http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-0078 David Osumi-Sutherland Jie Zheng Pier Luigi Buttigieg Ramona Walls The OBO Relations Ontology (RO) is a collection of OWL relations (ObjectProperties) intended for use across a wide variety of biological ontologies. The Population and Community Ontology (PCO) describes material entities, qualities, and processes related to collections of interacting organisms such as populations and communities. It is taxon neutral, and can be used for any species, including humans. The classes in the PCO are useful for describing evolutionary processes, organismal interactions, and ecological experiments. Practical applications of the PCO include community health care, plant pathology, behavioral studies, sociology, and ecology. OBO Relations Ontology Population and Community Ontology Dave Beckett Nikki Rogers Participants in W3C's Semantic Web Deployment Working Group. Alistair Miles Sean Bechhofer An RDF vocabulary for describing the basic structure and content of concept schemes such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, 'folksonomies', other types of controlled vocabulary, and also concept schemes embedded in glossaries and terminologies. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ SKOS Vocabulary Eloisa Nguyen; Tuan Amith, PhD Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/bfo-axioms.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 18 Logical Axioms: 7] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/bfo-classes-minimal.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 49 Logical Axioms: 12] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/chemical.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 9 Logical Axioms: 3] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/core.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 310 Logical Axioms: 68] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/el-constraints.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 6 Logical Axioms: 2] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/generated-axioms.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 18 Logical Axioms: 9] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/rohom.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 731 Logical Axioms: 148] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/temporal-intervals.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 146 Logical Axioms: 45] The Population and Community Ontology (PCO) is licensed under a Creative Commons zero (CC0) license - http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. We ask that anyone using this ontology follow the standards of the scientific ontology community by re-using ontology identifiers whenever possible and properly citing the ontology and its creators. Culture, Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality Ontology (CRENO) https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/ Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. Really of interest to developers only BFO OWL specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2 Person:Alan Ruttenberg Really of interest to developers only BFO CLIF specification label editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label example example of usage A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> example of usage has curation status PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot OBI_0000281 has curation status has curation status definition definition textual definition The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition definition textual definition editor note An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obfoundry.org/obo/obi> GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi> IAO:0000116 uberon editor_note true editor_note editor note editor note term editor Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition editor definition editor term editor term editor alternative term An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> alternative term alternative_term definition source Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 PERSON:Daniel Schober Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source definition source definition_source curator note An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg curator note term tracker item the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/ An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term. term tracker item ontology term requester The name of the person, project, or organization that motivated inclusion of an ontology term by requesting its addition. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg The 'term requester' can credit the person, organization or project who request the ontology term. ontology term requester imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a string or literal, where the value of the string or literal is a Common Logic sentence of collection of sentences that define the Object Property. OBO foundry unique label An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry. The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters PERSON:Chris Mungall PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/> OBO foundry unique label elucidation person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Barry Smith Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms elucidation has associated axiom(nl) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax has associated axiom(fol) has_MedDRA_id Mathias Brochhausen OOSTT user-centered description An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context. tooth SubClassOf 'never in taxon' value 'Aves' x never in taxon T if and only if T is a class, and x does not instantiate the class expression "in taxon some T". Note that this is a shortcut relation, and should be used as a hasValue restriction in OWL. Chris Mungall Class: ?X DisjointWith: RO_0002162 some ?Y never in taxon A is mutually_spatially_disjoint_with B if both A and B are classes, and there exists no p such that p is part_of some A and p is part_of some B. non-overlapping with shares no parts with Class: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Nothing> EquivalentTo: (BFO_0000050 some ?X) and (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) mutually spatially disjoint with https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Part-disjointness-Design-Pattern An assertion that holds between an ontology class and an organism taxon class, which is intepreted to yield some relationship between instances of the ontology class and the taxon. taxonomic class assertion S ambiguous_for_taxon T if the class S does not have a clear referent in taxon T. An example would be the class 'manual digit 1', which encompasses a homology hypotheses that is accepted for some species (e.g. human and mouse), but does not have a clear referent in Aves - the referent is dependent on the hypothesis embraced, and also on the ontogenetic stage. [PHENOSCPAE:asilomar_mtg] ambiguous for taxon S dubious_for_taxon T if it is probably the case that no instances of S can be found in any instance of T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 This relation lacks a strong logical interpretation, but can be used in place of never_in_taxon where it is desirable to state that the definition of the class is too strict for the taxon under consideration, but placing a never_in_taxon link would result in a chain of inconsistencies that will take ongoing coordinated effort to resolve. Example: metencephalon in teleost dubious for taxon S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 present in taxon defined by inverse An assertion that involves at least one OWL object that is intended to be expanded into one or more logical axioms. The logical expansion can yield axioms expressed using any formal logical system, including, but not limited to OWL2-DL. logical macro assertion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/shortcut-relations/ An assertion that holds between an OWL Annotation Property P and a non-negative integer N, with the interpretation: for any P(i j) it must be the case that | { k : P(i k) } | = N. annotation property cardinality A logical macro assertion whose domain is an IRI for a class The domain for this class can be considered to be owl:Class, but we cannot assert this in OWL2-DL logical macro assertion on a class A logical macro assertion whose domain is an IRI for a property logical macro assertion on a property Used to annotate object properties to describe a logical meta-property or characteristic of the object property. logical macro assertion on an object property logical macro assertion on an annotation property An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a dispositional interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms or OWL Individuals that use this property are to be interpreted in a dispositional context. For example, A binds B may be interpreted as A have a mutual disposition that is realized by binding to the other one. dispositional interpretation 'pectoral appendage skeleton' has no connections with 'pelvic appendage skeleton' A is has_no_connections_with B if there are no parts of A or B that have a connection with the other. shares no connection with Class: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Nothing> EquivalentTo: (BFO_0000050 some ?X) and (RO_0002170 some (BFO_0000050 some ?Y)) has no connections with inherited annotation property Connects an ontology entity (class, property, etc) to a URL from which curator guidance can be obtained. This assertion is inherited in the same manner as functional annotations (e.g. for GO, over SubClassOf and part_of) curator guidance link brain always_present_in_taxon 'Vertebrata' forelimb always_present_in_taxon Euarchontoglires S always_present_in_taxon T if every fully formed member of taxon T has part some S, or is an instance of S This is a very strong relation. Often we will not have enough evidence to know for sure that there are no species within a lineage that lack the structure - loss is common in evolution. However, there are some statements we can make with confidence - no vertebrate lineage could persist without a brain or a heart. All primates are limbed. never lost in always present in taxon This properties were created originally for the annotation of developmental or life cycle stages, such as for example Carnegie Stage 20 in humans. temporal logical macro assertion on a class measurement property has unit has start time value has end time value Count of number of days intervening between the start of the stage and the time of fertilization according to a reference model. Note that the first day of development has the value of 0 for this property. start, days post fertilization Count of number of days intervening between the end of the stage and the time of fertilization according to a reference model. Note that the first day of development has the value of 1 for this property. end, days post fertilization Count of number of years intervening between the start of the stage and the time of birth according to a reference model. Note that the first year of post-birth development has the