonetic loop or the articulatory loop, is the part of working memory that rehearses verbal information. It consists of two parts: a short-term phonological store with auditory memory traces that are subject to rapid decay and an articulatory rehearsal component that can revive the memory traces.The first component is a phonological memory store which can hold traces of acoustic or speech based material. Material in this short term store lasts about two seconds unless it is maintained through the use of the second subcomponent, articulatory subvocal rehearsal. Prevention of articulatory rehearsal results in very rapid forgetting (a process known as decay). rehearsal loop usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660638445 working memory retrieval The process of accessing information that is maintained in working memory; the sub-process by which the contents of working memory are accessed. working memory retrieval usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba 1512660638466 working memory storage The maintenance of information of working memory; a sub-component of working memory that allows for contents of working memory to be retained. working memory storage 1512660638487 test term None test term usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660638510 cognitive control executive control, executive function The top-down modulation of cognitive processes based on higher-order representations such as goals or plans. cognitive control usr_4a36d220cf662 Vandenberg & Kuse Tasks 1512660579997 trm_4af89b3a925ca Vandenberg & Kuse Tasks Paper and pencil Test of mental rotation ability. Participants must are presented with four 3-D block figures and must select 2 from the group which match a reference figure. This test is administered under time contraints. A male advantage is typically seen on this type of task, as measured by test accuracy. Vandenberg & Kuse Tasks usr_4b9003ea0be96 1512660638531 echoic memory refers to the phenomenon in which there is a brief mental echo that continues to sound after an auditory stimulus has been heard. echoic memory usr_51bc76ae9636c color-word stroop task 1512660580050 trm_4b1968619b00b color-word stroop task Stroop color-word task, Stroop color-word interference task, Stroop color naming task A task in which single words (including names of colors) are presented in colored ink, and the subject is asked to name the color of the ink as quickly as possible. The ink color may either match or conflict with the color name. Accuracy and response time are measured. color-word stroop task usr_49a467bf4e0db Penn continuous performance task 1512660580105 trm_4b4a537644d76 Penn continuous performance task PCPT A task in which subjects are presented with a stream of letters, and must respond to one of the letters and refrain from responding to any other letters. The Penn Continuous Performance Test (PCPT) uses a standard CPT paradigm. The participant responds to a set of 7-segment displays presented 1/sec., whenever they form a digit (NUMBERS, initial 3 min) or letter (LETTERS, next 3 min). The number of true positive responses is recorded as the accuracy score and the median response time for true positive responses is the measure of attention speed. Penn continuous performance task usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660638552 reward processing reinforcement, reward A positive return for performance of a specific behavior. reward processing usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638574 pain An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. pain usr_4b64af5545a03 word-picture verification task 1512660580161 trm_4b65e5e2ab3ca word-picture verification task is an experimental paradigm where a picture of an object is presented along with either an auditory or written word and participants indicate whether the word and the picture refer to the same concept. It is typically used as a test of semantic memory integrity. word-picture verification task usr_4aef33d37b963 block design test 1512660580204 trm_4b7497a289534 block design test the block design test is a subtest of perceptual reasoning index of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV. The block design test measures spatial perception, visual abstract processing, and problem solving. block design test usr_4f177506dde77 embedded figures test 1512660580241 trm_4b749b8829eee embedded figures test In the embedded figures test, the research participant is shown a complex background figure and asked to describe it. After this, the participant is shown a target (such as the outline of a triangle) and asked to locate the target amid the background figure. embedded figures test usr_4f177506dde77 same-different task 1512660580290 trm_4b75ea4ddd896 same-different task same-different matching task A task which assesses shifting attention. In the computerized version of this task, three spaceships appear on a screen and the participant must determine if the spaceships are all different or all the same. The spaceships can differ in color, size, or shape type. There are three levels of difficulty. In the first level, the spaceships must all be identical to be considered the same. In the second level of difficulty, the spaceships are considered the same even if they only share two qualities, and in the third difficulty level, the spaceships only need to share one quality to be considered the same. Auditory feedback is given after each response notifying the child whether their answer was correct. same-different task usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638595 joint attention mutual knowledge the process of alerting one person to a stimulus through nonverbal cues such as finger pointing or gazing. It is one of the first signs of the development of a theory of mind in babies and serves as an important step to later language and social development. joint attention usr_0000000000 1512660638616 behavioral inhibition (cognitive) Often used as a synonym of &#34;response inhibition&#34; to describe the inhibition of actions. behavioral inhibition (cognitive) usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638637 behavioral inhibition (temperament) A temperamental characteristic described by shyness and social anxiety. behavioral inhibition (temperament) usr_4f177506dde77 1512660638658 central coherence a person&#39;s ability to understand things in context, frequently described as a deficit in literature on autism central coherence usr_4aef33d37b963 chimeric animal Stroop task 1512660580329 trm_4b843655d5d75 chimeric animal Stroop task chimerical animal Stroop test A task in which participants are shown pictures of chimeric animals (such as a duck&#39;s head attached to a cow&#39;s body) and asked to name animal that the head belongs to while ignoring the identity of the body, or vice versa. chimeric animal Stroop task usr_49a467bf4e0db rapid automatized naming test 1512660580383 trm_4b86c2e871b14 rapid automatized naming test RAN &#34;Participants are required to name, as rapidly as possible, items presented visually on a chart. Each chart contains five rows of 10 stimuli from a category of five items. Categories include colors, lowercase letters, digits, and common objects. The tests are scored for total number of errors and time in seconds taken to complete each chart.&#34; - (Meyer, Wood, Hart, & Felton 1998) rapid automatized naming test usr_4f177506dde77 underlining test 1512660580425 trm_4b86c473a7166 underlining test This test involves finding and underlining stimuli among other stimuli. There are four conditions of the test: finding and underlining letters among other letters, drawings among other drawings, real words among nonsense letter strings, and then specific nonsense words among others. underlining test usr_4aef33d37b963 WISC-R Mazes 1512660580458 trm_4b86c55f3d5df WISC-R Mazes This task involves completing a series of increasingly complex mazes. WISC-R Mazes usr_4f177506dde77 rapid serial object transformation 1512660580508 trm_4b86dbcd8ff78 rapid serial object transformation A task where two sets of differently colored superimposed patterns of dots rotate in opposite directions. The participant is asked to pay attention to on set of dots. One of the sets of dots will then move across the screen and the participant must say which direction the dots are moving. rapid serial object transformation usr_595048b29ebdf Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence 1512660580546 trm_4b94affc43245 Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence WASI The WASI meets the demand for a reliable, brief measure of intellectual ability in clinical, educational and research settings for ages 6 to 89 years. With parallel forms of WAIS-IIIUK and WISC-IIIUK subtests, it offers the clinician a means of reducing practice effects on repeat testing. It yields traditional verbal, performance and full scale IQ scores and is linked to the WISC-IIIUK and WAIS-IIIUK. The WASI allows you to choose whether to use the four or two subtest format. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence usr_4b94ae051eecc Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth Edition 1512660580583 trm_4b94b12bf0eb2 Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth Edition Areas of Assessment Updated Test Structure The WMS-IV has had significant changes to the overall test structure. Based on feedback from customers, we are introducing four new subtests and modifying three existing subtests. 4 subtests were added: * Spatial Addition * Symbol Span * Design Memory * General Cognitive Screener 3 subtests retained with modifications: * Logical Memory Although the stories remain the same as seen in WMS-III for ages 16-69 years old, the repetition trial for Story B has been dropped to increase the consistency with previous editions. For the older age range of 65-90 years old, a new story was developed with content more relevant. The story is shorter and repeated once to enable adequate floor through age 90. You can obtain immediate versus delay and recognition versus delay contrast scores. * Verbal Paired Associates It now includes a combination of difficult and easy items. For the younger age group (16-69 years) there are 14 items of which 10 are hard. For the older age group (65-90 years), there are 10 items of which six are hard. Delayed Free Recall Trial has been added while Recognition Trial has increased its level of difficulty. You can obtain immediate versus delay and recognition versus delay contrast scores. * Visual Reproduction While following the same structure and format as seen in WMS-III, there have been a few changes to the subtest. Recognition Trial has been shortened and scoring has been improved. Based on Munro Cullum’s research, scoring is easier and faster than previously experienced and emphasizes recall with less focus on drawing accuracy. You can obtain immediate versus delay and recognition versus delay contrast scores. 8 subtests were eliminated: * Information & Orientation * Spatial Span * Mental Control * Faces * Digit Span * Family Pictures * Letter Number * Word List (CVLT-II can be entered int Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth Edition usr_4f177506dde77 MicroCog 1512660580619 trm_4b9568b2865c2 MicroCog a commercially developed computerized assessment battery designed to detect early signs of cognitive impairment MicroCog usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638680 interference resolution interference control The process of selecting information with regard to its relevance to an ongoing task and suppressing the processing of irrelevant information. interference resolution usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638701 updating The revision or refreshing of information that is maintained in working memory updating usr_4e445b04142c2 1512660638722 task set The set of rules and/or stimulus-response mappings that define how a task should be performed. task set usr_49a467bf4e0db letter number sequencing 1512660580699 trm_4c3e0a9576c3b letter number sequencing letter-number sequencing a task that requires the reordering of an initially unordered set of letters and numbers letter number sequencing usr_49a467bf4e0db oculomotor delayed response 1512660580743 trm_4c3e0add96550 oculomotor delayed response a task that requires an eye movement to be made to a cued location after a delay oculomotor delayed response usr_520d31adecd09 operation span task 1512660580790 trm_4c40d10cd776e operation span task OSPAN A task in which subjects are asked to perform a simple mathematical verification (e.g., 4/2 +1 = 3) and then read a word, with a recall test following some number of those verify/read pairs. The maximum number of words that can be recalled is the &#34;operation span&#34;. operation span task usr_49a467bf4e0db reading span task 1512660580830 trm_4c40d168898db reading span task A task that requires participants to read series of unconnected sentences aloud and to remember the final word of each sentence of a series (grouped according to the total number of sentences). With each sentence presented on a card, participants were cued to recall the memorized end-of-sentence words in their original order by a blank card at the end of a series. The number of sentences of a series was incrementally increased until a participant&#39;s reading span, or the maximum number of final words correctly recalled, was found. (From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_span_task) reading span task usr_49a467bf4e0db listening span task 1512660580876 trm_4c40d1d16071e listening span task A task in which subjects must listen to a set of sentences and remember the last word in the sentence. The number of words that can be recalled is the &#34;listening span.&#34; listening span task usr_4e42a3196fbcd AX-CPT task 1512660580912 trm_4c40d2a93ea15 AX-CPT task Continuous performance Test - AX version A version of the continuous performance task in which subjects are told to make one response for the letter X when it was preceded by the letter A, and another response for all other stimuli. AX trials are &#34;target trials&#34;; in these types of trials a valid cue is followed by a valid probe. The 3 other trial types are &#34;Non-target trials&#34; in which either a valid cue is followed by an invalid probe (&#34;AY&#34; type trials) or an invalid cue is followed by either a valid or invalid probe (&#34;BX&#34; or &#34;BY&#34; probes, respectively). AX-CPT task usr_51bc76ae9636c self ordered pointing task 1512660580950 trm_4c40d325977f0 self ordered pointing task self ordered pointing task, SOPT A task in which a set of stimuli is presented, and subjects must point to one stimulus at a time, without ever pointing at the same stimulus twice. self ordered pointing task usr_49a467bf4e0db keep-track task 1512660580987 trm_4c40d4054f38b keep-track task A task in which subjects are first shown a set of categories to keep track of for a particular trial (e.g., animals, colors, and countries). They are then presented with words (including words from each category), and must remember the last word that was presented from each of the categories and recall those words at the end of the trial. keep-track task usr_4f177506dde77 acupuncture task 1512660581026 trm_4c8989e1f3df7 acupuncture task subjects are monitored for their cognitive, behavioral, and/or physiological responses to stimulation with filamentous needles acupuncture task usr_51bc76ae9636c braille reading task 1512660581074 trm_4c898a20eb254 braille reading task Blind subjects read Braille words with their finger(s). braille reading task usr_49a467bf4e0db breath-holding 1512660581117 trm_4c898a680e424 breath-holding The subject is cued to breathe in and then hold their breath for an extended period of time. breath-holding usr_4f177506dde77 chewing/swallowing 1512660581154 trm_4c898a8fd3afb chewing/swallowing Subjects chew an oral stimulus that is not food (e.g., gum) or swallow their own saliva. If the oral stimulus is food or liquid that is swallowed, then the correct paradigm class is eating/drinking chewing/swallowing usr_4f177506dde77 pavlovian conditioning task 1512660581203 trm_4c898acd1f28e pavlovian conditioning task classical conditioning task participants encounter a stimulus (designated the &#34;conditional stimulus&#34; or CS and being one without inherent significance) is paired with an unconditional stimulus or US, so named because it is biologically significant (e.g. food, sex, drug, pain), so that the participant responds to the former in a way that conveys his or her association of the two; subtypes of classical conditioning vary the temporal relationship between the CS and US. pavlovian conditioning task usr_4b9003ea0be96 Counting/Calculation 1512660581233 trm_4c898b02722d2 Counting/Calculation Subjects count, add, subtract, multiply, or divide various stimuli (numbers, bars, dots, etc). Counting/Calculation usr_4b9003ea0be96 cued explicit recognition 1512660581263 trm_4c898b29660b0 cued explicit recognition Subjects view a list of items (words, pictures, sounds, or abstract patterns) prior to scanning. During scanning, probe words are presented and subject recall if the words are familiar or unfamiliar. cued explicit recognition usr_4f177506dde77 deception task 1512660581293 trm_4c898b4b463aa deception task Subjects are asked to perform a task and either lie or be truthful in their responses. deception task usr_4f177506dde77 deductive reasoning task 1512660581324 trm_4c898b8c2d071 deductive reasoning task Participants generate or evaluate conclusions based on given or well-known premises. deductive reasoning task usr_4f177506dde77 divided auditory attention 1512660581373 trm_4c898bbab4fd4 divided auditory attention divided attention test During the performance of an unrelated task, subjects simultaneously respond to auditory stimuli (tone or word discrimination, with or without distractors). Also often co-coded with Tone Monitor/Discrimination. divided auditory attention usr_4f177506dde77 drawing 1512660581406 trm_4c898be57fcbc drawing Subjects draw lines, circles, or drawings using a pen or stylus. drawing usr_4f177506dde77 eating/drinking 1512660581444 trm_4c898c0786246 eating/drinking None eating/drinking usr_4f177506dde77 encoding task 1512660581479 trm_4c898c33ee5f8 encoding task Subjects view stimuli (words, pictures, letters) and are instructed to memorize them. encoding task usr_4f177506dde77 episodic recall 1512660581519 trm_4c898c8bf1b4f episodic recall Subjects recall items from episodic memory (autobiographical history, long-term event memories). This class is commonly used in generating a type of emotion linked to a specific memory. This class does NOT include tasks which probe semantic memory (memory of facts or concepts) in which subjects are asked to recall stimuli that were memorized prior to scanning - those are coded as Cued Explicit Recognition. episodic recall usr_4f177506dde77 face monitor/discrimination 1512660581553 trm_4c898cb4ada49 face monitor/discrimination Subjects are presented with human faces and are instructed to view them passively or discriminate according to their order, gender, location, emotion, or appearance. If the subjects view the faces passively, then the experiment is NOT co-coded with Passive Viewing. face monitor/discrimination usr_4f177506dde77 film viewing 1512660581595 trm_4c898da401420 film viewing Subjects view movie or film clips passively or are required to make a discrimination when the clip is over. film viewing usr_4f177506dde77 finger tapping task 1512660581629 trm_4c898f079d05e finger tapping task Subjects tap their fingers according to a visual, auditory, or no cue. finger tapping task usr_4f177506dde77 fixation task 1512660581668 trm_4c898f72228f3 fixation task Subjects fixate on a visual target. fixation task usr_4f177506dde77 flashing checkerboard 1512660581729 trm_4c898f8f297ac flashing checkerboard Subjects view a flashing checkerboard. flashing checkerboard usr_4f177506dde77 flexion/extension 1512660581771 trm_4c898fad429ed flexion/extension Subjects move (flex and extend) their hands, arms, legs, feet, lips, tongue, etc. flexion/extension usr_4f177506dde77 free word list recall 1512660581807 trm_4c898fc6722f4 free word list recall Participants view a list of words and after a delay are asked to freely recall the words presented. free word list recall usr_4f177506dde77 grasping task 1512660581852 trm_4c898ff0bea97 grasping task Subjects grasped or gripped a presented stimulus with their hand or mimicked grasping one that was not physically presented (i.e., was imaginary or presented as a picture or video). grasping task usr_4f177506dde77 imagined movement 1512660581888 trm_4c899005b11d5 imagined movement Subjects imagine performing some movement (e.g., finger tapping, reaching). imagined movement usr_4f177506dde77 imagined objects/scenes 1512660581922 trm_4c89903149aeb imagined objects/scenes Subject generate vivid images of objects, places, concepts, hypothetical events (not in their past), or the completion of tasks. imagined objects/scenes usr_4f177506dde77 isometric force 1512660581956 trm_4c8990480ad0f isometric force Subjects use their hands or fingers to apply isometric force or complete a precision grip task. isometric force usr_4f177506dde77 mental rotation task 1512660581993 trm_4c8990810541d mental rotation task Subjects view visual stimuli (2D or 3D) and determine whether and to what extent they are rotated between trials. mental rotation task usr_4f177506dde77 micturition task 1512660582025 trm_4c89909cc1f33 micturition task Subjects think about voiding urine, provide urine samples, or keep a micturition diary. micturition task usr_4f177506dde77 music comprehension/production 1512660582056 trm_4c8990b07a037 music comprehension/production Subjects listen to music passively or are asked to sing overtly. music comprehension/production usr_595048b29ebdf naming (covert) 1512660582091 trm_4c8990c87035d naming (covert) covert naming task, covert production task Subjects view objects (pictures, line drawings, etc.) and name them silently naming (covert) usr_4f177506dde77 naming (overt) 1512660582124 trm_4c8990e187dc7 naming (overt) overt naming task, reading aloud task Subjects view objects (pictures, line drawings, etc.) and name them aloud. naming (overt) usr_4f177506dde77 non-painful electrical stimulation 1512660582160 trm_4c8990f59266f non-painful electrical stimulation Subjects are electrically stimulated below pain threshold. non-painful electrical stimulation usr_4f177506dde77 non-painful thermal stimulation 1512660582198 trm_4c89910b7f8bc non-painful thermal stimulation Subjects experience thermal stimulation (heat) below pain threshold. non-painful thermal stimulation usr_4f177506dde77 olfactory monitoring/discrimination 1512660582227 trm_4c89912c79030 olfactory monitoring/discrimination Subjects are presented with odors and are instructed to smell them passively or to discriminate according to some feature (pleasant/unpleasant, strong/weak, same/different, etc.). olfactory monitoring/discrimination usr_4f177506dde77 orthographic discrimination 1512660582265 trm_4c89913f80802 orthographic discrimination Subjects view letters and discriminate according to some feature (uppercase/lowercase, alphabetic order, same/different spelling of words, vowel/consonant, font size, etc.). orthographic discrimination usr_4f177506dde77 pain monitor/discrimination task 1512660582305 trm_4c8991c5beb0a pain monitor/discrimination task pain judgment task Subjects experience thermal or electrical stimulation at a painful threshold. pain monitor/discrimination task usr_4f177506dde77 paired associate recall 1512660582334 trm_4c8991e6e8597 paired associate recall Subjects are shown paired stimuli prior to the task. During the task, subjects are shown a single stimuli and are asked to recall the associated pair. Stimuli may be words, faces, objects, etc. paired associate recall usr_4f177506dde77 passive listening 1512660582379 trm_4c8991fadfe01 passive listening Subjects listen to various auditory stimuli and make no response. Stimuli include speech (words, sentences), noise, tones, etc. If the stimulus is tones, then the experiment is co-coded with Tone Monitor/Discrimination. passive listening usr_4f177506dde77 passive viewing 1512660582411 trm_4c899211a965c passive viewing passive watching Subjects view various visual stimuli and make no response. Stimuli include houses, faces, objects, fractals, letter strings, line drawings, complex scenes, etc. If the presented stimuli were faces, the experiments are co-coded with Face Monitor/Discrimination. But if the presented stimuli are words, the experiments are not coded as passive viewing but rather as reading (covert). passive viewing usr_4f177506dde77 phonological discrimination 1512660582441 trm_4c89922cb6402 phonological discrimination phonological decision task Subjects view or listen to phonemes, syllables, or words and discriminate according to some feature of their sounds (rhyming, number of syllables, homophones, etc.). phonological discrimination usr_4f177506dde77 pitch/monitor discrimination 1512660582476 trm_4c89924414c69 pitch/monitor discrimination pitch discrimination task Subjects are presented with various stimuli (human speech and non-speech vocalizations, animal vocalization, mechanical noise, etc.) and are instructed to listen to them passively (also co-coded with Passive Listening), or discriminate based on pitch (pleasant/unpleasant, same/different, duration, familiar/unfamiliar, male/female). pitch/monitor discrimination usr_4f177506dde77 pointing 1512660582516 trm_4c89926767870 pointing Subjects look and point at a target (e.g. cursor with their arm, hand, finger, or shoulder). pointing usr_49a467bf4e0db reading (covert) 1512660582546 trm_4c8a82ba8a538 reading (covert) covert reading task, silent reading task, silent production task Subjects view words, pseudo-words, Asian characters, phrases, or sentences and read them silently. reading (covert) usr_4b9003ea0be96 reading (overt) 1512660582572 trm_4c8a82eeaa58f reading (overt) subjects view words, pseudo-words, logograms, phrases, or sentences and read them aloud. reading (overt) usr_4b9003ea0be96 recitation/repetition (covert) 1512660582619 trm_4c8a830dec136 recitation/repetition (covert) Subjects silently repeat or recite phonemes, words, or well-known text (nursery rhymes, Pledge of Allegiance, months of the year, etc.). recitation/repetition (covert) usr_4b9003ea0be96 recitation/repetition (overt) 1512660582657 trm_4c8a8329cb8ff recitation/repetition (overt) Subjects repeat or recite phonemes, words, or well-known text (nursery rhymes, Pledge of Allegiance, months of the year, etc.) aloud. recitation/repetition (overt) usr_51bc76ae9636c rest eyes open 1512660582691 trm_4c8a834779883 rest eyes open Subjects rest passively with their eyes open. Often used as a baseline for comparison for other tasks. rest eyes open usr_4f177506dde77 sequence recall/learning 1512660582761 trm_4c8a83cac75f5 sequence recall/learning Subjects learn and/or perform a complex sequence of finger tapping, button pressing, pointing/clicking, or various other motor responses. sequence recall/learning usr_4f177506dde77 spatial location/discrimination 1512660582793 trm_4c8a83f27ac55 spatial location/discrimination Subjects view shapes or other stimuli (letters, pictures, numbers, or arrows) and discriminate according to their location, orientation, or size. spatial location/discrimination usr_4b9003ea0be96 subjective emotional picture discrimination 1512660582831 trm_4c8a840d6f969 subjective emotional picture discrimination Subjects view pictures and are instructed to respond to emotional pictures, to indicate which pictures are pleasant/unpleasant or funny/not funny, or rate the valence of emotional pictures. subjective emotional picture discrimination usr_4f177506dde77 syntactic discrimination 1512660582861 trm_4c8a842512a33 syntactic discrimination Subjects viewed grammatically correct and incorrect sentences and discriminate according to their grammar. This class also includes morphosyntactic tasks such as gender discrimination of words. syntactic discrimination usr_4f177506dde77 tactile monitor/discrimination 1512660582892 trm_4c8a843d8d352 tactile monitor/discrimination Subjects experience tactile/somatosensory stimulation and are asked to attend passively or discriminate according to some feature (shape, texture, same/different, frequency of presentation, etc.) Also includes: subjects are presented with 3-dimensional objects and are asked to manipulate them in their hands and probe their features. tactile monitor/discrimination usr_4f177506dde77 theory of mind task 1512660582926 trm_4c8a8467304e2 theory of mind task TOM task Subjects are asked to perform a task involving the understanding of another&#39;s personal beliefs and feelings or forming hypotheses regarding the mental states of others. theory of mind task usr_4f177506dde77 tone monitor/discrimination 1512660582975 trm_4c8a84825c4e4 tone monitor/discrimination tone discrimination task, tone monitoring task Subjects are presented with tones and are instructed to listen to them passively (also coded as passive listening) or discriminate according to their order, timing, pitch, frequency, or amplitude. tone monitor/discrimination usr_4b9003ea0be96 vibrotactile monitor/discrimination 1512660583012 trm_4c8a84afdd863 vibrotactile monitor/discrimination Subjects experience vibrotactile stimulation to the hand, finger, arm, toe, or lip. vibrotactile monitor/discrimination usr_4f177506dde77 video games 1512660583044 trm_4c8a84d4c4157 video games None video games usr_4f177506dde77 visual attention task 1512660583082 trm_4c8a84f20dde2 visual attention task This category is a catch-all for visuoattention paradigms. Examples include: subjects press a button when a visual target (letters, bars, circles, asterisks, LEDs, etc) appears; subjects detect changes in luminance, shape, or color of visual stimuli; subjects fixate on a central stimuli while ignoring peripheral distractors. Also includes cued, attention shift, and divided attention paradigms. visual attention task usr_4f177506dde77 visual pursuit/tracking 1512660583116 trm_4c8a85534241d visual pursuit/tracking tracking task Subjects view a moving target(s) and track its movement across the screen. Frequently, stimuli are moving dots. visual pursuit/tracking usr_4f177506dde77 whistling 1512660583161 trm_4c8a8575d1e55 whistling participants are cued to inhale and to whistle at fixed intervals, usually during some measure of brain physiology whistling usr_4b9003ea0be96 word stem completion (covert) 1512660583197 trm_4c8a858da803d word stem completion (covert) WSC Subjects view word stems and silently generate a word that completes the stem. word stem completion (covert) usr_49a467bf4e0db word stem completion (overt) 1512660583233 trm_4c8a85a4564b2 word stem completion (overt) word stem completion task, WSC Subjects view word stems and overtly generate a word that completes the stem. word stem completion (overt) usr_4f177506dde77 writing task 1512660583267 trm_4c8a85c5c75eb writing task Subjects write letters or words with a pen, stylus, or their finger. writing task usr_4f177506dde77 mixed gambles task 1512660583302 trm_4cacee4a1d875 mixed gambles task Subjects are presented with gambles in which they have a 50% chance of gaining some amount of money and a 50% chance of losing some other amount of money. The subject decides whether or not they would accept the gamble. The amount of the potential gain and loss are varied across trials. Gambles are not resolved during performance of the task; after the end of the task, some gambles are chosen at random and played for real money if they were accepted. mixed gambles task usr_49a467bf4e0db Probabilistic classification task 1512660583336 trm_4cacf22a22d80 Probabilistic classification task probabilistic classification learning task, weather prediction task Subjects are presented with a set of stimuli and must classify those stimuli into one of two categories. In a common version known as the &#34;weather prediction task&#34; the stimuli are cards with geometric shapes on them and the outcomes are rainy versus sunny weather. The feedback is probabilistic, and performance is measured by the proportion of statistically optimal responses. Probabilistic classification task usr_51bc76ae9636c conditional stop signal task 1512660583369 trm_4cacf3fbc503b conditional stop signal task A task in which an external stimulus signals the participant to interrupt an already-initiated motor response, but only for a subset of possible responses. conditional stop signal task usr_4d21e54d99087 1512660638742 subconscious Subconscious is any neural activity which has the potential to be conscious, but at the moment is processed below the level of consciousness. In contrast to unconscious information processing, subconscious processing contains meaning (semantic information). Intuition is a good example for subconscious information processing. In other words, intuition means thinking below the level of consciousness whereby only the output enters the stream of consciousness. from Peter Walla subconscious usr_4e429d2c8a0e5 1512660638764 semantic information semantic knowledge information that is not tied to any specific object, event, domain, or application. It includes general factual information about the world (as in an encyclopedia) and oneself. semantic information usr_4f177506dde77 Cambridge Gambling Task 1512660586727 trm_4d54b2cc0f943 Cambridge Gambling Task CGT Participants see ten boxes at the top of a screen, each of which is red or blue in some ratio. Under one of these boxes is a token, and participants must guess whether the token is under red or blue. On a gambling trial, participants can select some proportion of their allotted points to bet on their judgement. Cambridge Gambling Task usr_4ac2cdeede9e6 Probabilistic gambling task 1512660586752 trm_4d54b61a14a14 Probabilistic gambling task Two cards are drawn without replacement from a deck containing cards numbered from one to ten (one of each). After the first card is presented, participants bet whether the next card will be higher or lower than the first card. Thus there is maximal risk when the first card is five or six, zero risk when it is ten or one. In later version of the task participants bet on whether the second card will be higher or lower before seeing the first card. Probabilistic gambling task usr_595048b29ebdf behavioral investment allocation strategy 1512660586780 trm_4d54b8361e93e behavioral investment allocation strategy BIAS On each trial, participants choose between two stocks (gain/loss gambles, one stochastically dominating the other) and one bond (a sure gain of $1). They must learn through trial-and-error the characteristics of the stocks, which change over blocks of trials. Feedback on payoffs of the forgone options is presented on each trial. behavioral investment allocation strategy usr_4f177506dde77 non-choice task 1512660586813 trm_4d55997cd3edb non-choice task non-choice task to study expected value and uncertainty Each of 12 stimuli (circles of different colors, numbers and sizes) is associated with a different reward magnitude and probability. These include all combinations of (100 and 200) point rewards with (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) probabilities, plus 300 and 400 rewards with 0.5 probability. Participants are first trained to learn the probabilities and outcomes associated with each stimulus. Next, on each trial, a stimulus appears in one of four quadrants of the screen, and participants indicate which quadrant using a button press. non-choice task usr_595048b29ebdf balloon analogue risk task 1512660586840 trm_4d559bcd67c18 balloon analogue risk task BART On each trial, participants pump a simulated balloon without knowing when it will explode. Each pump increases the potential reward to be gained but also the probability of explosion, which wipes out all potential gains for that trial. In most studies, balloon explosion probabilities are drawn from a uniform distribution, and participants must learn explosion probabilities through trial-and-error. balloon analogue risk task usr_4f177506dde77 devil's task 1512660586868 trm_4d559d2703bae devil's task Slovic&#39;s risk task This task is a forerunner to the BART: on each trial, participants decide howmany of seven treasure chests to open. They are informed that six boxes contain a prize and one box contains a ‘devil’ that will cause themto lose all their potential gains on that trial. Similar to the BART, participants make sequential choices and, after opening each chest, decide whether to continue to the next chest or cash in their earnings to that point. devil's task usr_4f177506dde77 choice task between risky and non-risky options 1512660586899 trm_4d55a2bbcfdff choice task between risky and non-risky options a choice made between two or more options when one of those options has some probability >0 of producing either a reinforcing or an aversive consequence choice task between risky and non-risky options usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660638786 paraphasia generally refers to errors in naming. Collectively, this term is applied to any unintended error of word or sound choice. paraphasia usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660638808 phonemic paraphasia is the production of unintended sounds or syllables in the utterance of partially recognizable word, e.g., ‘paker’ for ‘paper.’ phonemic paraphasia usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660638829 neologism is the production of nonsense word or words, usually without recognition of errors, e.g., ‘table’ becomes ‘tilto.’ neologism usr_4f177506dde77 1512660638854 metacomprehension refers to the learners&#39; ability to monitor the degree to which they understand information being communicated to them, to recognize failures to comprehend, and to employ repair strategies when failures are identified. metacomprehension usr_4f177506dde77 inductive reasoning aptitude 1512660586935 trm_4d8a48e403c78 inductive reasoning aptitude how well a person can identify a pattern in data inductive reasoning aptitude usr_4cf5de07654c8 1512660638875 conceptual metaphor In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain; for example, using one person&#39;s life experience to understand a different person&#39;s experience. A conceptual domain can be any coherent organization of experience. conceptual metaphor usr_4f177506dde77 rhyme verification task 1512660586962 trm_4d949c5b0e380 rhyme verification task rhyming judgment task, rhyming task, rhyme task, rhyme judgment task, rhyme decision task, rhyming decision task Stimuli are presented in pairs (either words or pseudowords) and the subject is asked to judge whether the pair of stimuli rhyme with one another. rhyme verification task usr_523ef0e181acb attention networks test 1512660586989 trm_4da6304c9aa23 attention networks test ANT, Attentional Network Task a combination of the Posner cueing paradigm and the Eriksen flanker test, the ANT presents participants with a target item (>) surrounded by congruent (> > > > >), neutral (- - > - -), or incongruent flanker stimuli. Stimulus presentation is preceded by different cue conditions and the participant is instructed to identify the target stimulus. attention networks test usr_4cf5de07654c8 remember/know task 1512660587021 trm_4da63146f12d7 remember/know task No definition submitted yet. remember/know task usr_51bc76ae9636c probabilistic reversal learning task 1512660587046 trm_4da6318f7381b probabilistic reversal learning task participants learn to respond according to the opposite, previously irrelevant, stimulus-reward pairing, often in a visual discrimination task probabilistic reversal learning task usr_4f177506dde77 counting Stroop task 1512660587070 trm_4da631be60291 counting Stroop task participants count the number of words in a display of words describing numbers (e.g. &#34;three&#34;) counting Stroop task usr_4f177506dde77 scene recognition task 1512660587100 trm_4da6327154fd4 scene recognition task subjects are shown a scene and must later decide whether views from different vantage points are of the same scene scene recognition task usr_4cf5de07654c8 California Verbal Learning Test 1512660587124 trm_4da6331cdeeb5 California Verbal Learning Test No definition submitted yet. California Verbal Learning Test usr_4f177506dde77 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised 1512660587149 trm_4da6338803ed2 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised WISC, WISC-IV The WISC-IV comprises Picture Concepts, Letter-Number Sequencing, Matrix Reasoning and two supplemental tests: Cancellation and Word Reasoning. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised usr_4cf5de07654c8 word fluency test 1512660587177 trm_4da633dbb5817 word fluency test No definition submitted yet. word fluency test usr_4f177506dde77 Color Trails Test 1512660587210 trm_4da633fe917c4 Color Trails Test CTT Designed to be a culturally fair analog of the trail making test (TMT), the CTT presents numbered colored circles and universal sign language symbols. The participant is required to alternate between the number and color sequences in completing the task. Color Trails Test usr_4f177506dde77 dual-task paradigm 1512660587236 trm_4da634216ebbc dual-task paradigm participant performs two tasks simultaneously dual-task paradigm usr_4f177506dde77 item recognition task 1512660587265 trm_4da869646e5d1 item recognition task participants view a series of items (e.g. pictures or words) and after some interval are shown a series including these, during which they specify what items they recognize item recognition task usr_4cf5de07654c8 memory span test 1512660587292 trm_4da869e68b5c4 memory span test No definition submitted yet. memory span test usr_4f177506dde77 complex span test 1512660587320 trm_4da86ad02b3ea complex span test a test in which participants must not only memorize items, but must perform an additional cognitive task (e.g. &#34;2 + 2 = 5; A&#34; in which the equation must be evaluated for whether it is true and the letter following must be memorized) complex span test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 spatial span test 1512660587351 trm_4da86b539924c spatial span test (SSP) part of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, it is an analog to a digit span task. White squares are shown, some of which briefly change colour in a variable sequence. The participant must then touch the boxes which changed colour in the same order that they were displayed by the computer (for clinical mode) or in the reverse order (for reverse mode). The number of boxes increases from 2 at the start of the test to 9 at the end, and the sequence and colour are varied through the test. spatial span test usr_4f177506dde77 dot pattern expectancy task 1512660587379 trm_4da86c2a70a7d dot pattern expectancy task DPX descendant of the expectancy AX task, participant views a combination of simple dot formations as cues and probes; for example, &#34;.:.&#34; may be a target probe, but should only be responded to if preceded by the cue &#34;:&#34; rather than &#34;..&#34; or any other formation. dot pattern expectancy task usr_4f177506dde77 Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test 1512660587411 trm_4da86c6808ddd Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test CCFIT, CFIT a test of intelligence which Raymond Cattell subdivided into &#34;fluid,&#34; or inherited, and &#34;crystallized,&#34; or learned, designed to minimize the influence of cultural experiences Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test usr_4f177506dde77 letter comparison task 1512660587440 trm_4da86c8bb3b04 letter comparison task participant views two rows of consonants and must indicate as quickly as possible whether these rows are identical letter comparison task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 pattern comparison task 1512660587466 trm_4da86cb034ff6 pattern comparison task NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison Processing Speed Test This test measures speed of processing by asking participants to discern whether two sideby-side pictures are the same or not. The items are presented one pair at a time on the computer screen, and the participant is given 90 seconds to respond to as many items as possible (up to a maximum of 130). The items are designed to be simple so as to most purely measure processing speed. pattern comparison task usr_4f177506dde77 test of variables of attention 1512660587500 trm_4da86cdbd9eeb test of variables of attention T.O.V.A. a target detection task subtype, the T.O.V.A. uses geometric shapes as both target and distractor stimuli test of variables of attention usr_4f177506dde77 sustained attention to response task 1512660587525 trm_4da86cfe8cf1b sustained attention to response task SART participants are to respond to frequent neutral signals and are required to withhold response to rare critical signals sustained attention to response task usr_4f177506dde77 matching familiar figures test 1512660587558 trm_4da87b8bf1511 matching familiar figures test MFFT participants are shown an image of a familiar object and several comparison images of that object, one of which is identical and the others of which are slightly different; the participant is to select the identical image matching familiar figures test usr_4f177506dde77 Tower of London 1512660587584 trm_4da87e439c411 Tower of London ToL participant must rearrange a set of three colored balls arranged on pegs, in the fewest possible moves, to match a specified configuration Tower of London usr_4f177506dde77 Tower of Hanoi 1512660587612 trm_4da87e7282f92 Tower of Hanoi ToH participants see discs of various sizes distributed among three pegs and must organize them in a stack of decreasing size upward with specific constraints (i.e. only one disk can be moved at a time, each disk must be placed on one of the pegs, and a larger disk can never be placed on top of a smaller disk) Tower of Hanoi usr_4f177506dde77 dichotic listening task 1512660587638 trm_4da87e9c79847 dichotic listening task participants are asked to attend to one or both channels of different, sometimes disparate, stimuli played simultaneously through a headset dichotic listening task usr_4f177506dde77 directed forgetting task 1512660587668 trm_4da87f383435b directed forgetting task subjects are instructed halfway through an incidental or intentional learning task that they should forget what had been presented so far because it was just practice, but after learning is complete are asked to recall the entirety of the learning task (e.g. a list of words) directed forgetting task usr_4cf5de07654c8 retrieval-induced forgetting task 1512660587699 trm_4da87f81bc2c8 retrieval-induced forgetting task No definition submitted yet. retrieval-induced forgetting task usr_4f177506dde77 Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test 1512660587728 trm_4da87fb28978e Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test PASAT Participant is presented with a series of single digit numbers and are instructed to sum the two most recent digits. Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test usr_4f177506dde77 Porteus maze test 1512660587759 trm_4da87fdd7820e Porteus maze test participants must trace a path untimed through mazes of increasing complexity without backtracking or lifting their pencil Porteus maze test usr_4cf5de07654c8 Rey-Ostereith Complex Figure Test 1512660587785 trm_4da880396c76b Rey-Ostereith Complex Figure Test No definition submitted yet. Rey-Ostereith Complex Figure Test usr_4cf5de07654c8 Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery 1512660587811 trm_4da880ff8fd4a Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery is a computer-based cognitive assessment system consisting of a battery of neuropsychological tests, administered to subjects using a touch screen computer. The 22 tests in CANTAB examine various areas of cognitive function, including: * general memory and learning, * working memory and executive function, * visual memory, * attention and reaction time (RT), * semantic/verbal memory, * decision making and response control. The CANTAB endeavours to import the accuracy and rigour of computerised psychological testing whilst retaining the wide range of ability measures demanded of a neuropsychological battery. It is suitable for young and old subjects, and aims to be culture and language independent through the use of non-verbal stimuli in the majority of the tests. Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery usr_4cf5de07654c8 Corsi Blocks 1512660587836 trm_4da881dace79c Corsi Blocks was developed in the early 1970s as a visuospatial counterpart to the verbal-memory span task (Milner, 1971). Over the years, it has frequently been used to assess visuospatial short-term memory performance in adults (e.g. Smyth & Scholey, 1992), children (e.g. Orsini, Schiappa, & Grossi, 1981), and patients with neuropsychological deficits (e.g. Vilkki & Holst, 1989). The original Corsi apparatus consisted of a set of nine identical blocks (3 X 3 X 3 cm) irregularly positioned on a wooden board (23 X 28 cm). The experimenter points to a series of blocks at a rate of one block per second. Subsequently, the participant is required to point to the same blocks in their order of presentation. The length of the block sequences increases until recall is no longer correct. Numerous variations have since been employed in both display characteristics (e.g. colour, number and size of the blocks, block placement, size of the board) and test administration (e.g. presentation rate, block sequences, recall order, scoring technique) (for a review, see Berch, Krikorian, & Huha, 1998). Corsi Blocks usr_4cf5de07654c8 Visual Patterns Test 1512660587865 trm_4da886fc2bc46 Visual Patterns Test is a measure of short term visual memory that has been designed for use both as a clinical tool and a research instrument. In the VPT, the subject is presented with matrix patterns of black and white squares in grids of varying size and required to memorize a series of black and white checkerboard-like patterns of increasing complexity. Such matrix patterns are virtually impossible to code verbally. Visual Patterns Test usr_4cf5de07654c8 Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test 1512660587891 trm_4da8885b33375 Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test comprises a number of subtests focused on providing objective measures of everyday memory performance in people with observed and/or reported memory difficulties. Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 paired associate learning 1512660587924 trm_4da88a2a63d97 paired associate learning associative learning task, (PAL) was invented by Mary Whiton Calkins in 1894 and involves the pairing of two items (usually words)—a stimulus and a response. For example, words such as calendar (stimulus) and shoe (response) may be paired, and when the learner is prompted with the stimulus, he responds with the appropriate word (shoe). paired associate learning usr_4f177506dde77 vigilance 1512660587948 trm_4da88a8e13f26 vigilance sustained attention task No definition submitted yet. vigilance usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task 1512660587976 trm_4da88ae0f2952 Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task NIH Toolbox Auditory Verbal Learning Test The Rey is a word-list learning task in which 15 unrelated words are presented orally (usually via audio recording) over three consecutive learning trials. After each presentation, the participant is asked to recall as many of the words as he/she can. The Rey is one of the most widely studied measures of memory and has been used in different languages, cultures and ethnic groups around the world. The test can be administered as a supplement to the PSMT for even more detailed study of episodic memory, or as an accommodation in place of PSMT for those with significant visual impairment. Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task usr_4f177506dde77 nonword repetition task 1512660588001 trm_4da88b17b985b nonword repetition task participant is instructed to repeat after each nonword (i.e. phoneme or series of phonemes) spoken in a recording nonword repetition task usr_4f177506dde77 response mapping task 1512660588031 trm_4da88b3b0cbcc response mapping task No definition submitted yet. response mapping task usr_4f177506dde77 pursuit rotor task 1512660588059 trm_4da88b63787d6 pursuit rotor task The pursuit rotor task is a task used in common use in the mid 20th century which involved a participant trying to follow (pursue) a small disc on a rotating turntable. Original mechanical versions had typical rotation rates of 60 RPM, which is probably too fast for mouse-controlled versions. The PEBL version offers a simple version with multiple trials and controllable parameters that can be used as a test of hand-eye coordination. pursuit rotor task usr_4e42a3196fbcd alternating runs paradigm 1512660588086 trm_4da88b8b60ffb alternating runs paradigm A type of task-switching paradigm in which two different tasks are presented in alternating runs or blocks alternating runs paradigm usr_4f177506dde77 object alternation task 1512660588112 trm_4da88bb3c2462 object alternation task the participant is to locate a target under one of two objects, and the object it is located under changes each time the target is found object alternation task usr_4e42a3196fbcd animal naming task 1512660588140 trm_4da88bd4412da animal naming task animals are presented, usually pictorially, and participants are asked to name them aloud animal naming task usr_4f177506dde77 CatBat task 1512660588178 trm_4da88bff0507c CatBat task participants are asked to fill in missing letters in a written short story; the first half describes contexts for which &#34;c&#34; would most appropriately complete &#34;_at,&#34; while the second half describes contexts for which &#34;b&#34; would most appropriately complete &#34;_at.&#34; CatBat task usr_4f177506dde77 haptic illusion task 1512660588219 trm_4da88c205b16b haptic illusion task tactile illusion cognitive and physiological measures are taken while participant experiences a tactile illusion haptic illusion task usr_51bc76ae9636c Brixton spatial anticipation test 1512660588249 trm_4da88c5302e06 Brixton spatial anticipation test No definition submitted yet. Brixton spatial anticipation test usr_4f177506dde77 Hayling sentence completion test 1512660588292 trm_4da88c904862b Hayling sentence completion test Participants are given the beginnings of sentences to complete. The sentences appear to have expected answers. In the first condition, participants must complete the sentence with a/the word that makes sense. In the second condition, participants are asked to complete sentences by saying semantically unrelated words, thereby making the sentence nonsensical. Hayling sentence completion test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test 1512660588344 trm_4da88cb222308 NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test PSMT, picture set test The Picture Sequence Memory Test involves recalling increasingly lengthy series of illustrated objects and activities that are presented in a particular order on the computer screen, with corresponding audiorecorded phrases played. The participants are asked to recall the sequence of pictures demonstrated over two learning trials; sequence length varies from 6-18 pictures, depending on age. Participants are given credit for each adjacent pair of pictures they correctly place (i.e., if pictures in locations 7 and 8 are placed in that order and adjacent to each other anywhere, such as slots 1 and 2, one point is awarded), up to the maximum value for the sequence, which is one less than the sequence length. (That is, if 18 pictures are in the sequence, the maximum score is 17 – the number of adjacent pairs of pictures that exist). NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test usr_4f177506dde77 Uznadze haptic illusion task 1512660588372 trm_4da88ec6735ad Uznadze haptic illusion task Two spheres of different sizes are repeatedly placed in participants&#39; hands, and they are asked to compare the sizes; upon the final presentation these are replaced with identically sized spheres. Uznadze haptic illusion task usr_4f177506dde77 emotional regulation task 1512660588401 trm_4da890594742a emotional regulation task participant completes task that induces emotional conflict while behavioral and/or physiological data is collected emotional regulation task usr_4f177506dde77 digit cancellation task 1512660588426 trm_4da89077f19ae digit cancellation task a descendant of the Lifshitz distractibility test, participants are instructed to cross out particular digits in an array, either with or without an auditory distractor of numbers read aloud digit cancellation task usr_4f177506dde77 zoo map test 1512660588457 trm_4da89089ce0af zoo map test a planning subtask derived from the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome test battery in which participants must plan in advance a route for visiting particular sites in a zoo zoo map test usr_4f177506dde77 Morris water maze 1512660588481 trm_4da890a9bd7a3 Morris water maze MWM, Morris water task, Morris water navigation an open-field water-maze procedure in which rats learn to escape from opaque water onto a hidden platform, used to examine how rodents navigate in the absence of spatial cues Morris water maze usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Stockings of Cambridge Task 1512660588511 trm_4da890cf99b9e Stockings of Cambridge Task (SOC) &#34;The participant is shown two displays containing three coloured balls. The displays are presented in such a way that they can easily be perceived as stacks of coloured balls held in stockings or socks suspended from a beam. The participant must use the balls in the lower display to copy the pattern shown in the upper display. The balls may be moved one at a time by touching the required ball, then touching the position to which it should be moved.&#34; Stockings of Cambridge Task usr_4cf5de07654c8 Glasgow Coma Scale 1512660588539 trm_4da890f978492 Glasgow Coma Scale is a neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and either 14 (original scale) or 15 (the more widely used modified or revised scale). Glasgow Coma Scale usr_4f177506dde77 Early Social and Communication Scales 1512660588564 trm_4da8911e715e3 Early Social and Communication Scales ESCS a 15–20 min videotaped, structured social observational measure designed to assess children&#39;s use of eye contact and gestures to regulate and respond to social interactions Early Social and Communication Scales usr_51bc76ae9636c Reynell Developmental Language Scales 1512660588590 trm_4da8914987ee2 Reynell Developmental Language Scales The Reynell Developmental Language Scales measures language skills in young or developmentally delayed children. The scales include 1) verbal comprehension scale to assess receptive language skills, and 2) expressive language scale to assess expressive language skills. Reynell Developmental Language Scales usr_4f177506dde77 MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories 1512660588616 trm_4da891794859f MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories CDIs a parent-report measure of language development in children between 8 and 30 months of age. The infant (8-16 months) form comprises vocabulary checklists, actions, and gestures, while the toddler (16-30 months) form comprises vocabulary, sentences, and grammar. MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories usr_51bc76ae9636c autism diagnostic observation schedule 1512660588655 trm_4da891a546d8c autism diagnostic observation schedule ADOS Series of structured and semi-structured tasks that involve social interaction between the examiner and the subject. Subject is given opportunities to exhibit social and communication behaviors relevant to autism. autism diagnostic observation schedule usr_4f177506dde77 modified Erickson Scale of Communication Attitudes 1512660588680 trm_4da891d43240c modified Erickson Scale of Communication Attitudes S24 a questionnaire designed to understand how the participant feels about communication, often used in speech therapy modified Erickson Scale of Communication Attitudes usr_4cf5de07654c8 delayed response task 1512660588704 trm_4dadbdd0b2b8c delayed response task No definition submitted yet. delayed response task usr_4f177506dde77 spatial delayed response task 1512660588731 trm_4dadbe225bdf1 spatial delayed response task SDR, oculo-motor delayed response, OMDR subjects focus on a fixation cross while a dot-shaped cue appears elsewhere on the screen; after this the fixation cross is replaced by several geometric shapes, one of which the participant must respond to, and when the fixation cross appears again the participant must indicate where the cue had appeared. spatial delayed response task usr_4f177506dde77 picture-word Stroop test 1512660588756 trm_4dadbfd771a54 picture-word Stroop test PWST participants view line drawings of commons objects paired with either congruent or incongruent names thereof (e.g. a drawing of an umbrella with the word &#34;BALLOON&#34; or &#34;UMBRELLA&#34; above it) picture-word Stroop test usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638987 multisensory integration The process by which unisensory signals are combined to form a new product. It is operationally defined as a multisensory response (neural or behavioral) that is significantly different from the responses evoked by the modality-specific component stimuli multisensory integration usr_4e31cbdaeab0d synchrony judgment task 1512660588780 trm_4e31d031bc8c2 synchrony judgment task simultaneity judgment task, SJ Participants decide whether the unimodal cues to a crossmodal event (stimulus) were in temporal synchrony or not, i.e., whether they were &#34;in synch&#34; or &#34;out of synch&#34;. synchrony judgment task usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660639008 crossmodal cross-modal A complex of two or more modality-specific [unimodal] stimuli crossmodal usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660639032 unisensory Describes any sensory process associated with a single sensory modality unisensory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660639056 multisensory a process associated with multiple sensory modalities multisensory usr_4e31cbdaeab0d temporal order judgment task 1512660588866 trm_4e31d69b7f422 temporal order judgment task TOJ Participants decide which of two (or more) unimodal cues (e.g. audio or video) was presented first (or sometimes second) in a crossmodal stimulus. Alternatively, unimodal (auditory, visual or tactile) temporal order judgments generally involve deciding which of two spatial locations was presented first. temporal order judgment task usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660639077 synchrony perception the process of perceiving whether or not the crossmodal cues (e.g., audio and visual) to an event (e.g., audiovisual speech) are in temporal synchrony with each other. synchrony perception usr_4e445b04142c2 1512660639098 tactile working memory working memory for tactile information tactile working memory usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660638896 body representation A mental representation of one&#39;s own body body representation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660639119 interoceptive representation A representation of the internal state of the body interoceptive representation usr_4e4a7f57b30e6 heat stimulation 1512660588923 trm_4e550887d92de heat stimulation A heat stimulus is applied to the skin and the participant rates the experienced sensation on a visual analogue scale heat stimulation usr_4e4a7f57b30e6 heat sensitization/adaptation 1512660588949 trm_4e5662373bc89 heat sensitization/adaptation heat sensibilization / habituation, tonic stimulation model with continuous visual analogue scale A long (~ 30 seconds or more) heat stimulus is applied to the skin and the participant rates the experienced sensation continuously on a visual analogue scale heat sensitization/adaptation usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639141 sense of ownership The feeling that something is part of one self. sense of ownership usr_4e4a7f57b30e6 rubber hand illusion 1512660588975 trm_4e5bb14d814a8 rubber hand illusion One hand is occluded from sight and an artificial hand is lying in front of the participant. Synchronious paint brush strokes are applied to the same fingers of the occluded hand and the artificial hand. The participant rates the sense of ownership of the artificial hand on the Ownership Illusion Questionnaire or reports the felt position of his or her own hand against a ruler (proprioceptive drift). rubber hand illusion usr_4e4a7f57b30e6 mechanical stimulation 1512660589025 trm_4e5d07565b68e mechanical stimulation Pin tip stimulation A mechanical stimulus is applied to the skin and the participant rates the experienced sensation on a visual analogue scale. mechanical stimulation usr_4f177506dde77 dual sensitization 1512660589054 trm_4e5e7ac84c2e5 dual sensitization tonic heat stimulation model Heat stimuli below, at, and above pain threshold (PT; stimulation interval: 30 – 40 seconds) are applied to the skin and the participant gives continuous pain ratings on a visual analogue scale. dual sensitization usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639169 sense of body ownership The feeling that something is part of one&#39;s own body. sense of body ownership usr_4f177506dde77 thermal grill illusion 1512660589090 trm_4e5fcd75efb58 thermal grill illusion Thunberg Illusion Innocuous warm and cool bars that are spatially interlaced are applied together to the skin and produce a painful burning sensation. The participant rates the experienced sensation. thermal grill illusion usr_4f177506dde77 tonic pain stimulation 1512660589117 trm_4e6112759926e tonic pain stimulation A long pain stimulus (usually more than 20 seconds) is applied to the skin and the participant gives continuous ratings on a visual analogue scale. Pain can be induced with thermal (hot/cold), electrical, chemical or mechanical stimuli. tonic pain stimulation usr_4f177506dde77 phasic pain stimulation 1512660589142 trm_4e6114e7b1ff2 phasic pain stimulation A short pain stimulus (usually up to 3 seconds) is applied to the skin and the participant rates the stimulus on a visual analogue scale. Pain can be induced with thermal (hot/cold), electrical or mechanical stimuli. phasic pain stimulation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660639193 pain sensitization A painful stimulus is perceived more painful over the time course of stimulation. pain sensitization usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660639213 pain habituation pain adaptation A painful stimulus is perceived less painful over the time course of stimulation. pain habituation usr_4e4a7f57b30e6 cold stimulation 1512660589166 trm_4e664d3718e1b cold stimulation A noxious cold stimulus is applied to the skin and the participant rates the experienced sensation on a visual analogue scale. cold stimulation usr_4e4a7f57b30e6 electric stimulation 1512660589200 trm_4e68e08950157 electric stimulation An electric stimulus is applied to the skin and the participant rates the perceived pain on a visual analogue scale. electric stimulation usr_4e4a7f57b30e6 capsaicin-evoked pain 1512660589224 trm_4e6a2f61b17b0 capsaicin-evoked pain Capsaicin, the active ingredient of chili peppers, is injected intradermally into the skin and participants rate the experienced sensation on a rating scale. capsaicin-evoked pain usr_4f177506dde77 cold pressor test 1512660589251 trm_4e6a44ee854f8 cold pressor test The hand or foot is immersed into a bowl of iced water and participants report their sensation from first clear pain to unbearable pain on a scale. cold pressor test usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660639234 priming Priming is the effect of prior exposure to a somehow (e.g. perceptually or semantically) related stimulus on the response to a subsequent stimulus. This effect may be positive and facilitatory (e.g. naming of an object is typically faster when that object has already been recently named) or negative and detrimental (e.g. slower response to a previously ignored stimulus). priming usr_4e885e1ee3733 sequential shape matching 1512660589277 trm_4e8a0dd29ec7b sequential shape matching Participants are shown an object for a fixed period. After an interstimulus interval, typically with no intervening object presentations, a second object is presented. The second object is either the same or a different object. Typically, at least one other factor is manipulated. For example, the object may be presented from different viewpoints at each presentation. sequential shape matching usr_4cf5de07654c8 deterministic classification 1512660589302 trm_4e8dd3831f0cc deterministic classification Is a feedback-driven learning task in which participants classify stimuli into different categories. A common version of this task is the &#34;weather prediction task.&#34; deterministic classification usr_4cf5de07654c8 mixed event-related probe 1512660589330 trm_4e8dd3dfd9fff mixed event-related probe When an experimental run consists of blocks of two or more related behavioral tasks. For example, a mixed event-related probe in a classification learning experiment can consist of alternating blocks of probabilistic classification trials and deterministic classification trials. mixed event-related probe usr_4f177506dde77 intermodal preferential looking paradigm 1512660589356 trm_4eb1f3a8ec119 intermodal preferential looking paradigm IPL, IPLP Infants are trained to associate an image with a linguistic (often a nonsense word) cue and, during testing, hear this auditory cue and see its paired image next to a novel image. If the infant demonstrates a significant preference for the cue-paired word, this is considered evidence for the capacity for word learning. intermodal preferential looking paradigm usr_4cf5de07654c8 tone counting 1512660589380 trm_4ebc6a6b75ebf tone counting tone-counting A task in which a participant needs to count and remember the number of specific tones presented in an experimental run. tone counting usr_4cf5de07654c8 single-task weather prediction 1512660589409 trm_4ebc728326a13 single-task weather prediction single task weather prediction is a feedback driven classification learning task in which a subject is presented with a stimuli (ex-geometric shapes) and has to classify them into one of two categories (ex-rainy or sunny weather), and then receives feedback on if the response was correct or incorrect. This may or may not be presented with other stimuli (ex-tones of different frequencies), but the goal of the task is to only pay attention the the classification task at hand. single-task weather prediction usr_4cf5de07654c8 dual-task weather prediction 1512660589435 trm_4ebc98cc77e7b dual-task weather prediction dual task weather prediction A task in which a subject must attend and respond to two different tasks contained in one experimental run; one task is a feedback driven classification learning task in which a subject is presented with a stimuli (ex-geometric shapes) and has to classify them into one of two categories (ex-rainy or sunny weather), and then receives feedback on whether the response was correct or incorrect. The other task requires the subject to listen to different tones and count the number of a specific tone. dual-task weather prediction usr_4cf5de07654c8 classification probe without feedback 1512660589465 trm_4ebc9d2e397f2 classification probe without feedback is preformed after receiving training in the classification learning task. It is similar to the classification learning task but in this task the subject does not receive feedback. classification probe without feedback usr_4f177506dde77 abstract/concrete judgment: bilingual 1512660589492 trm_4ebd44cd88360 abstract/concrete judgment: bilingual Task in which subjects are presented with words that are either abstract or concrete nouns, and decide for each term whether it is abstract or concrete. abstract/concrete judgment: bilingual usr_49a467bf4e0db object n-back 1512660589520 trm_4ebd477ab5a11 object n-back An n-back task in which the stimuli are images of visual objects. object n-back usr_49a467bf4e0db object one-back task 1512660589548 trm_4ebd47b8bab6b object one-back task A one-back task in which the stimuli are images of visual objects object one-back task usr_49a467bf4e0db word one-back task 1512660589576 trm_4ebd482eba5b1 word one-back task A one-back task on which subjects are presented with words or word-like stimuli word one-back task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660639257 expectancy expectation, reward prediction error A belief about something in the future. Sometimes requires explicit, conscious awareness, distinct from unconscious, conditioning-based learning. expectancy usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660639279 self control Self-regulation, willpower, ego strength, self-discipline The effortful control of behaviors, thoughts, or emotions with the aim of increasing the likelihood of attaining long-term over short-term outcomes. self control usr_4f177506dde77 monetary incentive delay task 1512660589603 trm_4f23fc8c42d28 monetary incentive delay task MID, monetary incentive delay (mid) task task in which subject makes a response within a time window and is potentially rewarded for the response depending on their reaction time monetary incentive delay task usr_49a467bf4e0db semantic decision task 1512660589628 trm_4f240cb09f8e5 semantic decision task A task in which a subject makes a decision about the meaning of a stimulus. semantic decision task usr_49a467bf4e0db covert naming task 1512660589656 trm_4f240d346320c covert naming task covert production task A task in which subjects name a stimulus silently covert naming task usr_49a467bf4e0db semantic relatedness task 1512660589682 trm_4f240d7664628 semantic relatedness task A task in which subjects judge whether a set of stimuli are related by meaning. semantic relatedness task usr_49a467bf4e0db auditory temporal discrimination task 1512660589708 trm_4f240e7f989f8 auditory temporal discrimination task A task in which the subject discriminates auditory stimuli based on temporal characteristics. auditory temporal discrimination task usr_4f177506dde77 mental imagery task 1512660589732 trm_4f240edf92865 mental imagery task imagery task A task in which subjects create mental images mental imagery task usr_49a467bf4e0db verbal fluency task 1512660589760 trm_4f240f1c740da verbal fluency task A test of the ability to verbally produce words. verbal fluency task usr_49a467bf4e0db word comprehension task 1512660589784 trm_4f240fbdf1601 word comprehension task A task that measures the comprehension of word meaning. word comprehension task usr_4f177506dde77 letter case judgment task 1512660589809 trm_4f241001dfcee letter case judgment task case judgment task A task in which the subject decides whether letters are uppercase or lowercase. letter case judgment task usr_49a467bf4e0db visually guided saccade task 1512660589837 trm_4f24108555294 visually guided saccade task A task in which subjects make visually guided eye movements. visually guided saccade task usr_49a467bf4e0db categorization task 1512660589865 trm_4f24112057e90 categorization task Task in which a subject classifies stimuli into one of a set of categories categorization task usr_49a467bf4e0db navigation task 1512660589895 trm_4f241173868a3 navigation task A task in which the subject navigates a spatial layout. navigation task usr_49a467bf4e0db recall test 1512660589920 trm_4f2411c91ae5e recall test A test in which the subject is asked to produce a list of previously studied items. recall test usr_49a467bf4e0db abstract/concrete task 1512660589944 trm_4f24126c22011 abstract/concrete task abstract/concrete judgment A task in which subjects decide whether words are abstract or concrete. abstract/concrete task usr_4e42a3196fbcd semantic classification task 1512660589971 trm_4f2412d4c3b88 semantic classification task semantic categorization task A task in which the subject classifies stimuli based on meaning; the detection and classification of semantic relationships between worlds semantic classification task usr_49a467bf4e0db problem solving task 1512660589997 trm_4f241325579c6 problem solving task A task in which subjects must solve a conceptual problem. problem solving task usr_49a467bf4e0db spelling task 1512660590023 trm_4f24135453d65 spelling task A task in which subjects are asked to spell words. spelling task usr_4f177506dde77 instrumental learning task 1512660590053 trm_4f2414059baa8 instrumental learning task instrumental conditioning task, operant task A task in which a subject learns to respond through rewards. instrumental learning task usr_49a467bf4e0db phonetic discrimination task 1512660590085 trm_4f2414a1bab77 phonetic discrimination task A task in which the subject discriminates stimuli based on phonetic features. phonetic discrimination task usr_4f177506dde77 logical reasoning task 1512660590117 trm_4f24154867d84 logical reasoning task Baddeley&#39;s logical reasoning task, Baddeley&#39;s grammatical transformation task Over 32 trials participants see a phrase (e.g. &#34;A precedes B&#34;) and a letter sequence (e.g. &#34;AB&#34;) and must evaluate the relationship as true or false. logical reasoning task usr_51bc76ae9636c attention switching task 1512660590147 trm_4f241614d4a25 attention switching task (AST), switching task A paradigm requiring subjects to switch between performing multiple different individual tasks. AST is a test of the participant’s ability to switch attention between the direction or location of an arrow on screen. This test is a sensitive measure of frontal lobe and ‘executive’ dysfunction. The test begins with an arrow in the centre of the screen which points either to the left or to the right. The participant is introduced to two buttons, one on the left and one on the right, and is asked to press a button corresponding to the direction in which the arrow is pointing. After this initial training, the participant is then told that the arrow might appear on the left or the right side of the screen, and depending on the cue given at the top of the screen, the participant must either press the left or right button to indicate on which side of the screen the arrow is displayed, or else press the left or right button to correspond with the direction in which the arrow is pointing. attention switching task usr_49a467bf4e0db mental arithmetic task 1512660590174 trm_4f24179122380 mental arithmetic task A task in which the subject performs arithmetic computations without an external means of recording their work. mental arithmetic task usr_49a467bf4e0db random number generation task 1512660590198 trm_4f2417d4a63ae random number generation task A task in which the subject generates a series of random numbers. random number generation task usr_49a467bf4e0db verb generation task 1512660590229 trm_4f24183fe80c6 verb generation task A task in which subjects are presented with nouns and generate an associated verb. verb generation task usr_49a467bf4e0db cyberball task 1512660590260 trm_4f24189031a4a cyberball task cyberball social exclusion task A task in which subjects view a set of balls interacting in game. At some point one of the balls is excluded from the game, simulating social exclusion. cyberball task usr_49a467bf4e0db conjunction search task 1512660590287 trm_4f24194bce29f conjunction search task A task that requires the subject to search for a stimulus defined by a combination of visual features. conjunction search task usr_4f177506dde77 multisource interference task 1512660590312 trm_4f2419c4a1646 multisource interference task MSIT a task in which the subject must resolve multiple sources of interference multisource interference task usr_4f177506dde77 mentalizing task 1512660590336 trm_4f241ab50513b mentalizing task a task in which the participant is asked to reflect on their own and other people&#39;s thoughts and feelings and the causes thereof, often by describing characters in stories or placing themselves in characters&#39; places mentalizing task usr_49a467bf4e0db semantic task 1512660590388 trm_4f241b50caaf7 semantic task Any task that requires subjects to process the meaning of stimuli semantic task usr_49a467bf4e0db phonological task 1512660590414 trm_4f241b751c5a0 phonological task Any task that requires the subject to process the sound structure of words. phonological task usr_4f177506dde77 semantic fluency task 1512660590438 trm_4f241bd52b509 semantic fluency task participants generate words to a given category (e.g. animals, foods) semantic fluency task usr_4f177506dde77 phonemic fluency task 1512660590463 trm_4f241be43458e phonemic fluency task participants are to name as many words starting with a specified letter as possible in a given time interval phonemic fluency task usr_49a467bf4e0db semantic memory task 1512660590488 trm_4f241c0737cc0 semantic memory task A task requiring the subject to use knowledge retrieved from semantic memory. semantic memory task usr_49a467bf4e0db serial reaction time task 1512660590511 trm_4f241c735e7f6 serial reaction time task SRT, serial response time task, SRTT None serial reaction time task usr_4f177506dde77 gender discrimination task 1512660590536 trm_4f241c8d4a75c gender discrimination task gender judgment task, gender decision task participant is shown series of photos either of people in portraits or in scenes and asked to determine their gender gender discrimination task usr_4f177506dde77 global-local task 1512660590560 trm_4f241d7adf14e global-local task Navon figure task, Navon letters task participants view a stimulus composed of a large character (global) composed of smaller characters (local), e.g. a large &#34;T&#34; formed by an assembly of smaller letters global-local task usr_4f177506dde77 sentence-picture matching task 1512660590584 trm_4f241e8a01052 sentence-picture matching task participants listen to a sentence and must select from several images the one that correspond to the sentence sentence-picture matching task usr_49a467bf4e0db word-picture matching task 1512660590612 trm_4f241ee9c4e37 word-picture matching task picture-word matching task None word-picture matching task usr_4f177506dde77 recency judgment task 1512660590640 trm_4f241fb95918f recency judgment task participants are presented with two lists of words, then (after a brief reasoning test) tested to recall whether a given word had appeared on the first or the second list presented recency judgment task usr_4f177506dde77 passive avoidance task 1512660590668 trm_4f241fd47f16b passive avoidance task inactive avoidance task in animal models, aversion to an avoidable part of an apparatus is conditioned, and the animal is later tested for whether it will enter this area. passive avoidance task usr_4f177506dde77 fame judgment task 1512660590705 trm_4f241fe40a950 fame judgment task participants are exposed to a list composed of famous and nonfamous names and then tested for recollection of which names are famous fame judgment task usr_4f177506dde77 Cambridge risk task 1512660590733 trm_4f242042e5805 Cambridge risk task participant predicts which of two mutually exclusive outcomes will occur, but critically, the larger reward (and penalty) is associated with choice of the least likely outcome, whereas the smallest reward (and penalty) is associated with choice of the most likely outcome Cambridge risk task usr_4f177506dde77 reappraisal task 1512660590759 trm_4f2420b042165 reappraisal task participants regulate their emotional states using cognitive strategies reappraisal task usr_49a467bf4e0db Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices 1512660590784 trm_4f24211a03b07 Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices RAPM None Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices usr_4f177506dde77 updating task 1512660590812 trm_4f242172aea5d updating task participants are presented with lists of X items and be required to recall the N most recent; this means that the participant must hold in memory the first N items and, if X > N, update the contents of memory by dropping initial for most recent items updating task usr_4f177506dde77 face working memory task 1512660590836 trm_4f2421a62cdf8 face working memory task face wm task a brief presentation of a face is followed by a delay during which participants are instructed to keep an image of the face in mind, followed by a test face they indicate to match or not to match the initial face face working memory task usr_4f177506dde77 object working memory task 1512660590860 trm_4f2421c391b83 object working memory task object wm task participants view a sequence of simple objects and after a short delay are instructed to name them in either a forward or backward sequence object working memory task usr_4f177506dde77 Fitts task 1512660590887 trm_4f24226fa2903 Fitts task Fitts&#39; task, Fitts tapping task any task requiring a rapid, aimed movement to acquire a target, the time of which is measured and, according to Fitts&#39; law, is generally inversely proportionate to distance required and target size Fitts task usr_4f177506dde77 general knowledge task 1512660590910 trm_4f24237f2ed47 general knowledge task participants are asked to either assess a statement (e.g. &#34;Doctors go through extensive training,&#34;) or provide simple answers to questions (e.g. &#34;What color are emeralds?&#34; about the world general knowledge task usr_49a467bf4e0db short-term memory task 1512660590935 trm_4f24239cc239e short-term memory task STM task None short-term memory task usr_4f177506dde77 face matching task 1512660590960 trm_4f24247912761 face matching task subjects view a reference face and must either simply compare two faces or select one of two differently-oriented comparison faces (e.g. reference face looks straight ahead while comparison face is a three-quarter view) that match it face matching task usr_4e42a3196fbcd target detection task 1512660590988 trm_4f242499b8952 target detection task Refers broadly to a kind of task in which participants are to react to a target stimulus among distractor stimuli. Target detection tasks in the absence of competition are considered measures of sustained attention and not selective or divided attention, which are subsumed under cognitive control target detection task usr_49a467bf4e0db orthographic task 1512660591036 trm_4f24250e0137e orthographic task A task that requires processing of letter structure orthographic task usr_4f177506dde77 living-nonliving task 1512660591067 trm_4f24258b51e2c living-nonliving task participants are shown pictures of nameable things and must indicate as quickly as possible whether each is living or nonliving living-nonliving task usr_4f177506dde77 phoneme detection task 1512660591095 trm_4f24479b0db8f phoneme detection task participants listen to a pseudowords and after a delay are asked whether they contained specific phonemes phoneme detection task usr_49a467bf4e0db stop-change task 1512660591119 trm_4f2447dfa5947 stop-change task A task in which the subject makes a discriminative response by default, but makes a different response upon presentation of a stop signal. stop-change task usr_49a467bf4e0db visual search task 1512660591145 trm_4f2447fe67fb9 visual search task None visual search task usr_4f177506dde77 prospective memory task 1512660591168 trm_4f244860c702c prospective memory task participants are given goals either time-based (e.g. remembering to press a key every two minutes) or event-based (e.g. remembering to press a key when a given word appears on the screen) prospective memory task usr_4f177506dde77 object naming task 1512660591192 trm_4f2448d02d4d9 object naming task participants are shown a series of objects, sometimes as photos or as line drawings, typically selected for their commonality by previous experiments and/or articles object naming task usr_4f177506dde77 contextual cueing task 1512660591218 trm_4f24492504ca0 contextual cueing task contextual cuing task participants perform visual search for targets among distractor stimuli in invariant or variable configurations randomly mixed within trials; because targets appear in the same locations within invariant configurations, these configurations function as a context cueing the participant. contextual cueing task usr_49a467bf4e0db gambling task 1512660591245 trm_4f24496a80587 gambling task gamble task A class of tasks in which subjects make decisions about chance gambles. gambling task usr_4f177506dde77 Wason card selection task 1512660591270 trm_4f2449bdcb0b1 Wason card selection task Wason card task, Wason task, selection task a logic puzzle in which participants must decide which cards are consistent with selection criteria Wason card selection task usr_49a467bf4e0db syntactic task 1512660591297 trm_4f244a453522b syntactic task A class of tasks involving the processing of linguistic syntax. syntactic task usr_49a467bf4e0db mirror tracing task 1512660591325 trm_4f244a67d5b17 mirror tracing task participant is to draw a specified pattern while only seeing their hand from a mirrored perspective mirror tracing task usr_4f177506dde77 artificial grammar learning task 1512660591351 trm_4f244a88013ae artificial grammar learning task AGL participant is presented with a series of letter strings constructed according to an artificial and finite set of rules, after which the participant must determine whether new strings follow or violate the grammar established by the first series. artificial grammar learning task usr_4f177506dde77 dot motion task 1512660591382 trm_4f244ad7dcde7 dot motion task dot-motion task, moving-dot task, RDM task, random-dot motion task participants view an array of dots of which some proportion is moving in a particular direction and the rest are moving in another. dot motion task usr_49a467bf4e0db color naming task 1512660591406 trm_4f244c1f6b53f color naming task None color naming task usr_4f177506dde77 autobiographical memory task 1512660591432 trm_4f244d2a54e27 autobiographical memory task in a semi-structured interview a participant is asked to recall recent events (within one week, within one month) in his or her own life, and this recollection is compared with report(s) from a &#34;collateral source,&#34; a person close to the participant autobiographical memory task usr_4f177506dde77 negative priming task 1512660591454 trm_4f244d64e45bc negative priming task The participant selects a target in the presence of one or more distractors; the negative priming arises between consecutive trials, in which the participant must respond to a target on the current trial that had appeared as a distractor on the previous trial. negative priming task usr_4f177506dde77 analogical reasoning task 1512660591478 trm_4f244f0286947 analogical reasoning task any task investigating participant ability to find correspondences between structures of distinct mental representations analogical reasoning task usr_4f177506dde77 1512660591502 trm_4f244f46ebf58 None usr_4f177506dde77 bimanual coordination task 1512660591532 trm_4f244f997615c bimanual coordination task participants are instructed to move their arms and/or hands according to a novel spatiotemporal relationship bimanual coordination task usr_4f177506dde77 multi-attribute decision making task 1512660591560 trm_4f244fee7d195 multi-attribute decision making task MADM participant is asked to make decisions with several criteria in mind, e.g. to decide whether to purchase a car while considering its cost, image, efficiency, comfort, etc. multi-attribute decision making task usr_4f177506dde77 odd-even task 1512660591585 trm_4f2452adb7d23 odd-even task participant is presented with a digit and instructed to assess whether it is odd or even odd-even task usr_4f177506dde77 biological motion task 1512660591618 trm_4f245326e2eaf biological motion task participant views stimuli composed of objects like points of light moving in several patterns to detect which of these correspond to biological motion biological motion task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 spatial working memory task 1512660591645 trm_4f2453b806fe1 spatial working memory task (SWM) refers broadly to a paradigm in which the participant&#39;s working memory for spatial characteristics of stimuli is tested, such as the SWM in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). SWM is a test of the participant’s ability to retain spatial information and to manipulate remembered items in working memory. It is a self-ordered task, which also assesses heuristic strategy. This test is a sensitive measure of frontal lobe and ‘executive’ dysfunction. It has been shown in recent studies that impaired performance on SWM emerges as a common factor in prepsychosis. The test begins with a number of coloured squares (boxes) being shown on the screen. The aim of this test is that, by touching the boxes and using a process of elimination, the participant should find one blue ‘token’ in each of a number of boxes and use them to fill up an empty column on the right hand side of the screen. The number of boxes is gradually increased, until it is necessary to search a total of eight boxes. The colour and position of the boxes used are changed from trial to trial to discourage the use of stereotyped search strategies. spatial working memory task usr_4f177506dde77 social judgment task 1512660591673 trm_4f2453ce33f16 social judgment task broadly describing many disparate subtasks, a social judgment task typically describes one in which participants are asked to decide what other people are thinking or would think, or to interpret their behavior social judgment task usr_49a467bf4e0db relational reasoning task 1512660591700 trm_4f2454dfca337 relational reasoning task None relational reasoning task usr_4f177506dde77 prototype distortion task 1512660591739 trm_4f24550fc5f38 prototype distortion task participant is trained to categorize high and low distortions of a dot array prototype, and are then tested for recognition when shown the prototype, its distortions, and random arrays prototype distortion task usr_4f177506dde77 false belief task 1512660591781 trm_4f2456027809f false belief task &#34;The ‘standard version’ of the false belief task presents the child with a character, Sally, who leaves a desirable object such as a chocolate in her basket, before departing the scene. In her absence, another character, Anne, removes the object and places it in a box. Children are asked to predict, on Sally&#39;s return to the room, where Sally will look for the object (or, sometimes, where she thinks the object is). Four-year-olds tend to succeed at this task – correctly attributing a false belief to Sally, saying that she will look for the object in the basket – while younger children tend to fail.&#34; false belief task usr_4f177506dde77 shadowing task 1512660591810 trm_4f2456932f11b shadowing task participants are to repeat target words as quickly as possible under various conditions, and when primed, after a brief interval shadowing task usr_4f177506dde77 parity judgment task 1512660591836 trm_4f24572cb42e4 parity judgment task Participants must judge whether two numbers, either Arabic or verbal (as words), are equal. parity judgment task usr_4f177506dde77 numerosity estimation task 1512660591861 trm_4f2457454e458 numerosity estimation task participants estimate number of targets numerosity estimation task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 verbal working memory task 1512660591886 trm_4f2457a8b0bc8 verbal working memory task (VRM), Verbal Recognition Memory A class of tasks involving the online maintenance and/or manipulation of verbal information. The Verbal Recognition Memory test, which assesses immediate and delayed memory of verbal information under free recall and forced choice recognition conditions, should provide comparable results. In the VRM test, the participant is shown a list of 12 words, one at a time, and then asked to: 1)produce as many of the words as possible immediately following the presentation. 2)recognize the words they have seen before from a list of 24 words containing the original 12 words and 12 distractors. 