value of 0 for this property, and the period during which the child is one year old has the value 1. start, years post birth Count of number of years intervening between the end of the stage and the time of birth according to a reference model. Note that the first year of post-birth development has the value of 1 for this property, and the period during which the child is one year old has the value 2 end, years post birth Count of number of months intervening between the start of the stage and the time of birth according to a reference model. Note that the first month of post-birth development has the value of 0 for this property, and the period during which the child is one month old has the value 1. start, months post birth Count of number of months intervening between the end of the stage and the time of birth according to a reference model. Note that the first month of post-birth development has the value of 1 for this property, and the period during which the child is one month old has the value 2 end, months post birth Defines the start and end of a stage with a duration of 1 month, relative to either the time of fertilization or last menstrual period of the mother (to be clarified), counting from one, in terms of a reference model. Thus if month_of_gestation=3, then the stage is 2 month in. month of gestation A relationship between a stage class and an anatomical structure or developmental process class, in which the stage is characterized by the appearance of the structure or the occurrence of the biological process has developmental stage marker Count of number of days intervening between the start of the stage and the time of coitum. For mouse staging: assuming that it takes place around midnight during a 7pm to 5am dark cycle (noon of the day on which the vaginal plug is found, the embryos are aged 0.5 days post coitum) start, days post coitum Count of number of days intervening between the end of the stage and the time of coitum. end, days post coitum start, weeks post birth end, weeks post birth If Rel is the relational form of a process Pr, then it follow that: Rel(x,y) <-> exists p : Pr(p), x subject-partner-in p, y object-partner-in p is asymmetric relational form of process class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/interaction-relations/ If Rel is the relational form of a process Pr, then it follow that: Rel(x,y) <-> exists p : Pr(p), x partner-in p, y partner-in p is symmetric relational form of process class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/interaction-relations/ R is the relational form of a process if and only if either (1) R is the symmetric relational form of a process or (2) R is the asymmetric relational form of a process is relational form of process class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/interaction-relations/ relation p is the direct form of relation q iff p is a subPropertyOf q, p does not have the Transitive characteristic, q does have the Transitive characteristic, and for all x, y: x q y -> exists z1, z2, ..., zn such that x p z1 ... z2n y The general property hierarchy is: "directly P" SubPropertyOf "P" Transitive(P) Where we have an annotation assertion "directly P" "is direct form of" "P" If we have the annotation P is-direct-form-of Q, and we have inverses P' and Q', then it follows that P' is-direct-form-of Q' Chris Mungall is direct form of relation p is the indirect form of relation q iff p is a subPropertyOf q, and there exists some p' such that p' is the direct form of q, p' o p' -> p, and forall x,y : x q y -> either (1) x p y or (2) x p' y Chris Mungall is indirect form of logical macro assertion on an axiom If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL is a defining property chain axiom If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R. is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive An annotation property that connects an object property to a class, where the object property is derived from or a shortcut property for the class. The exact semantics of this annotation may vary on a case by case basis. is relational form of a class A shortcut relationship that holds between two entities based on their identity criteria logical macro assertion involving identity A shortcut relationship between two entities x and y1, such that the intent is that the relationship is functional and inverse function, but there is no guarantee that this property holds. in approximate one to one relationship with x is approximately equivalent to y if it is the case that x is equivalent, identical or near-equivalent to y The precise meaning of this property is dependent upon some contexts. It is intended to group multiple possible formalisms. Possibilities include a probabilistic interpretation, for example, Pr(x=y) > 0.95. Other possibilities include reified statements of belief, for example, "Database D states that x=y" is approximately equivalent to 'anterior end of organism' is-opposite-of 'posterior end of organism' 'increase in temperature' is-opposite-of 'decrease in temperature' x is the opposite of y if there exists some distance metric M, and there exists no z such as M(x,z) <= M(x,y) or M(y,z) <= M(y,x). is opposite of x is indistinguishable from y if there exists some distance metric M, and there exists no z such as M(x,z) <= M(x,y) or M(y,z) <= M(y,x). is indistinguishable from evidential logical macro assertion on an axiom A relationship between a sentence and an instance of a piece of evidence in which the evidence supports the axiom This annotation property is intended to be used in an OWL Axiom Annotation to connect an OWL Axiom to an instance of an ECO (evidence type ontology class). Because in OWL, all axiom annotations must use an Annotation Property, the value of the annotation cannot be an OWL individual, the convention is to use an IRI of the individual. axiom has evidence A relationship between a sentence and an instance of a piece of evidence in which the evidence contradicts the axiom This annotation property is intended to be used in an OWL Axiom Annotation to connect an OWL Axiom to an instance of an ECO (evidence type ontology class). Because in OWL, all axiom annotations must use an Annotation Property, the value of the annotation cannot be an OWL individual, the convention is to use an IRI of the individual. axiom contradicted by evidence In the context of a particular project, the IRI with CURIE NCBIGene:64327 (which in this example denotes a class) is considered to be representative. This means that if we have equivalent classes with IRIs OMIM:605522, ENSEMBL:ENSG00000105983, HGNC:13243 forming an equivalence set, the NCBIGene is considered the representative member IRI. Depending on the policies of the project, the classes may be merged, or the NCBIGene IRI may be chosen as the default in a user interface context. this property relates an IRI to the xsd boolean value "True" if the IRI is intended to be the representative IRI for a collection of classes that are mutually equivalent. If it is necessary to make the context explicit, an axiom annotation can be added to the annotation assertion is representative IRI for equivalence set OWLAPI Reasoner documentation for representativeElement, which follows a similar idea, but selects an arbitrary member true if the two properties are disjoint, according to OWL semantics. This should only be used if using a logical axiom introduces a non-simple property violation. cjm nominally disjoint with Used to annotate object properties representing a causal relationship where the value indicates a direction. Should be "+", "-" or "0" cjm 2018-03-13T23:59:29Z is directional form of cjm 2018-03-14T00:03:16Z is positive form of cjm 2018-03-14T00:03:24Z is negative form of part-of is homeomorphic for independent continuants. R is homemorphic for C iff (1) there exists some x,y such that x R y, and x and y instantiate C and (2) for all x, if x is an instance of C, and there exists some y some such that x R y, then it follows that y is an instance of C. cjm 2018-10-21T19:46:34Z R homeomorphic-for C expands to: C SubClassOf R only C. Additionally, for any class D that is disjoint with C, we can also expand to C DisjointWith R some D, D DisjointWith R some C. is homeomorphic for pg 2020-09-22T11:05:29Z valid_for_go_annotation_extension pg 2020-09-22T11:05:18Z valid_for_go_gp2term pg 2020-09-22T11:04:12Z valid_for_go_ontology pg 2020-09-22T11:05:45Z valid_for_gocam eco subset subset_property has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_related_synonym in_subset is defined by is defined by This is an experimental annotation label label The range of skos:altLabel is the class of RDF plain literals. skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel and skos:hiddenLabel are pairwise disjoint properties. alternative label An alternative lexical label for a resource. Acronyms, abbreviations, spelling variants, and irregular plural/singular forms may be included among the alternative labels for a concept. Mis-spelled terms are normally included as hidden labels (see skos:hiddenLabel). change note A note about a modification to a concept. definition A statement or formal explanation of the meaning of a concept. editorial note A note for an editor, translator or maintainer of the vocabulary. example An example of the use of a concept. The range of skos:hiddenLabel is the class of RDF plain literals. skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel and skos:hiddenLabel are pairwise disjoint properties. hidden label A lexical label for a resource that should be hidden when generating visual displays of the resource, but should still be accessible to free text search operations. history note A note about the past state/use/meaning of a concept. note A general note, for any purpose. This property may be used directly, or as a super-property for more specific note types. A resource has no more than one value of skos:prefLabel per language tag, and no more than one value of skos:prefLabel without language tag. The range of skos:prefLabel is the class of RDF plain literals. skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel and skos:hiddenLabel are pairwise disjoint properties. preferred label The preferred lexical label for a resource, in a given language. scope note A note that helps to clarify the meaning and/or the use of a concept. is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of preceded by x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. is preceded by preceded_by http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by preceded by precedes x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. precedes A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. is concretized as this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. function_of is function of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. function of this red color is a quality of this apple a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. is quality of quality_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. quality of this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. role of this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has_function has function this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has_quality has quality this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role has role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. disposition of this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division) this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'. derives_from derives from is location of my head is the location of my brain this cage is the location of this rat a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ location_of location of penicillin (CHEBI:17334) is allergic trigger for penicillin allergy (DOID:0060520) A relation between a material entity and a condition (a phenotype or disease) of a host, in which the material entity is not part of the host, and is considered harmless to non-allergic hosts, and the condition results in pathological processes that include an abnormally strong immune response against the material entity. is allergic trigger for A relation between a material entity and a condition (a phenotype or disease) of a host, in which the material entity is part of the host itself, and the condition results in pathological processes that include an abnormally strong immune response against the material entity. is autoimmune trigger for penicillin allergy (DOID:0060520) has allergic trigger penicillin (CHEBI:17334) A relation between a condition (a phenotype or disease) of a host and a material entity, in which the material entity is not part of the host, and is considered harmless to non-allergic hosts, and the condition results in pathological processes that include an abnormally strong immune response against the material entity. has allergic trigger A relation between a condition (a phenotype or disease) of a host and a material entity, in which the material entity is part of the host itself, and the condition results in pathological processes that include an abnormally strong immune response against the material entity. has autoimmune trigger located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in located in This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation. This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation. the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. 2D_boundary_of boundary of is 2D boundary of is boundary of 2D boundary of my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. has boundary has_2D_boundary has 2D boundary x 'regulates in other organism' y if and only if: (x is the realization of a function to exert an effect on the frequency, rate or extent of y) AND (the agents of x are produced by organism o1 and the agents of y are produced by organism o2). David Osumi-Sutherland regulates in other organism A relationship that holds between a process that regulates a transport process and the entity transported by that process. David Osumi-Sutherland regulates transport of dos 2017-09-17T13:52:24Z Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. directly regulated by Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. GOC:dos Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. dos 2017-09-17T13:52:38Z directly negatively regulated by Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. GOC:dos Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. dos 2017-09-17T13:52:47Z directly positively regulated by Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. GOC:dos David Osumi-Sutherland X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X) ends after David Osumi-Sutherland starts_at_end_of X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately preceded by David Osumi-Sutherland ends_at_start_of meets X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately precedes A relationship that holds between a biological entity and a phenotype. Here a phenotype is construed broadly as any kind of quality of an organism part, a collection of these qualities, or a change in quality or qualities (e.g. abnormally increased temperature). The subject of this relationship can be an organism (where the organism has the phenotype, i.e. the qualities inhere in parts of this organism), a genomic entity such as a gene or genotype (if modifications of the gene or the genotype causes the phenotype), or a condition such as a disease (such that if the condition inheres in an organism, then the organism has the phenotype). Chris Mungall has phenotype inverse of has phenotype Chris Mungall phenotype of x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Melissa Haendel Terry Meehan This is the transitive form of the develops from relation develops from inverse of develops from Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Terry Meehan develops into inverse of directly develops from developmental precursor of directly develops into process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2. We use 'regulates' here to specifically imply control. However, many colloquial usages of the term correctly correspond to the weaker relation of 'causally upstream of or within' (aka influences). Consider relabeling to make things more explicit Chris Mungall David Hill Tanya Berardini GO Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process. regulates (processual) false regulates Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. Chris Mungall negatively regulates (process to process) negatively regulates Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. Chris Mungall positively regulates (process to process) positively regulates Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kBv1ep_9g3sTR-SD3jqzFqhuwo9TPNF-l-9fUDbO6rM/edit?pli=1 A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporally related to x develops from part of y if and only if there exists some z such that x develops from z and z is part of y Chris Mungall develops from part of x develops_in y if x is located in y whilst x is developing Chris Mungall EHDAA2 Jonathan Bard, EHDAA2 develops in Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 3; Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 4 [Kardong] x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y Chris Mungall has developmental contribution from inverse of has developmental contribution from Chris Mungall developmentally contributes to t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of developmental induction (GO:0031128) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor anatomical structure type T to T', where T' develops_from T Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Melissa Haendel induced by Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F) GO:0001759 We place this under 'developmentally preceded by'. This placement should be examined in the context of reciprocal inductions[cjm] developmentally induced by Inverse of developmentally induced by Chris Mungall developmentally induces Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p false Chris Mungall In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from developmentally preceded by A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision. c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes. acts upstream of A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway. c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process. affects acts upstream of or within x developmentally replaces y if and only if there is some developmental process that causes x to move or to cease to exist, and for the site that was occupied by x to become occupied by y, where y either comes into existence in this site or moves to this site from somewhere else This relation is intended for cases such as when we have a bone element replacing its cartilage element precursor. Currently most AOs represent this using 'develops from'. We need to decide whether 'develops from' will be generic and encompass replacement, or whether we need a new name for a generic relation that encompasses replacement and development-via-cell-lineage Chris Mungall replaces developmentally replaces Inverse of developmentally preceded by Chris Mungall developmentally succeeded by 'hypopharyngeal eminence' SubClassOf 'part of precursor of' some tongue Chris Mungall part of developmental precursor of p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical structure and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss). This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint. Chris Mungall results in developmental progression of Inverse of 'is substance that treats' cjm is treated by substance cjm holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y causally upstream of, positive effect A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502) Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development developmentally related to inverse of regulates Chris Mungall regulated by (processual) regulated by inverse of negatively regulates Chris Mungall negatively regulated by inverse of positively regulates Chris Mungall positively regulated by an annotation of gene X to cell commitment with results_in_commitment_to CL:0000540 (neuron) means that at the end of the process an unspecified cell has been specified and determined to develop into a neuron. p 'results in commitment to' c if and only if p is a developmental process and c is a cell and p results in the state of c changing such that is can only develop into a single cell type. Chris Mungall results in commitment to p 'results in determination of' c if and only if p is a developmental process and c is a cell and p results in the state of c changing to be determined. Once a cell becomes determined, it becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment. Chris Mungall results in determination of An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. is member of member part of SIO member of has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO has member The relationship linking a cell and its participation in a process that results in the fate of the cell being specified. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. Chris Mungall results in specification of p results in developmental induction of c if and only if p is a collection of cell-cell signaling processes that signal to a neighbouring tissue that is the precursor of the mature c, where the signaling results in the commitment to cell types necessary for the formation of c. Chris Mungall results in developmental induction of x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction). Chris Mungall has developmental potential involving x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y Chris Mungall has potential to developmentally contribute to x has potential to developmentally induce y iff x developmentally induces y or x is capable of developmentally inducing y Chris Mungall has potential to developmentally induce x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y Chris Mungall has potential to develop into x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y Chris Mungall has potential to directly develop into Chris Mungall immediately causally downstream of p directly activates q if and only if p is immediately upstream of q and p is the realization of a function to increase the rate or activity of q Chris Mungall directly positively regulates directly activates (process to process) directly activates p indirectly activates q if and only if p is upstream of q and there is a chain of directly activates relationships connecting p and q, where the chain is of length greater than one. Chris Mungall indirectly positively regulates indirectly activates Chris Mungall directly negatively regulates directly inhibits (process to process) directly inhibits Chris Mungall indirectly negatively regulates indirectly inhibits This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causally related to p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q. Chris Mungall immediately causally upstream of p1 directly provides input for p2 iff there exists some c such that p1 has_output c and p2 has_input c This is currently called 'directly provides input for' to be consistent with our terminology where we use 'direct' whenever two occurrents succeed one another directly. We may relabel this simply 'provides input for', as directness is implicit Chris Mungall directly provides input for (process to process) directly provides input for transitive form of directly_provides_input_for Chris Mungall This is a grouping relation that should probably not be used in annotation. Consider instead the child relation 'directly provides input for' (which may later be relabeled simply to 'provides input for') transitively provides input for (process to process) transitively provides input for p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q. We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2 Chris Mungall influences (processual) affects causally upstream of or within inverse of causally upstream of or within Chris Mungall causally downstream of or within A relation that holds between a disease or an organism and a phenotype Chris Mungall has symptom Chris Mungall Experimental: relation used for defining interaction relations. An interaction relation holds when there is an interaction event with two partners. In a directional interaction, one partner is deemed the subject, the other the target partner in Chris Mungall Experimental: relation used for defining interaction relations; the meaning of s 'subject participant in' p is determined by the type of p, where p must be a directional interaction process. For example, in a predator-prey interaction process the subject is the predator. We can imagine a reciprocal prey-predatory process with subject and object reversed. subject participant in Chris Mungall Experimental: relation used for defining interaction relations; the meaning of s 'target participant in' p is determined by the type of p, where p must be a directional interaction process. For example, in a predator-prey interaction process the target is the prey. We can imagine a reciprocal prey-predatory process with subject and object reversed. target participant in A relationship between a piece of evidence a and some entity b, where b is an information content entity, material entity or process, and the a supports either the existence of b, or the truth value of b. Chris Mungall is evidence for ABal nucleus child nucleus of ABa nucleus (in C elegans) c is a child nucleus of d if and only if c and d are both nuclei and parts of cells c' and d', where c' is derived from d' by mitosis and the genetic material in c is a copy of the generic material in d Chris Mungall This relation is primarily used in the worm anatomy ontology for representing lineage at the level of nuclei. However, it is applicable to any organismal cell lineage. child nucleus of A child nucleus relationship in which the cells are part of a hermaphroditic organism Chris Mungall child nucleus of in hermaphrodite A child nucleus relationship in which the cells are part of a male organism Chris Mungall child nucleus of in male x transformation of y if x is the immediate transformation of y, or is linked to y through a chain of transformation relationships Chris Mungall transformation of x immediate transformation of y iff x immediately succeeds y temporally at a time boundary t, and all of the matter present in x at t is present in y at t, and all the matter in y at t is present in x at t Chris Mungall immediate transformation of p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causal relation between processes The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causal relation between entities inverse of determined by Chris Mungall determines (material entity to system) determines inverse of is evidence for Chris Mungall x has evidence y iff , x is an information content entity, material entity or process, and y supports either the existence of x, or the truth value of x. has evidence Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. Chris Mungall directly regulates (processual) directly regulates A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. Chris Mungall causal relation between material entity and a process pyrethroid -> growth Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p. capable of regulating Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p. capable of negatively regulating renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p. capable of positively regulating pazopanib -> pathological angiogenesis Holds between a material entity c and a pathological process p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, where a inhibits p. treats The entity c may be a molecular entity with a drug role, or it could be some other entity used in a therapeutic context, such as a hyperbaric chamber. capable of inhibiting or preventing pathological process treats Usage of the term 'treats' applies when we believe there to be a an inhibitory relationship benzene -> cancer [CHEBI] Holds between a material entity c and a pathological process p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, where a negatively regulates p. causes disease capable of upregulating or causing pathological process c is a substance that treats d if c is a material entity (such as a small molecule or compound) and d is a pathological process, phenotype or disease, and c is capable of some activity that negative regulates or decreases the magnitude of d. treats is substance that treats c is marker for d iff the presence or occurrence of d is correlated with the presence of occurrence of c, and the observation of c is used to infer the presence or occurrence of d. Note that this does not imply that c and d are in a direct causal relationship, as it may be the case that there is a third entity e that stands in a direct causal relationship with c and d. May be ceded to OBI is marker for An instance of a sequence similarity evidence (ECO:0000044) that uses a homologous sequence UniProtKB:P12345 as support. A relationship between a piece of evidence and an entity that plays a role in supporting that evidence. In the Gene Ontology association model, this corresponds to the With/From field is evidence with support from Do not use this relation directly. It is a grouping relation. related via evidence or inference to Process(P1) directly postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly positively regulates P2. directly positively regulates (process to process) directly positively regulates Process(P1) directly negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly negatively regulates P2. directly negatively regulates (process to process) directly negatively regulates The genetic variant 'NM_007294.3(BRCA1):c.110C>A (p.Thr37Lys)' casues or contributes to the disease 'familial breast-ovarian cancer'. An environment of exposure to arsenic causes or contributes to the phenotype of patchy skin hyperpigmentation, and the disease 'skin cancer'. A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the entity has some causal or contributing role that influences the condition. Note that relationships of phenotypes to organisms/strains that bear them, or diseases they are manifest in, should continue to use RO:0002200 ! 'has phenotype' and RO:0002201 ! 'phenotype of'. Genetic variations can span any level of granularity from a full genome or genotype to an individual gene or sequence alteration. These variations can be represented at the physical level (DNA/RNA macromolecules or their parts, as in the ChEBI ontology and Molecular Sequence Ontology) or at the abstract level (generically dependent continuant sequence features that are carried by these macromolecules, as in the Sequence Ontology and Genotype Ontology). The causal relations in this hierarchy can be used in linking either physical or abstract genetic variations to phenotypes or diseases they cause or contribute to. Environmental exposures include those imposed by natural environments, experimentally applied conditions, or clinical interventions. causes or contributes to condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the entity has some causal role for the condition. causes condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the entity influences the severity with which a condition manifests in an individual. contributes to expressivity of condition contributes to severity of condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the entity influences the frequency of the condition in a population. contributes to penetrance of condition contributes to frequency of condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the presence of the entity reduces or eliminates some or all aspects of the condition. is preventative for condition Genetic variations can span any level of granularity from a full genome or genotype to an individual gene or sequence alteration. These variations can be represented at the physical level (DNA/RNA macromolecules or their parts, as in the ChEBI ontology and Molecular Sequence Ontology) or at the abstract level (generically dependent continuant sequence features that are carried by these macromolecules, as in the Sequence Ontology and Genotype Ontology). The causal relations in this hierarchy can be used in linking either physical or abstract genetic variations to phenotypes or diseases they cause or contribute to. Environmental exposures include those imposed by natural environments, experimentally applied conditions, or clinical interventions. ameliorates condition A relationship between an entity and a condition (phenotype or disease) with which it exhibits a statistical dependence relationship. correlated with condition A relationship between an entity (e.g. a chemical, environmental exposure, or some form of genetic variation) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the presence of the entity worsens some or all aspects of the condition. exacerbates condition cjm 2017-11-05T03:20:01Z realizable has basis in A relationship between a realizable entity R (e.g. function or disposition) and a material entity M where R is realized in response to a process that has an input stimulus of M. cjm 2017-12-26T19:45:49Z realized in response to stimulus cjm 2018-01-26T23:49:30Z acts upstream of or within, positive effect cjm 2018-01-26T23:49:51Z acts upstream of or within, negative effect c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive cjm 2018-01-26T23:53:14Z acts upstream of, positive effect cjm 2018-03-13T23:55:05Z causally upstream of or within, negative effect cjm 2018-03-13T23:55:19Z