3)following a delay of 20 minutes, recognize the words they have seen before from another list of 24 words containing the original list and 12 new distractors. verbal working memory task usr_4f177506dde77 memory guided saccade task 1512660591911 trm_4f2457d94fd93 memory guided saccade task participants fixate on a cross in the center of a screen while a visual cue appears elsewhere on screen; they are instructed that once the fixation cross disappears, they are to direct a saccade to the place where the cue had been memory guided saccade task usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639300 embodied cognition a theory emphasizing the essentiality of the body&#39;s interaction with the environment to cognition embodied cognition usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660639321 resource any aspect of cognition having bounded availability, eg. memory, attention resource usr_0000000000 1512660639342 curiosity inquisitiveness wanting knowledge or understanding, often of a novel or unfamiliar entity curiosity usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660639385 imagination envisagement, representation, mental conception forming mental images or concepts of what is not actually present to the senses imagination usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660639428 self talk overt verbalisation of thoughts for the purpose of self motivation, problem solving, reasoning, learning or stress management; a behavior commonly witnessed in sports-people during moments of performance pressure self talk usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660639450 worldview perspective overarching subjective account of environmental (ie. that in which an agent is situated) characteristics and functions, applicable across local and global spatiotemporal scales; a framework of ego-centric ideas and beliefs that serves to guide decision making and action, and to generate, sustain, and apply knowledge. worldview usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660638942 deliberation consideration the process of judging the merits of multiple options, which may then be followed by choice. deliberation usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660638963 thought Subjectively salient cognitive processing, at least part of which may be reportable. thought usr_4f39262a2e81e 1512660638921 delusion A belief held despite appreciable external evidence to the contrary. delusion usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639407 addiction dependency A phenomenon sometimes conflated and sometimes contrasted with dependency, in which a person has transitioned from liking a rewarding substance or behavior to requiring it. addiction usr_4f177506dde77 1512660636334 optical illusion visual illusion A phenomenon in which what is visually perceived does not reflect the nature of the objective stimulus. optical illusion usr_4f177506dde77 1512660635421 Gestalt grouping the ways in which elements are perceived to be grouped together, most often described for auditory and visual perception, but may also be a factor for other modalities Gestalt grouping usr_4f177506dde77 meditation task 1512660579625 trm_4fb4175126374 meditation task Participants perform meditation either according to a particular school or undirected in conjunction with cognitive, behavioral, and/or physiological measures. meditation task usr_4f177506dde77 immediate memory task 1512660588892 trm_4fba857ad04ac immediate memory task IMT a number between 2 and 7 digits is displayed for a brief period and is followed briefly by a blank screen, then another number to which participants respond only if it is identical to the first. immediate memory task usr_4f177506dde77 delayed memory task 1512660578998 trm_4fba85a597ca9 delayed memory task DMT a number between 2 and 7 digits is displayed for a brief period and is followed by a greater period of time than that in its complement, the immediate memory task, that contains distractor stimuli. delayed memory task usr_4f177506dde77 delayed memory task 2 1512660590362 trm_4fbd2ac1cd035 delayed memory task 2 patients/participants copy pictures or geometric objects delayed memory task 2 usr_4f177506dde77 size match task 1512660579408 trm_4fbd2af083332 size match task participants judge whether two objects presented side-by-side are the same size size match task usr_4f177506dde77 length match task 1512660588837 trm_4fbd2b16e7aff length match task part of the BIrmingham Object Recognition Battery; participants judge whether two objects presented side-by-side are the same length length match task usr_4f177506dde77 orientation match task 1512660579951 trm_4fbd2b4bb165c orientation match task participants judge whether two objects presented side-by-side are shown with the same orientation orientation match task usr_4f177506dde77 position of gap match task 1512660588806 trm_4fbd2b6fd33c5 position of gap match task participants judge whether two objects presented side-by-side have a gap in the same position position of gap match task usr_4f177506dde77 overlapping figures task 1512660579578 trm_4fbd2b964d3ec overlapping figures task participants are asked to identify all the objects in pictures containing overlapping figures overlapping figures task usr_4f177506dde77 object decision task 1512660579484 trm_4fbd2c18e1dd9 object decision task participants are shown pictures and asked to identify whether the object could be real or is unreal object decision task usr_4f177506dde77 minimal feature match task 1512660591961 trm_4fbd2d71adf87 minimal feature match task participants are asked to select a picture that is the same as the original picture, but the saliency of the object’s most distinctive feature is reduced minimal feature match task usr_4f177506dde77 foreshortened view task 1512660591987 trm_4fbd2dc0273d9 foreshortened view task participants are asked to select a picture that is the same as the original picture, but the object&#39;s principle axis is foreshortened foreshortened view task usr_4f177506dde77 drawing from memory task 1512660592014 trm_4fbd2e5614028 drawing from memory task participants draw images varying in complexity from simple shapes to complex objects like faces drawing from memory task usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639471 inattentional blindness perceptual blindness a phenomenon in which people fail to see an unexpected stimulus inattentional blindness usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639492 interoception perception of stimuli inside the body, e.g. hunger, thirst, pain interoception usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639514 extinction the phenomenon by which a response to a conditional stimulus presented in absence of the unconditional stimulus diminishes over time; rather than a forgetting, it is generally believed to be a new learning. extinction usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639536 difference threshold just noticeable difference, JND the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli difference threshold usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639558 binocular depth cue a cue that provides depth information about a scene when it is viewed with both eyes binocular depth cue usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639581 color constancy the ability to assign stable colors despite variation in light, i.e. identifying that a given box is orange irrespective of the spectral composition or intensity of the light illuminating it color constancy usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639602 feature search search for a target according to a single feature (e.g. color) feature search usr_50cd05d69c63d 1512660639624 attentional blink AB a phenomenon in which the participant is unable to detect a second salient visual stimulus if presented at the same spatial location within 200-500 milliseconds after the first attentional blink usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639648 change blindness the inability to detect changes to an object or a scene even if large, repeatedly made, or anticipated; it can even occur when the subject is fixated on the item being changed. change blindness usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639670 motion aftereffect the illusion of movement in a stationary object after prolonged viewing of a moving object motion aftereffect usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639691 overt attention directing a sense organ at a stimulus source overt attention usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639713 covert attention the act of focusing on one of several sensory stimuli covert attention usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639734 unconscious perception the process of perceiving a stimulus without being conscious of having seen it, measurable by electrophysiological response at the time and by recognition testing later unconscious perception usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639756 autonoesis autonoetic consciousness consciousness of self consistent over time, both in imagining the future and recalling the past; consciousness of subjectivity autonoesis usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639363 visual awareness the subjective experience of seeing, emerging about 200ms after the onset of a visual stimulus; it is contrasted with unconscious visual perception visual awareness usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639779 psychological refractory period PRP the phenomenon by which people are unable to make more than one conscious decision (and, by extension, unable to complete more than one task) within a few hundred milliseconds psychological refractory period usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639801 noesis noetic consciousness a consciousness characterized by knowing or familiarity without self-reference (contrast with autonoesis) noesis usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639823 impulsivity impulsiveness the tendency to act without adequately assessing context impulsivity usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639844 binocular rivalry competition between the eyes for control of perception, particularly evident when different stimuli are presented to each eye binocular rivalry usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639866 cone of confusion a region around the head for which neither interaural time differences (ITDs) nor interaural loudness differences (ILDs) in a sound are not great enough for a person to localize the sound source cone of confusion usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639887 vection the illusion of movement in a stationary person caused by moving visual cues vection usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639908 visual acuity a measure of the finest resolution perceivable by the eyes visual acuity usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639929 visual angle the angle a viewed object subtends at the eye, usually stated in degrees of arc, and is a function of the size of the object and its distance from the eye visual angle usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639951 domain specificity the idea in cognitive science that the mind is divided according to the content of information being processed into specialized, possibly evolved, modules domain specificity usr_4f177506dde77 1512660639973 global precedence the idea that, all else held equal, global features are perceived earlier than are local features of a given stimulus global precedence usr_51ba954cf0abe 1512660639996 anxiety An aversive psychophysiological state characterized by fear, worry, or concern associated with current or impending threat often elicited by general and specific interoceptive or exteroceptive cues. anxiety usr_4f177506dde77 delay conditioning 1512660592133 trm_5023ef8eab626 delay conditioning a subtype of classical conditioning in which the conditional stimulus (CS) is presented and, during this presentation, a biologically relevant unconditional stimulus (US) is also presented. Afterward the subject is tested for its reaction to the CS in isolation. delay conditioning usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640024 spontaneous recovery recovery recovery of a conditioned response following extinction, simply as a function of time spontaneous recovery usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640047 reinstatement following extinction, conditioned response returns after exposure to unconditional stimulus (US) alone reinstatement usr_4f177506dde77 counterconditioning 1512660592167 trm_50240427b4c1b counterconditioning a CS already paired with a particular US is associated with a second US that is often incompatible with the first US counterconditioning usr_4f177506dde77 operant task 1512660592202 trm_50240f06af135 operant task instrumental learning task, instrumental conditioning task participant learns to associate a particular outcome with a particular effort and characteristics thereof (e.g. frequency, strength) operant task usr_4f177506dde77 NPU-threat test 1512660592229 trm_502420a682976 NPU-threat test participants are variably exposed to aversive stimuli and cues thereof while being monitored for their behavioral and physiological responses NPU-threat test usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640071 blindsight blind sight unconscious visual perception, i.e. a phenomenon in which people can detect, discriminate between, and respond to visual stimuli without being consciously aware of them blindsight usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640094 feature integration how different features of a percept are bound into a conscious whole feature integration usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640115 transduction in which information from stimuli is transduced into signals to the brain transduction usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640136 phototransduction in which energy from visual stimuli is transduced into a signal in the retina to the brain phototransduction usr_4f177506dde77 psychophysics task 1512660592258 trm_502985b4baaed psychophysics task stimuli within and/or across modalities are presented to participants, who are then to detect and/or estimate their presence or magnitude psychophysics task usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640158 border ownership the determination of a local feature (i.e. a contrast edge or line) and the object to which it belongs border ownership usr_4f177506dde77 ambiguous figure task 1512660592281 trm_502abd109f255 ambiguous figure task a kind of psychophysical task, participants view a stimulus that can be perceived as oriented and/or moving in more than one way ambiguous figure task usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640181 multistable perception conflicting sensory input results in spontaneous, sometimes controllable, experiences thereof multistable perception usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640203 visual orientation use of visual stimulus information in perceiving orientation thereof or of the self visual orientation usr_4f177506dde77 apparent verticality judgment 1512660592304 trm_502ad907e3299 apparent verticality judgment AV task participants make judgments of their verticality after holding specific body orientations for some duration apparent verticality judgment usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640226 lateral masking perceptual phenomenon in which one stimulus attenuates signals generated by another, adjacent, stimulus presented simultaneously lateral masking usr_4f177506dde77 contrast detection task 1512660592328 trm_502be67697201 contrast detection task a psychophysical task in which participants are to discriminate between a nonzero low-contrast stimulus and a blank contrast detection task usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640248 crowding target stimulus is made harder to identify when surrounded by similar non-target stimuli crowding usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640270 lexeme the phonological form of a given lexical item being retrieved lexeme usr_4f177506dde77 facial recognition task 1512660592376 trm_5090b32d6b376 facial recognition task participants are shown faces expressing various emotions and asked to describe what emotion they believe is being expressed, sometimes also in conjunction with physiological (including neurophysiological) measures facial recognition task usr_4f177506dde77 1512660640292 trait anxiety a hyper-responsive system for threat detection, differentiated from state anxiety in duration and cause trait anxiety usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Hungry Donkey Task 1512660579744 trm_50b40bca8cf83 Hungry Donkey Task The Hungry Donkey Task is a version of Bechera&#39;s Iowa Gambling Task for children; it is a test in the areas of cognition & emotion that was originally developed to assist in detecting decision-making impairment in patients with prefrontal cortex damage. The experiment is often computerized and is carried out in real time and resembles real-world contingencies. A donkey chooses from four doors, each with a cost or reward in apples. The objective is to give the donkey the most apples possible. Hungry Donkey Task usr_595048b29ebdf PEBL Perceptual Vigilance Task 1512660579908 trm_50b55d8a6da00 PEBL Perceptual Vigilance Task PPVT, psychomotor vigilance task, PVT This task measures sustained attention and reaction time. A light blinks randomly and the subject is asked to press a button when the they see it. The focus is not on how quickly the subject notices the light, but how often the subject doesn&#39;t notice the light. It is often used to study the effects of sleep deprivation and sleep debt. PEBL Perceptual Vigilance Task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Partial Report Procedure 1512660592036 trm_50b65ef129e23 Partial Report Procedure Participants are given several sets of characters or stimuli to respond to. In Sperling&#39;s version of the task, participants are cued to recall just one subset. Due to the fact that participants did not know which row would be cued for recall, performance in the partial report condition can be regarded as a random sample of an observer&#39;s memory for the entire display. Another version involves participants responding by pressing a button when they see only a certain stimulus out of a set appear. Partial Report Procedure usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Implicit Association Task 1512660592060 trm_50b6660b1b847 Implicit Association Task IAT A task designed to measure automatic associations, particularly those which are often affected by social desirability bias in self-report measures. They test the association of positive and negative words or images with certain concepts such as race, gender, religion, self-esteem, and sexuality. Respondents to the IAT experience a higher (conscious, controlled, explicit, reflective, analytic, rational, etc.) level of mental operation, when they try to overcome the effects of the automatic associations, and thus a longer response time when they answer counter to their implicit associations. Implicit Association Task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Symbol Counter Task 1512660592353 trm_50b66c50ca2ac Symbol Counter Task Participants observe a stimulus sequence comprising triangles and rectangles, keeping two counts, one for the triangles and one for the rectangles. Once each stimulus appears, participants update the appropriate mental count and then press a key to proceed to the next trial. Garavan’s central finding was that the reaction times signaled by the key press were longer when the incremented counter was different from the counter incremented on the previous trial (a switch trial) than when the same counter was incremented again (a no-switch trial). Garavan interpreted this switch–no-switch reaction time (RT) difference (the ‘‘switching effect’’) as an index of the time required to switch attention from one internal counter to another, suggesting that the internal focus of attention was limited in capacity. Symbol Counter Task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Time Wall 1512660592399 trm_50c0f3e6c596e Time Wall a small object moving at constant velocity passes behind an opaque barrier. The task is to estimate the moment when the object will reappear. It differs from a number of other time-estimate tasks in that discrete mediating responses such as counting or taping are of no direct obvious aid. Time Wall usr_50dedbcfb78f2 attention bias 1512660592457 trm_50df0d8dc717b attention bias dot-probe Attention bias refers to the tendency for an emotional stimulus to influence attention. The term is most typically used to refer to biases related to emotional content, typically in bottom-up-capture attention tasks. attention bias usr_4cf5de07654c8 Incidental encoding task 1512660592481 trm_50df0dd9d0b6f Incidental encoding task A task in which the subject is creating new memories without purposely knowing that memorization is the task at hand. Their memories are created thorough working in their environment and picking up information in the process. Incidental encoding task usr_4cf5de07654c8 Space Fortress 1512660592505 trm_50df1c0d946b8 Space Fortress The Space Fortress videogame is used as a platform for investigating skill learning. The game was originally developed by cognitive psychologists at the University of Illinois, as a tool to study learning and training strategies. Notably, it is one of the few cognitive training tools that has shown transfer of training to real-world performance. Flight students that trained on Space Fortress performed better on a battery of real-world flight tests, and were more likely to be selected to pursue pilot training compared to a no-training control group. Studies have also found that learning Space Fortress with a strategy that involves flexibly shifting attention to different aspects of the game results in improved learning. Thus, the Space Fortress game serves as a great tool for studying how the brain acquires new, complex skills, and how the trained ability can extend to new contexts. (http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/retro/Train-39.html) Another version of the task involved performing an oddball task while simultaneouly playing Space Fortress. Space Fortress usr_4cf5de07654c8 Space Fortress with Oddball 1512660592533 trm_50df1dd534ff2 Space Fortress with Oddball Space Fortress + Oddball Playing Space Fortress while simultaneously performing an oddball task. Space Fortress with Oddball usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Words-in Noise Test 1512660592635 trm_50eb0a01bfd05 NIH Toolbox Words-in Noise Test WIN This test was developed by Dr. Richard Wilson to measure a person’s ability to recognize single words presented amid varying levels of background noise. It measures how much difficulty a person might have hearing in a noisy environment. A recorded voice instructs the participant to listen to and then repeat words. The task becomes increasingly difficult as the background noise gets louder. The best score that can be attained (35 correct) for either ear is -2.0 dB S/N, and the worst score (0 correct) is 26.0 dB S/N. Lower scores, therefore, are indicative of better performance on this test. NIH Toolbox Words-in Noise Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Picture Vocabulary Test 1512660592659 trm_50eb0dc6668e1 NIH Toolbox Picture Vocabulary Test TPVT This measure of receptive vocabulary is administered in a computerized adaptive format. That is, the next question a participant receives depends on his/her response to the previous question; Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) ensures a test that is tailored to the participant’s needs. The respondent is presented with an audio recording of a word and four photographic images on the computer screen and is asked to select the picture that most closely matches the meaning of the word. NIH Toolbox Picture Vocabulary Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Dimensional Change Card Sort Test 1512660592684 trm_50eb115b6c476 NIH Toolbox Dimensional Change Card Sort Test DCCS DCCS is a measure of cognitive flexibility. Two target pictures are presented that vary along two dimensions (e.g., shape and color). Participants are asked to match a series of bivalent test pictures (e.g., yellow balls and blue trucks) to the target pictures, first according to one dimension (e.g., color) and then, after a number of trials, according to the other dimension (e.g., shape). “Switch” trials are also employed, in which the participant must change the dimension being matched. For example, after four straight trials matching on shape, the participant may be asked to match on color on the next trial and then go back to shape, thus requiring the cognitive flexibility to quickly choose the correct stimulus. NIH Toolbox Dimensional Change Card Sort Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Test 1512660592710 trm_50eb17385e9a6 NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Test List Sorting The List Sorting test requires immediate recall and sequencing of different visually and orally presented stimuli. Pictures of different foods and animals are displayed with accompanying audio recording and written text (e.g., “elephant”), and the participant is asked to say the items back in size order from smallest to largest, first within a single dimension (either animals or foods, called 1-List) and then on two dimensions (foods, then animals, called 2-List). NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Oral Reading Recognition Test 1512660592733 trm_50eb3b2d1de11 NIH Toolbox Oral Reading Recognition Test oral reading Separate but parallel reading tests have been developed in English and Spanish. In either language, the participant is asked to read and pronounce letters and words as accurately as possible. The test administrator scores them as right or wrong. For the youngest children, the initial items require them to identify letters (as opposed to symbols) and to identify a specific letter in an array of four symbols. NIH Toolbox Oral Reading Recognition Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Oral Symbol Digit Test 1512660592767 trm_50eb461d446e1 NIH Toolbox Oral Symbol Digit Test In this test, a coding key with nine abstract symbols is presented – each paired with a number between 1 and 9. Participants are asked to orally indicate which numbers go with symbols that are presented in a long string on the computer screen. The participant is given 120 seconds to call out as many numbers that go with the corresponding symbols as he/she can – without skipping any. This test is administered to ages 8-85 and takes approximately three minutes. The Oral Symbol Digit Test is a measure of processing speed. It can be administered as an accommodation in place of the Pattern Comparison processing Speed Test for those with significant motor limitations in the upper extremities. NIH Toolbox Oral Symbol Digit Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox 9-Hole Pegboard Dexterity Test 1512660592793 trm_50eb4d3d96ff8 NIH Toolbox 9-Hole Pegboard Dexterity Test This simple test of manual dexterity records the time required for the participant to accurately place and remove nine plastic pegs into a plastic pegboard. The protocol includes one practice and one timed trial with each hand. Raw scores are recorded as time in seconds it takes the participant to complete the task with each hand (separate score for each). NIH Toolbox 9-Hole Pegboard Dexterity Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Grip Strength Test 1512660592821 trm_50eb51c2cd9fe NIH Toolbox Grip Strength Test This protocol is adapted from the grip strength testing protocol of the American Society of Hand Therapy. Participants are seated in a chair with their feet touching the ground. With the elbow bent to 90 degrees and the arm against the trunk, wrist at neutral, participants squeeze the Jamar Plus Digital dynamometer as hard as they can for a count of three. The dynamometer provides a digital reading of force in pounds. A practice trial at less than full force and one test trial are completed with each hand. NIH Toolbox Grip Strength Test usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660640313 strength Strength refers to a muscle&#39;s ability to generate force against physical objects. strength usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Standing Balance Test 1512660592844 trm_50eb54d78841b NIH Toolbox Standing Balance Test The Standing Balance Test is a measure developed to assess static standing balance. It involves the participant assuming and maintaining up to five poses for 50 seconds each. The sequence of poses is: eyes open on a solid surface, eyes closed on a solid surface, eyes open on a 18 foam surface, eyes closed on a foam surface, eyes open in tandem stance on a solid surface. Detailed stopping rules are in place to ensure participant safety with these progressively demanding poses. Postural sway is recorded for each pose using an accelerometer that the participant wears at waist level. NIH Toolbox Standing Balance Test usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660640337 balance Balance allows humans to be able to orient the body in space, maintain an upright posture under static and dynamic conditions, and move without falling, by adjusting motoric control balance usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox 4-Meter Walk Gait Speed Test 1512660592877 trm_50eb585f62f24 NIH Toolbox 4-Meter Walk Gait Speed Test This test is adapted from the 4-meter walk test in the Short Physical Performance Battery. Participants are asked to walk a short distance (four meters) at their usual pace. Participants complete one practice and then two timed trials. Raw scores are recorded as the time in seconds required to walk 4 meters on each of the two trials, with the better trial used for scoring. NIH Toolbox 4-Meter Walk Gait Speed Test usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660640360 locomotion Locomotion is the act of moving the body from one place to another. It requires input from the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscular power and joint and cardiovascular health. locomotion usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox 2-Minute Walk Endurance Test 1512660592900 trm_50eb69a57bc96 NIH Toolbox 2-Minute Walk Endurance Test This test is adapted from the American Thoracic Society’s 6-Minute Walk Test Protocol. This test measures sub-maximal cardiovascular endurance by recording the distance that the participant is able to walk on a 50-foot (out and back) course in two minutes. The participant’s raw score is the distance in feet and inches walked in two minutes. NIH Toolbox 2-Minute Walk Endurance Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Hearing Threshold Test 1512660592922 trm_50f374718a91c NIH Toolbox Hearing Threshold Test This automated audiometric test measures hearing thresholds at six different frequencies, separately in the left and right ears. The frequencies presented are: .5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kHz. On each trial, the participant’s task is to detect whether a pure tone was presented via headphones by answering yes (tone heard) or no (tone not heard). Catch trials are administered to detect false-alarm responses (cases where the participant says “yes” when no tone was presented). NIH Toolbox Hearing Threshold Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Hearing Handicap Inventory 1512660592948 trm_50f37767e2958 NIH Toolbox Hearing Handicap Inventory This is the screening version of the Hearing Handicap Inventory; different versions are presented for adults (ages 18-64) and the elderly (ages 65+). Both versions are 10-item self-report measures of hearing-related disability that have been widely used in hearing research. Each of the ten items has three response options. Each item has three response options, assigned point values of 0, 2 or 4, with higher scores indicative of more of a self-reported problem for each item. The score provided for the test is thus a total summed score, ranging from 0-40. NIH Toolbox Hearing Handicap Inventory usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Taste Intensity Test 1512660592982 trm_50f379c6c9ea9 NIH Toolbox Taste Intensity Test This test measures the perceived intensity of quinine (a bitter tastant) and salt administered in liquid solutions. The tastants are each applied to the tip of the tongue as well as swished around in the whole mouth and are rated on a generalized labeled magnitude scale (gLMS). The gLMS is a measure of perceived intensity, with seven anchor labels provided (Strongest imaginable, Very strong, Strong, Moderate, Weak, Barely detectable, No sensation). Participants can rate their intensity by clicking with a computer mouse on any point on the scale from Strongest imaginable to No sensation. The computer records the exact location of the response. A score from 0-100 on a semi-logarithmic scale is produced for each of the four items (quinine whole mouth, salt whole mouth, quinine tip of tongue, salt tip of tongue), corresponding to the point on the gLMS where the participant clicked. A higher score represents greater perceived intensity of the tastant. NIH Toolbox Taste Intensity Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Visual Acuity Test 1512660593017 trm_50f37caf81432 NIH Toolbox Visual Acuity Test This test directly measures participants’ visual acuity or distance vision. The participant is seated 12.5 feet away from a computer monitor at eye level, and letters (called “optotypes”) are displayed one at a time on the screen for the participant to identify, using both eyes at the same time, with the participant wearing his/her normal corrective lenses for distance vision (glasses or contact lenses), if worn. As the participant successfully identifies optotypes of a given size, smaller ones appear on the screen, until the computer program ascertains the smallest-size optotype the participant can successfully see. Conversely, the program displays larger optotypes if the participant cannot see the size that is first displayed, until a size that he/she can accurately see is found. For participants ages 3-7, only the letters H, O, T and V are used, and children may point to a laminated card showing the letters if they cannot verbalize or recall the letter names. For participants ages 8 and above, the entire set of optotypes is used, following a common protocol used in professional vision testing. This is the standard binocular visual acuity measure scored in LogMAR units. NIH Toolbox Visual Acuity Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Vision-Related Quality of Life Survey 1512660593054 trm_50f37f231aa4c NIH Toolbox Vision-Related Quality of Life Survey This Toolbox Supplemental measure assesses an individual’s self-reported quality of life related to visual function in six different areas: color vision, distance vision, near vision, ocular symptoms, psycho-social and role performance. The participant responds to 53 questions, most of which start with, “How much,” “To what extent,” or “How much of a problem,” choosing from a list of answer options ranging from “Not difficult at all” to “Very difficult.” NIH Toolbox Vision-Related Quality of Life Survey usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Dynamic Visual Acuity Test 1512660593089 trm_50f38098952cb NIH Toolbox Dynamic Visual Acuity Test DVA This test is a measure of gaze stability during head movement, which helps identify individuals who may have a deficit of the vestibular system (which regulates internal balance). First, the NIH Toolbox Visual Acuity Test must be administered, followed by the DVA Test. Participants are again seated 12.5 feet from a computer monitor at eye level. For the DVA Test, participants wear lightweight headgear that contains a rate sensor and are asked to move the head back and forth, as if indicating “no.” Once the head is measured to be moving at greater than 180 degrees per second by the rate sensor, an optotype flashes on the monitor, and the participant is asked to identify it. As with the Visual Acuity Test, only the letters H, O, T and V are used for ages 3-7, while ages 8+ use the entire letter set. Smaller optotypes are displayed as the participant correctly identifies letters, and larger ones are displayed if the participant cannot correctly identify the letter shown, until the computer has calculated the smallest size that the participant can see with the head moving. This is calculated separately for head rotation leftward and rightward from center (though the participant continues shaking the head both ways), and this performance is compared to the participant’s visual acuity when the head was stationary (the NIH Toolbox Visual Acuity Test score, sometimes referred to as “static” visual acuity in the context of the DVA test). The difference between static and dynamic visual acuity represents the vestibular contribution to gaze stability. DVA scoring, as with visual acuity, is based in LogMAR units NIH Toolbox Dynamic Visual Acuity Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640384 vestibular control The vestibular system transduces and processes angular and linear acceleration and deceleration of the head, enabling postural balance, locomotor control, and gaze stabilization, particularly during head movement. The vestibular system is an integral component of our sensory experience and sensory-motor function. Healthy peripheral and central vestibular anatomy is essential for functionally relevant gaze stability during head motion and postural control. vestibular control usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Odor Identification Test 1512660593114 trm_50f383e76e03b NIH Toolbox Odor Identification Test This task assesses a person’s ability to identify various odors. Participants use scratch-andsniff cards and after scratching them one at a time, are asked to identify which of four pictures on the computer screen matches the odor they have just smelled. Participants ages 10-85 are administered nine odor cards, while those ages 3-9 are administered five odor cards. Child participants (ages 3-9 years) are first asked to identify the eight pictures used as answer choices to ensure they can complete the task. Having identified the pictures, they are asked if they have tasted or smelled the objects or foods depicted. NIH Toolbox Odor Identification Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Pain Intensity Survey 1512660593151 trm_50f385a8269ce NIH Toolbox Pain Intensity Survey This measure consists of a single item measuring immediate (i.e., acute) pain in adults. It asks a participant to rate level of pain experienced “over the last seven days.” The single item is simply scored on a 0-10 scale, with 0 representing no pain, and 10 representing the “worst imaginable pain.” NIH Toolbox Pain Intensity Survey usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Pain Interference Survey 1512660593176 trm_50f3862422509 NIH Toolbox Pain Interference Survey This brief self-report scale measures the degree to which pain interferes with other activities in life in adults. Pain interference items were developed as part of the NIH PROMIS. Each item administered has a 5-point scale with options ranging from “not at all” to “very much” on questions about how much pain interferes with aspects of one’s life. The survey is scored using IRT methods. NIH Toolbox Pain Interference Survey usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Positive Affect Survey 1512660593199 trm_50f3bc06cae36 NIH Toolbox Positive Affect Survey This self-report measure assesses both activated (i.e., happiness, joy) as well as unactivated (i.e., serenity, peace) aspects of positive affect. Affect is defined as &#34;feelings that reflect a level of pleasurable engagement with the environment, such as happiness, joy, excitement, enthusiasm and contentment.&#34; Each item administered has a 5-point scale with options ranging from “not at all” to “very much.” Each survey is scored using IRT methods. NIH Toolbox Positive Affect Survey usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox General Life Satisfaction Survey 1512660593226 trm_50f3c003327c4 NIH Toolbox General Life Satisfaction Survey This self-report measure assesses global feelings and attitudes about one&#39;s life. A CAT is used for adults, a CAT version is used for ages 13-17, and a 5-item fixed-length form is used for ages 8-12, as well as for the parent-report version with ages 3-12. Items administered include those with both 5-point and 7-point scales, with options in each case ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” The self-report surveys are scored using IRT methods, whereas the parent-report version is scored as a raw sum. NIH Toolbox General Life Satisfaction Survey usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640419 life satisfaction One’s cognitive evaluation of life experiences; this measure is concerned with whether people like their lives or not. Life satisfaction includes both general (e.g., my life is going well) and domain-specific (e.g., I am satisfied with my family life) aspects. life satisfaction usr_49a467bf4e0db articulatory suppression task 1512660593251 trm_50f5822624e53 articulatory suppression task A short-term memory task in which the subject must produce irrelevant speech while maintaining information in memory. articulatory suppression task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 NIH Toolbox Meaning and Purpose Survey 1512660593277 trm_50f5bfef58abb NIH Toolbox Meaning and Purpose Survey This is a self-report measure administered only to ages 18-85 as a CAT. In addition, a fixed-length self-report form is available for ages 18-85 as a supplemental measure. Items administered use a 5-point scale, with options ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree,” or from “not at all” to “very much.” The survey is scored using IRT methods. NIH Toolbox Meaning and Purpose Survey usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Motor Screening Task 1512660582723 trm_50f72e93ea9e3 Motor Screening Task (MOT) The Motor Screening Task is typically administered at the beginning of a battery, and serves as a simple introduction to the touch screen for the participant. If a participant is unable to comply with the simple requirements of this task it is unlikely that they will be able to complete other tasks successfully. This task therefore screens for visual, movement and comprehension difficulties. Motor Screening Task usr_51bc76ae9636c big/little circle 1512660591936 trm_50f72fafa53ec big/little circle (BLC) The Big/Little Circle test assesses comprehension, learning and reversal. It is also intended to train participants in the general idea of following and reversing a rule, before proceeding to the Intra/Extradimensional Shift test (IED), so should ideally precede the IED task in a battery. Participants must first touch the smaller of the two circles displayed, then, after 20 trials, touch the larger circle for 20 further trials. big/little circle usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Spatial Recognition Memory 1512660592097 trm_50f733d7305a1 Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) This is a test of visual spatial recognition memory in a 2-choice forced discrimination paradigm. This test is often used, in conjunction with Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) , before the Paired Associates Learning (PAL) test, as both these tests help to train the participant for PAL. PRM and SRM contain different elements of PAL and the results considered together help to decide on the exact nature of the cognitive deficit being considered. The participant is presented with a white square, which appears in sequence at five different locations on the screen. In the recognition phase, the participant sees a series of five pairs of squares, one of which is in a place previously seen in the presentation phase. The other square is in a location not seen in the presentation phase. As with the PRM test, locations are tested in the reverse of the presentation order. This sub-test is repeated three more times, each time with five new locations Spatial Recognition Memory usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Emotion Recognition Task 1512660592556 trm_50f734f86b11a Emotion Recognition Task (ERT) ERT measures the ability to identify emotions in facial expressions. The participant is shown a series of faces which appear on the screen briefly and asked to identify the emotion (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise and fear). One hundred and eighty stimuli, which are computer morphed images derived from the facial features of real individuals each showing a specific emotion, are displayed on the screen, one at a time, in two blocks of ninety. Each face is displayed for a short while (200ms) and then immediately covered up, and then six buttons are displayed, each describing an emotion which could be portrayed in the photograph. The participant must decide which is the appropriate button to describe the emotion and touch the button. There are fifteen different photographs for each of the six emotions, each showing different levels of intensity. Emotion Recognition Task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Visual Analogue Scales 1512660592581 trm_50f7370ace495 Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) Visual Analogue Scales are psychometric response scales which can be used as a measurement instrument for subjective states. The CANTAB VAS assess subjective measurements of drug effect, energy levels, sickness, alertness and mood. The participant must respond to sixteen questions as they appear on the screen by touching the on-screen slider and moving it to the appropriate position on the scale. Visual Analogue Scales usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Information Sampling Task 1512660592609 trm_50f73d557c967 Information Sampling Task (IST) The Information Sampling Task (IST) tests impulsivity and decision making. The participant is presented with a 5x5 array of grey boxes on the screen, and two larger coloured panels below these boxes. The participant is instructed that they are playing a game for points, which they can win by making a correct decision about which colour is in the majority under the grey boxes. They must touch the grey boxes one at a time, which open up to reveal one of the two colours shown at the bottom of the screen. Once a box has been touched, it remains open. When the participant has made their decision about which colour is in the majority, they must touch the panel of that colour at the bottom of the screen to indicate their choice. After the participant has indicated their choice, all the remaining grey boxes on the screen reveal their colours and a message is displayed to inform the participant whether or not they were correct. The colours change from trial to trial. At the end of a trial the grey boxes are displayed on the screen again at a speed which depends on how fast the trial was completed, so that there is always at least 30 seconds between trials. There are two conditions – the fixed win condition, in which the subject is awarded 100 points for a correct decision regardless of the number of boxes opened, and the decreasing win condition, in which the number of points that can be won for a correct decision starts at 250 and decreases by 10 points for every box touched. In either condition, an incorrect decision costs 100 points. Information Sampling Task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Graded Naming Test 1512660593303 trm_50f741a965470 Graded Naming Test (GNT) The Graded Naming Test, developed by Professor Elizabeth Warrington and Dr Pat McKenna in 1980 , has been used extensively in cognitive neuropsychology. The Graded Naming Test (GNT) avoids the problem of ceiling effects in previous naming tests by having subjects name drawings of objects in ascending difficulty. Reduced efficiency in retrieving the name of an object can be the first and only indication of impaired language functioning. This test assesses object-naming ability, but is in addition graded in difficulty to allow for individual differences. This means that it may be able to detect any word-finding difficulty even in those with an extensive naming vocabulary. Currently available in UK English only (this test is culturally biased and there are no alternative versions at present). Graded Naming Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 One Touch Stockings of Cambridge 1512660593328 trm_50f84bbdcfa4e One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) One Touch Stockings of Cambridge is a spatial planning task which gives a measure of frontal lobe function. OTS is a variant of the Stockings of Cambridge task and places greater demands on working memory as the participant has to visualise the solution. As for SOC (Stockings of Cambridge), the participant is shown two displays containing three coloured balls. The displays are presented in such a way that they can easily be perceived as stacks of coloured balls held in stockings or socks suspended from a beam. This arrangement makes the 3-D concepts involved apparent to the participant, and fits with the verbal instructions. There is a row of numbered boxes along the bottom of the screen. The test administrator first demonstrates to the participant how to use the balls in the lower display to copy the pattern in the upper display, and completes one demonstration problem, where the solution requires one move. The participant must then complete three further problems, one each of 2 moves, 3 moves and 4 moves. Next the participant is shown further problems, and must work out in their head how many moves the solutions to these problems require, then touch the appropriate box at the bottom of the screen to indicate their response. One Touch Stockings of Cambridge usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Reaction Time 1512660593353 trm_50f84e8ab7af8 Reaction Time (RTI) Reaction Time (RTI) is a latency task with a comparative history (the five choice task) and uses a procedure to separate response latency from movement time. It is more useful than CRT or SRT where it is necessary to control for tremor. The task is divided into five stages, which require increasingly complex chains of responses. In each case, the participant must react as soon as a yellow dot appears. In some stages the dot may appear in one of five locations, and the participant must sometimes respond by using the press-pad, sometimes by touching the screen, and sometimes both. Reaction Time usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Rapid Visual Information Processing 1512660593385 trm_50f8516279419 Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) is a test of sustained attention (similar to the Continuous Performance Task) and has proved useful in many studies in which drugs are used to help develop a disease model.. It is sensitive to dysfunction in the parietal and frontal lobe areas of the brain and is also a sensitive measure of general performance. A white box appears in the centre of the computer screen, inside which digits, from 2 to 9, appear in a pseudo-random order, at the rate of 100 digits per minute. Participants are requested to detect target sequences of digits (for example, 2-4-6, 3-5-7, 4-6-8) and to register responses using the press pad. Rapid Visual Information Processing usr_51bc76ae9636c match to sample visual search 1512660593413 trm_50f852c084fde match to sample visual search (MTS) Match to Sample Visual Search (MTS) is a matching test, with a speed/accuracy trade-off. It is a simultaneous visual search task with response latency dissociated from movement time. Efficient performance on this task requires the ability to search among the targets and ignore the distractor patterns which have elements in common with the target. This test can help to differentiate between Parkinson&#39;s disease and Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and also between Lewy Body dementia and Alzheimer&#39;s disease. The participant is shown a complex visual pattern (the sample) in the middle of the screen, and then, after a brief delay, a varying number of similar patterns is shown in a circle of boxes around the edge of the screen. Only one of these boxes matches the pattern in the centre of the screen, and the participant must indicate which it is by touching it. Reaction time is measured on the basis of the release of the press-pad, which allows for its more accurate measurement. match to sample visual search usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Penn Conditional Exclusion Test 1512660593440 trm_50f9952c2311a Penn Conditional Exclusion Test (PCET) A measure of abstraction and concept formation by hypothesis testing, where the principle shifts after its discovery is established.. Subjects decide which of 4 objects does not belong with the other 3 based on one of three sorting principles (e.g., shape, size, line thickness). Sorting principles change after 10 successive correct responses, and feedback is used to guide discovery of the principle and indicate its change. There are 4 alternate forms available. An accuracy score is calculated by multiplying the proportion of correct responses by the number of categories attained (out of 3 possible). Penn Conditional Exclusion Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Penn Word Memory Test 1512660593464 trm_50f998dcbfcc8 Penn Word Memory Test (PWMT) The Penn Word Memory Test presents 20 target words that are then mixed with 20 distractors equated for frequency, length, concreteness and low imageability. The participant’s score reflects the number of correctly recognized targets and correctly rejected foils. Median response times for correct responses serves as a measure of speed. A 20 min delayed recall procedure is also administered. Penn Word Memory Test usr_51bc76ae9636c Penn Face Memory Test 1512660593490 trm_50f99e56117fe Penn Face Memory Test (PFMT) presents 20 digitized faces that are then mixed with 20 distractors equated for age, gender and ethnicity. The participant’s score reflects the number of correctly recognized targets and correctly rejected foils, and median response times for correct responses serves as a measure of speed. The procedure is repeated at 20 min delay. Penn Face Memory Test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Visual Object Learning Test 1512660593514 trm_50f9daf1c3834 Visual Object Learning Test (VOLT) uses Euclidean shapes as stimuli with the same paradigm as the CNB word and face tests. The participant’s score reflects the number of correctly recognized targets and correctly rejected foils, and again median response times for correct responses serves as a measure of speed. The procedure is repeated at 20 min delay. Two forms are available for each test. Visual Object Learning Test usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660640441 attentional bias Attention bias Attentional bias refers to the tendency for a particular class of stimuli to capture attention. The term is most typically used to refer to biases related to emotional content in bottom-up-capture attention tasks. attentional bias usr_4de5345b3b6a8 WAIS-Information 1512660593538 trm_5106eae236c21 WAIS-Information The examinee 29 answers questions that address a broad range of general knowledge topics. This subtest measures the ability to acquire, retain, and retrieve general factual information. WAIS-Information usr_58e556654fea9 WAIS Digit Span 1512660593577 trm_5106eee90937a WAIS Digit Span For Digit Span Forward, the examinee is read a sequence of numbers and recalls the numbers in the same order. For Digit Span Backward, the examinee is read a sequence of numbers and recalls the numbers in reverse order. For Digit Span Sequencing, the examinee is read a sequence of numbers and recalls the numbers in ascending order. This subtest measures working memory, mental manipulation, cognitive flexibility, rote memory and learning, attention, and encoding. WAIS Digit Span usr_4de5345b3b6a8 WAIS Vocabulary 1512660593604 trm_5106f17025386 WAIS Vocabulary For picture items, the examinee names the object presented visually. For verbal items, the examinee defines words that are presented visually and orally. This subtest measures word knowledge and verbal concept formation. 35 words are defined in this measure of expressive word knowledge. It correlates very highly with Full Scale IQ. WAIS Vocabulary usr_4de5345b3b6a8 WAIS Arithmetic 1512660593628 trm_5106f4dfe08b1 WAIS Arithmetic Working within a specified time limit, the examinee mentally solves a series of 14 arithmetic story type problems. This subtest measures mental manipulation, concentration, attention, short- and long-term memory, numerical reasoning ability, and mental alertness. Tests distractibility as well as numerical reasoning. WAIS Arithmetic usr_4de5345b3b6a8 WAIS Comprehension 1512660593654 trm_5106f82530aff WAIS Comprehension The examinee answers questions based on his or her understanding of general principles and social situations. This subtest measures verbal reasoning and conceptualization, verbal comprehension and expression, the ability to evaluate and use past experience, and the ability to demonstrate practical knowledge and judgment. WAIS Comprehension usr_4de5345b3b6a8 WAIS Similarities 1512660593678 trm_510703e93367e WAIS Similarities The examinee is presented two words that represent common objects or concepts, and asked to describe how two seemingly dissimilar items might in fact be similar. This subtest measures verbal concept formation and reasoning. WAIS Similarities usr_4de5345b3b6a8 WAIS Picture Completion 1512660593704 trm_5107067241007 WAIS Picture Completion Working within a specified time limit, the examinee views a picture with an important part missing and identifies the missing part. This subtest measures visual perception and organization, concentration, and visual recognition of essential details of objects. WAIS Picture Completion usr_4de5345b3b6a8 WAIS Picture Arrangement 1512660593730 trm_51070ae889d95 WAIS Picture Arrangement The subject is given 10 small pictures and asked to arrange them in a logical sequence. WAIS Picture Arrangement usr_4de5345b3b6a8 WAIS Object Assembly 1512660593752 trm_51071fc87a61f WAIS Object Assembly The subject is given 4 puzzles (like jigsaw puzzles) and must put together the pieces to form the intended shape. WAIS Object Assembly usr_4cf5de07654c8 criteria task 1512660593776 trm_512e7621189ad criteria task criteria, criteria task A decision making task designed to test how individuals can use different criteria to classify perceptual stimuli. In the criteria with line stimuli version of the task, participants are asked to decide if lines are &#34;big&#34; or &#34;small&#34; compared to a criterion line that can differ in size. At the beginning of each block of trials, they are shown which criterion line to use for their decisions. In the criteria with dot stimuli version of the task, participants are asked to decide if a matrix of dots is &#34;big&#34; or &#34;small&#34; compared to a matrix of dots that can differ in size. At the beginning of each block of trials, they are shown which criterion matrix of dots to use for their decisions. criteria task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Change Detection Task 1512660593823 trm_5154906cbead5 Change Detection Task The subject is presented with an array, then after a short delay, presented with a second array. In the no-change condition, the second array is identical to the first. In the change condition, the second array differs by a single item. Subjects must identify whether a change has occurred or not, and if so, are often asked to point out the change. Other versions target different sensory abilities, such as auditory change detection or face change detection. Change Detection Task usr_595048b29ebdf AX-DPX 1512660593850 trm_515495b718cd6 AX-DPX Dot Pattern Expectancy,Dot Probe Expectancy An alternative version of the AX-CPT in which the letter stimuli are replaced with simple dot patterns derived from Braille language. Dot patterns are more easily parametrically manipulated, and require less time between stimuli presentations because they are not as easily stored in working memory as letters, thus increasing the proportion of errors. AX-DPX usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660640463 reception of facial communication The capacity to perceive someone’s emotional state non-verbally based on facial expressions. Examples include affect recognition, facial recognition and characterization. reception of facial communication usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660640484 productive facial communication The capacity to convey one’s emotional state non-verbally via facial expressions, including eye contact, expressive reciprocation, and gaze following. productive facial communication usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640506 Reception of non-facial communication The capacity to perceive social and emotional information based on modalities other than facial expression, including non-verbal gestures, affective prosody, distress calling, cooing, etc. Reception of non-facial communication usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640529 Production of non-facial communication The capacity to express social and emotional information based on modalities other than facial expression, including non-verbal gestures, affective prosody, distress calling, cooing, etc. Production of non-facial communication usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640550 agency The ability to recognize one’s self as the agent of one’s actions and thoughts, including the recognition of one’s own body/body parts. agency usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660640573 self knowledge The ability to make judgments about one’s current cognitive or emotional internal states, traits, and/or abilities. self knowledge usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660640605 animacy perception The ability to appropriately perceive that another entity is an agent (i.e., has a face, interacts contingently, and exhibits biological motion). animacy perception usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640627 action perception The ability to perceive the purpose of an action being performed by an animate entity. action perception usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640648 understanding mental states The ability to make judgments and/or attributions about the mental state of other animate entities that allows one to predict or interpret their behaviors. Mental state refers to intentions, beliefs, desires, and emotions. understanding mental states usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640669 circadian rhythm Endogenous, self-sustaining oscillations that organize the timing of biological systems to optimize physiology, behavior, and health. Circadian rhythms are synchronized by recurring environmental cues and attempt to anticipate the external environment. They also modulate homeostasis within the brain and other systems, tissues, and organs. circadian rhythm usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640692 sleep Sleep and wakefulness are endogenous, recurring, behavioral states that reflect coordinated changes in the dynamic functional organization of the brain and that optimize physiology, behavior, and health. Homeostatic and circadian processes regulate the propensity for wakefulness and sleep. Sleep is a reversible state, characterized by postural recumbence, behavioral quiescence, and reduced responsiveness. It involves predictable cycling of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). It is affected by experiences during wakefulness, and has restorative and transformative effects that optimize neurobehavioral functions during wakefulness. sleep usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640713 loss A state of deprivation of a motivationally significant con-specific, object, or situation. Loss may be social or non-social and may include permanent or sustained loss of shelter, behavioral control, status, loved ones, or relationships. The response to loss may be episodic (e.g., grief) or sustained. loss usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640735 defensive aggression A response elicited by a real or perceived threat that leads to a pattern of behaviors directed at terminating the threat. defensive aggression usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660640761 offensive aggression proactive aggression A response elicited by competition over resource acquisition or other positive consequences. This form of aggression often arises from differences in social status and dominance. offensive aggression usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640785 reward valuation Processes by which the probability and benefits of a prospective outcome are computed and calibrated by reference to external information, social context (e.g., group input, counterfactual comparisons), and/or prior experience. This calibration is influenced by pre-existing biases, learning, memory, stimulus characteristics, and deprivation states. Reward valuation may involve the assignment of incentive salience to stimuli. reward valuation usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640807 effort valuation willingness to work Processes by which the cost(s) of obtaining an outcome is computed; tendency to overcome response costs to obtain a reinforcer. effort valuation usr_4de5345b3b6a8 1512660640829 reward learning A process by which organisms acquire information about stimuli, actions, and contexts that predict positive outcomes, and by which behavior is modified when a novel reward occurs or outcomes are better than expected. Reward learning is a type of reinforcement learning, and similar processes may be involved in learning related to negative reinforcement. reward learning usr_49a467bf4e0db mirror reading task 1512660593913 trm_5176cf2c19e89 mirror reading task A task in which subjects are presented with mirror-reversed written stimuli and asked to process them in some way. mirror reading task usr_49a467bf4e0db living/nonliving judgment on mirror-reversed and plain-text words 1512660593941 trm_5176cf9d3d512 living/nonliving judgment on mirror-reversed and plain-text words Subjects are presented with words in either plain text or mirror-reversed format, and are asked to judge whether the stimulus refers to a living or nonliving object. Items are presented in a mixed fashion and separated by whether each stimulus is a switch in presentation form from the previous trial. living/nonliving judgment on mirror-reversed and plain-text words usr_4cf5de07654c8 stop signal task with letter naming 1512660592430 trm_5181f83b77fa4 stop signal task with letter naming A task in which an external stimulus signals the participant to interrupt an already-initiated motor response. stop signal task with letter naming usr_4cf5de07654c8 stop signal task with pseudo word naming 1512660593799 trm_5181f863d24f4 stop signal task with pseudo word naming A task in which an external stimulus signals the participant to interrupt an already-initiated motor response. stop signal task with pseudo word naming usr_4cf5de07654c8 reversal weather prediction 1512660593964 trm_5181fb7bf350b reversal weather prediction is a feedback driven classification learning task in which a subject is presented with a stimuli (ex-geometric shapes) and has to classify them into one of two categories (ex-rainy or sunny weather), and then receives feedback on if the response was correct or incorrect. This may or may not be presented with other stimuli (ex-tones of different frequencies), but the goal of the task is to only pay attention the the classification task at hand. This is the same task as the weather prediction task but with the reward contingencies reversed reversal weather prediction usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660640851 semantic network ontology Set of concepts and relations semantic network usr_51994f6a9b9d2 McGurk effect 1512660593994 trm_51a637dfeffd5 McGurk effect McGurk-MacDonald effect An auditory illusion discovered by H. McGurk and J. MacDonald, demonstrating the contribution made by visible face movements to normal speech perception McGurk effect usr_517578a37d747 1512660640872 cognitive training Targeted exercises designed to help improve mental capacities. cognitive training usr_517578a37d747 1512660640892 emotion regulation The ability to have control over and change emotional responses, such as feelings and behaviors associated with them. emotion regulation usr_517578a37d747 1512660640914 neuroplasticity The brain&#39;s ability to change in structure and function through experience. neuroplasticity usr_51c4514d84e36 psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm 1512660594021 trm_51c453f64d2a6 psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm In this task, participants are required to select responses for two stimuli. The intervals between the two stimuli vary, but are usually so brief that the second stimulus often appears before the response to the first one is finished. psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm usr_51bc76ae9636c autism spectrum quotient 1512660594060 trm_51d6fe3f3942f autism spectrum quotient AQ The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is used to assess if adults of average intelligent have symptoms typical of individuals in the autism spectrum. Published by Simon Baron-Cohen at the Autism Research Centre in Cambridge in 2001, it consists of fifty questions to assess social and communication skills, as well as imagination, attention to detail, and attention switching. Subscales: social skill (items 1,11,13,15,22,36,44,45,47,48) attention switching (items 2,4,10,16,25,32,34,37,43,46) attention to detail (items 5,6,9,12,19,23,28,29,30,49) communication (items 7,17,18,26,27,31,33,35,38,39) imagination (items 3,8,14,20,21,24,40,41,42,50) Each of the items listed above scores 1 point if the respondent records the abnormal or autistic-like behavior either mildly or strongly. “Definitely agree” or “slightly agree” responses scored 1 point, on the following items: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46. “Definitely disagree” or “slightly disagree” responses scored 1 point, on the following items: 3, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50. Baron-Cohen, S., et al. (2001). &#34;The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning Autism, Malesand Females, Scientists and Mathematicians.&#34; Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 31(1): 5-17. autism spectrum quotient usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660640935 restricted behavior repetitive behavior, stereotyped behavior A restricted behavior is a stereotyped pattern of behavior, activity, or interest. Examples include preoccupation with an object, activity, or topic, and this preoccupation is abnormal in intensity or focus. Individuals with restricted behaviors may find it challenging to break away from habit or routine. restricted behavior usr_51bc76ae9636c Piaget's Water Jar Task 1512660594091 trm_5206bf053acf4 Piaget's Water Jar Task water jug task, water jug problem This task tests whether children understand the principle of conservation, or the idea that two objects are still equivalent after a transformation of one of them. Specifically, the &#34;Water Jar Task&#34; tests if children have attained &#34;conservation of liquid quantity.&#34; The child is asked to assess if the same amount of water in different glasses is in fact equal. Piaget's Water Jar Task usr_51bc76ae9636c Social Responsiveness Scale 1512660594127 trm_5208fe678c652 Social Responsiveness Scale SRS, SRS-2 The social responsiveness scale (SRS) is a 65 item rating scale used to assess social awareness, social information processing, capacity for reciprocal social communication, social anxiety/avoidance, and autistic preoccupations and traits. The original SRS is completed by a parent or teacher for children from 4 to 18 years of age. The second version of the SRS is extended to 2.5 years into adulthood, validated on a larger sample, and allowing for self-report. Subscales Include: 1. Social Awareness 2. Social Cognition 3. Social Communication 4. Social Motivation 5. Restricted Interests and Repetitive Behavior Additionally, the Total Score reflects overall severity of social deficits. Social Responsiveness Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660640956 social motivation An individual&#39;s tendency to seek out direct contact with another person or a group of people. social motivation usr_51bc76ae9636c Children's Memory Scale 1512660594161 trm_52167db323438 Children's Memory Scale CMS The Children&#39;s Memory Scale (CMS) assesses attention, declarative memory, and learning for children from 5 to 16 years of age, specifically with subscales that reflect 1) Attention/Concentration, 2) Verbal Immediate, 3) Verbal Delayed, 4) Delayed Recognition, 5) Visual Immediate, 6) Visual Delayed, 7) Learning, and 8) General Memory. http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-0-387-79948-3_1532/fulltext.html Children's Memory Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c Social Communication Questionnaire 1512660594194 trm_521687032f822 Social Communication Questionnaire SCQ, Autism Screening Questionnaire, ASQ The Social Communication Questionnaire consists of 40 yes/no questions (answered by parents) to screen for autism spectrum disorders in children four years of age and older. Specifically, the questions ask about social functioning and communication skills. Two forms of the SCQ include the Lifetime and Current, which assesst behaviors for each of those periods. Theoretically derived subscales include 1) Reciprocal Social Interaction subscale, 2) Communication subscale, and 3) Restricted, Repetitive, and Stereotyped Patterns of Behavior subscale, although they have not been formally validated. Questions 20 through 40 (Lifetime) focus on behaviors occurring between the ages of 4 and 5. Total scores can range from 0 to 39 The first question is a language screening item that is not included in the final score. Total SCQ raw score of ≥ 15 is highly suggestive of ASD Social Communication Questionnaire usr_51bc76ae9636c aberrant behavior checklist - community 1512660594223 trm_523c7a0a73cf5 aberrant behavior checklist - community ABC, ABC-C The Aberrant Behavior Checklist- Community version (ABC-C) is a symptom checklist for assessing problem behaviors of children and adults with mental retardation, to be completed by a parent, educator, or care-giver. The community version is specifically for individuals living at home. The rater is asked to provide ratings for 58 specific symptoms to compute scores for the following subscales: 1. Irritability/Agitation ​ 2. Lethargy/Social Withdrawal 3. Stereotypic Behavior 4. Hyperactivity/Noncompliance 5. Inappropriate Speech http://www.slossonnews.com/ABC.html aberrant behavior checklist - community usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660640978 irritability anger, agitation, moodiness, testy, grumpy, short tempered The quality or state of being agitated, testy, grumpy, moody, or having a short temper. irritability usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641001 lethargy slow, socially withdrawn a lack of energy or enthusiasm. In a social context, this means being socially withdrawn. lethargy usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641025 hyperactivity restlessness, movement, non-compliance a condition characterized by excessive restlessness and movement, and commonly non-compliance hyperactivity usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641054 Inappropriate speech dialogue, either to oneself or others, that is not appropriate or suitable to the current situation Inappropriate speech usr_51bc76ae9636c adult behavior checklist 1512660594248 trm_523ca67b786d5 adult behavior checklist ABC, ABCL The Adult Behavior Checklist is a 126 item measure that assesses withdrawn, somatic, anxious/depressed, internalizing, intrusive, thought, attention, delinquent behavior, aggressive, and externalizing problems. adult behavior checklist usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641076 internalizing worry, anxiety, negativity, depression focusing negative energy on the self, often through holding back emotion, often leading to less than ideal emotional states (worry, anxiety, negativity and depression). These states are frequently present in autistic children. internalizing usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641097 externalizing attribution bias attributing cause to factors outside of the self externalizing usr_51bc76ae9636c adolescent symptom inventory 1512660594271 trm_523df616da8a6 adolescent symptom inventory ASI, ASI-4 The Adolescent Symptom Inventory (4th version) is a 120 question rating scale that screens for 18 DSM-IV emotional and behavioral disorders in youths between 12 and 18 years old. These scores have shown a high correspondence with psychiatric diagnoses. adolescent symptom inventory usr_51bc76ae9636c broad autism phenotype questionnaire 1512660594294 trm_523dfd5b7a9f1 broad autism phenotype questionnaire BAP The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) is designed to measure the BAP (the Broad Autism Phenotype, a set of personality and language characteristics that reflect the phenotypic expression of the genetic liability to autism) in adults. The subscales include: aloof personality, rigid personality, and pragmatic language. http://staff.science.uva.nl/~michiell/docs/HurleyEtAl2007.pdf broad autism phenotype questionnaire usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641119 conduct disorder callous, antisocial, unemotional Lacking regard for others and callous, unemotional. Characterized by repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated. conduct disorder usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641141 antisocial personality hermit, introvert avoiding the company of other people, unsociable, sometimes to the extent of injuring others or the interests of society in general antisocial personality usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641164 defiance disobedient, oppositional bold resistance to an opposing force, power, or authority, expressed through behavior and attitude defiance usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641187 obsession compulsive preoccupation with a fixed idea or an unwanted feeling or emotion, often accompanied by symptoms of anxiety obsession usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641210 social phobia embarrassment having a fear so strong of being judged by others and of being embarrassed that it significantly gets in the way of everyday life social phobia usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641231 rigidity unable to stray from a particular pattern of behavior or thought rigidity usr_51bc76ae9636c battelle developmental inventory 1512660594317 trm_523e10cad0ce6 battelle developmental inventory BDI The Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI) is an assessment for children (newborn to 7 years 11 months) that assesses early childhood developmental milestones in the domains of personal-social, adaptive, motor, communication, and cognitive ability. battelle developmental inventory usr_51bc76ae9636c beery-buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration 1512660594346 trm_523f58d91f2c0 beery-buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration Beery VMI The Beery VMI is a screener for visual-motor deficits that can lead to learning, neuropsychological, and behavior problems, available in both a child and adult form. It also helps to assess the extent to which individuals can integrate their visual and motor abilities. http://www.pearsonassessments.com/HAIWEB/Cultures/en-us/Productdetail.htm?Pid=PAg105 beery-buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration usr_51bc76ae9636c big five questionnaire 1512660594384 trm_523f5c17d7edb big five questionnaire BFQ The BFQ is a self-report measure for assessing the big five personality dimensions of energy/extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional instability, and intellect/openness in youths. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188690200051X big five questionnaire usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641253 agreeableness kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm Agreeableness is a personality trait manifesting itself in individual behavioral characteristics that are perceived as kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm and considerate. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreeableness agreeableness usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641274 openness imaginative, open, curious Openness to experience is one of the domains which are used to describe human personality in the Five Factor Model. Openness involves active imagination, aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety, and intellectual curiosity. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openness_to_experience openness usr_51bc76ae9636c broader phenotype autism symptom scale 1512660594410 trm_524055ac4fecf broader phenotype autism symptom scale BPASS The Broader Phenotype Autism Symptom Scale (BPASS) measures traits that have likely effects on autism susceptibility genes, including social motivation, social expressiveness, conversational skills, and flexibility. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16868845 broader phenotype autism symptom scale usr_51bc76ae9636c brief symptom inventory 1512660594440 trm_52405b6f7ebe9 brief symptom inventory BSI The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) is a brief psychological self-report assessment intended to help measure psychological distress and psychiatric disorders in medical and community populations. It is a shorter version of the SCL-90-R. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6622612 brief symptom inventory usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641296 psychosis A kind of disordered thinking for which thought and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality. psychosis usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641318 paranoia delusional a mental condition characterized by delusions of persecution, unwarranted jealousy, or exaggerated self-importance, typically elaborated into an organized system. It may be an aspect of chronic personality disorder, of drug abuse, or of a serious condition such as schizophrenia in which the person loses touch with reality. paranoia usr_523ef0e181acb 1512660641339 phonological awareness Explicit awareness of the abstract units that compose spoken words, including syllables, onset and rime units, and individual phonemes. phonological awareness usr_51bc76ae9636c Child Behavior Checklist 1512660594469 trm_524b4a402c87e Child Behavior Checklist CBCL The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) obtains reports from parents, relatives, and/or guardians about competencies and behavioral or emotional problems relating to social relations and school performance. This metric is intended for ages 6 through 18, and measures anxiety, depression, somatic complaints, social problems, thought and attention problems, and rule-breaking and aggressive behavior. Child Behavior Checklist usr_51bc76ae9636c Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales 1512660594516 trm_524b563fb87c8 Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales CBRS The Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scale(s) is an instrument designed to provide a complete overview of child and adolescent behaviors, emotions, academic, and social problems. These scales include the DSM-IV symptom scales. Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales usr_595048b29ebdf Children's Communication Checklist 1512660594556 trm_5255c99be1e53 Children's Communication Checklist CCC The Children’s Communication Checklist is a 70 item questionnaire that assesses children&#39;s speech, vocabulary, sentence structure, and social language skills, to be filled out by an adult or caregiver. language and pragmatics. Children's Communication Checklist usr_51bc76ae9636c Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale 1512660594588 trm_5258346e72223 Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale CES-D The CES-D scale is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population, and is composed of items from longer scales that have been previously validated. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641361 guilt remorse a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person realizes or believes (whether it is true or not) that he or she has compromised his or her own standards of conduct or has violated a moral standard, and bears significant responsibility for that violation. guilt usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641386 anhedonia lack of interest anhedonia usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641407 appetite hunger the desire to eat food appetite usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641429 fatigue tiredness a feeling of weariness, tiredness, or lack of energy fatigue usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641451 suicidal ideation suicidal, suicidal thoughts thoughts about or an unusual preoccupation with suicide suicidal ideation usr_51bc76ae9636c Social Competence Questionnaire 1512660594632 trm_525c4a78089ad Social Competence Questionnaire ComQ A questionnaire to assess social competence in children. Social Competence Questionnaire usr_51bc76ae9636c Conners 3rd Edition 1512660594710 trm_525c4cb94bfff Conners 3rd Edition Conners 3 The Conners 3 is an extended version of the Conners&#39; Rating Scales-Revised that, in addition to the original metrics, assesses comorbid disorders such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder. Specifically, it addresses: General Psychopathology Inattention Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Learning Problems Executive Functioning Aggression Peer Relations Family Relations ADHD Inattentive ADHD Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD Combined Oppositional Defiant Disorder Conduct Disorder Conners 3rd Edition usr_51bc76ae9636c Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale 1512660594745 trm_525c56680c13c Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale CPRS The Children&#39;s Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS) is a multidimensional rating scale of childhood psychopathology. It is not diagnostic, but rather a broad-ranging rating scale of symptoms and behaviors which may contribute to diagnosis. In addition, the scoring system enables the rating of severity of symptoms and presentation. Since the scale measures the presence or absence of symptoms over a particular period of time, it is a useful instrument of treatment efficacy and has regularly been the instrument of choice employed in clinical trials. For more information, see http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/334435.html Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641474 perfectionism a personality trait characterized by a person&#39;s striving for flawlessness and setting excessively high performance standards, accompanied by overly critical self-evaluations and concerns regarding others&#39; evaluations. perfectionism usr_51bc76ae9636c autism diagnostic interview - revised 1512660594773 trm_525d847e2bd0b autism diagnostic interview - revised ADI-R the ADI-R is a comprehensive interview that provides a thorough assessment of individuals suspected of having autism or other autism spectrum disorders. It has proven highly useful for formal diagnosis as well as treatment and educational planning. autism diagnostic interview - revised usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641497 eating appetite, food preference An individual&#39;s preferences for food or general appetite. eating usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641519 sensory defensiveness sensitivity a condition defined as having &#34;a tendency to react negatively or with alarm to sensory input which is generally considered harmless or non-irritating&#34; to neurotypical people.&#34; sensory defensiveness usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641541 sensitivity to change flexibility, tolerance an individual&#39;s ability to withstand changes in his or her environment or situation. sensitivity to change usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641564 noise sensitivity auditory sensitivity having a tendency to react negatively or with alarm to noise input which is generally considered harmless or non-irritating to neurotypical individuals. noise sensitivity usr_51bc76ae9636c Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing 1512660594800 trm_526027c99b726 Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing CTOPP The CTOPP-2 can be used to help evaluate phonological processing abilities as a prerequisite to reading fluency. The revised version of this popular assessment is now appropriate for use with children as young as 4 years old. http://www.pearsonassessments.com/HAIWEB/Cultures/en-us/Productdetail.htm?Pid=CTOPP2 Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing usr_51bc76ae9636c Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale 1512660594829 trm_52602c143d3a9 Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale CY-BOCS a widely used measure of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptom severity in youth. Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c Expressive Vocabulary Test 1512660594854 trm_52602e2e0c43b Expressive Vocabulary Test EVT The Expressive Vocabulary Test assesses receptive and expressive vocabulary, and word retrieval. Expressive Vocabulary Test usr_51bc76ae9636c Expressive One Word-Picture Vocabulary Test 1512660594881 trm_5262c98a09546 Expressive One Word-Picture Vocabulary Test EOWPVT The Expressive One Word-Picture Vocabulary Test assesses English speaking vocabulary and verbal intelligence for individuals age 2 to 95 years. http://portal.wpspublish.com/portal/page?_pageid=53,272879&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL Expressive One Word-Picture Vocabulary Test usr_51bc76ae9636c Leiter International Performance Scale 1512660594904 trm_5262cb3d852c0 Leiter International Performance Scale Leiter The Leiter International Performance Scale is an intelligence test for children ages 2 to 18 in the form of a strict performance scale. The test purports to &#34;provide a nonverbal measure of general intelligence by sampling a wide variety of functions from memory to nonverbal reasoning.&#34; Because of the exclusion of language, it claims to be more accurate than other tests when testing children who cannot or will not provide a verbal response, including children who are non native speaking, or have autism, traumatic brain injury, speech impairment, and hearing problems. Scales and subscales include: Reasoning: Classification Sequential order Repeated patterns Design analogies Visualization: Matching Figure-ground Paper folding Figure rotation Picture context Form completion Memory: Memory span (Forward) Memory span (Backward) Immediate recognition Delayed recognition Associative memory Associative delayed memory Spatial memory Visual coding Attention: Attention sustained (marking one kind of figures printed on a page with several different figures) Attention divided (observing a display and simultaneously sorting cards correctly) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiter_International_Performance_Scale Leiter International Performance Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c Mullen Scales of Early Learning 1512660594931 trm_5262d6d7b2097 Mullen Scales of Early Learning Mullen The Mullen Scales of Early Learning encompass five scales used to assess cognitive and motor ability and development. Specifically, including Gross Motor, Visual Reception, Fine Motor, Expressive Language, and Receptive Language. Mullen Scales of Early Learning usr_51bc76ae9636c PDD Behavior Inventory 1512660594961 trm_5262d903ae91d PDD Behavior Inventory PDDBI The Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavioral Inventory assess responsiveness to intervention in children with a pervasive developmental disorder. The extended form assesses two categories, each including a set of subscales: Approach/Withdrawal Problems: Sensory/Perceptual Approach Ritualisms/Resistance to Change Social Pragmatic Problems Semantic Pragmatic Problems Arousal Regulation Problems (extended form) Specific Fears (extended form) Aggressiveness (extended form) Receptive/Expressive Social Communication Abilities: Social Approach Behaviors Expressive Language Learning, Memory, and Receptive Language (extended form) PDD Behavior Inventory usr_51bc76ae9636c Preschool Language Scale 1512660594993 trm_5266bc6473fd8 Preschool Language Scale PLS The Preschool Language Scale (PLS) provides a comprehensive assessment of language development, specifically it measures total language, auditory comprehension, and expressive communication. Preschool Language Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test 1512660595019 trm_5266bebe14d2e Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test PPVT The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) is a vocabulary assessment to assess receptive and expressive vocabulary performance. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test usr_51bc76ae9636c Sensory Profile 1512660595049 trm_526943e3cbaaf Sensory Profile The Sensory Profile is a test to assess sensory processing for a wide range of age groups. Domains (and subscles within domains) include: 1) Sensory processing domain: auditory processing, visual processing, vestibular processing, touch processing, and multi-sensory processing, oral processing. 2) Modulation domain: sensory processing related to endurance and tone, modulation related to body position and movement, modulation of movement affecting activity level, modulation of sensory input affecting emotional responses, modulation of visual input affecting emotional responses and activity level. 3) Behavior and emotional responses: emotional/social responses, behavioral outcomes of sensory processing, items indicating threshold for response. https://www.pearsonassessments.com/HAIWEB/Cultures/en-us/Productdetail.htm?Pid=076-1638-008 Sensory Profile usr_51bc76ae9636c Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales 1512660595093 trm_526af65b16c82 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales The Stanford-Binet (SB) - the best and most popular intelligence test, is a Cognitive ability assessment used to measure intelligence (IQ). It measures five factors of cognitive ability: Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory. Each of these factors is tested in two separate domains, verbal and nonverbal. Subtests include: Vocabulary, Comprehension, Pattern Analysis, Quantitative, Bead Memory, and Memory for Sentences. http://www.stanfordbinet.net/ Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales usr_51bc76ae9636c Test of Early Language Development 1512660595120 trm_527138126fb20 Test of Early Language Development TELD The Test of Early Language Development (TELD) is a standardized test to assess spoken language skills at early ages. Subtests include Receptive Language and Expressive Language, and these metrics yield an overall Spoken Language score. Test of Early Language Development usr_51bc76ae9636c Test of Adolescent and Adult Language 1512660595154 trm_52713c85c0bd2 Test of Adolescent and Adult Language TOAL The Test of Adolescent and Adult Language (TOAL) measures spoken and written language abilities of adolescents and young adults with varying degrees of knowledge of the English language. It includes the following six subtests: Word opposites, word deviations, spoken analogies, word similarities, sentence combining, and orthographic usage. Composite scores include spoken language, written language, and general language. Test of Adolescent and Adult Language usr_51bc76ae9636c Test of Language Development 1512660595179 trm_527143a263937 Test of Language Development TOLD The Test of Language Development (TOLD) provides six subtests that measure components of spoken language, including 1) Sentence Combining, 2) Picture Vocabulary, 3) Word Ordering, 4) Relational Vocabulary, 5) Morphological Comprehension, and 6) Multiple Meanings. Test of Language Development usr_51bc76ae9636c Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales 1512660595207 trm_52717a95a3b03 Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Vineland The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales are the leading instrument for supporting the diagnosis of intellectual and developmental disabilities. It assesses an individual in the domains of communication, daily living skills, socialization, motor skills, and a maladaptive behavior index. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales usr_51bc76ae9636c Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Development Profile 1512660595242 trm_52718631bc934 Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Development Profile CSBS The Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Development Profile (CSBS) is an assessment to pick up early delays in social communication, expressive speech/language, and symbolic functioning. Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Development Profile usr_51bc76ae9636c Differential Ability Scales 1512660595268 trm_5272806688e63 Differential Ability Scales DAS The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) make an assessment about how a child processes information, and at cognitive abilities that are important for learning. Specifically, the test measures verbal and visual working memory, immediate and delayed recall, visual recognition and matching, processing and naming speed, phonological processing, and understanding of basic number concepts. Differential Ability Scales usr_51bc76ae9636c Early Childhood Behavioral Questionnaire 1512660595299 trm_5298e7a465b41 Early Childhood Behavioral Questionnaire ECBQ The Early Childhood Behavioral Questionnaire encompasses 18 scales, and 201 items to measure several aspects of temperament in toddlers. A short form (107 items; 18 scales), and a very short form (36 items; 3 broad scales) are available. http://www.bowdoin.edu/~sputnam/rothbart-temperament-questionnaires/instrument-descriptions/early-childhood-behavior.html Early Childhood Behavioral Questionnaire usr_51bc76ae9636c Early Development Interview (EDI) 1512660595356 trm_5298ed1336e43 Early Development Interview (EDI) EDI The Early Development Interview measures the following: Communication Repetitive Behavior Regulatory Social Sensory Tone Family Changes Child Medical Events Stressful Events http://ndar.nih.gov/ndar_data_dictionary.html?short_name=edi01 Early Development Interview (EDI) usr_51bc76ae9636c Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test 1512660595401 trm_5298f15fe0fcf Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test EOWPVT The Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test can be used to assess expressive language for individuals who have experienced stroke, concussion, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative disease. The test provides a comprehensive assessment of expressive and receptive vocabulary. http://www.proedinc.com/customer/productView.aspx?ID=2166 Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test usr_51bc76ae9636c Halstead-Reitan Battery 1512660595448 trm_529911569b592 Halstead-Reitan Battery The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery is a combination of neuropsychological tests used to assess the possible physical aspects and localization of neurological damage. Trails A and B Verbal Fluency Halstead Category Test Spatial Positional Reasoning Tactual Performance Test Rhythm Test Speech Sounds Perception Test Finger Oscillation Test and several ancillary tests. See: http://www.minddisorders.com/Flu-Inv/Halstead-Reitan-Battery.html for details. Halstead-Reitan Battery usr_51bc76ae9636c Joint Attention / Social and Nonsocial Orienting Task 1512660595485 trm_529ce04b778b6 Joint Attention / Social and Nonsocial Orienting Task jasnot This task makes an assessment of the extent that a child can respond to different stimuli, or exhibit joint attention: http://ndar.nih.gov/ndar_data_dictionary.html?short_name=jasnot01 I was not able to find the original paper detailing the task. Joint Attention / Social and Nonsocial Orienting Task usr_51bc76ae9636c Judgment of Line Orientation Task 1512660595524 trm_529ce3d22be3e Judgment of Line Orientation Task jol This test is a standardized measure of visuospatial judgment. See http://www4.parinc.com/Products/Product.aspx?ProductID=JUDGMENTLINE Judgment of Line Orientation Task usr_51bc76ae9636c Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test 1512660595553 trm_529ce6ecb35f8 Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test KBIT,K-BIT The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) measures both verbal and nonverbal ability. http://www.pearsonclinical.com/psychology/products/100000390/kaufman-brief-intelligence-test-second-edition-kbit2.html Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test usr_51bc76ae9636c Loneliness Rating Scale 1512660595605 trm_529d087705bfa Loneliness Rating Scale LRS The loneliness rating scale is a 40 item questionnaire to assess current level of loneliness. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16367513 Loneliness Rating Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641589 loneliness isolation, solitary, alone loneliness is a complex and unpleasant emotional response to isolation or lack of companionship. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness loneliness usr_523ef0e181acb 1512660641614 phonological processing Refers to the use of phonological information (i.e., the sound of one&#39;s language) in processing written and oral language. phonological processing usr_49a467bf4e0db Overt word repetition 1512660595639 trm_534690b0e9dc5 Overt word repetition Subjects are presented auditorily with words and asked to repeat them aloud. Overt word repetition usr_49a467bf4e0db Covert verb generation task 1512660595672 trm_5346927710e88 Covert verb generation task A task in which subjects are presented with nouns and generate an associated verb silently. Covert verb generation task usr_49a467bf4e0db Tapping task 1512660595709 trm_534692ef3b5df Tapping task Subjects are instructed to move a body part corresponding to a picture. The following instructions were issued: “You have to tap your index finger when you see a picture of a finger, flex your foot when you see a picture of a foot, and purse your lips when you see a picture of lips”. Tapping task usr_49a467bf4e0db Landmark task 1512660595749 trm_5346938eed092 Landmark task Subjects performed two alternate tasks, namely tell if a horizontal line is crossed precisely in the middle (LANDMARK) and tell if a horizontal line is crossed at all (DETECTION). The following instructions were used: “Press the button with your left index finger if the line is bisected in the middle otherwise press the button with your right finger” or “Press the button with your left index finger if the line is crossed otherwise press the button with your right finger”. Landmark task usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641636 conflict adaptation effect conflict adaptation, trial-to-trial conflict effect The congruency effect after incongruent trials is reduced when compared with congruent trials. It is a trial-to-trial effect. Originally reported by Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1992; as refered by van Steenbergen, 2010; Psychological Science). Thus: (iI-iC) conflict adaptation effect usr_53c44398e3284 why/how task 1512660595783 trm_53c4465b0466f why/how task yes/no why/how task, why/how localizer The Why/How Task is a neuroimaging task for manipulating and measuring abstract conceptualization of sensory stimuli, especially social stimuli. In the version validated in Spunt and Adolphs (2014, NeuroImage), participants answer attributional (why) and factual (how) questions about visual social scenes using a yes/no manual response. The Why/How manipulation is attentional: Each photograph appears once as the target of a Why question, and once as the target of a How question. A standardized version of this task is available for download here: http://bobspunt.com/whyhow-localizer/. Further information can be acquired in the following paper: Spunt, R. P., & Adolphs, R. (2014). Validating why/how the contrast for functional MRI studies of Theory of Mind. NeuroImage. 