causally upstream of or within, positive effect DEPRECATED This relation is similar to but different in important respects to the characteristic-of relation. See comments on that relation for more information. DEPRECATED inheres in true DEPRECATED bearer of true The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B. Vasundra Touré regulates activity of The entity A has an activity that regulates the quantity or abundance or concentration of the entity B. Vasundra Touré regulates quantity of The entity A is not immediately upstream of the entity B but A has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. Vasundra Touré indirectly regulates activity of The entity A has an activity that down-regulates by repression the quantity of B. The down-regulation is due to A having an effect on an intermediate entity (typically a DNA or mRNA element) which can produce B. For example, protein A (transcription factor) indirectly decreases by repression the quantity of protein B (gene product) if and only if A negatively regulates the process of transcription or translation of a nucleic acid element that produces B. Vasundra Touré decreases by repression quantity of The entity A has an activity that up-regulates by expression the quantity of B. The up-regulation is due to A having an effect on an intermediate entity (typically a DNA or mRNA element) which can produce B. For example, protein A (transcription factor) indirectly increases by expression the quantity of protein B (gene product) if and only if A positively regulates the process of transcription or translation of a nucleic acid element that produces B. Vasundra Touré increases by expression quantity of The entity A has an activity that directly positively regulates the quantity of B. Vasundra Touré directly positively regulates quantity of The entity A has an activity that directly negatively regulates the quantity of B. Vasundra Touré directly negatively regulates quantity of The entity A is not immediately upstream of the entity B and has an activity that up-regulates an activity performed by B. Vasundra Touré indirectly activates indirectly positively regulates activity of AKT1 destabilizes quantity of FOXO (interaction from Signor database: SIGNOR-252844) An entity A directly interacts with B and A has an activity that decreases the amount of an entity B by degradating it. Vasundra Touré destabilizes quantity of AKT1 stabilizes quantity of XIAP (interaction from Signor database: SIGNOR-119488) An entity A physically interacts with B and A has an activity that increases the amount of an entity B by stabilizing it. Vasundra Touré stabilizes quantity of The entity A is not immediately upstream of the entity B and has an activity that down-regulates an activity performed by B. Vasundra Touré indirectly inhibits indirectly negatively regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of B, has an activity that directly regulates the quantity of B. Vasundra Touré directly regulates quantity of The entity A is not immediately upstream of the entity B, but A has an activity that regulates the quantity or abundance or concentration of B. Vasundra Touré indirectly regulates quantity of The entity A does not physically interact with the entity B, and A has an activity that down-regulates the quantity or abundance or concentration of B. Vasundra Touré indirectly negatively regulates quantity of The entity A does not physically interact with the entity B, and A has an activity that up-regulates the quantity or abundance or concentration of B. Vasundra Touré indirectly positively regulates quantity of a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is a small molecule that regulates the process pg 2020-06-24T13:15:17Z is small molecule regulator of a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is a small molecule that activates the process pg 2020-06-24T13:15:26Z is small molecule activator of a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is a small molecule that inhibits the process pg 2020-06-24T13:15:35Z is small molecule inhibitor of Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a set of relations regarding presentation of phenotypes and disease. 2021-11-05T17:30:14Z has phenotype or disease https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/478 A relationship that holds between an organism and a disease. Here a disease is construed broadly as a disposition to undergo pathological processes that exists in an organism because of one or more disorders in that organism. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7463-6306 2021-11-05T17:30:44Z has disease https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/478 Relates a gene to condition, such that a variation in this gene predisposes to the development of a condition. confers susceptibility to condition has broader match skos:broadMatch is used to state a hierarchical mapping link between two conceptual resources in different concept schemes. Broader concepts are typically rendered as parents in a concept hierarchy (tree). has broader Relates a concept to a concept that is more general in meaning. By convention, skos:broader is only used to assert an immediate (i.e. direct) hierarchical link between two conceptual resources. has broader transitive skos:broaderTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:broader. By convention, skos:broaderTransitive is not used to make assertions. Rather, the properties can be used to draw inferences about the transitive closure of the hierarchical relation, which is useful e.g. when implementing a simple query expansion algorithm in a search application. skos:exactMatch is disjoint with each of the properties skos:broadMatch and skos:relatedMatch. has exact match skos:exactMatch is used to link two concepts, indicating a high degree of confidence that the concepts can be used interchangeably across a wide range of information retrieval applications. skos:exactMatch is a transitive property, and is a sub-property of skos:closeMatch. has top concept Relates, by convention, a concept scheme to a concept which is topmost in the broader/narrower concept hierarchies for that scheme, providing an entry point to these hierarchies. is in scheme Relates a resource (for example a concept) to a concept scheme in which it is included. A concept may be a member of more than one concept scheme. These concept mapping relations mirror semantic relations, and the data model defined below is similar (with the exception of skos:exactMatch) to the data model defined for semantic relations. A distinct vocabulary is provided for concept mapping relations, to provide a convenient way to differentiate links within a concept scheme from links between concept schemes. However, this pattern of usage is not a formal requirement of the SKOS data model, and relies on informal definitions of best practice. is in mapping relation with Relates two concepts coming, by convention, from different schemes, and that have comparable meanings has member Relates a collection to one of its members. For any resource, every item in the list given as the value of the skos:memberList property is also a value of the skos:member property. has member list Relates an ordered collection to the RDF list containing its members. has narrower match skos:narrowMatch is used to state a hierarchical mapping link between two conceptual resources in different concept schemes. Narrower concepts are typically rendered as children in a concept hierarchy (tree). has narrower Relates a concept to a concept that is more specific in meaning. By convention, skos:broader is only used to assert an immediate (i.e. direct) hierarchical link between two conceptual resources. has narrower transitive skos:narrowerTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:narrower. By convention, skos:narrowerTransitive is not used to make assertions. Rather, the properties can be used to draw inferences about the transitive closure of the hierarchical relation, which is useful e.g. when implementing a simple query expansion algorithm in a search application. skos:related is disjoint with skos:broaderTransitive has related Relates a concept to a concept with which there is an associative semantic relationship. has related match skos:relatedMatch is used to state an associative mapping link between two conceptual resources in different concept schemes. is in semantic relation with Links a concept to a concept related by meaning. This property should not be used directly, but as a super-property for all properties denoting a relationship of meaning between concepts. is top concept in scheme Relates a concept to the concept scheme that it is a top level concept of. 0 100 Then percentage of organisms in a population that die during some specified age range (age-specific mortality rate), minus the percentage that die in during the same age range in a wild-type population. dos 2018-05-22T16:43:28Z This could be used to record the increased infant morality rate in some population compared to wild-type. For examples of usage see http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FBcv_0000351 and subclasses. has increased age-specific mortality rate Then percentage of organisms in a population that die during some specified age range (age-specific mortality rate), minus the percentage that die in during the same age range in a wild-type population. PMID:24138933 Wikipedia:Infant_mortality duration_in_years has_time_period GAZ:00001088 Congo Republic of the Congo GAZ:00006882 Afghanistan GAZ:00002953 Albania GAZ:00000563 Algeria GAZ:00003957 American Samoa GAZ:00002948 Andorra GAZ:00001095 Angola GAZ:00009159 Anguilla GAZ:00006883 Antigua and Barbuda GAZ:00002928 Argentina GAZ:00004094 Armenia GAZ:00004025 Aruba GAZ:00000463 Australia GAZ:00002942 Austria GAZ:00004941 Azerbaijan GAZ:00005281 Bahrain GAZ:00003750 Bangladesh GAZ:00001251 Barbados GAZ:00006886 Belarus GAZ:00002938 Belgium GAZ:00002934 Belize GAZ:00000904 Benin GAZ:00001264 Bermuda GAZ:00003920 Bhutan GAZ:00002511 Bolivia GAZ:00006887 Bosnia and Herzegovina GAZ:00001097 Botswana GAZ:00002828 Brazil GAZ:00003961 British Virgin Islands GAZ:00003901 Brunei Darussalam Brunei GAZ:00002950 Bulgaria GAZ:00000905 Burkina Faso GAZ:00001090 Burundi GAZ:00006888 Cambodia GAZ:00001093 Cameroon GAZ:00002560 Canada GAZ:00001227 Cape Verde GAZ:00003986 Cayman Islands GAZ:00001089 Central African Republic GAZ:00000586 Chad GAZ:00001539 Channel Islands GAZ:00002825 Chile GAZ:00002845 China GAZ:00005915 Christmas Island GAZ:00002929 Colombia GAZ:00005820 Comoros GAZ:00053798 Cook Islands GAZ:00002901 Costa Rica GAZ:00002719 Croatia GAZ:00003762 Cuba GAZ:00012582 Curacao GAZ:00453362 Cyprus GAZ:00002954 Czech Republic GAZ:00001086 Democratic Republic of the Congo GAZ:00002635 Denmark GAZ:00000582 Djibouti GAZ:00006890 Dominica GAZ:00003952 Dominican Republic GAZ:00006913 Timor-Leste East Timor GAZ:00002912 Ecuador GAZ:00003934 Egypt GAZ:00002935 El Salvador GAZ:00001091 Equatorial Guinea GAZ:00000581 Eritrea GAZ:00002959 Estonia GAZ:00000567 Ethiopia Faroe Islands GAZ:00059206 Faeroe Islands GAZ:00001412 Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Falkland Islands GAZ:00006897 Micronesia (Federated States of) GAZ:00006891 Fiji GAZ:00002937 Finland GAZ:00002940 France GAZ:00002516 French Guiana GAZ:00002918 French Polynesia GAZ:00001092 Gabon GAZ:00002646 Germany GAZ:00000908 Ghana GAZ:00003987 Gibraltar GAZ:00002945 Greece GAZ:00001507 Greenland GAZ:02000573 Grenada GAZ:00067135 Guadeloupe GAZ:00006933 Guam GAZ:00002936 Guatemala GAZ:00000909 Guinea GAZ:00000910 Guinea-Bissau GAZ:00002522 Guyana GAZ:00003953 Haiti GAZ:00003103 Holy See GAZ:00002894 Honduras GAZ:00003203 China, Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong GAZ:00002952 Hungary GAZ:00000843 Iceland GAZ:00002839 India GAZ:00003727 Indonesia GAZ:00004474 Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iran GAZ:00004483 Iraq GAZ:00052477 Isle of Man GAZ:00002476 Israel GAZ:00002650 Italy GAZ:00000906 Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire GAZ:00003781 Jamaica GAZ:00002747 Japan GAZ:00002473 Jordan GAZ:00004999 Kazakhstan GAZ:00001101 Kenya GAZ:00006894 Kiribati GAZ:00011337 Kosovo GAZ:00005285 Kuwait GAZ:00006893 Kyrgyzstan GAZ:00006889 Lao People's Democratic Republic Laos GAZ:00002958 Latvia GAZ:00002478 Lebanon GAZ:00001098 Lesotho GAZ:00000911 Liberia GAZ:00000566 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya GAZ:00003858 Liechtenstein GAZ:00002960 Lithuania GAZ:00002947 Luxembourg GAZ:00003202 China, Macao SAR Macau GAZ:00001108 Madagascar GAZ:00001105 Malawi GAZ:00003902 Malaysia GAZ:00006896 Maldives GAZ:00000584 Mali GAZ:00004017 Malta GAZ:00007161 Marshall Islands GAZ:00003947 Martinique GAZ:00000583 Mauretania Mauritania GAZ:00003745 Mauritius GAZ:00003943 Mayotte GAZ:00002852 Mexico GAZ:00003897 Republic of Moldova Moldova GAZ:00003857 Monaco GAZ:00008744 Mongolia GAZ:00006898 Montenegro GAZ:00003988 Montserrat GAZ:00000565 Morocco GAZ:00001100 Mozambique GAZ:00006899 Burma Myanmar GAZ:00001096 Namibia GAZ:00006900 Nauru GAZ:00004399 Nepal GAZ:00001549 Netherlands GAZ:00004019 Netherlands Antilles GAZ:00005206 New Caledonia GAZ:00000469 New Zealand GAZ:00002978 Nicaragua GAZ:00000585 Niger GAZ:00000912 Nigeria Niue Fekai GAZ:00006902 Niue GAZ:00005913 Norfolk Island GAZ:00002801 Democratic People's Republic of Korea North Korea GAZ:00003958 Northern Mariana Islands Kingdom of Norway GAZ:00002699 Norway GAZ:00005283 Oman GAZ:00005246 Pakistan GAZ:00006905 Palau GAZ:00002475 Occupied Palestinian Territory Palestinian Territories GAZ:00002892 Panama GAZ:00003922 Papua New Guinea GAZ:00002933 Paraguay GAZ:00002932 Peru The Philippines GAZ:00004525 Philippines Pitcairn GAZ:00005867 Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands Pitcairn Islands GAZ:00002939 Poland Portugese Republic GAZ:00002944 Portugal Commonwealth of Puerto Rico GAZ:00006935 Puerto Rico GAZ:00005286 Qatar GAZ:00002943 Ireland Republic of Ireland GAZ:00006895 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Republic of Macedonia GAZ:00002951 Romania GAZ:00002721 Russian Federation Russia GAZ:00001087 Rwanda GAZ:00053746 Réunion GAZ:00000849 St. Helena Saint Helena GAZ:00006906 Saint Kitts and Nevis GAZ:00006909 Saint Lucia GAZ:00005841 Saint Martin GAZ:00003942 Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon GAZ:02000565 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines GAZ:00006910 Samoa GAZ:00003102 San Marino GAZ:00005279 Saudi Arabia GAZ:00002639 Scotland GAZ:00000913 Senegal GAZ:00002957 Serbia GAZ:00005821 Seychelles GAZ:00000914 Sierra Leone GAZ:00003923 Singapore GAZ:00012579 Sint Maarten GAZ:00002956 Slovakia GAZ:00002955 Slovenia GAZ:00005275 Solomon Islands GAZ:00001104 Somalia GAZ:00000553 South Africa GAZ:00002802 Republic of Korea South Korea GAZ:00233439 South Sudan GAZ:00000591 Spain GAZ:00003924 Sri Lanka GAZ:00000560 Sudan GAZ:00002525 Suriname GAZ:00001099 Swaziland GAZ:00002729 Sweden GAZ:00002941 Switzerland GAZ:00002474 Syria GAZ:00006927 São Tomé and Príncipe GAZ:00005341 Taiwan GAZ:00006912 Tajikistan GAZ:00001103 United Republic of Tanzania Tanzania GAZ:00003744 Thailand GAZ:00002733 Bahamas The Bahamas GAZ:00000907 Gambia The Gambia GAZ:00000915 Togo GAZ:00006914 Tokelau GAZ:00006916 Tonga GAZ:00003767 Trinidad and Tobago GAZ:00000562 Tunisia GAZ:00000558 Turkey GAZ:00005018 Turkmenistan GAZ:00003955 Turks and Caicos Islands GAZ:00009715 Tuvalu GAZ:00001102 Uganda GAZ:00002724 Ukraine GAZ:00005282 United Arab Emirates GAZ:00002637 U.K. United Kingdom U.S. GAZ:00002459 United States of America United States GAZ:00003959 U.S. Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands GAZ:00002930 Uruguay GAZ:00004979 Uzbekistan GAZ:00006918 Vanuatu GAZ:00002931 Venezuela GAZ:00003756 Vietnam GAZ:00007191 Wallis and Futuna Islands Wallis and Futuna GAZ:00000564 Western Sahara GAZ:00005284 Yemen GAZ:00001107 Zambia GAZ:00001106 Zimbabwe GAZ:00009721 Cocos (Keeling) Islands GAZ:00004942 Georgia APOLLO_SV:00000522 software source code version control repository A document that comprises at least one source code module and provenance data about who contributed the set of files making up the module(s), and optionally comprises also multiple versions of files with detailed change history about who committed files and when, a license for the software, readme files, documentation, executables, etc. William R. Hogan Refers to the stuff that lives on GitHub, not to GitHub or the git software on which it is based source code repository BFO:0000001 entity Entity Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) entity Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf per discussion with Barry Smith An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) BFO:0000002 continuant Continuant An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] continuant Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] BFO:0000003 occurrent Occurrent An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] occurrent Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. per discussion with Barry Smith Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] BFO:0000004 ic IndependentContinuant a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] independent continuant b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] BFO:0000006 spatial region BFO:0000015 process Process a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] process p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] BFO:0000016 disposition Disposition an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] disposition b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] BFO:0000017 realizable RealizableEntity the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] realizable entity To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] BFO:0000019 quality Quality the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] quality a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] BFO:0000020 sdc SpecificallyDependentContinuant specifically dependent continuant Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] specifically dependent continuant b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. per discussion with Barry Smith (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] BFO:0000023 role Role John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] role b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] BFO:0000027 object-aggregate ObjectAggregate a collection of cells in a blood biobank. a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds a symphony orchestra an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team) defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint the aggregate of blood cells in your body the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere the restaurants in Palo Alto your collection of Meissen ceramic plates. An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee). ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] object aggregate An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] BFO:0000031 gdc GenericallyDependentContinuant The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] generically dependent continuant b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] BFO:0000034 function Function the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] function (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) BFO:0000040 material MaterialEntity a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic the undetached arm of a human being An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] material entity A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] BFO:0000141 immaterial entity BFO:0000145 r-quality RelationalQuality John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. a marriage bond, an instance of requited love, an obligation between one person and another. b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001]) (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] relational quality b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001]) (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] BFO:0000182 history History A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001]) history A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001]) ENVO:01000744 A self-contained constructed feature used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat or other 'substantial' structure. A dwelling typically includes nearby outbuildings, sheds etc. within the curtilage of the property, excluding any 'open fields beyond'. It has significance in relation to search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land use planning. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/264 for discussion. This definition needs a lot of clean up and links to household and related classes must be made to form logical definitions for inference to work. Subclasses will be added by inference. human dwelling A self-contained constructed feature used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat or other 'substantial' structure. A dwelling typically includes nearby outbuildings, sheds etc. within the curtilage of the property, excluding any 'open fields beyond'. It has significance in relation to search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land use planning. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwelling accessed 11/25/2015 GEO:000000374 One of the large, unbroken masses of land into which the Earth's surface is divided. GAZ:00190836 major area continent The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. jl 2012-09-20T14:06:08Z GO:0023032 GO:0044708 GO:0044709 Wikipedia:Behavior behavioral response to stimulus behaviour behavioural response to stimulus biological_process single-organism behavior GO:0007610 1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis). behavior GO:0007610 The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. GOC:ems GOC:jl ISBN:0395448956 PMID:20160973 A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. jl 2012-09-19T15:05:24Z GO:0000004 GO:0007582 GO:0044699 Wikipedia:Biological_process biological process physiological process biological_process single organism process single-organism process GO:0008150 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. biological_process GO:0008150 A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. GOC:pdt Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group. Wikipedia:Social_behavior social behaviour biological_process cooperative behavior GO:0035176 Behavior such as predation which involves members of different species is not social. Communication between members of different species is also not social behavior. social behavior GO:0035176 Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group. GOC:jh2 PMID:12848939 Wikipedia:Social_behavior Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20191 intraspecies interaction between organisms intraspecies interaction with other organisms biological_process GO:0051703 biological process involved in intraspecies interaction between organisms GO:0051703 Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species. GOC:ai HANCESTRO:0002 Any geographic area greater than an individual country but smaller than a continent, used as a convenience reference. Please note that most geographic areas may not be formally defined and exact boundaries can be debatable. geographical area region HANCESTRO:0003 A collective generic term that refers here to a wide variety of dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, uninhabited islands, and other entities in addition to the traditional countries or independent states. NCIT:C25464 country HANCESTRO:0029 GAZ:00000457 Africa HANCESTRO:0030 GAZ:00000465 Asia HANCESTRO:0031 GAZ:00000464 Europe HANCESTRO:0032 GAZ:00000468 Oceania HANCESTRO:0033 GAZ:00000459 Latin America and the Caribbean HANCESTRO:0034 GAZ:00000458 Northern America HANCESTRO:0035 GAZ:00000556 Eastern Africa HANCESTRO:0036 Middle Africa HANCESTRO:0037 GAZ:00000555 Northern Africa HANCESTRO:0038 GAZ:00000553 Southern Africa HANCESTRO:0039 GAZ:00000554 Western Africa HANCESTRO:0041 South-Central Asia HANCESTRO:0042 GAZ:00000559 South-Eastern Asia HANCESTRO:0043 Western Asia HANCESTRO:0044 Eastern Europe HANCESTRO:0045 Northern Europe HANCESTRO:0046 Southern Europe HANCESTRO:0047 Western Europe HANCESTRO:0048 Caribbean HANCESTRO:0049 GAZ:00000459 South America HANCESTRO:0050 GAZ:00002891 Central America HANCESTRO:0051 Australia/New Zealand HANCESTRO:0052 GAZ:00005860 Melanesia HANCESTRO:0053 GAZ:00005862 Micronesia HANCESTRO:0054 GAZ:00005861 Polynesia HANCESTRO:0055 GAZ:00002471 Eastern Asia HANCESTRO:0288 Scandinavia HANCESTRO:0289 GAZ:00002472 South Asia IAO:0000013 journal article Examples are articles published in the journals, Nature and Science. The content can often be cited by reference to a paper based encoding, e.g. Authors, Title of article, Journal name, date or year of publication, volume and page number. A report that is published in a journal. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000159 group:OBI journal article IAO:0000030 information content entity Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000142 information content entity IAO:0000088 report Examples of reports are gene lists and investigation reports. These are not published (journal) articles but may be included in a journal article. A document assembled by an author for the purpose of providing information for the audience. A report is the output of a documenting process and has the objective to be consumed by a specific audience. Topic of the report is on something that has completed. A report is not a single figure. Examples of reports are journal article, patent application, grant progress report, case report (not patient record). 2009-03-16: comment from Darren Natale: I am slightly uneasy with the sentence "Topic of the report is on something that has completed." Should it be restricted to those things that are completed? For example, a progress report is (usually) about something that definitely has *not* been completed, or may include (only) projections. I think the definition would not suffer if the whole sentence is deleted. 2009-03-16: this was report of results with definition: A report is a narrative object that is a formal statement of the results of an investigation, or of any matter on which definite information is required, made by some person or body instructed or required to do so. 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI. 2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'document'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion disagreement about where reports go. alan: only some gene lists are reports. Is a report all the content of some document? The example of usage suggests that a report may be part of some article. Term needs clarification PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Chris Stoeckert PERSON: Melanie Courtot GROUP: OBI OBI_0000099 report IAO:0000310 document A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole PERSON: Lawrence Hunter document IAO:0000311 publication journal article, newspaper story, book, etc. A document that is the output of a publishing process. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert PERSON: Jie Zheng PERSON: Lawrence Hunter published document Revisit the term in Octorber 2020. Improve the defintion. publication IAO:0000312 publication about an investigation Most scientific journal articles A publication that is about an investigation PERSON: Lawrence Hunter scientific publication publication about an investigation IAO:0000313 patent US Patent 6,449,603 A document that has been accepted by a patent authority PERSON: Lawrence Hunter patent IAO:0000442 author role A role inhering in a person or organization that is realized when the bearer participates in the work which is the basis of the document, in the writing of the document, and signs it with their name. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot author role IAO:0000445 A document that is in preparation for submission to be published. PERSON: Jie Zheng EFO_0001795 in preparation VEuPathDB document in preparation for publication IAO:0020020 A document that is a collection of identifiers that has been created to identify and annotate core ideas of a specified domain, and where the intention of its creators is that the identifiers have a one-to-one correspondence with entities in reality outside the aggregate. Mathias Brochhausen code system codeset coding system controlled vocabulary Clint Dowland Matt Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan Does not imply absence vs. presence of any taxonomy. Does not imply that identifiers denote particulars, universals, or defined classes (a.k.a. attributive collections) or even that they denote only one of these three types of entities (e.g., SNOMED and even various OBO ontologies have identifiers that identify entities in all three categories). Each identifier is often (but not necessarily) associated with a text string—variously called a “description,” “name,” “title,” or “label”—that helps humans reach the target of denotation. When there is no such string, it is almost always because the identifiers take the form of human language words. For example, a “sex” or “gender” code set could have identifiers “MALE” and “FEMALE,” or even “M” and “F” (by convention, we understand what these mean). For National Drug Codes (NDCs) and similar code sets, there doesn’t even have to be a single, fully-concretized copy somewhere (for example, for NDCs there is no centralized database or repository where they all live as one instance of concretization of code set). The code set can be “distributively” concretized. This seems like an unusual exception, but it also likely applies to Universal Product Codes (UPCs) and their follow on Global Trade Item Numbers (GTINs). For each given domain, there can potentially exist multiple code sets. The multiplicity of code sets is partially due to the different specific purposes of those code sets. Many code sets are created for a specific purpose in addition to merely identifying and annotating core ideas of a specified domain. The identifiers do not denote each other. code set IAO:0020021 A document that denotes some identity and is concretized by the bearer of some credential role. Amanda Hicks identity document IAO:0020024 A role that inheres in a concretization of an identity document and is realized by an authentication process. Amanda Hicks credential role IAO:0020025 obligor role Sam's obligor role realized by him taking Nigel to lunch after promising to do so; Sarah's obligor role realized by paying the purchase price to Layla after signing the contract specifying that she is buying a piece of land from Layla. A role that is the specified output of an obligation generating social act and that is realized by it's bearer being the providing part of a process that fulfills the previously agreed upon requirements. Mathias Brochhausen Sarah Bost obligor role IAO:0020026 obligee role Nigel's obligee role realized by Sam taking him out for lunch after Sam so promised; Layla's obligee role realized by receiving the money after signing a contract in which Sarah obtained a piece of land in exchange for a specified sum of money. A role that is the specified output of an obligation generating social act and that is realized by it's bearer being the receiving part of a process that fulfills the previously agreed upon requirements. Mathias Brochhausen Sarah Bost obligee role IAO:0020027 Tammy's owner role with regards to the house on 234 Evergreen Terrace; Walter's owner role with regards to the intellectual property on his movie script A role in a human social process that is based on a social act and whose bearer exercises exclusive control over a property, where this control is permitted by one or more deontic roles, which are parts of the owner role. Mathias Brochhausen OBIB/ICO community https://github.com/d-acts/d-acts/issues/29 owner role IAO:0021001 my filling in an immigration form, a judge's signing and stamping a court order A deontic declaration creating or revoking a deontic role by lawfully manipulating (signing, stamping, publishing) a document. Mathias Brochhausen deontic document act IAO:0021003 Colonel Klink giving Sergeant Schultz an order, Jake promising Jill to take her to the junior prom A planned process that is carried out by a conscious being or an organization, and is self-generated, directed towards another conscious being or an aggregate of conscious beings, an organization or an aggregate of organizations, and that is in need of being perceived. Mathias Brochhausen The phrase "in need of being perceived" does not imply that only planned processes that are in fact perceived can be social acts. Reinach clarifies that by exemplifying these matters for commands: "The command is according to its essence in need of being heard (vernehmungsbedürtig". It can of course happen that commands are given without being heard. Then they fail to fulfil their purpose. They are like thrown spears which fall to the ground without hitting their target." (A. Reinach: The Apriori Foundations of the Civil Law." Edited by J. Crosby, Heusenstamm: ontos Verlag, 2012). Reinach clearly does not imply that a command that does not fulfill its prupose would not be a command. Thanks to W.R. Hogan for finding the Reinach quote. social act IAO:0021007 A document that is intended to be the specified input in a document act. It has a plan specification as a part that specifies the intended socio-legal entities that are created through the