99, 301-311. why/how task usr_51bc76ae9636c rest eyes closed 1512660595822 trm_54e69c642d89b rest eyes closed Subjects rest passively with their eyes closed. Often used as a baseline for comparison for other tasks. rest eyes closed usr_49a467bf4e0db think/no-think task 1512660595858 trm_54f93101b2fd8 think/no-think task A task in which subjects are cued to either remember or suppress the memory for a specific association that was previously learned. think/no-think task usr_51bc76ae9636c working memory fMRI task paradigm 1512660595887 trm_550b50095d4a3 working memory fMRI task paradigm This is the &#34;working memory&#34; task used in the Human Connectome Project. The category specific representation task and the working memory task are combined into a single task paradigm. Participants were presented with blocks of trials that consisted of pictures of places, tools, faces and body parts (non-mutilated parts of bodies with no “nudity”). Within each run, the 4 different stimulus types were presented in separate blocks. Also, within each run, ½ of the blocks use a 2-back working memory task and ½ use a 0-back working memory task (as a working memory comparison). A 2.5 second cue indicates the task type (and target for 0-back) at the start of the block. Each of the two runs contains 8 task blocks (10 trials of 2.5 seconds each, for 25 seconds) and 4 fixation blocks (15 seconds). On each trial, the stimulus is presented for 2 seconds, followed by a 500 ms inter-task interval (ITI). Potential Additional Event Related Contrasts: Researchers can also use the TAB.txt E-Prime data files to generate the following potential event-related contrasts: http://humanconnectome.org/documentation/S500/HCP_S500+MEG2_Release_Appendix_VI.pdf http://humanconnectome.org/documentation/S500/HCP_S500+MEG2_Release_Reference_Manual.pdf References for Working Memory: Localizer (Drobyshevsky et al. 2006); Reliable across subjects (Drobyshevsky et al. 2006) and time (Caceres et al. 2009). working memory fMRI task paradigm usr_51bc76ae9636c motor fMRI task paradigm 1512660595920 trm_550b53d7dd674 motor fMRI task paradigm This task was adapted from the one developed by Buckner and colleagues (Buckner et al. 2011; Yeo et al. 2011). Participants are presented with visual cues that ask them to either tap their left or right fingers, or squeeze their left or right toes, or move their tongue to map motor areas. Each block of a movement type lasted 12 seconds (10 movements), and is preceded by a 3 second cue. In each of the two runs, there are 13 blocks, with 2 of tongue movements, 4 of hand movements (2 right and 2 left), and 4 of foot movements (2 right and 2 left). In addition, there are 3 15-second fixation blocks per run. This task contains the following events, each of which is computed against the fixation baseline. This task is included in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) 500 subject data release. http://humanconnectome.org/documentation/S500/HCP_S500+MEG2_Release_Reference_Manual.pdf References for Motor Task: Localizer (Morioka et al. 1995; Bizzi et al. 2008; Buckner et al. 2011; Yeo et al. 2011). motor fMRI task paradigm usr_51bc76ae9636c language processing fMRI task paradigm 1512660595952 trm_550b54a8b30f4 language processing fMRI task paradigm This task was developed by Binder and colleagues (Binder et al. 2011) and uses the E-prime scripts provided by these investigators. The task consists of two runs that each interleave 4 blocks of a story task and 4 blocks of a math task. The lengths of the blocks vary (average of approximately 30 seconds), but the task was designed so that the math task blocks match the length of the story task blocks, with some additional math trials at the end of the task to complete the 3.8 minute run as needed. The story blocks present participants with brief auditory stories (5-9 sentences) adapted from Aesop’s fables, followed by a 2-alternative forcedchoice question that asks participants about the topic of the story. The example provided in the original Binder paper (p. 1466) is “For example, after a story about an eagle that saves a man who had done him a favor, participants were asked, “Was that about revenge or reciprocity?” The math task also presents trials aurally and requires subjects to complete addition and subtraction problems. The trials present subjects with a series of arithmetic operations (e.g., “fourteen plus twelve”), followed by “equals” and then two choices (e.g., “twenty-nine or twentysix”). Participants push a button to select either the first or the second answer. The math task is adaptive to try to maintain a similar level of difficulty across participants. For more details on the task, please see (Binder et al. 2011). References for Language Task: Reliable across subjects and robust activation (Binder et al. 2011). This task is included in the Human Connectome Project. http://humanconnectome.org/documentation/S500/HCP_S500+MEG2_Release_Reference_Manual.pdf language processing fMRI task paradigm usr_51bc76ae9636c social cognition (theory of mind) fMRI task paradigm 1512660595987 trm_550b557e5f90e social cognition (theory of mind) fMRI task paradigm Participants were presented with short video clips (20 seconds) of objects (squares, circles, triangles) that either interacted in some way, or moved randomly on the screen. These videos were developed by either Castelli and colleagues (Castelli et al. 2000) or Martin and colleagues (Wheatley et al. 2007). After each video clip, participants judge whether the objects had a mental interaction (an interaction that appears as if the shapes are taking into account each other’s feelings and thoughts), Not Sure, or No interaction (i.e., there is no obvious interaction between the shapes and the movement appears random). Each of the two task runs has 5 video blocks (2 Mental and 3 Random in one run, 3 Mental and 2 Random in the other run) and 5 fixation blocks (15 seconds each). References for the Social Cognition Task: Reliable across subjects and robust activation (Castelli et al. 2000; Castelli et al. 2002; Wheatley et al. 2007; White et al. 2011). This task is used in the Human Connectome Project. http://humanconnectome.org/documentation/S500/HCP_S500+MEG2_Release_Reference_Manual.pdf social cognition (theory of mind) fMRI task paradigm usr_51bc76ae9636c relational processing fMRI task paradigm 1512660596019 trm_550b5a47aa23e relational processing fMRI task paradigm This task was adapted from the one developed by Christoff and colleagues (Smith et al. 2007). The stimuli are 6 different shapes filled with 1 of 6 different textures. In the relational processing condition, participants are presented with 2 pairs of objects, with one pair at the top of the screen and the other pair at the bottom of the screen. They are told that they should first decide what dimension differs across the top pair of objects (differed in shape or differed in texture) and then they should decide whether the bottom pair of objects also differ along that same dimension (e.g., if the top pair differs in shape, does the bottom pair also differ in shape). In the control matching condition, participants are shown two objects at the top of the screen and one object at the bottom of the screen, and a word in the middle of the screen (either “shape” or “texture”). They are told to decide whether the bottom object matches either of the top two objects on that dimension (e.g., if the word is “shape”, is the bottom object the same shape as either of the top two objects. For both conditions, the subject responds yes or no using one button or another. For the relational condition, the stimuli are presented for 3500 ms, with a 500 ms ITI, and there are four trials per block. In the matching condition, stimuli are presented for 2800 ms, with a 400 ms ITI, and there are 5 trials per block. Each type of block (relational or matching) lasts a total of 18 seconds. In each of the two runs of this task, there are 3 relational blocks, 3 matching blocks and 3 16-second fixation blocks. References for the Relational Processing Task: Localizer (Smith et al. 2007). This task is included in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) 500 Dataset Release http://humanconnectome.org/documentation/S500/HCP_S500+MEG2_Release_Reference_Manual.pdf relational processing fMRI task paradigm usr_51bc76ae9636c emotion processing fMRI task paradigm 1512660596044 trm_550b5b066d37b emotion processing fMRI task paradigm This task was adapted from the one developed by Hariri and colleagues (Hariri et al. 2002). Participants are presented with blocks of trials that either ask them to decide which of two faces presented on the bottom of the screen match the face at the top of the screen, or which of two shapes presented at the bottom of the screen match the shape at the top of the screen. The faces have either an angry or fearful expression. Trials are presented in blocks of 6 trials of the same task (face or shape), with the stimulus presented for 2000 ms and a 1000 ms ITI. Each block is preceded by a 3000 ms task cue (“shape” or “face”), so that each block is 21 seconds including the cue. Each of the two runs includes 3 face blocks and 3 shape blocks, with 8 seconds of fixation at the end of each run. This task is included in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) 500 subject data release. http://humanconnectome.org/documentation/S500/HCP_S500+MEG2_Release_Reference_Manual.pdf References for the Emotion Processing Task: Localizer (Hariri et al. 2002); Moderate reliability across time (Manuck et al. 2007). emotion processing fMRI task paradigm usr_51bc76ae9636c gambling fMRI task paradigm 1512660596070 trm_550b5c1a7f4db gambling fMRI task paradigm gambling task This task was adapted from the one developed by Delgado and Fiez (Delgado et al. 2000). Participants play a card guessing game where they are asked to guess the number on a mystery card (represented by a “?”) in order to win or lose money. Participants are told that potential card numbers range from 1-9 and to indicate if they think the mystery card number is more or less than 5 by pressing one of two buttons on the response box. Feedback is the number on the card (generated by the program as a function of whether the trial was a reward, loss or neutral trial) and either: 1) a green up arrow with “$1” for reward trials, 2) a red down arrow next to -$0.50 for loss trials; or 3) the number 5 and a gray double headed arrow for neutral trials. The “?” is presented for up to 1500 ms (if the participant responds before 1500 ms, a fixation cross is displayed for the remaining time), following by feedback for 1000 ms. There is a 1000 ms ITI with a “+” presented on the screen. The task is presented in blocks of 8 trials that are either mostly reward (6 reward trials pseudo randomly interleaved with either 1 neutral and 1 loss trial, 2 neutral trials, or 2 loss trials) or mostly loss (6 loss trials pseudorandomly interleaved with either 1 neutral and 1 reward trial, 2 neutral trials, or 2 reward trials). In each of the two runs, there are 2 mostly reward and 2 mostly loss blocks, interleaved with 4 fixation blocks (15 seconds each). This task is part of the Human Connectome Project (HCP) 500 subject data relase. http://humanconnectome.org/documentation/S500/HCP_S500+MEG2_Release_Reference_Manual.pdf References for Gambling Task: Reliable across subjects and robust activation in fMRI (Delgado et al. 2000; May et al. 2004; Tricomi et al. 2004; Forbes et al. 2009) gambling fMRI task paradigm usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660641680 goal selection None goal selection usr_55dcf14c19c7b 1512660641702 discrimination Responding differently to stimuli that differ in some aspect discrimination usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660641724 stimulus detection It is the ability to discern between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that distract from the information stimulus detection usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660641746 visual localization Localization of visually perceived objects relative to other visually perceived objects (either simultaneously or successively) or relative to a visual norm, or by absolute identification. visual localization usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660641768 perceptual priming is based on the form of the stimulus and is enhanced by the match between the early and later stimuli. perceptual priming usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660641794 spatial localization reference to a definite locality in space spatial localization usr_4e42a3196fbcd Tone Matching 1512660596094 trm_5519c2645167e Tone Matching The tone matching task is designed to measure pitch perception. Subjects are presented with pairs of tones and are asked to indicate whether they sounded the same or different. Source: http://davidileitman.com/tone-matching-task/ Tone Matching usr_4e42a3196fbcd Deviance Detection 1512660596119 trm_5519c2d8d7b1d Deviance Detection Detect the change in sound from one stimulus to another Deviance Detection usr_4e42a3196fbcd Regularity and Change Detection 1512660596146 trm_5519c329eb334 Regularity and Change Detection None Regularity and Change Detection usr_4e42a3196fbcd Speech Detection 1512660596174 trm_5519c3eaa3fb7 Speech Detection None Speech Detection usr_4e42a3196fbcd Bistability 1512660596198 trm_5519c4bb1d1ee Bistability When viewing an image with multiple interpretations, subjective perception alternates stochastically between the different interpretations. Bistability usr_4e42a3196fbcd Tone Detection (JND) 1512660596221 trm_5519c5f2ad56f Tone Detection (JND) just-noticeable difference or JND is the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time Tone Detection (JND) usr_4e42a3196fbcd Vernier discrimination task 1512660596249 trm_5519c7f17de9f Vernier discrimination task observers judge whether one line is displaced above or below a second line Vernier discrimination task usr_4e42a3196fbcd contour integration task 1512660596275 trm_5519c85ed1e8d contour integration task observers are asked to detect the presence of a contour of Gabor elements embedded in a background of similar but otherwise unrelated elements contour integration task usr_4e42a3196fbcd perceptual closure task 1512660596299 trm_551b05e03be48 perceptual closure task the ability to form coherent mental pictures with very little visual information. Perceptual closure is a process whereby an incomplete stimulus is perceived to be complete. perceptual closure task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Parallel/serial search 1512660596328 trm_551b06cf9783b Parallel/serial search Visual search task In a serial search, you look at one item at a time, and respond as soon as you see a target. In a parallel search, you look at multiple items at a time and the relevant aspect of the target can be detected quickly regardless of how many distractors there are. Parallel/serial search usr_4e42a3196fbcd contour interpolation task 1512660596351 trm_551b0bb59173d contour interpolation task Contour interpolation mechanisms allow perception of bounded objects despite incomplete edge information. contour interpolation task usr_4e42a3196fbcd lateral facilitation 1512660596383 trm_551b0c0a742d2 lateral facilitation None lateral facilitation usr_4e42a3196fbcd coherent motion 1512660596407 trm_551b0c616de16 coherent motion None coherent motion usr_4e42a3196fbcd multistability 1512660596430 trm_551b0cdcde976 multistability None multistability usr_4e42a3196fbcd figure ground task 1512660596454 trm_551b0d687ee33 figure ground task find the figure that is embedded in the background, ignoring the background figure ground task usr_4e42a3196fbcd visual illusion susceptibility 1512660596480 trm_551b0dc4e4359 visual illusion susceptibility None visual illusion susceptibility usr_4e42a3196fbcd cross modality 1512660596503 trm_551b0e17c6c76 cross modality None cross modality usr_4e42a3196fbcd perceptual organization 1512660596527 trm_551b0e6b88363 perceptual organization None perceptual organization usr_4e42a3196fbcd object perception task 1512660596554 trm_551b0ee81fb6b object perception task None object perception task usr_4e42a3196fbcd object recognition task 1512660596577 trm_551b0f2b930ab object recognition task Object recognition is the ability to perceive an object’s physical properties (such as shape, colour and texture) and apply semantic attributes to the object, which includes the understanding of its use, previous experience with the object and how it relates to others. object recognition task usr_4e42a3196fbcd retinotopic representation 1512660596599 trm_551b0fd03d7d8 retinotopic representation None retinotopic representation usr_4e42a3196fbcd local computation 1512660596621 trm_551b1004bc652 local computation None local computation usr_4e42a3196fbcd object classification 1512660596644 trm_551b107c5c111 object classification None object classification usr_5582f60ee9c42 auditory scene perception 1512660596668 trm_551b1460e89a3 auditory scene perception Any task that requires the perception of complex auditory stimuli, such as music auditory scene perception usr_4e42a3196fbcd gating 1512660596692 trm_551b14d7d5882 gating None gating usr_4e42a3196fbcd self monitoring task 1512660596717 trm_551b153bc78fc self monitoring task None self monitoring task usr_4e42a3196fbcd action-perception loop 1512660596742 trm_551b15af981c6 action-perception loop None action-perception loop usr_4e42a3196fbcd intensity for somatosensory stimulation 1512660596770 trm_551b17b190582 intensity for somatosensory stimulation None intensity for somatosensory stimulation usr_51bc76ae9636c auditory masking task 1512660596794 trm_551b1b6f6a262 auditory masking task Auditory masking occurs when the perception of one sound is affected by the presence of another sound. auditory masking task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Re-entrant processing 1512660596817 trm_551efd39a74dd Re-entrant processing None Re-entrant processing usr_4e42a3196fbcd emotion expression identification 1512660596844 trm_551efd8a98162 emotion expression identification participants are presented with faces whose expressions slowly change from neutral to full intensity emotion expression identification usr_4e42a3196fbcd contrast sensitivity test 1512660596867 trm_551efdcd10677 contrast sensitivity test A contrast sensitivity test measures your ability to distinguish between finer and finer increments of light versus dark (contrast). contrast sensitivity test usr_4e42a3196fbcd Face Identification task 1512660596893 trm_551efdfd1a356 Face Identification task None Face Identification task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Manipulation of ISI 1512660596921 trm_551efeacb9deb Manipulation of ISI The interstimulus interval (ISI) is the temporal interval between the offset of one stimulus to the onset of another Manipulation of ISI usr_4e42a3196fbcd Novelty detection task 1512660596948 trm_551eff0fdab74 Novelty detection task None Novelty detection task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Spatial cuing paradigm 1512660596971 trm_551f0634b2607 Spatial cuing paradigm spatial cueing task has been used to measure manual and eye-movement reaction times to target stimuli in order to investigate the effects of covert orienting of attention in response to different cue conditions. Spatial cuing paradigm usr_51bc76ae9636c attentional blink paradigm 1512660596996 trm_551f06a08dcc4 attentional blink paradigm Attentional blink is a phenomenon observed in rapid serial visual presentation. When presented with a sequence of visual stimuli in rapid succession at the same spatial location on a screen, a participant will often fail to detect a second salient target occurring in succession if it is presented between 180-450 ms after the first one. attentional blink paradigm usr_4e42a3196fbcd Inter-modal selective attention task 1512660597020 trm_551f0713a5a17 Inter-modal selective attention task subjects attend selectively to auditory or visual stimuli Inter-modal selective attention task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Blocked channel-selection task 1512660597044 trm_551f0757982bc Blocked channel-selection task None Blocked channel-selection task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Distraction paradigm (capture) 1512660597068 trm_551f07a281283 Distraction paradigm (capture) - Distraction paradigm (capture) usr_4e42a3196fbcd ANT task 1512660597097 trm_551f0857e1db8 ANT task The ANT is a task designed to test three attentional networks in children and adults: alerting, orienting, and executive control. Efficiency of the alerting network is examined by changes in reaction time resulting from a warning signal. Efficiency of orienting is examined by changes in the reaction time that accompany cues indicating where the target will occur. The efficiency of the executive network is examined by requiring the participant to respond by pressing two keys indicating the direction (left or right) of a central arrow surrounded by congruent, incongruent or neutral flankers. ANT task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Sternberg Item Recognition Task 1512660597121 trm_551f0a8b5ba2c Sternberg Item Recognition Task is a working memory task requiring participants to first encode a set of digits (encode-phase) and then to maintain them ‘on-line’ in WM while responding to each of the probe digits that follow by indicating whether or not it was a member of the memorized set (probe-phase). Sternberg Item Recognition Task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Running Memory 1512660597155 trm_551f0b18d7ca0 Running Memory running memory span task in running memory task , a list ends unpredictably and the last few items are to be recalled. Running Memory usr_4e42a3196fbcd Simple span task 1512660597191 trm_551f0b9654d23 Simple span task The test begins with two to three numbers, increasing until the person commits errors. At the end of a sequence, the person being tested is asked to recall the items in order. Simple span task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Continuous Performance Test - AX version 1512660597215 trm_551f0c294ce23 Continuous Performance Test - AX version A version of the continuous performance task in which subjects are told to make one response for the letter X when it was preceded by the letter A, and another response for all other stimuli. AX trials are &#34;target trials&#34;; in these types of trials a valid cue is followed by a valid probe. The 3 other trial types are &#34;Non-target trials&#34; in which either a valid cue is followed by an invalid probe (&#34;AY&#34; type trials) or an invalid cue is followed by either a valid or invalid probe (&#34;BX&#34; or &#34;BY&#34; probes, respectively). Continuous Performance Test - AX version usr_4e42a3196fbcd Sequence encoding 1512660597236 trm_551f0cc82ed49 Sequence encoding test the ability to encode a sequence of letters or words into memory in the presence or absence of distractors Sequence encoding usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660641816 Limited Capacity None Limited Capacity usr_4e42a3196fbcd Sequence reproduction 1512660597258 trm_551f103b3edeb Sequence reproduction requires tapping keys as rapidly and as accurately as possible to reproduce different finger movement sequences demonstrated on a visual display panel. Sequence reproduction usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660641838 interference control Protection from self-directed responses that result from disruption by competing events and responses. interference control usr_4e42a3196fbcd Transitive inference task 1512660597281 trm_551f1491a2fe8 Transitive inference task Transitive inference is a form of inferential reasoning. For example, if A > B and B > C and C > D and D > E, then it can be concluded without being told than B > D. &#34;greater than (>)&#34; can be replaced with any other (supposedly) transitive relation, such as &#34;better than&#34; or &#34;darker-colored than&#34;. Transitive inference task usr_595048b29ebdf acquired equivalence 1512660597303 trm_551f151f7347e acquired equivalence Acquired equivalence is a paradigm in which generalization is increased between two superficially dissimilar stimuli (or antecedents) that have previously been associated with similar outcomes (or consequents). acquired equivalence usr_4e42a3196fbcd Naming tasks 1512660597326 trm_552174863d51e Naming tasks Tests ability to retrieve words Naming tasks usr_4e42a3196fbcd Verbal description of visual depiction 1512660597355 trm_552174d3b61fb Verbal description of visual depiction Verbal descriptions of visual depictions of events and states Verbal description of visual depiction usr_4e42a3196fbcd Corpus analysis 1512660597382 trm_5521752956bb2 Corpus analysis Linguistic corpus-based analysis of language output Corpus analysis usr_4e42a3196fbcd Coherent/Incoherent discourse distinction task 1512660597405 trm_55217860a9dea Coherent/Incoherent discourse distinction task Measures ability to distinguish between coherent and incoherent sentences and discourse Coherent/Incoherent discourse distinction task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Discourse content questions 1512660597428 trm_55217a446eb3b Discourse content questions None Discourse content questions usr_4e42a3196fbcd Listening and reading task 1512660597451 trm_55217a9f473f0 Listening and reading task Listening and reading times to critical words and regions in linguistic input Listening and reading task usr_4e42a3196fbcd Eye tracking paradigms 1512660597477 trm_55217b48995ce Eye tracking paradigms Patterns of eye movements to critical words and regions in linguistic input Eye tracking paradigms usr_4e42a3196fbcd Mouse tracking paradigms 1512660597501 trm_55217bd86ee12 Mouse tracking paradigms Patterns of motor movements to critical words and regions in linguistic input Mouse tracking paradigms usr_4e42a3196fbcd Visual world paradigm 1512660597525 trm_55217c8179b00 Visual world paradigm Patterns of eye movements to non-verbal visual stimuli during spoken language comprehension Visual world paradigm usr_4e42a3196fbcd Manipulation of predictability and acceptability 1512660597548 trm_55217d7fbfdba Manipulation of predictability and acceptability Manipulations of predictability and acceptability, at different levels of representation, in a linguistic input. Manipulation of predictability and acceptability usr_4e42a3196fbcd Manipulation of language and non-verbal behaviors 1512660597573 trm_55217e77441b0 Manipulation of language and non-verbal behaviors Experimental manipulations of relationships between language and non-verbal behaviors Manipulation of language and non-verbal behaviors usr_4e42a3196fbcd Sentence/discourse content test 1512660597596 trm_5521807e50549 Sentence/discourse content test Measures the ability to answer questions about the content of sentences and discourse Sentence/discourse content test usr_4e42a3196fbcd Manipulation of individual words 1512660597619 trm_55218116cbf40 Manipulation of individual words Experimental manipulations of different types of relationships between individual words in priming paradigms Manipulation of individual words usr_4e42a3196fbcd Manipulation of coherence and cohesion 1512660597641 trm_552181d7be45e Manipulation of coherence and cohesion Experimental manipulations of different types of coherence and cohesion between clauses in discourse Manipulation of coherence and cohesion usr_4e42a3196fbcd Surface properties of object paradigms 1512660597663 trm_552184243d7ab Surface properties of object paradigms For intermediate vision, nonlocal properties of images, transformations beyond retinotopic representations (e.g., surface properties of the object independent of light, head position) Surface properties of object paradigms usr_4e42a3196fbcd Time-series of response time 1512660597685 trm_55218536d1710 Time-series of response time To extract variability and frequency domain analysis Time-series of response time usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660641881 object-based attention refers to the relationship between an ‘object’ representation and a person’s visually stimulated, selective attention object-based attention usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660641902 localization write definition here localization usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660641925 conceptual priming Conceptual priming is based on the meaning of a stimulus and is enhanced by semantic tasks. For example, table, will show priming effects on chair, because table and chair belong to the same category. conceptual priming usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660641947 positive priming refers to increased speed of processing of priming caused by simply experiencing the stimulus positive priming usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660641970 repetition priming refers to the finding that an initial presentation of a stimulus influences the way in which an individual will respond to that stimulus when it is presented at a later time. repetition priming usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660641993 semantic priming is where we process stimuli better depending on what comes first. semantic priming usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642018 associative priming In associative priming, the target is a word that has a high probability of appearing with the prime, and is &#34;associated&#34; with it but not necessarily related in semantic features. associative priming usr_595048b29ebdf 1512660642040 response priming A special form of the visuomotor priming effect in which prime and target are presented in quick succession. response priming usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660642062 kindness priming is a specific form of priming that occurs when a subject experiences an act of kindness and subsequently experiences a lower threshold of activation when subsequently encountering positive stimuli. kindness priming usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660642084 negative priming is a kind of priming in which the speed of processing is slower than unprimed levels. It is caused by experiencing the stimulus and then ignoring it negative priming usr_4e42a3196fbcd 1512660642107 feature-based attention direct limited processing resources on those sensory inputs that are most relevant for the task at hand feature-based attention usr_4e42a3196fbcd non-spatial cuing paradigm 1512660597706 trm_55295382db2c5 non-spatial cuing paradigm Unlike in spatial cuing task where left, right, up, down arrows shows the direction to which the stimuli appear, in non-spatial cuing task the directions right, left, up, and down are replaced by the words e.g., quick, slow, good, and bad avoiding providing spatial cues to the stimuli. non-spatial cuing paradigm usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642129 punishment processing punish, negative feedback, punishment the authoritative imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, in response to a particular action or behaviour that is deemed unacceptable or threatening to some norm (from Wikipedia.org) punishment processing usr_51bc76ae9636c Muller-Lyer Illusion 1512660597728 trm_5535623c2536a Muller-Lyer Illusion An optical illusion consisting of a stylized arrow. Muller-Lyer Illusion usr_4e42a3196fbcd Motion processing 1512660597751 trm_5536be03400e7 Motion processing None Motion processing usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642152 shape recognition the ability to perceive a shape shape recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c predictive-inference helicopter task 1512660597775 trm_553e6b8e33da4 predictive-inference helicopter task This task involves repeatedly predicting the next in a sequence of numbers. The inference problem is embedded in a cover task in which the number corresponded to the horizontal position at which a bag of money would drop from a helicopter concealed behind clouds. The objective is to catch coins in a bucket by predicting where the bag lands, and this is equivalent to inferring the generative mean (i.e., the position of the helicopter) and centering the bucket at that position. Learning rate can be measured by the shift in the participant&#39;s prediction and the prediction error. The description above, as well as full details of the task: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627314009118#sec4 predictive-inference helicopter task usr_51bc76ae9636c contextual semantic priming task 1512660597803 trm_553e73e29cf7d contextual semantic priming task This task presents blocks of fixation and words, with the words varying in the degree to which they are predictable (given the context of the previous words). On each trial, a fixation cross is presented followed by a visual prompt (asterisk) and a sequence of five centrally presented words (in lower case). The experimental variable is the predictability of the terminal, target word, represented in four conditions (Congruent == highly predictable,Incongruent == target word is highly predictable, but the prediction was violated by presenting a terminal word that was inappropriate given the context, Scrambled == initial four words did not establish a context for a grammatical sentence and the target word was not predictable, and Letter String == meaningless letter strings of identical consonants as a control). After presentation of the target word, the participant is asked if the sentence is meaningful. The above description was derived from (and full details are available) here: http://www.jneurosci.org/content/34/8/2871.full contextual semantic priming task usr_51bc76ae9636c Becker-Degroot-Marschak (BDM) procedure 1512660597828 trm_553e77887abc7 Becker-Degroot-Marschak (BDM) procedure This is an economics-derived task that broadly measures willingness to pay (WTP). Implementations generally involve the participant formulating a bid, and comparing the bid to a randomly generated price. If bid > price, the participant pays the price and receives the item. If bid Becker-Degroot-Marschak (BDM) procedure usr_51bc76ae9636c cue approach task 1512660597856 trm_553e77e53497d cue approach task This task is a type of cue-approach training in which participants observe images of individual food items presented for 1 s and are instructed to press a button as fast as possible (before the image disappears) only when they hear a tone (i.e., Go trials). There is no feedback to the participants regarding the success of the button press in the allotted time window. Full details can be read about: http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n4/full/nn.3673.html cue approach task usr_51bc76ae9636c functional localizer fMRI tasks 1512660597886 trm_553e85265f51e functional localizer fMRI tasks This is a simple and fast acquisition procedure based on a 5-minute functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sequence that can be run as easily and as systematically as an anatomical scan. This protocol captures the cerebral bases of auditory and visual perception, motor actions, reading, language comprehension and mental calculation at an individual level. Individual functional maps are reliable and quite precise. This description, and full details are available at: http://www.unicog.org/pm/pmwiki.php/Site/FunctionalLocalizer functional localizer fMRI tasks usr_51bc76ae9636c Ultimatum Game (UG) 1512660597909 trm_553e8882e3cb6 Ultimatum Game (UG) A social interactive bargaining task that measures social preferences via the degree to which participants accept unfair and unequal offers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimatum_game Ultimatum Game (UG) usr_51bc76ae9636c social bargaining fMRI task 1512660597931 trm_553e88a66b676 social bargaining fMRI task This is an instantiation of the Ultimatum Game (UG) in fMRI. In this game, a proposer is charged with splitting a sum of money with a partner. The responder decides either to accept or reject this proposed offer. If accepted, the money is split as suggested, but if rejected then neither player receives anything. The parterns can be a combination of real people, computers. Offers are preceded by a picture of the partner for that round, and partner pictures are randomly paired to an offer amount. Full details of the task are available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3594719/ social bargaining fMRI task usr_51bc76ae9636c multi-attribute reward-guided decision task 1512660597954 trm_553eb28436233 multi-attribute reward-guided decision task Participants are trained on the relative likelihood of receiving a reward on a set of images,&#34;stimuli,&#34; and a set of button presses, &#34;actions,&#34; and learn action-reward probabilities and stimulus-reward probabilities (pS) separately by performing pairwise choices between two randomly selected alternatives from each set. Choosing the better or worse of the two options gives positive or negative feedback (smiley and sad faces). For the actual task, participants performed a three-option choice task in which each option comprised one previously learned stimulus and one previously learned action. They are instructed to weight stimulus and action information equally on each trial and select the best option to obtain points that subsequently converted into monetary reward. This summarized text, and full details are available: http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n11/full/nn.3836.html#f1 multi-attribute reward-guided decision task usr_51bc76ae9636c social judgment of faces task 1512660597977 trm_553eb45e2b709 social judgment of faces task This task aims to measure social judgment in the domains of trustiness, attractiveness, happiness, and cognitive age. Participants are shown pictures of human faces, are required to compare the face pair based on 4 different questions: “(Who do you regard as) More trustworthy?,” “More attractive?,” “Happier?,” and “Older?.” social judgment of faces task usr_51bc76ae9636c perceptual discrimination task 1512660597999 trm_553ebfc390256 perceptual discrimination task Participants are asked to distinguish a gabor display that is &#34;popping out&#34; from one that is not, and rate their confidence on the decision on a scale of 1 (low confidence) to 6 (high confidence). Full details are available: http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/42/16657.full#F1 perceptual discrimination task usr_51bc76ae9636c Numerical Working Memory Task 1512660598023 trm_553ec40d44c51 Numerical Working Memory Task a sequence of numeric stimuli was encoded and participants were intermittently probed regarding the parity of the prior stimulus. Numerical Working Memory Task usr_51bc76ae9636c associative memory encoding task 1512660598046 trm_553ec64e6cb1b associative memory encoding task declarative memory encoding task Broadly, participants are taught to visually identify a facial feature or face, link a phonological cue or name to that feature or face, and either recall the associated name/cue or recognize it from a list Specifically, this is an associative memory encoding task for which participants are asked to remember names paired with pictures of faces, and rate their confidence on the assertion. associative memory encoding task usr_51bc76ae9636c Object Rating Task 1512660598074 trm_553fbba5d5327 Object Rating Task Any task where participants are asked to evaluate preferences for one or more stimuli on a scale. Object Rating Task usr_51bc76ae9636c social influence for food preferences task 1512660598103 trm_553fbbf79ebc5 social influence for food preferences task This task assesses the impact of social influence on ratings for healthy and unhealthy foods. Participants are shown images of foods, and asked to rate how much they would like to eat each food on a scale [1,8]. Participants are then shown an &#34;average&#34; rating from their peers that will either be much lower, higher, or the same, and this procedure is followed by another block to ask participants to re-evaluate foods after exposure to the peer ratings. Paper is available at: http://ssnl.stanford.edu/publications (Social norms shift behavioral and neural responses to foods. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.) social influence for food preferences task usr_51bc76ae9636c motion discrimination task 1512660598157 trm_553fc63a54ae6 motion discrimination task direction discrimination task any task for which a participant views stimuli with some proportion moving in a particular direction and must decide the direction the stimuli is moving in motion discrimination task usr_51bc76ae9636c consensus decision-making task 1512660598182 trm_553fc858cacc5 consensus decision-making task A participant must come to consensus with a set of other participants on a choice between two items. If consensus is reached, the item is obtained and the next block begins. If consensus is not reached, the next trial contains the same choice. If consensus is not reached by the end of the block, no item is gained. The experiment uses actual people, and the control condition uses has th participant interacting with a computer algorithm. Full details: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627315002159 consensus decision-making task usr_51bc76ae9636c stop signal walking task with stroop 1512660598207 trm_553fcbbe974ba stop signal walking task with stroop Participants walk around a virtual reality environment controlled by a foot pedal and must respond to STOP and WALK commands. In a low cognitive load condition, participants respond to these commands verbatim. In a high cognitive load condition, participants are presented with stroop stimuli, and congruent words == WALK, and incongruent words == STOP. Full details: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052602 stop signal walking task with stroop usr_51bc76ae9636c Bistable percept paradigm 1512660598229 trm_553fce5d21da7 Bistable percept paradigm a computer-based task that requires participants to evaluate a battery of monochromatic “monostable” and “bistable” percepts and impaired performance on this task distinguishes those PD patients who experience VH. From: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hbm.22321/full Bistable percept paradigm usr_51bc76ae9636c complex trait judgment task 1512660598134 trm_553fd2fc7a648 complex trait judgment task This task aims to measure judgment in the domains of trustworthiness (social), attractiveness (social), happiness (affective), and cognitive age (cognitive). Participants are presented with stimuli are required to evaluate each voice based on 4 different questions: “(Who do you regard as) More trustworthy?,” “More attractive?,” “Happier?,” and “Older?.” Judgments may be made based on stimuli including voices, faces, or other characteristics. complex trait judgment task usr_51bc76ae9636c color-word stroop with task switching 1512660591012 trm_5542841f3dcd5 color-word stroop with task switching This is a modified Stroop task (Gauthier et al., 2012) that consists of two 60- second blocks each of control and Stroop conditions, interspersed with 60-second rest blocks. In total, there are 4 task and 5 resting blocks, for a total acquisition length of 9 minutes. During task blocks, control or Stroop events always lasts 2.5 seconds, preceded by 1.5 seconds with a fixation cross to maintain a constant gaze direction. For full details, see http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197458012005684 color-word stroop with task switching usr_4e42a3196fbcd Manipulation of predictability 1512660598252 trm_55492d262a847 Manipulation of predictability None Manipulation of predictability usr_5550e439ddade audio narrative 1512660598276 trm_5550e5011ce10 audio narrative Audio narratives tell stories through sound alone: narration, interviews, live and archival sound recordings, environmental soundscapes, sound effects, found sounds, etc. Audio narratives use storytelling along with other audio means to create intimate experiences through characters, plot, and setting. audio narrative usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660642174 relational comparison relational matching Comparison of two stimuli based on a relational feature relational comparison usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660642197 animacy decision decision about whether a stimulus exhibits animacy animacy decision usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642219 auditory tone detection sound detection, tone detection determining the presence of an auditory stimulus such as a sound or tone auditory tone detection usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642241 auditory tone discrimination tone discrimination, sound discrimination It is the ability to perceive and respond to differences among auditory stimuli auditory tone discrimination usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642262 body maintenance keeping information about the body in active and immediately accessible state. body maintenance usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642284 color recognition assigning a detected color stimulus into a category (not necessarily task defined) color recognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660642305 decision certainty the confidence of knowledge regarding the likelihood of an outcome. decision certainty usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642327 economic value processing the process of comparing, at an idiosyncratic level, the economic value of two or more options. economic value processing usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642348 emotional face recognition The process of determining whether an emotional face is the same as another face that has been previously encountered. emotional face recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642370 emotional reappraisal ADD DEFINITION HERE emotional reappraisal usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642392 emotional self-evaluation ADD DEFINITION HERE emotional self-evaluation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660642437 feature comparison Comparison of stimuli based on a shared feature. feature comparison usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642458 loss anticipation prior expectation of the occurrence of a loss, sometimes accompanied by an emotional reaction loss anticipation usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642480 motion detection to determine the presence of motion. motion detection usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642524 negative emotion ADD DEFINITION HERE negative emotion usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642546 negative feedback processing Evaluating a piece of information that has externally ascribed negative salience in terms of meaning or associations to other concepts as opposed to surface or incidental characteristics. negative feedback processing usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642588 numerical scale judgment ADD DEFINITION HERE numerical scale judgment usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642624 object maintenance The process of keeping object information in active and immediately accessible state. object maintenance usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642658 oddball detection outlier detection, anomaly detection detecting patterns in a given data set that do not conform to an established normal behavior. oddball detection usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642694 pattern maintenance The process of keeping pattern information in active and immediately accessible state. pattern maintenance usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642729 place maintenance scene maintenance keeping information about a scene or place in active and immediately accessible state. place maintenance usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642761 positive feedback processing Evaluating a piece of information that has externally ascribed positive value in terms of meaning or associations to other concepts as opposed to surface or incidental characteristics. positive feedback processing usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642797 potential monetary loss A potential negative return in the form of money for performance of a specific behavior. potential monetary loss usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642834 potential monetary reward potential cash reward A potential positive return in the form of money for performance of a specific behavior. potential monetary reward usr_55dcf14c19c7b 1512660642875 proactive control Top down modulation of cognitive processes in anticipation of future goals or task demands. Often involves reaction time slowing proactive control usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660642919 reinforcement learning the modification of the value placed on potential stimulus/action combinations based on the outcomes associated with those actions in the past reinforcement learning usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660642955 resistance to distractor inference ADD DEFINITION HERE resistance to distractor inference usr_55dcf14c19c7b 1512660642977 response conflict The coactivation of competing response alternatives response conflict usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643000 response execution action execution Performance of an action in accordance with task demands, enacting a specific overt behavior response execution usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643026 reward anticipation prior expectation of the occurrence of a reward, sometimes accompanied by an emotional reaction reward anticipation usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660643048 risk processing danger processing, threat processing the extraction of information about the potential or current risk associated with a stimulus risk processing usr_55dcf14c19c7b 1512660643071 selective control Top-down modulation of specific response output or of specific stimuli in the environment. selective control usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643094 semantic categorization The assignment of a semantic stimulus to one of a set of categories. semantic categorization usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643116 spatial selective attention The process of dedicating cognitive and perceptual resources to one or more spatial inputs and attenuating receptiveness to other inputs. spatial selective attention usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643138 string maintenance consonant maintenance The process of keeping string (e.g., consonant) information in active and immediately accessible state. string maintenance usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660643159 task difficulty the perceived effort required to complete some mental or physical activity task difficulty usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643180 tool maintenance keeping information about a tool in active and immediately accessible state. tool maintenance usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643202 visual body recognition assigning a detected visual body into a category, not necessarily task defined visual body recognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660643224 visual color discrimination the identification of differences in color amongst visual stimuli visual color discrimination usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643247 visual face recognition assigning a detected visual face into a category, not necessarily task defined visual face recognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660643268 visual form discrimination the identification of differences among visual forms. visual form discrimination usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643289 visual form recognition assigning a detected visual form into a category, not necessarily task defined visual form recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643312 visual number recognition assigning a visually detected number stimulus into a category (not necessarily task defined) visual number recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643341 visual object detection visual detection of instances of objects of a certain class (such as humans, buildings, cars, etc.). visual object detection usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643362 visual pattern recognition The process of identifying a meaningful pattern in visual stimuli. visual pattern recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643383 visual recognition assigning a visually detected stimulus into a category (not necessarily task defined) visual recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643408 visual place recognition assigning a detected visual place or scene into a category, not necessarily task defined visual place recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643430 visual tool recognition assigning a detected visual tool into a category, not necessarily task defined visual tool recognition usr_55dcf04c46019 1512660643455 visual word recognition the ability to read (and understand) written words visual word recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643477 word maintenance The process of keeping word information in active and immediately accessible state. word maintenance usr_51bc76ae9636c Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index 1512660598301 trm_5585c83d15fad Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month time interval. Nineteen individual items generate seven &#34;component&#34; scores: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. The sum of scores for these seven components yields one global score. from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2748771 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index usr_51bc76ae9636c Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale 1512660598324 trm_5586ff878155d Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale ACDS A primary diagnostic measure developed to establish the presence of current adult symptoms of ADHD. This is an 18-item, clinician-based, semistructured interview hat employs adult-specific language to ensure adequate probing of adult manifestations of ADHD symptoms. The 18 items in the scale correspond to the 18 diagnostic criteria in the DSM criteria. From: http://www.adhdandyou.com/hcp/adult-adhd-screening.aspx Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c Young Mania Rating Scale 1512660598346 trm_558702243da12 Young Mania Rating Scale YMRS The Young Mania Rating Scale is an eleven-item, multiple-choice diagnostic questionnaire that psychiatrists use to measure the severity of manic episodes in patients. The scale was originally developed for use in the evaluation of adult patients who were suffering from bipolar disorder, but has since been modified for use in pediatric patients. A similar scale was then developed to allow clinicians to interview parents about their children&#39;s symptoms, in order to ascertain a better diagnosis of mania in children. Clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of the parent version of the scale. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Mania_Rating_Scale Young Mania Rating Scale usr_49a467bf4e0db Multi-class n-back task 1512660598374 trm_558c324478d22 Multi-class n-back task An n-back task including faces, scenes, and chinese characters as stimuli Multi-class n-back task usr_49a467bf4e0db Stop signal task with dot motion discrimination 1512660598397 trm_558c3350c6a9f Stop signal task with dot motion discrimination A stop signal task in which the primary task is a dot motion discrimination task Stop signal task with dot motion discrimination usr_49a467bf4e0db multi-object localizer task 1512660598421 trm_558c33e7714ba multi-object localizer task A task involving presentation of multiple classes of visual objects, meant to localize category-specific regions of visual cortex. The subject monitors for a target (red dot) and responds when target appears. multi-object localizer task usr_49a467bf4e0db Sentence/nonword language localizer 1512660598444 trm_558c35979a284 Sentence/nonword language localizer A task in which strings of stimuli (either sentences or strings of nonwords) are presented, followed by a probe on which the subject responds whether the probe item was present in the string of stimuli. Sentence/nonword language localizer usr_49a467bf4e0db spatial working memory localizer task 1512660598469 trm_558c36935a0e9 spatial working memory localizer task A task in which targets are presented on a spatial grid, followed by a probe in which the subject must choose between two spatial layouts, one of which matches the locations presented in the initial set. spatial working memory localizer task usr_49a467bf4e0db retinotopic mapping task 1512660598496 trm_558c4d3105abf retinotopic mapping task The subject is presented with stimuli including rotating wedges and expanding/contracting rings, while maintaining fixation and performing a target detection task for an eccentric target. retinotopic mapping task usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643499 intertemporal choice the study of how people make choices about what and how much to do at various points in time, when choices at one time influence the possibilities available at other points in time. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Intertemporal_choice intertemporal choice usr_55dcf163d7b51 1512660643524 subjective value judgment the process of comparing, at an idiosyncratic level, the relatively desirability of two or more options or the internal idiosyncratic value represented internally for such a judgement subjective value judgment usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643545 phonological comparison write definition here phonological comparison usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660643568 visual pseudoword recognition the reading of written letter strings that follow the phonotactic rules of the written language visual pseudoword recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643589 phonological assembly WRITE DEFINITION HERE phonological assembly usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643611 visual letter recognition assigning a visually detected letter stimulus into a category (not necessarily task defined) visual letter recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643632 overt naming write definition here overt naming usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643655 arithmetic processing numerical calculations or derivation of numbers in response to an input with discrete or continuous salience. arithmetic processing usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643677 auditory sentence recognition assigning an detected sound stimulus in the form of a sentence into a category (not necessarily task defined) auditory sentence recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643701 right hand response execution Performance of an action with the right hand in accordance with task demands. right hand response execution usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643723 visual sentence recognition assigning a visually detected sentence stimulus into a category (not necessarily task defined) visual sentence recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643745 left hand response execution Performance of an action with the left hand in accordance with task demands. left hand response execution usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643768 facial happiness recognition The process of assigning the emotion of happiness to a stimulus. facial happiness recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643789 facial age recognition The process of assigning an age to a stimulus based on evaluation of a face. facial age recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643811 facial attractiveness recognition The process of evaluating the physical aesthetic of a face. facial attractiveness recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643833 facial trustworthiness recognition The process of evaluating the degree of trust based on the features or holistic representation of a face. facial trustworthiness recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643856 facial recognition identifying the existence of a face facial recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643877 social inference write definition here social inference usr_51bc76ae9636c Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression 1512660598521 trm_559e2af1cc0ce Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression The Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression is a multiple item questionnaire used to provide an indication of depression, and as a guide to evaluate recovery. It was originally published in 1960 by Max Hamilton and revised it in 1966, 1967, 1969, and 1980. The questionnaire is designed for adults and is used to rate the severity of their depression by probing mood, feelings of guilt, suicide ideation, insomnia, agitation or retardation, anxiety, weight loss, and somatic symptoms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Rating_Scale_for_Depression Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643898 visual object maintenance The process of keeping object information in active and immediately accessible state. visual object maintenance usr_55b972918e005 1512660643922 subjective food value self-reported food pleasantness, self-reported food liking Subjective food value is used as term to indicate a food&#39;s worth, based on an individuals&#39; current desires and needs (e.g., hunger). Subjective food value assessment is an intermediate step during food decision making. subjective food value usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643944 response bias A behavioral phenomena for which a participant in an experiment is biased to respond in a particular way. ** Concepts in the Cognitive Atlas that are more behavioral in nature should be tagged as &#34;behavioral phenomena&#34; response bias usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660643965 monetary reward prediction error the difference between expected and received monetary reward monetary reward prediction error usr_51bc76ae9636c Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms 1512660598545 trm_55a6a36d9c3f9 Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms SANS The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) is a rating scale to measure negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The scale was developed by Nancy Andreasen and was first published in 1984. SANS is split into 5 domains, and within each domain separate symptoms are rated from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe). The scale is closely linked to the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) which was published a few years later. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_for_the_Assessment_of_Negative_Symptoms Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms usr_51bc76ae9636c Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale 1512660598569 trm_55a6a52537c2b Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale BPRS The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is rating scale which a clinician or researcher may use to measure psychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, hallucinations and unusual behaviour.[1] Each symptom is rated 1-7 and depending on the version between a total of 18-24 symptoms are scored. The scale is the one of the oldest, widely used scales to measure psychotic symptoms and was first published in 1962. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_Psychiatric_Rating_Scale Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale 1512660598593 trm_55a6a79b55c8b Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale ASRS The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Symptom Checklist is a self-reported questionnaire used to assist in the diagnosis of adult ADHD. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_ADHD_Self-Report_Scale Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c Hopkins Symptom Checklist 1512660598619 trm_55a6a860a7088 Hopkins Symptom Checklist HOPKINS, HSCL The Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (HSCL) is a well-known and widely used screening instrument whose history dates from the 1950s. It was originally designed by Parloff, Kelman, and Frank at Johns Hopkins University. The HSCL-25 is a symptom inventory which measures symptoms of anxiety and depression. http://hprt-cambridge.org/screening/hopkins-symptom-checklist/ Hopkins Symptom Checklist usr_51bc76ae9636c Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 1512660598642 trm_55a6a8e81b7f4 Barratt Impulsiveness Scale BIS The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) is a widely used measure of impulsiveness. It includes 30 items that are scored to yield six first-order factors (attention, motor, self-control, cognitive complexity, perseverance, and cognitive instability impulsiveness) and three second-order factors (attentional, motor, and non-planning impulsiveness). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barratt_Impulsiveness_Scale Barratt Impulsiveness Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c Dickman Impulsivity Inventory 1512660598667 trm_55a6a95f66508 Dickman Impulsivity Inventory DICK The Dickman Inventory classifies impulsivity into functional and dysfunctional categories. Dysfunctional impulsivity is a type of impulsivity that is associated with a tendency to make quick decisions when this type of decision-making is non-optimal. This differs from functional impulsivity which is a tendency to make quick decisions where this is optimal. As dysfunctional impulsivity is often associated with a failure to consider the consequences of one’s behavior, it can often lead to life difficulties. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_impulsivity Dickman Impulsivity Inventory usr_51bc76ae9636c Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire 1512660598689 trm_55a6aa62c54f8 Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire MPQ The Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) is a personality test meant to measure normal personality developed by Auke Tellegen in 1982. It is currently sold by the University of Minnesota Press. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_Personality_Questionnaire Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire usr_51bc76ae9636c Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 1512660598714 trm_55a6ae8f44ac3 Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPQ, EPI In psychology, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) is a questionnaire to assess the personality traits of a person, with the result sometimes referred to as the Eysenck&#39;s personality Inventory or (EPI). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysenck_Personality_Questionnaire Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Eysenck Personality Questionnaire usr_51bc76ae9636c Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 1512660598735 trm_55a6c80b2c1d6 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely used and researched standardized psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology. Psychologists and other mental health professionals use various versions of the MMPI to develop treatment plans; assist with differential diagnosis; help answer legal questions (forensic psychology); screen job candidates during the personnel selection process; or as part of a therapeutic assessment procedure. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory usr_51bc76ae9636c Hypomanic Personality Scale 1512660598758 trm_55a6c92db12b0 Hypomanic Personality Scale HPS The Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS) was designed to measure a predispositional personality style to bipolar disorder. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25156658 Hypomanic Personality Scale usr_51bc76ae9636c Temperament and Character Inventory 1512660598810 trm_55a6cb4f951ea Temperament and Character Inventory TCI The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is an inventory for personality traits devised by Cloninger et al. It is closely related to and an outgrowth of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), and it has also been related to the dimensions of personality in Zuckerman&#39;s alternative five and Eysenck&#39;s models and those of the Five Factor Model. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperament_and_Character_Inventory Temperament and Character Inventory usr_51bc76ae9636c Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms 1512660598833 trm_55a6cffbcb5f7 Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms SAPS The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) is a rating scale to measure positive symptoms in schizophrenia. The scale was developed by Nancy Andreasen and was first published in 1984. SAPS is split into 4 domains, and within each domain separate symptoms are rated from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe). The scale is closely linked to the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) which was published a few years earlier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_for_the_Assessment_of_Positive_Symptoms Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660643987 tone recognition assigning a detected tone stimulus into a category (not necessarily task defined) tone recognition usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644010 auditory arithmetic processing numerical calculations or derivation of numbers in response to an auditory input with discrete or continuous salience. auditory arithmetic processing usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644036 right finger response execution Performance of an action using the right finger in accordance with task demands. right finger response execution usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644058 left finger response execution Performance of an action using the left finger in accordance with task demands. left finger response execution usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644079 right toe response execution Performance of an action using the right toe in accordance with task demands. right toe response execution usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644101 left toe response execution Performance of an action using the left toe in accordance with task demands. left toe response execution usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644126 tongue response execution Performance of an action using the tongue in accordance with task demands. tongue response execution usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644147 working memory updating WRITE DEFINITION HERE working memory updating usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660644169 working memory maintenance the active retention of information in a short-term memory store working memory maintenance usr_55b972918e005 1512660644191 high energy density food recognition When a (familiar) food is encountered, an estimation of energy content and expected satiation is made based on an individual&#39;s earlier experiences and nutritional knowledge. high energy density food recognition usr_55b972918e005 Single item food choice task 1512660598893 trm_55c686e0824e8 Single item food choice task A task in which subjects decide for several (snack) foods, sequentially, whether they would like to eat them. In order to make the choices realistic, participants are instructed that one of the trials counts for real and that they actually receive a portion of the snack chosen in that trial at the end of the study session. In every trial, they view one of the study stimuli (3000 ms, choice period) and subsequently indicate with a button press (1500 ms, button press period) whether they want to eat a portion of the snack or not. During the button press period the words “yes” and “no” are shown left/right (randomized) on the screen. After indicating their choice, a yellow box appears around the yes or no. Participants are instructed to make their choice already during the period that the image was shown. To ensure that choices are made in direct response to the food pictures, the button press period was so short that it only allows them to locate whether they have to push the left or right button. The choice trials are interspersed with a random interval (between 2000 and 5000 ms). At the beginning, halfway (after 50 trials) and at the end an additional baseline period of 30 s is included in the task (fixation cross). The visual stimuli consist of 100 pictures of regularly available snack foods on plates with a grey background: 50 high energy (HE) foods (energy content in kcal/100gram: M = 419, SD = 103) and 50 low energy (LE) foods (M = 56, SD = 37). Examples of HE snacks were crisps, cookies, cakes and candies. Examples of LE snacks were grapes, apples, bananas and mixed snack salads. The standardized image set can be downloaded from: http://nutritionalneuroscience.isi.uu.nl/index.php/32 Single item food choice task usr_55b972918e005 Two item food choice task 1512660598922 trm_55c691909c580 Two item food choice task In this task, subjects decide for a series of binary food choice options which of the two they would like to eat. In populations with weight-concerned and dieting subjects this task is employed to investigate aspects of food-related self-control. It has also been employed in general population and non-dieters (e.g., Charbonnier et al., 2015) in a slightly adapted forms. Here the implementation of Van der Laan (2014) is described. In the food choice task, participants make a total of 100 choices. In every trial, a high energy (HE) (energy content in kcal/100 gram: M = 419, SD = 103) and a low energy (LE) (M = 56, SD = 37) snack are shown side by side. Participants have 3000 ms to indicate which of the two products they would most like to eat a portion of by pushing the left or right but ton of a button box. After indicating their choice, a yellow box appears around the chosen product for 500 ms. The trials are interspersed with a random interval between 2000 and 5000 ms. To investigate response conflict during food choice participants are required to choose between pairs of HE and LE snacks matched such (on the basis of their own tastiness ratings given in the first session) that either a self-control dilemma was posed or not. In half of the trials, LE snacks are combined with HE snacks rated two or three points higher on tastiness (Self-Control required(SC)trials), posing a self-control dilemma concerning the trade-off between immediate eating enjoyment (choosing the appealing HE snack) and weight-watching intentions (choosing the less appealing LE snack). In the other half of the trials, the LE and HE snacks are matched on tastiness (equal or ±1 point in tastiness rating; No Self-Control required (NSC) trials), such that no trade-off between eating enjoyment and weight watching intentions is needed to choose the long-term superior LE snack. The visual stimuli consist of 100 pictures of regularly available snack foods on plates with a grey background: 50 high energy (HE) foods (energy content in kcal/100gram: M = 419, SD = 103) and 50 low energy (LE) foods (M = 56, SD = 37). Examples of HE snacks were crisps, cookies, cakes and candies. Examples of LE snacks were grapes, apples, bananas and mixed snack salads. The standardized image set can be downloaded from: http://nutritionalneuroscience.isi.uu.nl/index.php/32 Two item food choice task usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644218 story comprehension WRITE DEFINITION HERE story comprehension usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644240 face maintenance WRITE DEFINITION HERE face maintenance usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644283 detection to determine the presence of a stimulus detection usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644304 risk aversion when exposed to uncertainty, behavior that attempts to reduce that uncertainty. BEHAVIORAL PHENOMENA risk aversion usr_55dcf0b42d06c 1512660642415 Dyslexia reading impairment Dyslexia is a reading impairment. There are currently 17 known types of dyslexia, each resulting from a different component of the reading process, each with different error types and different characteristics. Dyslexia can result from brain damage after reading has been acquired (acquired dyslexia), or can be present from birth (developmental dyslexia). Dyslexia usr_55dcf0b42d06c 1512660644262 Surface dyslexia surface dyslexia is a reading impairment, which can be acquired or developmental. It results from a deficit in the lexical route for word reading. As a result, the reader needs to rely on the sublexical for reading, reading by converting each letter or group of letters (grapheme) to a sound (phoneme). Surface dyslexia is characterised by slow reading (because reading via grapheme-to-phoneme conversion is slower than reading via the lexical route); it is also characterised by incorrect reading aloud of irregular words (such as talk, sure, none, and comb). Surface dyslexia usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660644334 confidence judgment Assessing the confidence or certainty of a decision confidence judgment usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660644356 visual string recognition the ability to read (and understand) written strings of letters that do not follow the phonotactic rules of the language (which distinguishes it from visual word/pseudoword recognition) visual string recognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660644378 auditory tone perception sound perception, tone perception the registration of an auditory tone auditory tone perception usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644401 vocal response execution performance of an action in accordance with task demands, enacting a vocal behavior vocal response execution usr_51bc76ae9636c 1512660644424 auditory recognition assigning a detected sound stimulus into a category (not necessarily task defined) auditory recognition usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660641860 exogenous attention stimulus-driven attention ADD DEFINITION HERE exogenous attention usr_51bc76ae9636c incentive modulated antisaccade task 1512660579517 trm_565a2e79b22f2 incentive modulated antisaccade task The basic antisaccade task is as follows: Subjects view a fixation point and a visual target is presented. Subjects are instructed to make a saccade away from the target (antisaccade). For this version (from Figure 1 of http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878929311000612) At the onset of each AS trial, participants were first presented with one of two incentive cues (1500 ms) (Fig. 1). For rewarded trials, the cue consisted of three rectangles containing dollar signs ($ $ $), indicating that money could be earned on that trial if correctly performed. Participants were told that they could win up to US $25 based on their performance during the task. However, they did not know how much they could win on any given trial in order to prevent them from keeping a running tally of their earnings and invoking processes (i.e. working memory) separate from inhibitory control and reward processing. For neutral trials, the three consecutive rectangles each contained a dash (– – –), which indicated that no monetary gain was at stake for that trial. After the initial cue, a central red fixation cross subtending ∼0.7° of visual angle appeared (3000 ms), instructing participants to prepare for the target stimulus. The red central fixation then disappeared and a horizontally peripheral target stimulus (yellow spot, subtending ∼0.5°) appeared (1500 ms) at an unpredictable location on the horizontal meridian (±3°, 6°, or 9°). Participants were instructed to refrain from looking at the stimulus when it appeared but instead move their eyes to its mirror location. Target location was randomized within each run. During the VGS trials, participants were presented with a green fixation cross (1500 ms) which instructed them to look toward the peripheral stimulus when it appeared. No incentive cue was provided for VGS trials. The VGS trials were randomly interspersed between the AS trials to minimize the possibility that participants would establish an inhibitory response set (Velanova et al., 2009), but were not further analyzed. As indicated in previous studies, (Ollinger et al., 2001b and Ollinger et al., 2001a), the inter-trial fixation period was jittered between intervals of 1.5, 3, or 4.5 s (uniformly distributed) and consisted of participants simply fixating a central white cross on a black background. Participants performed three functional runs of the task (5 min 2 s each in duration) for a total of 30 reward AS trials, 30 neutral AS trials and 15 VGS trials. incentive modulated antisaccade task usr_51bc76ae9636c regulated heat stimulation 1512660579189 trm_565a31fa6f444 regulated heat stimulation The general task design is that a heat stimulus is applied to the skin and the participant rates the experienced sensation on a visual analogue scale. For this task, there are 9 runs. Runs 1,2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 are “passive experience” runs, meaning that participants passively experience and rate the heat stimuli. Run 3 and 7 are “regulation” runs, meaning that participants can cognitively “increase” (regulate-up) or “decrease” (regulate-down) pain intensity. For complete details, see: http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002036 regulated heat stimulation usr_55dcf14c19c7b 1512660642502 implicit learning the acquisition of knowledge in an incidental manner without awareness. implicit learning usr_566738e285cfc adaptive n-back task 1512660579451 trm_56674133b666c adaptive n-back task A variant of the n-back task, each trial consists of letters (b,d,g,t,v) presented in successive order. Subjects must press a button if the current letter matches the letter that occurred n trials ago (regardless of capitalization). N varies according to a staircase tracking method that increases as subjects accurately respond and decrease as subjects make errors. adaptive n-back task usr_566738e285cfc image monitoring 1512660579805 trm_5667436296862 image monitoring Subjects are serially presented 3 different images (colored squares). Subjects must monitor the repetitions of these images and press a button when any image reaches 4 repetitions. image monitoring usr_566738e285cfc 2nd-order rule acquisition 1512660579861 trm_5667441c338a7 2nd-order rule acquisition 2nd-order decision task, second-order rule acquisition In this task, subjects are presented with 18 stimuli composed of three dimensions: 3 shapes, 3 orientations and 2 colored borders. Subjects had to learn one of three key responses for each of the 18 stimuli. In the &#34;flat&#34; condition, the 18 stimuli to 3 responses mapping was arbitrary, requiring subjects to individually learn each of the 18 associations. In a hierarchical condition, the colored borders indicated whether &#34;orientation&#34; or &#34;shape&#34; determined the response. This simplifies performance if subjects learn this hierarchical structure. 2nd-order rule acquisition usr_566738e285cfc 2-stage decision task 1512660579254 trm_5667451917a34 2-stage decision task two-stage decision task Subjects participate in a two-stage decision task where they make a binary choice in each stage (stage 1&2) and probabilistically receive reward after the final stage (stage 2). First-stage choices are primarily associated with one of two second-stages (labeled 2a and 2b): one first-stage choice leads to 2a 70% of the time and 2b 30% of the time, while the opposite is true of the other first-stage choice. Each second-stage choice has its own probability of reward (constantly changing via a random-walk). The ultimate goal of the subject is to maximize reward, which are only given during the second stage. The ideal subject would identify the most rewarding second-stage stimulus and make first-stage choices that make it more likely to arrive at the relevant second stage. 2-stage decision task usr_566738e285cfc task switching (3x2) 1512660598947 trm_566745bbf272a task switching (3x2) Subjects are presented with a task cue followed by a colored number (1-9 excluding 5 in orange or blue). The task cue indicates whether to respond to the colored number based on parity (odd-even), magnitude (higher-lower than 5) or color (orange-blue). There are three different tasks, and each task has two task cues that evoke the task action. For example, the task cue could be either parity or odd-even. Both of these task cues indicate that the subject should judge the subsequent colored number based on whether it is an odd or even number. task switching (3x2) usr_566738e285cfc Inter-dimensional/Extra-dimensional Shift Task 1512660598968 trm_5667476fc14dd Inter-dimensional/Extra-dimensional Shift Task IDED, IDED+reversal A combination of the intradimensional task and extradimensional task. Subjects are presented with two compound stimuli, each composed of a &#39;line stimulus&#34; and a &#34;shape stimulus&#34;. Thus the stimuli are multi-dimensional, in that they are composed of two separable features (line and shape). There are 8 different “lines”, and 8 different “shapes”. Subjects are told to choose between the two stimuli, and receive feedback on their choices. The correct choice depends upon the current target, where the target can take on any one of the 8 “lines” or 8 “shapes”. The current target shifts after several trials. This allows for an inter-dimensional shift, where the subject learns the new correct target within the same dimension (old target: “line 1”, new target “line 2”) or for an extra-dimensional shift, where the subject learns the new target outside of the old dimension (old target: “line 1” new target: “shape 2”). Inter-dimensional/Extra-dimensional Shift Task usr_58348e34eeb70 Dimensions task 1512660598990 trm_566747c3d757f Dimensions task Subjects are presented with three three-dimensional (e.g., color, texture, shape) stimuli. Each dimension has three exemplars so all exemplars are on the screen at any time. One dimension (e.g., color) determines reward, and one exemplar in this dimension (e.g. &#34;red&#34;) has a higher probability of reward than the others (75% vs. 25%). If rewarded, the subject earns 1 point (the subject is instructed to maximize points). After 15-25 trials the relevant dimension and higher probability feature is switched. This switch is either signaled to the participant (in most versions so far) or not (in one paper). Dimensions task usr_566738e285cfc Probabilistic Selection Task 1512660599011 trm_5667483dcc371 Probabilistic Selection Task The probabilistic selection task assesses whether participants learn better from positive or negative reinforcement. The subject is instructed to choose between abstract stimuli via key press. The task is composed of two phases. During the first phase, subjects learn to associate 6 abstract visual stimuli with different reward probabilities (e.g., stim 1= 80%, stim 2 = 70%, stim 3= 60%, stim 4= 40%, stim 5 = 30%, stim 6= 20%). In phase 1, the various stimuli are always presented in pairs, where the sum of the two reward probabilities associated with each stimuli equal 100%. For example, stim 1 will always be paired with stim 6 (80%+20%=100%). Subjects eventually learn that for each pair, choosing one stimuli over the other results in more reward (80%>20%). The subject is tested on this association in phase two. During phase two, the subject must decide between novel combinations of stimuli. Each stimuli is presented with the remaining four stimuli that it was not paired with in phase 1. For example, stim1 (80%) can be paired with either stim2(70%), stim3(60%), stim4(40%), or stim5(30%), but not with itself or with the stimuli it was associated with during phase 1, stim6 (20%). Subjects are instructed to win as many points as possible. There is no feedback given during the second phase. Probabilistic Selection Task usr_566738e285cfc Angling Risk Task 1512660599035 trm_5667488d52ccc Angling Risk Task ART In this task subjects &#34;fish&#34; in rounds trying to accumulate as much money as possible. If they catch a red fish, they earn .05 cents. However, if they catch a blue fish they lose all the money earned on that round. They are able to stop any round at any time to collect that round&#39;s earnings into their &#34;tournament bank&#34;. There is one blue fish and many red fish. The subjects complete 4 tournaments of 30 rounds each. The tournaments differ in their weather condition: Sunny (subjects can see/know how many red/blue fish are in the pond) and cloudy (subjects cannot see the fish) and release law: catch N Keep (probability of catching a red fish goes down as they are taken out of the pond) and catch N Release (probability stays constant). Angling Risk Task usr_566738e285cfc Delay Discounting Titration 1512660599062 trm_566748c929afc Delay Discounting Titration Subjects must choose between sooner but smaller rewards versus larger but later rewards. This task differs from the preceding Kirby Delay Discounting Task in two ways, 1) the smaller reward will not always be immediate and 2) the reward amounts will be chosen randomly from a uniform distribution of a given interval. This allows for the estimation of a subjects’ discount rate and for the comparison of different model fits of discounting behavior. Delay Discounting Titration usr_566738e285cfc Columbia Card Task 1512660599085 trm_5667492c555b7 Columbia Card Task CCT This task is composed of two conditions: hot and cold, with 27 rounds in each condition. In each round subjects are presented with 32 cards; some are gain cards, some are loss cards. Subjects are told how many points a gain card is worth, how many points a loss card costs, and how many loss cards there are in a round. Each round ends when a loss card is turned. In the cold version subjects choose how many cards they want to turn but don&#39;t see the result for the round until the end. In the hot version subjects click and turn each card themselves and sees their earning for that round. In both conditions, subjects see their final score at the end of 27 rounds. Columbia Card Task usr_566738e285cfc Sternberg Recent Probes 1512660599109 trm_56674987c8f0c Sternberg Recent Probes Subjects will be asked to remember a training set of 6 stimuli. After a delay interval, subjects are probed with a single stimulus. Via key press, subjects will be instructed to give one response if the probe was part of the training set for that trial and a different response if the probe was not part of the training set for that trial. Sternberg Recent Probes usr_566738e285cfc Sternberg Directed Forgetting 1512660599132 trm_56674c7c2fa4f Sternberg Directed Forgetting Subjects will be asked to remember 6 letters presented in a 2x3 matrix. Each trial begins with a central fixation point followed by the training set of 6 letters to remember, followed by a retention interval. After the retention interval, subjects are presented with a cue, either TOP or BOT, which instructs the participant to forget the 3 letters presented in the cued location (forget set). The remaining 3 letters consist of the memory set. Sternberg Directed Forgetting usr_566738e285cfc Dietary Decisions Task 1512660599159 trm_56674d6aa9faf Dietary Decisions Task Subjects rate 50 items on a five point scale separately for health and for tastiness. A reference item for health and tastiness, rated neutrally previously on both scales, is chosen for each subject. In stage 3 they are first presented with this reference item and told to choose between the other food items and the reference item. Participants are grouped as self-controllers or non-self-controllers depending on whether they choose the items in stage 3 based upon health or taste, respectively. Dietary Decisions Task usr_566738e285cfc Adaptation of marshmellow test 1512660599182 trm_56674e49d15e9 Adaptation of marshmellow test Subjects are told that they have 10 minutes to gain as much money as possible by selling tokens and to adopt any strategy that they prefer. Each trial begins with a circular token (green or purple) at the center of the screen. After a random delay, the token turns blue and its value changes from 0 cents to 30 cents. A white progress bar marks the amount of time the current token had been on the screen, with a maximum length corresponding to 100seconds. Participants could sell the token at anytime by pressing a key. Subjects were explicitly instructed that the green and purple tokens might differ in their timing, and to learn the nature of the differences from direct experience. Adaptation of marshmellow test usr_566738e285cfc Holt and Laury Risk Titrator 1512660599208 trm_56674f71483b0 Holt and Laury Risk Titrator Subjects are presented with a series of paired lottery choices. For example subjects choose between option A that is a lottery that wins $2 with probability 0.1 and $1.6 with probability 0.9 (safe bet) and option B that is a lottery that wins $3.85 with probability 0.1 and $0.1 with probability 0.9 (risky bet). The paired lottery choices are structured so that the crossover point to the high-risk lottery can be used to infer the degree of risk aversion. Holt and Laury Risk Titrator usr_566738e285cfc Cognitive Reflection Test 1512660599231 trm_56675359b663a Cognitive Reflection Test CRT Subjects are presented with three questions. These questions at first glance are relatively easy and intuitive. However in order to solve the problem correctly, subjects must correctly inhibit the intuitive/impulsive answer. Cognitive Reflection Test usr_51bc76ae9636c roving somatosensory oddball task 1512660599255 trm_566db10532583 roving somatosensory oddball task RSOT A task in which stimuli are presented in a continuous stream and participants must detect the presence of an oddball stimulus. The oddball is a stimulus that occurs infrequently relative to all other stimuli, and has distinct characteristics. For this particular implementation, the trains of stimuli are electrical pulses that between high and low intensity after a variable number of repetitions. For full details see: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811915010526 roving somatosensory oddball task usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660644447 numerical comparison Mental comparison of numerical quantities numerical comparison usr_55dcf14c19c7b 1512660644469 decision uncertainty None decision uncertainty usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660644490 decision under uncertainty decision under ambiguity A decision in which the likelihood of possible outcomes is unknown or uncertain. decision under uncertainty usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660644513 context representation The representation of features other than the primary stimulus that are relevant to a decision context representation usr_55dcf14c19c7b 1512660644537 emotional enhancement A process to increase or enhance the impact of an emotion on ones current conscious state or behavior. emotional enhancement usr_55dcf14c19c7b 1512660641658 sentence recognition assigning a detected sentence into a category (not necessarily task defined) sentence recognition usr_566738e285cfc Bickel Titrator 1512660598861 trm_5696a599bfcb6 Bickel Titrator A task that adjusts delay across a series of delay discounting trials, while holding the later amounts constant. This determines the Effective Delay 50(ED50), a delay period that results in the smaller immediate reward having the same value as a larger later reward. Bickel Titrator usr_566738e285cfc letter memory 1512660599277 trm_5696a9cfe45b1 letter memory A 45-item forced-choice recognition task that uses consonant letters as stimuli and manipulates face difficulty level along 2 dimensions: number of letters to be remembered and number of choices amongst which the target stimulus must be identified. letter memory usr_566738e285cfc DOSPERT 1512660599300 trm_5696abecf2569 DOSPERT A psychometric scale that assesses risk taking in five content domains: financial decisions (separately for investing versus gambling), health/safety, recreational, ethical, and social decisions. Respondents rate the likelihood that they would engage in domain-specific risky activities (Part I). An optional Part II assesses respondents’ perceptions of the magnitude of the risks and expected benefits of the activities judged in Part I. DOSPERT usr_566738e285cfc Volatile Bandit 1512660599323 trm_5696b180169bd Volatile Bandit A decision maker chooses between two alternatives, both with a fixed unknown rate of reward. The subject is instructed to try to gain as much money as possible across all trials. Volatile Bandit usr_566738e285cfc Plus-minus 1512660599348 trm_5696b316c220a Plus-minus A task where subjects are told to add by a number and are subsequently instructed to subtract by that number. Plus-minus usr_566738e285cfc multi-source interference task 1512660599370 trm_5696b61ff253e multi-source interference task Subjects are presented with a 3 digit number and are asked to respond which of the digits differ from the other two. multi-source interference task usr_566738e285cfc hierarchical rule task 1512660599393 trm_5696bb7166121 hierarchical rule task subjects must complete a battery of four response-selection tasks that were designed to test progressively higher degrees of hierarchically ordered control hierarchical rule task usr_566738e285cfc Tower of London Imagine 1512660599417 trm_5696bcf1b5c64 Tower of London Imagine participants must mentally rearrange a set of three colored balls arranged on pegs, in the fewest possible moves, to match a specified configuration. Tower of London Imagine usr_566738e285cfc Multiplication task 1512660599441 trm_5696c2c063222 Multiplication task On every trial, subjects are presented with two numbers to multiply. They can mentally figure out the answer or use pen and paper, but the method must stay constant. Multiplication task usr_566738e285cfc Shift Task 1512660599464 trm_5696c3fa0061a Shift Task Subjects are presented with three objects that differ along three dimensions (color, shape, texture). At any trial, the relevant dimension gives a higher probability of reward than the other two. This dimension may shift from trial to trial. Shift Task usr_49a467bf4e0db WRAT-4 Math Computation 1512660599491 trm_5696d061adfb5 WRAT-4 Math Computation Math Computation component of the Wide Range Achievement Test 4 WRAT-4 Math Computation usr_49a467bf4e0db WRAT-4 Word Reading 1512660599515 trm_5696d0a4902df WRAT-4 Word Reading Word reading component of the Wide Range Achievement Test 4 WRAT-4 Word Reading usr_49a467bf4e0db Penn Vocabulary Test 1512660599539 trm_5696e10fcd36a Penn Vocabulary Test Vocabulary component of the Penn WebCNP Battery Penn Vocabulary Test usr_51bc76ae9636c willingness to wait task 1512660599563 trm_569989ef8cff4 willingness to wait task A task that asks participants to repeatedly decided how long to keep waiting for future monetary rewards (See Fig. 1a in paper link below). On each trial, the participant views a token that has no initial value but matures to a value of $0.30 after a random delay, and the participant can sell the token at any time to start a new trial and (possibly) maximize earnings. http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v18/n5/full/nn.3994.html willingness to wait task usr_566738e285cfc gm Paradigm 1512660599586 trm_569d6eef27433 gm Paradigm A task that crosses reward-valence associations with a stop-signal task gm Paradigm usr_569fc42c3002f Penn Fractal N-Back 1512660599609 trm_569fc84bd541d Penn Fractal N-Back sFNBx2, FNB2 A measure of attention and working memory. In this task, participants are asked to pay attention to fractal designs displayed on the computer screen, one at a time, and to press the spacebar according to one rule: the 2-back. During the 2-back, the participant must press the spacebar whenever the design on the screen is the same as the one displayed before the previous one (i.e. in the series design A, design B, design A, the participant should press the spacebar on or immediately after the second design A . In all trials, the participant has 2500 ms to press the spacebar. The participant practice the 2-Back rule, in which he/she is allowed to make mistakes and then, when he/she completes all practices successfully, the task will begin. Penn Fractal N-Back usr_569fc42c3002f 1512660644573 Motor Praxis Mpraxis, Mouse Practice A measure of sensorimotor ability. Also, it was designed to familiarize the participant with the computer mouse used during most of the WebCNP tasks. During the MPraxis, the participant needs to move the computer mouse cursor over an ever-shrinking green box and click on it once each time it appears on a different location on the test-page. If participants can’t complete the MPraxis, it is likely they won’t be able to complete any other WebCNP task. Motor Praxis usr_569fc42c3002f Penn Matrix Reasoning Test 1512660599662 trm_56a2a5f8315c5 Penn Matrix Reasoning Test PMAT24-A, PMAT A measure of abstraction and mental flexibility. It is a multiple choice task in which the participant must conceptualize spatial, design and numerical relations that range in difficulty from very easy to increasingly complex [2]. During the PMAT, the participant must click with the mouse on the square he/she thinks best fits in the missing square of the pattern. There are three types of patterns made up of 2x2, 3x3 and 1x5 arrangements of squares. Each item has five response choices. Each PMAT form has 24 items and 3 bonus items. There are two forms, PMAT24-A and PMAT24-B. The test is arranged in order of increasing difficulty of items and is discontinued after the participant chooses an incorrect response for any five items. The bonus items are selected based on the participant’s performance. There are two forms, PMAT24-A and PMAT24-B. The test is arranged in order of increasing difficulty of items and is discontinued after the participant chooses an incorrect response for any five items. Penn Matrix Reasoning Test usr_569fc42c3002f Penn Facial Memory Test Delayed Memory 1512660599693 trm_56a2a622cdfbd Penn Facial Memory Test Delayed Memory CPFd, Penn Face Memory Test - Delayed, PFMT, CPFd, CPFdelay, RCPFd A measure of delayed face memory. In the first part of this test, participants were shown 20 faces that they were asked to identify for immediate recall (CPF . Now, during the delayed recall (CPFd , participants are shown a series, one at a time, of 40 faces: the 20 study stimuli/faces they were asked to memorize and 20 novel faces, all of which are different from the 20 distracters shown during the CPF. The participants’ task is to decide whether they have seen each face before by clicking one of four buttons, presented in a 4-point scale: “definitely yes”, “probably yes”, “probably no” and “definitely no,” using the mouse. There is one alternate form of the CPFd: the CPFd-b. Penn Facial Memory Test Delayed Memory usr_595048b29ebdf Adult's Penn Word Memory Test Delayed Memory 1512660599727 trm_56a2a665baeb1 Adult's Penn Word Memory Test Delayed Memory CPWd, CPWdelay A measure of delayed word memory. In the first part of this test, participants are shown 20 words that they were asked to identify for immediate recall (CPW . Now, during the delayed recall, participants are shown a series, one at a time, of 40 words: the 20 study stimuli they were asked to memorize and 20 novel stimuli, completely different from the 20 distracters showed on the CPW. The participants’ task is to decide whether they have seen the word before by clicking one of four buttons, presented in a 4-point scale: “definitely yes”, “probably yes”, “probably no” and “definitely no,” using the mouse. There is one alternate form of the CPWd: the CPWd-b. Adult's Penn Word Memory Test Delayed Memory usr_569fc42c3002f Penn Visual Object Learning Test 1512660599758 trm_56a2a6ad6edee Penn Visual Object Learning Test Short VOLT, VOLT, sVOLT A measure of visual object learning and memory. It was designed as a spatial analog of the California Verbal Learning Test. The sVOLT includes only the first set of trials of a series of 7 sets from the full version (VOLT [1]. In the first part of this test, participants are shown 10 threedimensional Euclidean shapes that they will be asked to identify for both immediate and delayed recalls (delayed recall = sVOLTd . During the immediate recall (sVOLT , participants are shown a series, one at a time, of 20 three-dimensional Euclidean shapes - the 10 shapes they were asked to memorize mixed with 10 novel shapes. The participant’s task is to decide whether he/she has seen the shape before by clicking with the mouse on one of four buttons: “DEFINITELY YES”, “PROBABLY YES”, &#34;PROBABLY NO&#34; and &#34;DEFINITELY NO&#34;. (NOTE: The original sVOLT had only two response choices: “YES I have seen the shape” and “NO I have not seen the shape.” . Participants have 20 seconds to select a response before the test moves on to the next trial. There are two forms of the sVOLT: the sVOLT-A and sVOLT-B. Penn Visual Object Learning Test usr_569fc42c3002f Penn Emotion Recognition Task 1512660599786 trm_56a2a6ce24586 Penn Emotion Recognition Task ER40, Children&#39;s ER40) A measure of emotion recognition. Participants are shown a series of 40 faces, one at a time, and asked to determine what emotion the face is showing for each trial. There are 5 answer choices: Happy, Sad, Angry, Scared and No Feeling. Participants respond to each trial by clicking word describing the emotion each faces expresses using the mouse. There are 4 female faces for each emotion (4 x 5 = 20 and 4 male faces for each emotion (4 x 5 = 20 . The children&#39;s version (k-ER40 uses the same stimuli as the adult version, but some of the emotion prompts are simplified: Anger => Angry, Fear=>Scared, No Emotion=>No Feeling. There are two forms of the children’s version: the k-er40-a and k-er40-b. Penn Emotion Recognition Task usr_569fc42c3002f Measured Emotion Differentiation Test 1512660599836 trm_56a2a74ab3ef6 Measured Emotion Differentiation Test MEDF36, Measured EMODIFF, Morphed EMODIFF Measures the ability to detect emotion intensity. The subject is presented with pairs of faces. The MEDF presents a pair of faces and asks the participant to click the button labeled “This Face” below the face that is showing more emotion (anger, fear, happiness, sadness , or the central button labeled “Equal” if both faces are showing equal emotion. The stimuli are created using software to morph faces into differing intensities of emotion. For example, a 50 morph will be a 50 morph between a neutral face and the same identity expressing the target emotion. There are 36 trials in total, divided into happy, sad, angry, and fearful faces. Of the 36 trials, 4 show no emotional difference. The remaining 32 trials have emotion differentials in increments of 10 ranging from 10 - 60 , distributed more heavily toward 30 and 40 items. Trials are presented in random order, and the test is a forced-choice task with no time limit per trial. After the subject answers one trial, the test automatically moves to the next trial. Response time is recorded for each trial. Measured Emotion Differentiation Test usr_569fc42c3002f Penn’s Logical Reasoning Test 1512660599872 trm_56a2a7750ffd0 Penn’s Logical Reasoning Test sPVRT, Short PVRT, PVRT, shortPVRT A measure of verbal intellectual ability. It is a short version of the Penn Verbal Reasoning Test (PVRT [1, 2]. It is a multiple-choice task in which the participant must answer age-appropriate verbal analogy problems [2]. The shortPVRT has a total of 8 questions from the regular PVRT, which has 29 questions. The 8 questions were chosen after a statistical analysis of the PVRT, which demonstrated that these 8 questions could predict the scores of the regular 29- questions PVRT. There is a one alternate form for the shortPVRT: the shortPVRT-B. Penn’s Logical Reasoning Test usr_569fc42c3002f Ataxia 1512660599921 trm_56a2a8d78dd39 Ataxia A measure for balance. Instructions: I want to see how well you can balance doing different things with your feet. I don’t want you to fall, however, so if you feel as if you are going to fall, please step off the line and use the wall for support. If at any time you feel that you can’t do these balance tests, please tell me and we will stop. Ataxia usr_569fc42c3002f Penn Visual Object Learning Test Delayed Memory 1512660599952 trm_56a2a98785453 Penn Visual Object Learning Test Delayed Memory sVOLTd, Short VOLT delay, VOLTd, sVOLTd The delayed memory portion of the sVOLT tasj. In the first part of this test, participants were shown 10 three-dimensional Euclidean shapes that they were asked to identify for immediate recall (sVOLT . Now, during the delayed recall (sVOLTd , participants are shown a series, one at a time, of 20 three-dimensional Euclidean shapes - the 10 shapes they were asked to memorize during the SVOLT mixed with 10 novel shapes. The participant’s task is to decide whether he/she has seen the shape before by clicking with the mouse on one of four buttons: “DEFINITELY YES”, “PROBABLY YES”, &#34;PROBABLY NO&#34; and &#34;DEFINITELY NO&#34;. (NOTE: The original sVOLT had only two response choices: “YES I have seen the shape” and “NO I have not seen the shape.” . Participants have 20 seconds to select a response before the test moves on to the next trial. There are two forms of the sVOLTd: the sVOLTd-A and sVOLTd-B. Penn Visual Object Learning Test Delayed Memory usr_569fc42c3002f Penn Motor Praxis 1512660599977 trm_56a2abffcfae3 Penn Motor Praxis Mpraxis, Mouse Practice A measure of sensorimotor ability. Also, it was designed to familiarize the participant with the computer mouse used during most of the WebCNP tasks. During the MPraxis, the participant needs to move the computer mouse cursor over an ever-shrinking green box and click on it once each time it appears on a different location on the test-page. If participants can’t complete the MPraxis, it is likely they won’t be able to complete any other WebCNP task. Penn Motor Praxis usr_569fc42c3002f Short Penn Continuous Performance Test-Number and Letter Version 1512660599637 trm_56a2b7c08a279 Short Penn Continuous Performance Test-Number and Letter Version sPCPTNL, Short Penn CPT, Short PCPT-nl, Short NumLet-CPT A measure of visual attention and vigilance based on the Penn CPT [1]. In this task, a series of red vertical and horizontal lines flash in a digital numeric frame (resembling a digital clock . The task is divided into two types of blocks: one in which the participant must press the spacebar whenever these lines form a complete number, and one in which the participant must press the spacebar whenever these lines form a complete letter. Each block lasts 1.5m. Each stimulus flashes for 300 milliseconds followed by a blank page displayed for 700 milliseconds, giving the participant 1 sec to respond to each trial. The participant practices both types of trials before the task begins. Short Penn Continuous Performance Test-Number and Letter Version usr_51bc76ae9636c stimulus selective stop signal task 1512660600004 trm_56a9123fe580f stimulus selective stop signal task This stop signal paradigm focuses on stimulus selective stopping, in which subjects stop to one signal and ignore another. http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xge/143/1/455/ stimulus selective stop signal task usr_51bc76ae9636c behavioral approach/inhibition systems 1512660600043 trm_56a9137d9dce1 behavioral approach/inhibition systems BIS/BAS,BIS,BAS,BIS-BAS A questoinnaire that gets at motivational that systems underlie behavior. A behavioral approach system (BAS) is believed to regulate appetitive motives, in which the goal is to move toward something desired. A behavioral avoidance (or inhibition) system (BIS) is said to regulate aversive motives, in which the goal is to move away from something unpleasant. http://www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/ccarver/sclBISBAS.html behavioral approach/inhibition systems usr_566738e285cfc brief self control scale 1512660600070 trm_56a915461cd91 brief self control scale BSCS A 15-item scale that attempts to measure &#34;good self control&#34; using a likert scale (1-5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016066 brief self control scale usr_566738e285cfc future time perspective questionnaire 1512660600095 trm_56a915fe77945 future time perspective questionnaire FTP This questionnaire assesses an individuals’ perception of how much time they have left to live. Subjects will be presented with 10 items, which they must rate on a scale (1-5) how much they agree with the statement. FTP: Carsten-Lang Future Time Perspective Questionnaire (FTP) http://psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/doc/FTP_English.pdf future time perspective questionnaire usr_51bc76ae9636c duckworth's short grit scale 1512660600120 trm_56a9166421494 duckworth's short grit scale GRIT-S This is a brief self-report and informant-report version of the Grit Scale, which measures trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00223890802634290 duckworth's short grit scale usr_566738e285cfc ten item personality questionnaire 1512660600146 trm_56a919a478935 ten item personality questionnaire This 10-item questionnaire was designed to assess an individuals’ general personality using a reduced version of the Big-Five personality dimensions (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Subjects must respond to each question using a scale (1-7) where 1=strongly disagree, and 7=strongly agree. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656603000461 ten item personality questionnaire usr_566738e285cfc theories of willpower scale 1512660600171 trm_56a91a3082c31 theories of willpower scale This scale assesses an individuals’ perception on the availability of mental exertion, whether or not it is a limited or unlimited resource. Subjects are presented with 8 items, which they must rate on a scale (1-6) how much they agree with the statement. http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/09/28/0956797610384745.full#sec-22 theories of willpower scale usr_566738e285cfc UPPS-P Impulsivity Scale 1512660600195 trm_56a91a92043bc UPPS-P Impulsivity Scale UPPS-P The UPPS+P assesses impulsivity across five facets: 1) premeditation, 2) positive urgency, 3) negative urgency, 4) perseverance, and 5) sensation-seeking. Subjects must answer 59 questions (~11 questions each domain). http://www1.psych.purdue.edu/~dlynam/upps+p.doc UPPS-P Impulsivity Scale usr_566738e285cfc I7 impulsiveness and venturesomeness questionnaire 1512660600223 trm_56a91e3e982f9 I7 impulsiveness and venturesomeness questionnaire I7, I-7 This questionnaire assesses an individuals’ score on impulsivity, venturesomeness, and empathy. Subjects are presented with 54 yes or no questions regarding the three above stated behavioral characteristics. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/019188698590011X I7 impulsiveness and venturesomeness questionnaire usr_566738e285cfc zimbardo time perspective inventory 1512660600247 trm_56a91e92eab46 zimbardo time perspective inventory ZTPI A 56-item questionnaire that measures attitude towards time perspective across five domains: past-negative, present-hedonistic, future, past-positive, and present-fatalistic. ZTPI: Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/77/6/1271.pdf zimbardo time perspective inventory usr_566738e285cfc self regulation questionnaire 1512660600271 trm_56a91ed5f1ccc self regulation questionnaire Subjects will be presented with a 63-item questionnaire answerable through a Likert Scale (1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree). These questions are designed to assess an individuals generalized ability to regulate behavior according to the seven-step model of self-regulation as proposed by Miller & Brown (1991). These seven steps include: receiving, evaluating, triggering, searching, formulating, implanting, and assessment. A Follow-Up Psychometric Analysis of the Self-Regulation Questionnaire http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2431129/ self regulation questionnaire usr_566738e285cfc treatment self-regulation questionnaire 1512660600294 trm_56aa9833c4be2 treatment self-regulation questionnaire The TSRQ determines the underlying motivational system used by individuals to regulate behavior. According to the Self-Determination theory, motivation ranges from least to most self-determined, starting with 1) amotivation, 2) external, 3) introjected, 4) identified, and 5) integrated and intrinsic. The TSRQ is a 15-item questionnaire, where each item is a reason for changing or engaging in a health behavior. Subjects must respond to each question using a scale (1-7) where 1=not at all true, and 7=very true. treatment self-regulation questionnaire usr_566738e285cfc Eating questionnaire 1512660600344 trm_56aac5f6e4702 Eating questionnaire 3 factor eating questionnaire: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE), and emotional eating Eating questionnaire usr_566738e285cfc Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire 1512660600368 trm_56ab12e0f1a61 Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Observing Describing Acting with Awareness Non-judging of experience Non-reactivity to experience Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire usr_566738e285cfc Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale 1512660600395 trm_56abcba3df89b Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale Attention to and awareness across several domains of experience in daily life (e.g., cognitive, emotional, physical, and general) Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale usr_566738e285cfc Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale 1512660600419 trm_56abebfe9aaa3 Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale This questionnaire is a list of 34 forced choice questions designed to assess an individuals’ optimal level of stimulation. Sample questions include: I would like to have a job which would require a lot of traveling (choice a) or I would prefer to have a job in one location (choice b). Four factors below: Thrill and adventure seeking (TAS) Experience seeking (ES) Disinhibition (DIS) Boredom susceptibility (BS) Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale usr_566738e285cfc Selection-Optimization-Compensation (SOC) questionnaire 1512660600444 trm_56ac06bac9334 Selection-Optimization-Compensation (SOC) questionnaire The SOC questionnaire assesses an individuals’ developmental regulation across three processes: 1) Selection, 2) optimization, and 3) compensation. Subjects will be presented with 48 items (3 above + loss-based selection, 12 items each category) in which they must make a choice between an action corresponding to SOC behavior and an answer that is a distractor (reasonable alternative action not corresponding to SOC behavior). Selection-Optimization-Compensation (SOC) questionnaire usr_566738e285cfc Stanford Leisure-Time Activity Categorical Item 1512660600468 trm_56bbe12994926 Stanford Leisure-Time Activity Categorical Item L-Cat Subjects are presented with 6 statements regarding levels of physical activity. Subjects must read all 6 statements and choose which statement best characterizes their physical behavior. Stanford Leisure-Time Activity Categorical Item usr_566738e285cfc Motor Selective Stop Signal Task 1512660600516 trm_56bbe45003cf7 Motor Selective Stop Signal Task Similar to the traditional Stop Signal task except subjects stop to one &#34;stop signal&#34; (e.g., the imperative go stimulus turning blue) but not to another, similar &#34;ignore signal&#34; (e.g., the imperative go stimulus turning orange) Motor Selective Stop Signal Task usr_566738e285cfc Emotion Regulation Task 1512660600552 trm_56bbea82c12bb Emotion Regulation Task Subjects are given the default instruction of viewing a negative image. They have the option to press a button and switch their instructions to &#34;distract&#34; or &#34;reappraise.&#34; Electing to press the button and following those instructions will allow subjects to decrease the negative affect they are likely to be experiencing. However, to choose to distract or reappraise, subjects will have to proactively override their (inferior) default state of viewing, which requires monitoring and attention. Emotion Regulation Task usr_566738e285cfc Emotion Regulation Questionnaire 1512660600577 trm_56bbead1a7ed4 Emotion Regulation Questionnaire The ERQ is a 10-item questionnaire designed to assess an individual’s strategy for coping with emotions, either reappraisal or suppression. Subjects must respond to each question using a scale (1-7) where 1=strongly disagree, and 7=strongly agree. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire usr_566738e285cfc Kirby Delay Discounting Task 1512660600603 trm_56bbee951f161 Kirby Delay Discounting Task Subjects must choose between smaller immediate monetary rewards or larger delayed rewards. There are 27 total items divided into three groups depending on the size of the larger reward (small, medium, large). Kirby Delay Discounting Task usr_5550e439ddade delayed intention task 1512660593881 trm_5736095d91380 delayed intention task Subjects are presented with a cue indicating which of several tasks to perform. After a delay phase, they see a task screen and perform the task. Typically, brain activity related to the tasks is analyzed during the delay period. delayed intention task usr_579611e01221d Birkbeck Reversible Sentence Comprehension Test 1512660600630 trm_579640ddba2c0 Birkbeck Reversible Sentence Comprehension Test participants listen to a sentence and must select from several images the one that correspond to the sentence Birkbeck Reversible Sentence Comprehension Test usr_579611e01221d Montreal Cognitive Assessment 1512660600654 trm_57964b8a66aed Montreal Cognitive Assessment MoCA The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was designed as a rapid screening instrument for mild cognitive dysfunction. It assesses different cognitive domains: attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuoconstructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation. Time to administer the MoCA is approximately 10 minutes. The total possible score is 30 points; a score of 26 or above is considered normal. Participants with 12 years of education or less are awarded an extra point. Montreal Cognitive Assessment usr_579611e01221d word recognition task 1512660600680 trm_5798c6a933abc word recognition task The participant is presented with a set of words to learn. The words are then presented again, mixed with words that the participant has not seen/heard. The participant must correctly identify the previously presented words. word recognition task usr_579611e01221d following commands 1512660600703 trm_5798cb6027f28 following commands The participant is given verbal instructions such as &#34;make a fist&#34; or &#34;point to the ceiling&#34;. Execution of the command is scored as correct. The commands may be simple or complex (for example having multiple steps). following commands usr_579611e01221d ideational praxis task 1512660600730 trm_5798d0fbe2bd1 ideational praxis task The participant is given a sheet of paper and a long envelope. The participant is instructed to pretend to send the letter to himself or herself. The participant is told to put the paper into the envelope, seal it, address it to himself or herself, and stamp it. If the participant forgets part of the task, reinstruction is given. Impairment on this item should reflect dysfunction in executing an overlearned task only and not recall difficulty. The five components to this task are 1) fold letter, 2) put letter in envelope, 3) seal envelope, 4) address envelope, 5) put stamp on envelope. ideational praxis task usr_579611e01221d clock drawing task 1512660600755 trm_5798d2693915d clock drawing task The participant is asked to draw a clock showing a specific time. The task is scored based on the number of features correctly drawn. clock drawing task usr_579611e01221d orientation test 1512660600779 trm_5798d7ba0197d orientation test The participant is asked questions to test their orientation in time and place. These include questions about the date, day of the week, season, name of current hospital and name of city. orientation test usr_595048b29ebdf National Adult Reading Test 1512660600906 trm_5798f5c57048d National Adult Reading Test NART The NART was specifically designed to provide a means of estimating the premorbid intelligence levels of adult patients suspected of suffering from intellectual deterioration. The NART comprises a list of 50 words printed in order of increasing difficulty. The words are relatively short in order to avoid the possible adverse effects of stimulus complexity on the reading of dementing subjects, and they are all &#39;irregular&#39; with respect to the common rules of pronunciation in order to minimise the possibility of reading by phonemic decoding rather than word recognition. The subject reads aloud down the list of words and the number of errors made is recorded. WAIS Verbal, Performance and Full-Scale IQs can be predicted from this reading error score by inserting it into the appropriate formulae. (Hazel E. Nelson, 1982) National Adult Reading Test usr_579611e01221d NART-R 1512660600969 trm_5798f94752841 NART-R National Adult Reading Test revised for use in North America The NART was specifically designed to provide a means of estimating the premorbid intelligence levels of adult patients suspected of suffering from intellectual deterioration. The NART-R is a revision of the NART comprising 61 words with irregular pronunciations in North American English. It was standardized on participants from the USA and Canada. NART-R usr_595048b29ebdf American National Adult Reading Test 1512660600996 trm_5798fa39b4315 American National Adult Reading Test AMNART The NART was specifically designed to provide a means of estimating the premorbid intelligence levels of adult patients suspected of suffering from intellectual deterioration. The AMNART was developed for use in the USA. Words particular to British English were replaced and predicted IQ was re-standardised. American National Adult Reading Test usr_49a467bf4e0db Eckblad and Chapman's Hypomanic Personality Scale 1512660601023 trm_57c0bf6b14b90 Eckblad and Chapman's Hypomanic Personality Scale None Eckblad and Chapman's Hypomanic Personality Scale usr_49a467bf4e0db Chapman Infrequency Scale 1512660601047 trm_57c0c015b603c Chapman Infrequency Scale None Chapman Infrequency Scale usr_49a467bf4e0db Chapman Perceptual Aberration Scale 1512660601071 trm_57c0c146e0019 Chapman Perceptual Aberration Scale assesses psychotic-like experiences such as bodily discontinuities and unusual scenery experiences (e.g., “I have felt that something outside my body was a part of my body”). (from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ssw/projects/pmap/docs/chmielewski_chapman.pdf) Chapman Perceptual Aberration Scale usr_49a467bf4e0db Chapman Social Anhedonia Scale 1512660601098 trm_57c0c186b07d4 Chapman Social Anhedonia Scale assesses deficits in the ability to experience pleasure from non physical stimuli such as other people, talking, exchanging expressions of feelings (e.g., “A car ride is much more enjoyable if someone is with me.”). (from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ssw/projects/pmap/docs/chmielewski_chapman.pdf) Chapman Social Anhedonia Scale usr_49a467bf4e0db Chapman Physical Anhedonia Scale 1512660601123 trm_57c0c1af018a5 Chapman Physical Anhedonia Scale assesses a self-reported deficit in the ability to experience pleasure from typically pleasurable physical stimuli such as food, sex, and settings e.g., “Beautiful scenery has been a great delight to me.”). (from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ssw/projects/pmap/docs/chmielewski_chapman.pdf) Chapman Physical Anhedonia Scale usr_49a467bf4e0db Continuous Performance Task 1512660601149 trm_57c0c34e61fdf Continuous Performance Task CPT None Continuous Performance Task usr_49a467bf4e0db Chapman Magical Ideation Scale 1512660598781 trm_57c0c570473d3 Chapman Magical Ideation Scale assesses erroneous beliefs that are based in magical thinking (e.g., “I have occasionally had the silly feeling that a TV or radio broadcaster knew I was listening to him.”). (from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ssw/projects/pmap/docs/chmielewski_chapman.pdf) Chapman Magical Ideation Scale usr_49a467bf4e0db Moral Dilemma Task 1512660600492 trm_57ebe6583f52d Moral Dilemma Task Subjects are presented with vignettes describing either moral dilemmas or non-moral (control) situations. Each vignette is associated with a question requiring a yes/no answer, and the subject responds with a button press. Moral Dilemma Task usr_58335ce1c0dc5 Hidden State Decision Making Task 1512660600318 trm_58335e885873f Hidden State Decision Making Task On each trial, participants have to direct their attention to either a face or a house within a visual compound stimulus and judge the age of the shown example. Participants are instructed to determine whether to attend to face or house as follows: The category on the first trial of each block is instructed. Then, the category remained the same as long as the ages of the images in that category remained the same. If the age changed between trials, the participant should switch attention to the other category on the following trial. Finally, we told participants that no age comparison was required on the first trial after a switch. Hidden State Decision Making Task usr_5844d248213dc False Belief task 1512660601190 trm_5845a809e30d5 False Belief task FB In the &#39;false belief&#39; condition of this task, subjects read a short vignette about a character, and then are asked to respond with &#39;True&#39; or &#39;False&#39; to a question that requires inferring the character&#39;s beliefs. A sample false-belief trial might be: VIGNETTE: The Garcia family goes to a Red Sox baseball game. They leave early, when the Red Sox are up 5-1, and take the train home. While they are on the train, the game finishes with the Red Sox down 5-6. TRUE/FALSE QUESTION: When the Garcia family get off the train, they believe that the Red Sox have lost the game. In the control or &#39;photo&#39; condition, subjects read a short vignette about an image, and then are asked to respond with &#39;True&#39; or &#39;False&#39; to a question that requires inferring the nature of the image. A sample photo trial might be: VIGNETTE: In 1856, when a painter depicted the river in an oil painting that now hangs in the Metropolitan Museum, many trees grew along the riverbank. In 1913, the trees were cut down and replaced with bushes. TRUE/FALSE QUESTION: In the painting, there are bushes lining the riverbank. In fMRI paradigms, the contrast &#39;false belief&#39; > &#39;photo&#39; is used to isolate neural activation associated with Theory of Mind. False Belief task usr_52417bd44c3ae 1512660644595 processing speed speed, mental speed, cognitive speed The general speed with which mental computations are performed. processing speed usr_583366685f18a vertical checkerboard 1512660601216 trm_586fd45d1bd21 vertical checkerboard The subject views a flashing checkerboard with a vertical elongated shape. As a simplified retinotopic mapping procedure., this provides a rough definition of the boundary between some visual areas, e.g. V1 and V2. This is often contrasted with horizontal checkerboards. vertical checkerboard usr_583366685f18a horizontal checkerboard 1512660601241 trm_586fd4fd8754a horizontal checkerboard The subject views a flashing checkerboard with a horizontal elongated shape. As a simplified retinotopic mapping procedure, this provides a rough definition of the boundary between some visual areas, e.g. V2 and V3. This is often used in conjunction and contrasted with vertical checkerboards. horizontal checkerboard usr_583366685f18a hand side recognition 1512660601268 trm_586fd8a2c77ca hand side recognition State whether a given hand image is a palm or back image hand side recognition usr_583366685f18a hand chirality recognition 1512660601294 trm_586fd907e4fc6 hand chirality recognition State whether a hand image is a left or right hand image. hand chirality recognition usr_583366685f18a 1512660644616 sound perception Perception of (any kind of) sound. sound perception usr_583366685f18a 1512660644643 voice perception Perception of a voice sound. voice perception usr_583366685f18a standard localizer fMRI task paradigm 1512660601318 trm_5873cd1c9d4c4 standard localizer fMRI task paradigm Functional localizer to map various large-scale functional cognitive networks. These are the various contrasts obtained by opposing the simple tasks as defined in [Pinel 2007 &#34;Fast reproducible identification and large-scale databasing of individual functional cognitive networks&#34;]. This standard localizer is a simple and fast acquisition procedure based on a 5-minute functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sequence that can be run as easily and as systematically as an anatomical scan. This protocol captures the cerebral bases of auditory and visual perception, motor actions, reading, language comprehension and mental calculation. standard localizer fMRI task paradigm usr_583366685f18a spatial localizer fMRI task paradigm 1512660601343 trm_5873ce8e77d1d spatial localizer fMRI task paradigm This task examined cognitive functions involved on spatial mapping. The paradigm consisted in four categories of blocks. Each block was formed by a set of short events, in which visual instructions related to one or two conditions of the same kind were displayed. These four categories of blocks were characterized as follows: (1) saccade, in which ocular movements were performed according to the displacement of a fixation cross from the center towards peripheral points in the image displayed; (2) mimicry of object grasping with right hand, in which the corresponding object was displayed on the screen; (3) mimic orientation of rhombus, displayed as image background on the screen Tasks of conditions (2) and (3) were featured by the same visual stimuli in order to capture grasping-specific activity, using right hand along with fingers; (4) mental judgement on the left-right direction of a hand displayed as visual stimulus; and (5) mental judgement on the palmar-dorsal direction of a hand displayed as visual stimulus. The first three aforementioned conditions contained one active condition. In contrast, the forth and fifth blocks included two active conditions, referring each one to the relative directions of the hand represented. spatial localizer fMRI task paradigm usr_583366685f18a Social localizer fMRI task paradigm 1512660601368 trm_5873d014bcfc8 Social localizer fMRI task paradigm This task tackles cognitive functions implicated on social cognition, namely mental abilities linked to the *theory of mind* or social interplay. There are three categories of blocks constituted by a set of events related to specific conditions. Each block integrates two conditions of the same kind. They can be described as follows: 1. mechanistic audio: interpret short stories (presented as auditory stimuli) through mental reply (no active response was involved), featuring a cause-consequence plot; 2. mechanistic video: interpret short stories (presented as visual stimuli) through mental reply (no active response was involved), featuring a cause-consequence plot; 3 triangle mental: watch short movies of triangles, which exhibit a putative movement; 4 triangle random: watch short movies of triangles, which exhibit a random movement; 5 false belief audio: interpret short stories (presented as auditory stimuli) through mental reply (no active response was involved), featuring a false-belief plot; 6 false belief video: interpret short stories (presented as visual stimuli) through mental reply (no active response was involved), featuring a false-belief plot; 7 speech sound: listen passively to short samples of human voices; 8 non speech sound: listen passively to short samples of natural sounds. Social localizer fMRI task paradigm usr_583366685f18a emotional localizer fMRI task paradigm 1512660601396 trm_5873d0be34b8f emotional localizer fMRI task paradigm This is an emotional paradigm that include facial judgements of gender, trustworthiness and expression based on face photographs or photographs reduced to the eyes. More precisely, the following conditions were presented: 1 face gender: gender evaluation of the presented human faces; 2 face control: mental assessment on the slope of a gray-scale grid image that may be tilted or not; 3 face trusty: trustworthy evaluation of the presented human faces; 4 expression intention: trustworthy evaluation of the presented human eye images; 5 expression gender: gender evaluation of the presented human eye images; 6 expression control: mental assessment on the slope of a gray-scale grid image that may be tilted or not. emotional localizer fMRI task paradigm usr_583366685f18a synatcting and semantic fMRI task paradigm 1512660601421 trm_5873e2469dd0d synatcting and semantic fMRI task paradigm This is a language mapping task designed for fMRI, in which subjects are presented sequences of 10-items in rapid serial visual presentation. These sequences can be 1. A sentence with complex syntactic structure 2. A sentence with simple syntactic structure 3. A list of words 4. A sentence of jabberwocky 5. A list of pseudo-words (from the same distribution as jabberwocky) 6. Consonant strings A probe is then presented and the subject has to respond whether it was one of 10 items of the previously presented sequence. Each trial lasts 10 seconds. Contrasts between these conditions can be used to probe syntactic-specific or semantic-specific responses. synatcting and semantic fMRI task paradigm usr_49a467bf4e0db body image self-reflection task 1512660601446 trm_5879199fde201 body image self-reflection task Participants view images of virtual models dressed in underclothing or swimwear. Upon viewing each image, they are instructed to &#39;Imagine that someone is comparing your body to the body of the woman/man you see in the picture. That is, imagine someone is saying &#34;your body looks like hers/his.&#34;&#39; Participants view images from their own sex only. For more details, see: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886910000735 body image self-reflection task usr_5844d248213dc Gustatory stimulation with liquid tastes or flavors 1512660601469 trm_5887c029d46f4 Gustatory stimulation with liquid tastes or flavors Taste stimulation, Flavor stimulation In this task, liquid flavors or tastes are orally presented in quantities of one to several milliliters. Oral stimuli are presented by using a gusto-meter consisting of a pump mechanism, tubes and a mouthpiece attached to the MRI head coil. Usually, visual and/or auditory cues are used to provide instructions and/or cues to participants. These may include but are not limited to when to expect oral stimulation and when to swallow. Trials usually last up to 30 seconds and include an oral stimulus of interest, a behavioral response from the participant, and a rinsing procedure to rinse the palate. References: See e.g., Dalenberg, J. R., Hoogeveen, H. R., Renken, R. J., Langers, D. R. M., & ter Horst, G. J. (2015). Functional specialization of the male insula during taste perception. NeuroImage, 119, 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.062 Marciani, L., Pfeiffer, J. C., Hort, J., Head, K., Bush, D., Taylor, A. J., … Gowland, P. A. (2006). Improved methods for fMRI studies of combined taste and aroma stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 158, 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.05.035 Veldhuizen, M. G., Bender, G., Constable, R. T., & Small, D. M. (2007). Trying to detect taste in a tasteless solution: modulation of early gustatory cortex by attention to taste. Chemical Senses, 32(6), 569–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjm025 Gustatory stimulation with liquid tastes or flavors usr_58a5d272c31ee Biological Motion Perception (Passive Viewing) Paradigm 1512660601496 trm_58a5d31f5c72d Biological Motion Perception (Passive Viewing) Paradigm Participants passively view point-light displays of either coherent human biological motion or scrambled versions of those same displays. Biological Motion Perception (Passive Viewing) Paradigm usr_5846eef191b8b route learning 1512660601520 trm_58ab8a6131c5a route learning Subjects study sets of real-world routes. For each subject, the set of routes includes (a) pairs that share a common path before diverging to terminate at distinct destinations (‘overlapping routes’) and (b) pairs with no paths in common (‘non-overlapping routes’) Importantly, each route contributes to both conditions. For example, ‘route 1’ and ‘route 2’ are overlapping routes, but ‘route 1’ and ‘route 3’ are non-overlapping routes. Each route contains an initial segment that is shared with another route , and a later segment, including the destination, that is route-specific. Although the real-world spatial locations of the overlapping segments are identical, the pictures for each route are taken at different times and therefore differ subtly in terms of pedestrians, vehicles, etc. Routes are studied twice per round for 14 rounds. Subjects are instructed to learn each route (i.e., the specific path to each destination) but are not told the destination at the start of the route. After each study round, subjects are shown individual pictures drawn from the routes and are asked to select the destination associated with each picture. Of central interest is accuracy for pictures drawn from Segment 1 of each route because selecting the correct destination for these pictures requires discriminating between overlapping routes. For more details, see: http://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/01/10/099226 route learning usr_58c8092c0082a 1512660644665 social norm processing Thinking about and making judgments on social norms, which are widely shared beliefs on appropriate behavior in a social situation, i.e. in a situation where others are present. Note that several other definitions of &#39;social norms&#39; exist, for example in the context of economic decision games. social norm processing usr_58c8092c0082a Social Norm Processing Task 1512660601552 trm_58c80c3376c95 Social Norm Processing Task The revised Social Norm Processing Task (SNPT-R) is a paradigm enabling the study of behavioral and neural responses to intended and unintended social norm violations, among both adults and adolescence (Bas-Hoogendam et al., under review). Social Norm Processing Task usr_596689bde0c1a Yellow Light Game 1512660601579 trm_59668f09db813 Yellow Light Game The Yellow Light Game (YLG) is a computerized driving simulation task that was modified from the Stoplight Task (Gardner & Steinberg, 2005; Chein et al., 2011). Similar to the Stoplight Task, each run in the YLG involves participants driving on a straight road with 20 intersections, each controlled by a traffic light. Participants are instructed that the goal of the game is to get the fastest time. At each intersection, when the traffic light turns yellow, participants choose to either continue through the intersection (Go decision), or to stop the car (Stop decision); they are not able to accelerate or steer. Participants are instructed that Go decisions would result in the fastest time, unless another car is present on the cross street, in which case the participant would crash. Crashes double the time spent at an intersection compared to if the participant had decided to stop. Therefore, Go decisions are considered ‘risky’, whereas Stop decisions are considered ‘safe’. Upon completion of a run, participants are presented with their completion time and the number of crashes during that run. A unique feature of the YLG is that there are three different types of intersections, which vary based on the timing of yellow light onset and the presence or absence of a car on the cross street. Some intersections have a 75% probability of crashing, others have a 25% probability of crashing, and the remaining intersections have a 50% probability of crashing. To prevent the task from promoting risk taking overall, the cumulative probability of crashing is set to 50% (i.e., 10 out of the 20 intersections have cars approaching on the cross street, resulting in a crash if the participant made a Go decision). This task feature is not explicitly communicated to participants, although participants have the opportunity to implicitly learn this information based on the differential timing of the yellow light onsets associated with each type of intersection. That is, intersections at which the light turns yellow earlier (i.e., when the participant was further away from the intersection) signal a greater crash probability. By including the different types of intersections, we are able to distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive risk taking, without promoting risk taking overall, as the cumulative probability of crashing is 50%. For more information about and access to the task, please visit: https://dsn.uoregon.edu/research/yellow-light-game/. Yellow Light Game usr_58cc374bc5154 network traversal task 1512660601607 trm_597249e1ec9d3 network traversal task Subjects are presented with a sequence of stimuli whose order is determined by a walk (e.g., Random, Eulerian, Hamiltonian) over an underlying network. network traversal task usr_5975f8d4ebc29 motorphotic 1512660601633 trm_5975f939336c0 motorphotic This task is intended to stimulate both primary visual and motor cortices. During this task, subjects are instructed to tap their fingers (right-hand, left-hand or bilateral) on a visual cue, in the form of a black-and-white, flashing checkerboard, that appears on the screen. A fixation cross may also appear at the center of the screen to help subjects maintain their gaze. motorphotic usr_583366685f18a 1512660644686 Chronesthesia Mental time travel Chronesthesia is defined as a hypothetical ability that allows humans to be constantly aware of the past and the future. Chronesthesia usr_583366685f18a Fictitious event ordering 1512660601660 trm_59cd03eeeab30 Fictitious event ordering The participant has to judge which one from two events taken from a fictitious story took place first. For this, the participant, need to be aware of the story. This task probes mental Time Travel abilities. A variant of this task consists in ordering the events in space (North/south, East/West). Fictitious event ordering usr_0000000000 1512660644722 arousal (emotion) The intensity of an emotion (as distinguished in the circumplex model from its valence) arousal (emotion) usr_49a467bf4e0db 1512660644746 arousal (physical) Activation of physiological arousal systems involving the autonomic nervous system arousal (physical) usr_5773c75dae524 episodic recombination paradigm 1512660601690 trm_59ed1f7a0ac9c episodic recombination paradigm The episodic recombination paradigm (Addis et al., 2009) was designed to study episodic simulations (remembering past events, or imagining novel future events). In this paradigm, participants first provide a set of autobiographical memories, each comprised of a set of details, e.g., a person, place, and object. They later return for a separate session in which they are cued to recall some of these episodes. For the imagination trials, details concerning person, place, and object are experimentally recombined across events, and participants are asked to imagine an event that might occur in the future involving the recombined set of details. Participants press a button once they have constructed the past or future event and after that continue to simulate the event, generating as much detail as possible. This is typically followed by ratings of phenomenological characteristics of the simulated events, e.g., detail or difficulty. (description adapted from Addis et al., 2010) episodic recombination paradigm usr_5773c75dae524 1512660644769 episodic future thinking The capacity to imagine or simulate experiences that might occur in one's personal future (from Benoit, R.G., Schacter, D.L., & Szpunar, K.K. (2017). Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions. Current opinion in behavioral sciences, 17, 41-50) episodic future thinking usr_5773c75dae524 1512660644792 prospection the ability to represent what might happen in the future (from Szpunar, K.K., Spreng, R.N., & Schacter, D.L. (2014). A taxonomy of prospection: introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111 52, 18414-21) prospection usr_5773c75dae524 1512660644814 episodic simulation the construction of a detailed mental representation of a specific autobiographical future event (from Szpunar, K.K., Spreng, R.N., & Schacter, D.L. (2014). A taxonomy of prospection: introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111 52, 18414-21) episodic simulation usr_5773c75dae524 1512660644838 episodic prediction the estimation of the likelihood of, and/or one’s reaction to a specific autobiographical future event (from Szpunar, K.K., Spreng, R.N., & Schacter, D.L. (2014). A taxonomy of prospection: introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111 52, 18414-21) episodic prediction usr_5773c75dae524 1512660644860 episodic intention the mental act of setting a goal in relation to a specific autobiographical future event (from Szpunar, K.K., Spreng, R.N., & Schacter, D.L. (2014). A taxonomy of prospection: introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111 52, 18414-21) episodic intention usr_5773c75dae524 1512660644884 episodic planning the identification and organization of steps needed to arrive at a specific autobiographical future event or outcome (from Szpunar, K.K., Spreng, R.N., & Schacter, D.L. (2014). A taxonomy of prospection: introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111 52, 18414-21) episodic planning 1575559365146 spatial distance the processing about inferring distance in space spatial distance 1558295580980 imagined emotional pain emotional pain caused by ideation of emotional distress imagined emotional pain 1537998094226 Food cue reactivity Brain response to food cues minus the response to non-food cues (often visual, but could also be olfactory) or an appropriate control cue (e.g. a a small amount of a tasteless control solution). Food cue reactivity 1572355231905 other-reference effect encoding of information or memory retrieval in reference to other entity other-reference effect 1575560770514 near spatial distance evaluative representation of an event near in space near spatial distance 1571085816285 temporal distance the processing about inferring distance in time temporal distance 1531197312053 Naturalistic Scenes Passive viewing of naturalistic scenes (i.e. movies of landscapes and nature, cartoons, etc) Naturalistic Scenes 1558288203966 motivational salience attention that propels an individual's behavior motivational salience 1574188465178 cognitive distance mental representation of an environmental distance cognitive distance 1531198083690 central fixation Fixation on a central point central fixation 1574097063403 north cardinal-direction judgment judgment of the cardinal direction of the compass rose defined as "north" north cardinal-direction judgment 1558297168947 time perception subjective experience, or sense, of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and unfolding of events. time perception 1558291966319 numerical cognition set of cognitive processes pertaining to the assimilation, ascription and manipulation of numerical information numerical cognition 1558293962608 imagined pain psychological-induced pain, i.e. pain in the absence of unpleasant stimulus imagined pain 1558298540602 cardinal-direction judgment judgment of the cardinal direction in the compass rose of a percept cardinal-direction judgment 1574247812270 temporal categorization categorization of events in terms of past, present and future temporal categorization 1558294898336 imagined physical pain bodily pain caused by ideation of physical suffering imagined physical pain 1558296664929 temporal cognition the processing of perceiving the flow-of-time and the temporal characteristics of world phenomena temporal cognition 1574097442537 west cardinal-direction judgment judgment of the cardinal direction of the compass rose defined as "west" west cardinal-direction judgment 1558793301280 response alternatives The process of responding to a choice of stimuli that changes on every trial. response alternatives 1524729946861 meter a regular pattern of strong and weak beats meter 1574097275703 south cardinal-direction judgment judgment of the cardinal direction of the compass rose defined as "south" south cardinal-direction judgment 1558288552642 incentive salience attention that confers desire to a rewarding stimulus incentive salience 1574097523195 east cardinal-direction judgment judgment of the cardinal direction of the compass rose defined as "east" east cardinal-direction judgment 1531196938086 dynamic visual perception Passive viewing of dynamic scenes (i.e. videos of landscapes, nature, or any movie) dynamic visual perception 1558290405015 numerosity non-symbolic number sense of percepts numerosity 1574104957151 future time mental construct relative to yet to come future time 1572656212859 enumeration the ability to report an amount of elements enumeration 1553537227596 saccadic eye movement quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of fixation in the same direction (from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade) saccadic eye movement 1574104851148 present time mental construct relative to the existing or happening now present time 1571077145138 music syntax the combined processing of both low-level sound descriptors (such as loudness, timbre, pitch) and mid- plus high-level ones (like rythm, harmony, melody and genre). music syntax 1574101042230 west-east orientation assessment of the west-east cardinal orientation west-east orientation 1571085280806 music cognition the processing of mental functions on auditory encoding and emotion regulation that determines how music is experienced. music cognition 1548417671598 Self evaluation participants evaluate how well several short trait descriptions fit the self. Self evaluation 1574099156810 cardinal orientation positioning with respect to a specific cardinal axis of the compass rose cardinal orientation 1575561007650 far temporal distance evaluative representation of an event far in time far temporal distance 1558288760493 aversive salience attention that confers avoidance behavior to an unpleasant stimulus aversive salience 1571081009582 music semantics the processing of semantic retrieval from music music semantics 1558114395292 self-reference effect encoding of information or memory retrieval in reference to the self self-reference effect 1575560962328 near temporal distance evaluative representation of an event near in time near temporal distance 1574104435717 past time mental construct relative to the no longer current past time 1558658677351 visual scene perception Perceiving visual input — typically of a real-world scene — that contains multiple elements in a spatial layout (e.g., may have multiple objects and object relations, with a foreground and a background). visual scene perception 1558297843768 time orientation organizing events in temporal categories of past, present and future time orientation 1575560882891 far spatial distance evaluative representation of an event far in space far spatial distance 1571075083779 music perception the conscious experience of discriminate music among all types of sensory stimuli. music perception 1531196718148 Naturalistic Biological Motion Viewing dynamic scenes of biological motion (i.e. a movie of hands tying knots or a hand hammering a nail) Naturalistic Biological Motion Visual short term memory task 1576761479215 tsk_1eLUszKc87tI1 Visual short term memory task Task involving concurrently processing of a variable number of items, while requiring high-encoding precision of items due to their multiple features, like location and orientation. Visual short term memory task Self evaluation task 1548418820579 tsk_29IL64WzhiO9u Self evaluation task A task in which participants evaluate how well several short trait descriptions fit the self. Self evaluation task usr_4f177506dde77 action imitation task 1512660583400 tsk_4a57abb94981d action imitation task A task in which a participant sees another person perform an action and later performs the same action him/herself. Imitation can be immediate or delayed. It can be instructed or elicited implicitly (without the participant&#39;s conscious awareness). The actions imitated can be familar/meaningful actions or unfamilar/meaningless actions. action imitation task usr_4f177506dde77 action observation task 1512660583432 tsk_4a57abb949846 action observation task Subjects view images of actions in order to learn the action themselves. action observation task usr_51bc76ae9636c adult attachment interview 1512660583464 tsk_4a57abb949858 adult attachment interview Standardized interview used to assess developmental and attachment history. adult attachment interview usr_4f177506dde77 antisaccade/prosaccade task 1512660583498 tsk_4a57abb949869 antisaccade/prosaccade task antisaccade task Subjects view a fixation point and a visual target is presented. Subjects are instructed to make a saccade away from the target (antisaccade) or to the target (prosaccade). antisaccade/prosaccade task usr_4f177506dde77 rapid serial visual presentation task 1512660583530 tsk_4a57abb949879 rapid serial visual presentation task attentional processing of a first stimulus interferes with and/or delays the allocation of attention to a second stimulus if the second is presented before the processing of the first has been completed. rapid serial visual presentation task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 audio-visual target detection task 1512660583556 tsk_4a57abb949889 audio-visual target detection task This task pairs auditory and visual stimuli. Participants are asked to indicate when the paired stimuli are presented in synchrony, or to identify the locations of the stimuli among distracting visual and auditory information. audio-visual target detection task usr_4f177506dde77 backward digit span task 1512660583590 tsk_4a57abb94989b backward digit span task In a typical test of memory span, a list of random numbers or letters is read out loud or presented on a computer screen at the rate of one per second. The test begins with two to three numbers, increasing until the person commits errors. At the end of a sequence, the person being tested is asked to recall the items in reverse of the presented order. backward digit span task usr_51bc76ae9636c behavioral rating inventory of executive function 1512660583626 tsk_4a57abb9498ab behavioral rating inventory of executive function BRIEF used for evaluating and planning treatment strategies for a wide spectrum of developmental and acquired neurological conditions, including learning disabilities, low birth weight, ADHD, Tourette&#39;s disorder, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Autism; consists of 8 non-overlapping clinical scales that form two broader indexes: Behavior Regulation (three scales) and Metacognition (five scales). A Global Executive Composite score is also produced; completed by parents and teachers, is suitable for children as young as 5 years old. behavioral rating inventory of executive function usr_51bc76ae9636c Benton facial recognition test 1512660583655 tsk_4a57abb9498bc Benton facial recognition test A tool used to assess deficits in facial recognition. Benton facial recognition test usr_51bc76ae9636c Birmingham object recognition battery 1512660583684 tsk_4a57abb9498ce Birmingham object recognition battery a set of standardized procedures for assessing neuropsychological disorders of visual object recognition which includes tests to assess low-level aspects of visual perception (using same-different matching of basic perceptual features, such as orientation, length, position and object size), intermediate visual processes (e.g., matching objects different in viewpoint), access to stored perceptual knowledge about objects (object decision), access to semantic knowledge (function and associative matches) and access to names from object (picture naming). Birmingham object recognition battery usr_4f177506dde77 block tapping test 1512660583717 tsk_4a57abb9498df block tapping test tool used for assessment of visual short-term memory and implicit visual-spatial learning. An examiner taps a series of blocks and the subject must repeat in the correct sequential order. If the sequence is correct, the examiner adds another tap to the next sequence. block tapping test usr_51bc76ae9636c boston naming test 1512660583744 tsk_4a57abb9498ef boston naming test BNT assesses the ability to name pictures of objects through spontaneous responses and need for various types of cueing, inferences can be drawn regarding language facility and possible localization of cerebral damage. boston naming test usr_4b9003ea0be96 California Verbal Learning Test-II 1512660583770 tsk_4a57abb949900 California Verbal Learning Test-II A comprehensive and detailed assessment of verbal learning and memory available for older adolescents and adults. In addition to recall and recognition scores, it measures encoding strategies, learning rates, error types, and other process data. California Verbal Learning Test-II usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Cambridge Face Memory Test 1512660583803 tsk_4a57abb949912 Cambridge Face Memory Test a test with high reliability and validity that assesses the ability to learn and then recognize six new faces. Cambridge Face Memory Test usr_4b9003ea0be96 category fluency test 1512660583839 tsk_4a57abb949923 category fluency test a psychological test in which participants have to say as many words as possible from a category in a given time (usually 60 seconds), this category can be semantic, such as animals or fruits, or phonemic, such as words that begin with letter p. category fluency test usr_4cf5de07654c8 choice reaction time task 1512660583881 tsk_4a57abb949934 choice reaction time task Choice reaction time tasks require distinct responses for each possible class of stimulus. For example, the subject might be asked to press one button if a red light appears and a different button if a yellow light appears. choice reaction time task usr_4b9003ea0be96 Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-3 1512660583919 tsk_4a57abb9499a8 Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-3 3rd edition of an assessment used to evaluate the nature and extent of language difficulties in school children and adolescents. Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-3 usr_49a467bf4e0db color-discrimination task 1512660583948 tsk_4a57abb9499b8 color-discrimination task is a behavioral task where a subject is to make specific responses when presented with particular colors. The responses to the various colors are then evaluated to see if the subject was able to discern between different colors. color-discrimination task usr_4b9003ea0be96 continuous recognition paradigm 1512660583990 tsk_4a57abb9499c7 continuous recognition paradigm In the continuous recognition paradigm, study and test phases are not separate entities, but rather, items are continuously presented and the participant is instructed to respond to an item as &#34;old&#34; if it has been seen before (generally presented a second time) in this continual stream of item presentation. Items that were correctly called &#34;old&#34; are the subsequently remembered trials, and items that were &#34;missed&#34; (not called old upon second presentation) make up the subsequently forgotten trials. continuous recognition paradigm usr_49a467bf4e0db cups task 1512660584021 tsk_4a57abb9499d5 cups task On each trial, participants choose between a risky and safe option. Each trial involves either gains or losses. The options are presented as a choice of cups. The risky option involves two to five cups, one containing a gain (loss) of $2, $3 or $5, and the others containing $0. If the latter option is selected, the payoff from one cup is selected at random. The safe cup offers a sure gain (loss) $1. cups task usr_49a467bf4e0db delayed match to sample task 1512660584063 tsk_4a57abb9499e3 delayed match to sample task dms task, delayed matching to sample task Subjects view an item(s). After a brief delay a probe item is presented and subjects are asked to recall if the probe item was presented before the delay (during encoding). Stimuli can be words, pictures, or abstract patterns. delayed match to sample task usr_49a467bf4e0db delayed nonmatch to sample task 1512660584096 tsk_4a57abb9499f1 delayed nonmatch to sample task DNMS task, delayed nonmatching to sample task A task in which an target is presented and then removed from view. This target must be maintained in working memory for a delay, after which it is presented with non-target(s). The participant&#39;s task is to identify the non-target. delayed nonmatch to sample task usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba delayed recall test 1512660584135 tsk_4a57abb9499ff delayed recall test A task in which participants are given information to remember (list of words or paragraph) and which they are asked to reproduce after some span of time. delayed recall test usr_4f177506dde77 digit span task 1512660584182 tsk_4a57abb949a0d digit span task A task in which participants are presented with sequentially presented digits and are then asked to recall the items. The number of digits that can be correctly recalled provides an estimate of working memory capacity. digit span task usr_4f177506dde77 digit/symbol coding test 1512660584219 tsk_4a57abb949a25 digit/symbol coding test a neuropsychological test sensitive to brain damage, dementia, age and depression; consists of (e.g. nine) digit-symbol pairs (e.g. 1/-,2/┴ ... 7/Λ,8/X,9/=) followed by a list of digits. Under each digit the subject should write down the corresponding symbol as fast as possible. The number of correct symbols within the allowed time (e.g. 90 or 120 sec) is measured. digit/symbol coding test usr_4f177506dde77 doors and people test 1512660584254 tsk_4a57abb949a33 doors and people test Doors and People is a test of long-term memory. It yields a single age-scaled overall score which can be ‘unpacked’ to give separate measures of visual and verbal memory, recall and recognition, and forgetting. doors and people test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Edinburgh Handedness Inventory 1512660584281 tsk_4a57abb949a41 Edinburgh Handedness Inventory a measurement scale used to assess the dominance of a person&#39;s right or left hand in everyday activities. It consists of a questionnaire with 10 activities listed (writing, drawing, throwing, using scissors, using a toothbrush, using a knife without a fork, using a spoon, the upper hand when using a broom, striking a match, and opening the lid of a box). Participants must indicate which hand they would use, and the strength of this preference (strong, less strong, indifferent). Edinburgh Handedness Inventory usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Eriksen flanker task 1512660584310 tsk_4a57abb949a4f Eriksen flanker task flanker task, NIH Toolbox Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test A task in which participants view stimuli (typically arrows) presented one at a time and to which they must make a simple lexical response. These stimuli are surrounded by either distracting or facilitating items. Distracting items are typically associated with an opposite response (&#34;incongruent&#34; = pointing in opposite direction to target stimulus), whereas facilitating items are typically associated with the same response as the target stimulus (&#34;congruent&#34; = pointing in the same direction as the target stimulus). Eriksen flanker task usr_4f177506dde77 extradimensional shift task 1512660584361 tsk_4a57abb949a5d extradimensional shift task A task in which multiple (typically two) stimuli are presented simultaneously and the subject must select the stimulus that matches the currently relevant rule. The relevant rule alternates or &#34;shifts&#34; among multiple (typically two) rules. The rule represents the relevant task &#34;dimension&#34;. The stimulus-response mappings are unique and constant within each possible rule dimension. extradimensional shift task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 face n-back task 1512660584393 tsk_4a57abb949a6a face n-back task Task in which face stimuli are presented one at a time in a continuous stream, and the objective is to detect when the current face matches the face presented n previously (1,2, or 3 faces before). face n-back task usr_4b9003ea0be96 Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence 1512660584428 tsk_4a57abb949a78 Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence usr_4f177506dde77 forward digit span task 1512660584464 tsk_4a57abb949a85 forward digit span task A method of short-term memory measurement in which a person listens to someone say a series of single-digit numbers and must repeat them back in the same order they were given. forward digit span task usr_4f177506dde77 go/no-go task 1512660584498 tsk_4a57abb949a93 go/no-go task go/nogo task A task in which stimuli are presented in a continuous stream and participants perform a binary decision on each stimulus. One of the outcomes requires participants to make a motor response (go), whereas the other requires participants to withhold a response (no-go). Accuracy and reaction time are measured for each event. Go events typically occur with higher frequency than no-go events. go/no-go task usr_4fea0f8780899 Gray Oral Reading Test - 4 1512660584523 tsk_4a57abb949aa1 Gray Oral Reading Test - 4 GORT-4 Measures growth in oral reading and aids in the diagnosis of oral reading difficulties. Five scores provide information on oral reading skills in terms of: Rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, overall reading ability, and comprehension. The test consists of two parallel forms, each containing 14 developmentally sequenced reading passages with five comprehension questions following each passage. Gray Oral Reading Test - 4 usr_4f177506dde77 Hooper visual organization test 1512660584552 tsk_4a57abb949aae Hooper visual organization test VOT a neuropsychological test of visual spatial ability that presents participants with a line drawing of a common object that has been broken into fragments, and asks participants to name what the object would be if reassembled. Hooper visual organization test usr_4cf5de07654c8 immediate recall test 1512660584590 tsk_4a57abb949abc immediate recall test involves presenting a subject with material that is to be memorized. Once the material is removed the subject is to immediately demonstrate everything that they remember from the material. immediate recall test usr_4b9003ea0be96 International Affective Picture System 1512660584626 tsk_4a57abb949aca International Affective Picture System a database of photographs used in emotion research. International Affective Picture System usr_4f177506dde77 intradimensional shift task 1512660584663 tsk_4a57abb949ad7 intradimensional shift task A task in which multiple (typically two) stimuli are presented simultaneously and the subject must select the stimulus that matches the currently relevant rule. The rule represents the relevant task &#34;dimension&#34;. The stimulus-response mappings within this dimension alternate or &#34;shift&#34; among multiple (typically two) alternatives. intradimensional shift task usr_4ac2cdeede9e6 Iowa Gambling Task 1512660584702 tsk_4a57abb949ae5 Iowa Gambling Task Bechara&#39;s gambling task a widely used experiment in the areas of cognition & emotion that was originally developed to assist in detecting decision-making impairment in patients with prefrontal cortex damage; a computerized experiment that is carried out in real time and resembles real-world contingencies. The task allows participants to select cards from four decks displayed on-screen. Participants are instructed that the selection of each card will result in winning or losing money. The objective is to attempt to win as much money as possible. (from http://iowagamblingtask.com/) On each trial, participants select a card from one of four decks; two ‘bad’ decks offer a higher reward on most trials but also higher possible loss and lower overall expected value, whereas two ‘good’ decks offer a lower reward on most trials but lower possible loss and higher expected value. Participants learn the nature of the decks through trial-and- error. In some versions of the task, the probabilities are not stationary. Iowa Gambling Task usr_4b9003ea0be96 Ishihara plates for color blindness 1512660584736 tsk_4a57abb949af3 Ishihara plates for color blindness a test for red-green color deficiencies that consists of a number of colored plates, called Ishihara plates, each of which contain a circle of dots appearing randomized in color and size. Within the pattern are dots which form a number visible to those with normal color vision and invisible, or difficult to see, for those with a red-green color vision defect. Ishihara plates for color blindness usr_4b9003ea0be96 Kanizsa figures 1512660584798 tsk_4a57abb949b00 Kanizsa figures An ambiguous figure in which the illusory contour of a square (or triangle) appears in the middle of four (or three) truncated solid squares (or circles). It is an illustration of the perceptual ability to make sense of an incomplete figure by creating a &#39;whole&#39; image from the separate elements (Gestalt organization). Kanizsa figures usr_4cf5de07654c8 letter fluency test 1512660584828 tsk_4a57abb949b0e letter fluency test is a test that requires generation of words cued with a specific letter and depends on phonemic abilities. letter fluency test usr_595048b29ebdf letter n-back task 1512660584859 tsk_4a57abb949b1c letter n-back task LNB A task in which participants view a continuous stream of letter stimuli. The object of the task is to identify letter repetitions that occur n-trials preceding to the current stimulus. letter n-back task usr_4f177506dde77 letter naming task 1512660584888 tsk_4a57abb949b2b letter naming task character naming task Participants are presented with letters and asked to give the name for each letter as it appears or as the researcher points to it. letter naming task usr_4f177506dde77 lexical decision task 1512660584913 tsk_4a57abb949b38 lexical decision task word/nonword task a procedure used in many psychology and psycholinguistics experiments; the basic procedure involves measuring how quickly people classify stimuli as words or nonwords. Subjects are presented, either visually or auditorily, with a mixture of words and pseudowords (nonsense strings that respect the phonotactic rules of a language, like trud in English). Their task is to indicate, usually with a button-press, whether the presented stimulus is a word or not. lexical decision task usr_49a467bf4e0db matching pennies game 1512660584942 tsk_4a57abb949b46 matching pennies game matching pennies task The game is played between two players, Player A and Player B. Each player has a penny and must secretly turn the penny to heads or tails. The players then reveal their choices simultaneously. If the pennies match (both heads or both tails), Player A receives one dollar from Player B (+1 for A, -1 for B). If the pennies do not match (one heads and one tails), Player B receives one dollar from Player A (-1 for A, +1 for B). This is an example of a zero-sum game, where one player&#39;s gain is exactly equal to the other player&#39;s loss. matching pennies game usr_4f177506dde77 Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory 1512660584974 tsk_4a57abb949b54 Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory MOC, MOCI assess obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the areas of contamination fears and washing behaviors, checking, slowness, and doubting using 30 dichotomously scored (true/false) items, with each pathological response receiving a score of 1. Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory usr_4ffbda803dbd6 Mini Mental State Examination 1512660585013 tsk_4a57abb949bb1 Mini Mental State Examination MMSE, Folstein test The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test is a brief 30-point questionnaire test that is used to screen for cognitive impairment. It is commonly used in medicine to screen for dementia. It is also used to estimate the severity of cognitive impairment at a given point in time and to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time, thus making it an effective way to document an individual&#39;s response to treatment. Mini Mental State Examination usr_4de5345b3b6a8 motor sequencing task 1512660585057 tsk_4a57abb949bbf motor sequencing task Participants perform several motoric tasks in a specific sequence/order. motor sequencing task usr_49a467bf4e0db n-back task 1512660585104 tsk_4a57abb949bcd n-back task 1-back task, 2-back task, 3-back task A task in which items (e.g., letters) are presented one at a time and participants must identify each item that repeats relative to the item that occurred &#34;n&#34; items before its onset. n-back task usr_4b9003ea0be96 nine-hole peg test 1512660585142 tsk_4a57abb949bdb nine-hole peg test a timed test of fine motor coordination; the test involves the subject placing 9 dowels in 9 holes. Subjects are scored on the amount of time it takes to place and remove all 9 pegs. nine-hole peg test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 object-discrimination task 1512660585185 tsk_4a57abb949be9 object-discrimination task Participants are shown pairs or sets of objects. Experimenters then try to discern whether the participant is able to discriminate between the objects. This can be done by having subjects match identical objects to each other, having certain objects become associated with rewards and measuring accuracy, or measuring time spent observing novel objects compared to time spent observing previously seen objects. object-discrimination task usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba oddball task 1512660585227 tsk_4a57abb949bf6 oddball task A task in which stimuli are presented in a continuous stream and participants must detect the presence of an oddball stimulus. The oddball is a stimulus that occurs infrequently relative to all other stimuli, and has distinct characteristics (e.g., a different tone among auditory stimuli). oddball task usr_4f177506dde77 pantomime task 1512660585269 tsk_4a57abb949c04 pantomime task is when a subject is asked to explain an emotion or how an object is used by only gesturing with their hands and not using speech. pantomime task usr_4f177506dde77 Parrott Scale 1512660585297 tsk_4a57abb949ce9 Parrott Scale a scale created for self-reporting of subjective states like stress, arousal, and pleasure in nicotine studies Parrott Scale usr_4de5345b3b6a8 picture naming task 1512660585355 tsk_4a57abb949cfb picture naming task participants are shown pictures of objects and asked to identify the item. picture naming task usr_4f177506dde77 Positive and Negative Affect Scale 1512660585389 tsk_4a57abb949d09 Positive and Negative Affect Scale PANAS A psychometric scale to measure positive and negative affects in individuals, and both as states and traits. Positive affect questions assess to what extent the participant is attentive, interested, alert, excited, enthusiastic, inspired, proud, determined, strong and active. Negative affect questions assess to what extent the participant is distressed, upset, hostile, irritable, scared, afraid, ashamed, guilty, nervous, and jittery. Participants answer questions on a Likert scale where 0=very, 1=slightly or not at all, 2=a little, 3=moderately, 4=quite a bit, and 5=very much. The questionnaire asks whether participants have felt these traits &#34;during the past few weeks&#34; (trait) and &#34;during the past few days&#34; (state). Positive and Negative Affect Scale usr_4b9003ea0be96 Posner cueing task 1512660585421 tsk_4a57abb949d17 Posner cueing task Subjects view two stimuli (boxes, letters, etc.) and are cued by an arrow to attend to one of the stimuli. Subjects then discriminate and respond (e.g., press a button when one of the boxes is filled with a diagonal cross, or press the left button for an &#34;X&#34; and the right button for an &#34;O&#34;). Posner cueing task usr_4f177506dde77 pseudoword naming task 1512660585448 tsk_4a57abb949d25 pseudoword naming task pseudoword reading task Participants are presented (usually one at a time, rather than in list form) with words and pseudowords, which are strings of letters that have no meaning in the language but are still pronounceable and asked to read aloud what they see. In pseudoword choice or decision tasks, they are asked to identify whether the items are words or not. pseudoword naming task usr_49a467bf4e0db pyramids and palm trees task 1512660585479 tsk_4a57abb949d32 pyramids and palm trees task palmtrees and pyramids task a semantic memory test that presents one word or picture above two others. The participant is then asked to identify which of the bottom items best matches the top item. Semantic memory is necessary for the identification of the analogies, which link conceptually two perceptually, and functionally distinct entities. pyramids and palm trees task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 recognition memory test 1512660585508 tsk_4a57abb949d40 recognition memory test (PRM), old-new recognition, pattern recognition memory In a recognition memory test, a participant is presented with some or all of a set of &#34;old&#34; stimuli that were encoded earlier, as well as several &#34;new&#34; stimuli that were not previously presented. The participant&#39;s task is to indicate whether each stimulus is old or new. Responses in recognition memory tests are commonly sorted into four classes: Hits (&#34;old&#34; response to an old stimulus), Misses (&#34;new&#34; response to an old stimulus), False Alarms (&#34;old&#34; response to a new stimulus), and Correct Rejections (&#34;new&#34; response to a new stimulus). By comparing the percentage of responses that fall into each of these classes, the experimenter can assess both a participant&#39;s ability to discriminate between old and new stimuli, and his or her tendency to provide a particular response regardless of the type of stimulus presented. In many recognition memory tests, each old/new judgment is followed by a prompt asking participants to indicate either how confident they are in that old/new judgment, or what type of subjective experience was elicited by the stimulus being judged (e.g., was the old/new judgment accompanied by a vivid recollection of the encoding experience). This additional information can be used to generate and test more precise hypotheses about how recognition memory decisions are made. Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) is a specific recognition memory test included in the CANTAB. The participant is presented with a series of 12 visual patterns, one at a time, in the centre of the screen. These patterns are designed so that they cannot easily be given verbal labels. In the recognition phase, the participant is required to choose between a pattern they have already seen and a novel pattern. In this phase, the test patterns are presented in the reverse order to the original order of presentation. This is then repeated, with 12 new patterns. The second recognition phase can be given either immediately or after a 20 minute delay. recognition memory test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 reversal learning task 1512660585536 tsk_4a57abb949d4e reversal learning task &#34;Reversal learning involves the adaptation of behavior according to changes in stimulus–reward contingencies [...] [Reversal learning]is exemplified by visual discrimination tasks where subjects must learn to respond according to the opposite, previously irrelevant, stimulus–reward pairing.&#34; - (Clark, Cools, & Robbins 2004) reversal learning task usr_4f177506dde77 risky gains task 1512660585564 tsk_4a57abb949d5b risky gains task Subjects are presented with a sequence of three numbers in ascending order (20, 40, and 80). Each number is displayed onscreen for one second and, if the subject presses a button while that number is displayed, he/she receives that number of points along with immediate positive visual and auditory feedback. When a 40 or 80 appears, however, there is a chance that it will appear in an alternate color, along with immediate negative feedback signaling a loss of 40 or 80 points, respectively. When this occurs, the trial ends immediately (i.e. the subject may not make a response). risky gains task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Salthouse and Babcock Listening Span task 1512660585592 tsk_4a57abb949d69 Salthouse and Babcock Listening Span task Participants listen to an experimenter read a set of sentences. The participant must simultaneously respond to comprehension questions, and record or remember the last word of each sentence. The measure of &#34;listening span&#34; is then the number of correct words recalled. Salthouse and Babcock Listening Span task usr_4cf5de07654c8 selective attention task 1512660585619 tsk_4a57abb949d76 selective attention task involves a participant to attend to a specific stimuli in the presence of competing stimuli. selective attention task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 semantic anomaly judgement task 1512660585646 tsk_4a57abb949d84 semantic anomaly judgement task Participants read or listen to sentences, then judge whether the sentence is plausible and makes sense semantically, or is implausible. Sentences may be structurally and gramatically correct, but the verb and noun are incompatible. Often, the structure or length of sentences varies to assess the role of working memory in any resulting deficit. semantic anomaly judgement task usr_49a467bf4e0db semantic association task 1512660585679 tsk_4a57abb949d92 semantic association task semantic association judgment task Participants are shown pairs of words or pictures and asked to identify if the items are semantically related. semantic association task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 sentence completion test 1512660585714 tsk_4a57abb949d9f sentence completion test a test that provides respondents with beginnings of sentences, referred to as “stems,” and respondents then complete the sentences in ways that are meaningful to them. The responses are believed to provide indications of attitudes, beliefs, motivations, or other mental states. In a common version of this test, the Hayling Sentence Completion Test, a second condition is added, in which participants must complete the sentence with a word that makes no sense, requiring them to inhibit the semantically activated information. sentence completion test usr_4f177506dde77 set-shifting task 1512660585749 tsk_4a57abb949dad set-shifting task A task in which participants alternate between two or more judgments typically regarding the same set of stimuli. Accuracy and reaction time are measured for each judgment. set-shifting task usr_4b9003ea0be96 Simon task 1512660585779 tsk_4a57abb949dbb Simon task Subjects view arrows presented in the right or left visual field that were pointing to the left or right. Subjects respond via button press as to the direction of the arrow. In incongruent stimuli, left-pointing arrows are seen on the right side, and vice versa. Simon task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 simple reaction time task 1512660585807 tsk_4a57abb949dc8 simple reaction time task (SRT) Simple Reaction Time (SRT) is a test which measures simple reaction time through delivery of a known stimulus to a known location to elicit a known response. The only uncertainty is with regard to when the stimulus will occur, by having a variable interval between the trial response and the onset of the stimulus for the next trial. As soon as the participant sees the square on the screen, they must press the button on the press pad. simple reaction time task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 source memory test 1512660585837 tsk_4a57abb949dd6 source memory test Participants are shown a list or series of items (words, pictures, objects). Later, when shown an item, they are asked whether it has was shown to them before, and if they respond affirmatively, they are asked a question about the source of the item. The source question could be what the spatial location of the item was, what color it appeared in, or which list or set it belonged to. source memory test usr_4f177506dde77 span/supra-span test 1512660585877 tsk_4a57abb949de3 span/supra-span test Participants are given sequences to recall that exceed their working memory span, usually by about 2 items, however the sequence contains a smaller repeating sequence(s) among the non-repeating items. span/supra-span test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 spatial n-back task 1512660585913 tsk_4a57abb949df1 spatial n-back task Participants view a configuration of dots and must indicate whether the dot is in the same position as the dot in the picture presented n previously (0,1,2,or 3). In some variations, participants are asked to identify the location of the dot n pictures back, rather than indicating if the current dot matches. spatial n-back task usr_4b9003ea0be96 Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire 1512660585947 tsk_4a57abb949dfe Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire instrument used to measure trait (chronic) anxiety, a general propensity to be anxious, and state (temporary) anxiety, a temporary state varying in intensity, in adults. Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire usr_49a467bf4e0db Sternberg delayed recognition task 1512660585980 tsk_4a57abb949e0c Sternberg delayed recognition task Sternberg task, delayed recognition task, Sternberg item recognition task Subjects view a string of letters. After a delay, a probe letter is presented and subjects indicate if the presented letter was in the previously viewed group. Sternberg delayed recognition task usr_51c4514d84e36 stop signal task 1512660586012 tsk_4a57abb949e1a stop signal task stop task Participants usually perform a choice reaction time in which they have to respond as quickly as possible to a particular stimulus feature (e.g. colour, shape, identity, or location). On a minority of the trials, the go stimulus is followed by an additional signal (e.g. an auditory tone or a visual cue), which instructs participants to withhold their planned response. stop signal task usr_49a467bf4e0db Stroop task 1512660586051 tsk_4a57abb949e27 Stroop task Subjects view color names presented in various ink colors and are instructed to name the color of the ink. In incongruent stimuli, color names and ink colors are non-matching. Stroop task usr_51bc76ae9636c Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) 1512660586082 tsk_4a57abb949e35 Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) SCID a diagnostic exam used to determine DSM-IV Axis I disorders (mental health disorders). It covers 6 diagnostic categories, and is often used in conjunction with an unstructured interview. The exam includes an administration booklet of questions for the examiner to ask and a scoresheet. Scores are not determined by &#34;right&#34; or &#34;wrong&#34; answers, but by number of questions that adhere to diagnostic criteria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Clinical_Interview_for_DSM-IV Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) usr_579611e01221d symbol-digit substitution 1512660586114 tsk_4a57abb949e44 symbol-digit substitution digit symbol substitution task, DSST DSST is a neuropsychological test sensitive to brain damage, dementia, age and depression. It isn’t sensitive to the location of brain-damage (except for damage comprising part of the visual field). It consists of (e.g. nine) digit-symbol pairs (e.g. 1/-,2/┴ ... 7/Λ,8/X,9/=) followed by a list of digits. Under each digit the subject should write down the corresponding symbol as fast as possible. The number of correct symbols within the allowed time (e.g. 90 or 120 sec) is measured. symbol-digit substitution usr_4b9003ea0be96 Symptom Checklist-90-Revised 1512660586150 tsk_4a57abb949e5b Symptom Checklist-90-Revised a relatively brief self-report psychometric instrument designed to evaluate a broad range of psychological problems and symptoms of psychopathology. It is also useful in measuring the progress and outcome of psychiatric and psychological treatments or for research purposes. Symptom Checklist-90-Revised usr_4de5345b3b6a8 syntactic acceptability judgement task 1512660586186 tsk_4a57abb949e7c syntactic acceptability judgement task Also called the syntactic plausibility judgment task, this task asks participants to read sentences and indicate whether or not they are gramatically correct. syntactic acceptability judgement task usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba task-switching 1512660586224 tsk_4a57abb949e8a task-switching A task in which participants alternate between two or more judgments typically regarding the same set of stimuli. Accuracy and reaction time are measured for each judgment. task-switching usr_49a467bf4e0db temporal discounting task 1512660586251 tsk_4a57abb949e98 temporal discounting task delay discounting task, intertemporal choice task A task in which subjects are asked to choose between a smaller reward earlier in time versus a larger reward later in time. temporal discounting task usr_4b9003ea0be96 Test of Word Reading Efficiency 1512660586293 tsk_4a57abb949ea5 Test of Word Reading Efficiency TOWRE a nationally normed measure of word reading accuracy and fluency that provides an efficient means of monitoring the growth of two kinds of word reading skills that are critical in the development of overall reading ability: the ability to accurately recognize familiar words as whole units or “sight words” and the ability to “sound out” words quickly. Test of Word Reading Efficiency usr_4cf5de07654c8 Tobacco Craving Questionnaire 1512660586336 tsk_4a57abb949eb3 Tobacco Craving Questionnaire a multidimensional questionnaire to assess tobacco craving. It consists of a 47-item TCQ and other forms assessing demographics, tobacco and other drug use history, quit attempts, and current mood. It represents four specific constructs that characterize craving for tobacco: (a) Emotionality, or smoking in anticipation of relief from withdrawal symptoms or negative mood, (b) expectancy, or anticipation of positive outcomes from smoking, (c) compulsivity, or an inability to control tobacco use, and (d) purposefulness, or intention and planning to smoke for positive outcomes. It is an instrument for assessing tobacco craving in individuals not attempting to reduce or quit smoking. Tobacco Craving Questionnaire usr_4a5bc4a2a8aba Trail Making Test A and B 1512660586384 tsk_4a57abb949ec0 Trail Making Test A and B A neuropsychological test in which participants must connect-the-dots (traverse between items) according to some specified order. In Test A these items are numbers (1,2,3 etc.) and the order is determined by increasing magnitude. In Test B these items are both numbers and letters (1,2,3, A,B,C etc.) and the order is determined by a combination of increasing numbers AND letters (e.g., 1 A 2 B 3 C..) requiring participants to alternate between letters and numbers. Trail Making Test A and B usr_49a467bf4e0db Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale 1512660586425 tsk_4a57abb949ece Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale UPDRS a rating scale used to follow the longitudinal course of Parkinson&#39;s disease, made up of the following sections: (1)evaluation of Mentation, behavior, and mood, (2)self evaluation of the activities of daily life (ADLs), (3)clinician-scored motor evaluation, (4)Hoehn and Yahr stating of severity of Parkinson disease, (5)Schwab and England ADL scale; these are evaluated by interview and clinical observation. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale usr_4de5345b3b6a8 visual alignment task 1512660586456 tsk_4a57abb949edb visual alignment task Participants are shown misaligned lines and asked to indicate which side the top line is offset. Alternatively, participants may be asked to complete an alignment with a pencil or digital pointer. visual alignment task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 visuospatial cueing task 1512660586484 tsk_4a57abb949ee9 visuospatial cueing task participants look at a computer screen and press buttons to respond to targets. In some of the trials, a visual cue will appear before the target, but in the same spot as the target. visuospatial cueing task usr_4de5345b3b6a8 Warrington's Face/Word Recognition Test 1512660586510 tsk_4a57abb949ef7 Warrington's Face/Word Recognition Test Also called the Warrington Recognition Memory Test (RMT), &#34;the RMT consists of the presentation of 50 printed words at the rate of one word every 3 s, and for each word the subject is required to judge the presented stimulus as &#34;pleasant&#34; or &#34;unpleasant&#34; to help ensure that they are attending to the stimulus items. The patient is then presented with a series of word pairs, and the task is to identify which of the two words came from the target list. A series of 50 faces is then presented at the same rate, and the patient is asked to provide the same pleasant versus unpleasant judgments; the patient is then presented with a series of 50 pairs of faces, and the task is again to identify which of the two faces came from the target list.&#34; - (Hermann, Connell, Barr, & Wyler 1995) Warrington's Face/Word Recognition Test usr_595048b29ebdf Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised 1512660586551 tsk_4a57abb949f04 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised WAIS-R a general test of intelligence, which Wechsler defined as, &#34;... the global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.&#34; In keeping with this definition of intelligence as an aggregate of mental aptitudes or abilities, the WAIS-R consists of 11 subtests divided into two parts, verbal and performance. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised usr_4b9003ea0be96 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised 1512660586585 tsk_4a57abb949f12 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised WAIS used with adults ages 16 to 90 and measures cognitive ability using a core battery of 10 unique subtests that focus on four specific domains of intelligence: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised usr_4f177506dde77 Wisconsin card sorting test 1512660586623 tsk_4a57abb949f21 Wisconsin card sorting test WCST The participant is presented with stimulus cards with shapes on them. The cards differ in color of the shapes, number of the shapes, and the form of the shapes. The participant is asked to sort these cards into two piles. The participant is not told what stimulus dimension to use in order to sort the cards, but the administrator tells the participant if a particular match is correct. During the test, the sorting rules are changed and the participant must discover the new sorting rule in order to be successful. Wisconsin card sorting test usr_4de5345b3b6a8 word attack 1512660586650 tsk_4a57abb949f2f word attack Participants must read non-words aloud. Raw scores are converted into a &#34;reading comprehension age,&#34; which is then compared to the participant&#39;s real age to determine if they are a poor or gifted reader. word attack usr_4f177506dde77 word generation task 1512660586676 tsk_4a57abb949f3d word generation task Covert: Semantic: subjects listen to or view nouns and silently generate an associated verb, or subjects view a category and silently generate as many exemplars as possible; Orthographic: subjects listen to or view a letter and silently generate as many words as possible that start with that letter; Phonologic: subjects listen to or view a word and silently generate words that rhyme. Overt: semantic: subjects listen to or view nouns and overtly generate an associated verb, or subjects view a category and overtly generate as many exemplars as possible; Orthographic: subjects listen to or view a letter and overtly generate as many words as possible that start with that letter; Phonologic: subjects listen to or view a word and overtly generate words that rhyme. word generation task usr_4cf5de07654c8 word identification 1512660586702 tsk_4a57abb949f4a word identification is the process of determining the pronunciation and some degree of meaning of an unknown word. Note: Word- identification skills commonly taught are phonic analysis, structural analysis, context clues, configuration clues, dictionary skills, and sometimes picture clues. word identification Generalization of Instrumental Avoidance Task 1513102981403 tsk_BuPIiFcjBo2aX Generalization of Instrumental Avoidance Task Active avoidance paradigm, probing choice behaviour (avoidance or non-avoidance) in the face of stimuli associated with an aversive reinforcer (e.g. painful electric shock; CS+s), stimuli associated with the ommission of the aversive reinforcer (CS-), and, additionally, generalization stimuli (GSs), that are individually generated for each participant to be 75% reliably distinguishable from adjacent CS+s (on the basis of a previous perceptual task), and that are not associated with administration of the aversive reinforcer. On each trial, one stimulus is presented, and the participant must decide whether to make an avoidance response (press a key), or remain and face the consequences of that stimulus. Critically, making an avoidance response is associated with a small cost (e.g. one additional aversive reinforcer administered at the end of each block for every 5 avoidance responses made during that block, with total responses per block recorded on a counter at the bottom of the screen). The optimal strategy (in order to minimise number of aversive reinforcers received) is therefore to make an avoidance response if the stimulus is a CS+, but not otherwise (participants must learn the identity of each stimulus through trial and error). Generalization of instrumental avoidance is operationalized as avoidance responses made on GS+ trials. Generalization of Instrumental Avoidance Task Pursuit Tracking Task 1528260430186 tsk_GdteOhkqZJLYg Pursuit Tracking Task A pursuit tracking task is a task that assesses eye–hand coordination, in which a user is operating a display that has an indicator controlled by a computer mouse, trackball, or other controlling device. The user must try to keep the indicator on a moving trail or road with or without preview. Pursuit Tracking Task pleasantness rating task 1576760531651 tsk_Jb7hdmvDY3rLV pleasantness rating task Task assessing the decision-making of potentially rewarding outcomes ( aka positive-incentive value) as well as the level of confidence of such type of action. pleasantness rating task social decision-making task 1568194563443 tsk_Ncknr0soiM4IV social decision-making task Social decision-making tasks comprise alternative forced choice tasks in which participants make decisions that are relevant for themselves as well as at least one other person. These decisions can be of any nature (most commonly monetary or dietary). social decision-making task letter matching task 1528250759316 tsk_PNUOMlNOAajsT letter matching task Subjects must compare pairs of letters regarding exact physical identity, name identity, or categorical identity by pressing one of two response keys. These three different instructions require increasing depth of processing stimulus information which is reflected by differences in response latency. letter matching task prospective sequential decision making task 1533223662923 tsk_VokAidevRX1Vs prospective sequential decision making task Decision making task in which participants compare an offer with a set of alternatives with varying values and probabilities. Participants are given variable 'search horizons' i.e. attempts to get a new offer from the set of alternatives. In order to make optimal decisions participants need to reason prospectively, i.e. take into account future states. In other words, they need to plan a potential sequence of decisions. prospective sequential decision making task Remote Associates Test 1528868375040 tsk_ZMTNk4Oce5b2j Remote Associates Test Originally developed by Mednick (Mednick SA. 1968. Remote associates test. J Creat Behav.<br>2:213–214), the Remote Associates Test (RAT) asks examinees to look at 3 words, which are not obviously related by a single concept, and generate a 4th word that is related to all 3. An example: putting, bean, envy are the stimulus words, and a correct answer is "green".<br><br>From Wikipedia: <br>The Remote Associates Test (RAT) is a creativity test used to determine a human's creative potential. The test typically lasts forty minutes and consists of thirty to forty questions each of which consists of three common stimulus words that appear to be unrelated. The person being tested must think of a fourth word that is somehow related to each of the first three words.[1] Scores are calculated based on the number of correct questions.<br><br> Remote Associates Test risky decision-making under social influence 1572126533804 tsk_d9vPgovlo7aJU risky decision-making under social influence In this task, individuals are asked to make choices between two Holt and Laury style (10.1257/000282802762024700) gamble options, both alone and after viewing the choices made by two other players. For more details about the task, see: 10.1038/nn.4022. risky decision-making under social influence Compensatory Tracking Task 1528260009743 tsk_eDRFWNl1ktVsf Compensatory Tracking Task A compensatory tracking task is a task that assesses eye–hand coordination, in which a user is operating a display that has an indicator and a zero point using a joystick, computer mouse, trackball, or other controlling device. The user must try to keep the indicator within the zero point while the indicator is being acted upon by outside forces. Compensatory Tracking Task Social influence on emotion task 1527727578652 tsk_ec4xbqynlG1uR Social influence on emotion task This task assesses how participants emotion ratings can be influenced by others. In the first session, participants are presented with images of people in negative contexts. They are asked to imagine that they are the person in the picture and indicate, on a scale from 1 (Neutral) to 10 (Very Negative), how they feel. This part of the task is self-paced. Approximately one week later, participants come back to the lab and are shown how other people (for example, ingroup and outgroup members) rated the same images (sometimes no group feedback is presented). After each feedback presentation, participants are asked to rate the images once more. In reality, group ratings are experimentally manipulated based on the participants’ initial ratings during the behavioral session. Participants are shown ratings that are higher (+2, +3, +4) and lower (-2, -3, -4) than their initial scores with an equal distribution of higher/lower scores. Social influence on emotion task Other evaluation task 1548418847856 tsk_i6bcjHSADB30O Other evaluation task A task in which participants evaluate how well several short trait descriptions fit known or unknown others. Other evaluation task movie watching task 1576763260784 tsk_jbg1oF4D9OTkO movie watching task The task relies on watching ---viewing and listening--- of a movie. movie watching task Memory encoding task 1539691058532 tsk_mFS3uwUMAhXxe Memory encoding task A memory encoding task measures memory encoding mechanisms via multiple sensory modalities. Memory encoding task error awareness task 1520360005385 tsk_nzi0bkdoO8a23 error awareness task The EAT is a modified Go/No-Go response inhibition paradigm providing behavioral and neural indices of both error awareness and inhibitory control. Participants are shown color words (e.g., red, blue, green) printed in congruent or incongruent fonts (as in a Stroop task) such that most stimuli are congruent (80%; e.g., the word “BLUE” in blue font). Congruent stimuli are Go trials requiring a button-press response (eg., button 1). In contrast, participants are to withhold button-presses when either the same color word is repeated on two successive trials (No-Go Rule-1) or an incongruent stimulus is presented (e.g., the word “BLUE” in red font; No-Go Rule-2). Continuously monitoring both No-Go rules is difficult and participants are predisposed to monitor for REPEAT (Rule-1) more so than INCONGRUENT trials (Rule-2). This leads to a sufficient number of errors (~45%), a portion of which remain undetected by participants (~10-20%). The task begins with words presented for 900ms followed by a 600ms inter-stimulus interval (ISI). To equate task performance across groups and maintain overall errors at ~45%, task difficulty dynamically adapts based on individual performance by varying the stimulus presentation and ISI durations. Participants indicate “error awareness” by pressing a separate 'error signaling button' (e.g., button 2) on the trial following a commission error. error awareness task Hidden Path Learning Task 1528259841977 tsk_o32s7ULZu8ATo Hidden Path Learning Task Subjects must find a pathway within a grid from a cell A to a cell B. Typically, the path starts in the upper left corner and end in the lower right corner. After successfully exploring a grid by trial and error, the task repeats with the same hidden path and subjects have to reconstruct the previously explored path. The task is considered to have a a strong learning and planning component and as such measures executive functions. Hidden Path Learning Task Food viewing (passive) 1537997350825 tsk_rjSJbUa5Jk2Mb Food viewing (passive) A task in which subjects view food images without specific instructions on image evaluation. Measures visual food cue reactivity. Food viewing (passive) Pain-matrix narrative localizer 1576762095592 tsk_vbkfbu486lzDr Pain-matrix narrative localizer Participants are presented with stories that portray characters suffering from emotional pain or physical pain. Pain-matrix narrative localizer Enumeration task 1576761016882 tsk_wiCMUNujvVRCR Enumeration task The task consists in concurrently processing of a variable number of items, irrespective of their location, orientation or other features. Enumeration task Non-instrumental information seeking task 1528846579518 tsk_xFpgex9zOvlOu Non-instrumental information seeking task In this task, participant play lotteries with gain and loss blocks. On gain trials they either win $1 or $0. On loss trials they either lose $1 or $0. The probability of winning or losing varies from trial to trial from 0.1 to 0.9 and is explicitly displayed in the form of a pie chart. The participants' task is to indicate whether they would like to reveal the outcome of the lottery or not, by selecting between two offers, each representing a different probability of having the outcome revealed. Whether they receive information about the outcome of the lottery or not is non-instrumental because the outcome of all lotteries are added to the participant's final payment, regardless of whether information was obtained. Therefore, information about the outcome of each lottery had no bearing on participants' actual earnings. After selecting the offer (high or low probability of receiving information), participants are presented with a green knowledge cue, indicating that the outcome of the lottery is about to be shown to them ('WIN', 'ZERO' or 'LOSS'), or with a red ignorance cue, indicating that a non-informative outcome cue would follow ('XXXX'). Color associations are counterbalanced across participants. Non-instrumental information seeking task Mental time travel task 1576759829580 tsk_xxVr20Bf4zyme Mental time travel task Mental time and space judgment involved in allocentric mapping implemented in narratives. Assuming that a time judgement is preeformed, this assesses chronestesia. Mental time travel task Continuous Tapping Task 1528260765860 tsk_zaClbCwuCeWt2 Continuous Tapping Task In a continuous tapping task, subjects must tap as quick as possible one key for a one minute test period. You can introduce different treatments by instruction, e.g. comfortable speed vs max speed, dominant vs non-dominant hand Continuous Tapping Task Reciprocal Artwork Evaluation Task 1530434096641 tsk_zcuAj6VrsFmfV Reciprocal Artwork Evaluation Task This task is to measure how a participant's evaluation about a current partner's artwork is biased by the social feedback (regarding one's won artwork) from the current partner and previous partners. This task is for measuring self-protective motivation when receiving constant social evaluations. See Yoon et al (2018) https://rdcu.be/35Tm Reciprocal Artwork Evaluation Task skos:Concept