document (objective specification) and the way in which the document act is to be performed (by signing, by stamping, etc.) (action specification). Mathias Brochhausen document act input document IAO:0021008 A role that inheres in an agent and which is externally grounded in the normative expectations that other agents within a social context have concerning how that agent should behave. Mathias Brochhausen Neil Otte deontic role IAO:0021009 A social act that creates or revokes a deontic role. Mathias Brochhausen deontic declaration IAO:0021021 The role of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service realized by the creation of an immigration form that is being filled in, the role of a national professional association realized by the creation of a clinical guideline that is to be certified A role that inheres in a human being or organization or aggregate of any of the aforementioned that prepares a document that is the specified input to a document act and is the input document of a document act. Mathias Brochhausen document act template creator role IAO:0021022 A role inhering in a human being or an organization or an aggregate of any of the aforementioned that is realized by the bearer being the agent in a declaration. Mathias Brochhausen declaration performer role deontic declaration performer role IAO:0021031 a judge's role of signing a court order A role inhering in a human being or an organization or an aggregate of any of the aforementioned that is realized by the bearer being the agent in a document act. Mathias Brochhausen document act performer role IAO:0021102 A social act that postulates a socio-legal fact for a specified group of people or organizations. Mathias Brochhausen enactment standing declaration OAE:0000002 medical intervention is a planned process that has the goal of diagnosing, preventing or relieving illness or injury. The act of intervening, interfering or interceding with the intent of modifying the outcome. In medicine, an intervention is usually undertaken to help treat or cure a condition. For example, "Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely practiced in the United States," Reference: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=34214 . Some interventions can be used for diagnosis. YH WEB: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_medical_intervention medical intervention OAE:0000067 Surgery is a medical procedure that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance. The key difference between a surgery and a general procedure is the need for an incision. Making an incision, or cutting into the skin to gain access to the body’s deeper tissues or organs, is a defining characteristic of surgery. YH, SS surgical procedure WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery WEB: http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-surgery-and-a-procedure.htm 10042609 surgery OAE:0002807 a medical intervention that refers to any series of pre-defined steps that should be followed to achieve a desired result. YH, SS WEB: http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-surgery-and-a-procedure.htm medical procedure OBI:0000011 planned process planned process Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. 'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.) We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process. Bjoern Peters branch derived 6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call) planned process OBI:0000245 organization PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods. An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. An organization is a continuant entity which can play roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra PERSON: Susanna Sansone GROUP: OBI organization OGMS:0000031 Disease disease OMRSE:00000001 A social role inhering in a human being. Mathias Brochhausen William R. Hogan human social role OMRSE:00000002 party to a legal entity OMRSE:00000003 party to a legal proceeding OMRSE:00000004 party to a legal agreement OMRSE:00000005 party to a marriage contract OMRSE:00000006 party to a power of attorney OMRSE:00000007 A human social role borne by a human being being realized in behaviour which is considered socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex in the context of a specific culture. Mathias Brochhausen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_role gender role OMRSE:00000008 A gender role borne by a human being that is realized in behaviour which is considered socially appropriate for individuals of the male sex in the context of the culture in question. Mathias Brochhausen male gender male gender role OMRSE:00000009 A gender role borne by a human being that is realized in behaviour which is considered socially appropriate for individuals of the female sex in the context of the culture in question. Mathias Brochhausen female gender female gender role OMRSE:00000010 A role in human social processes that is realized by health care processes such as seeking or providing treatment for disease and injury, diagnosing disease and injury, or undergoing diagnosis. William R. Hogan health care role Mathias Brochhausen human health care role OMRSE:00000011 A role borne by an organism and that is realized by presenting to a health care provider in a clinical encounter. Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen patient CAFE domain expert working group. In order to avoid the presumption of the formal structures and institutions of Western civilization, bearing a patient role does not entail that the organism presents at an official place of business, with an organization formally and legally registered with various gov't entities, with a person endowed by the gov't with certain certifications. patient role OMRSE:00000012 A human health care role inhering in an organization or human being that is realized by a process of providing health care services to an organism. Mathias Brochhausen William R. Hogan health care provider role OMRSE:00000013 A health care role borne by a human being and realized by promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments. Mathias Brochhausen physician http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician physician role OMRSE:00000014 A health care role borne by a human being and realized by the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Mathias Brochhausen nurse based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing nurse role OMRSE:00000015 A role that inheres in an organization and that is realized by the providing of services in a health care encounter. Mathias Brochhausen Amanda Hicks health care provider organization role OMRSE:00000016 person health care provider role OMRSE:00000017 A health care provider organization role that inheres in an organization consisting of two or more physicians. Amanda Hicks physician practice OMRSE:00000019 A health care provider organization role that inheres in an organization that is comprised of other organizations. Amanda Hicks integrated delivery network OMRSE:00000025 A role in human social processes that inheres in an organization. William R. Hogan Defined class that we will ultimately move to an application ontology. We are leaving here for now until we determine which application ontology: it is likely going to be an ontology that does not currently (2012-06-05) exist. Ditto for its current descendants. organization social role OMRSE:00000026 A role in human social processes that inheres in an organism. William R. Hogan Mathias Brochhausen Defined class that we will ultimately move to an application ontology. We are leaving here for now until we determine which application ontology: it is likely going to be an ontology that does not currently (2012-06-05) exist. Ditto for its current descendants. Includes animals as well as humans. For example, pet, assistance animal, animal grown for food, work animal, domesticated animal, K-9, etc. Human roles include gender role, party to legal entities, health care provider roles like doctor, nurse, etc. Previous definition: A role in human social processes played by an organism. organism social role OMRSE:00000027 An organization social role that, if realized, is realized by either a health care process or an ancillary health care process Previous definition: An organization social role played by an organization in health care processes. organization health care role OMRSE:00000030 A patient role that inheres in a human being. human patient role OMRSE:00000033 An aggregate of organizations that have some feature in common, but is not itself an organization. An object aggregate that is not itself an organization and whose members are only organizations that have some feature in common William R. Hogan William R. Hogan Amanda Hicks http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/omrse.owl It is often convenient to group organizations together that otherwise might not even interact with one another. aggregate of organizations OMRSE:00000038 A role borne by a human individual or by a collection of humans regarded as possessing rights and duties enforeable at law. Mathias Brochhausen Malcolm N. Shaw: International Law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008. We are aware of the fact that Wikipedia's definition differs from ours by saying that "Legal personality (...) is the characteristic of a non-living entity regarded by law to have the status of personhood" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_personality) However, Shaw explicates: "In any legal system, certain entities, whether they be individuals or companies, will be regarded as possessing rights and duties enforceable at law. Thus an individual may prosecute or be prosecuted for assault and a company can sue for breach of contract. They are able to do this because the law recognises them as 'legal persons' possessing the capacity to have and to maintain certain rights, and being subject to perform specific duties. (...) In municipal law individuals, limited companies and public corporations are recognized as each possessing a distinct legal personality, the terms of which are circumscribed by the relevant legislation" (Shaw MN: International Law. Sixth Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008). We hold that Shaw's position is ontological more prolific since it not only allows to explain how groups of individuals become recognized as unities at law, but also how different individuals can hold different legal personality roles (always against the context of one legal system). The latter will proof useful when dealing with the representing comatous patients or minorsat law in ontologies. legal person role OMRSE:00000039 A role that inheres in an organism and is realized by habitually smoking tobacco products. smoker role OMRSE:00000040 intravenous drug user OMRSE:00000048 material entity role OMRSE:00000049 organism role OMRSE:00000050 Homo sapiens role OMRSE:00000051 organization role OMRSE:00000052 A function inhering in a material entity that, if realized, is realized by the material entity being the site at which inpatient and outpatient healthcare is provided to a patient population. Mathias Brochhausen hospital function OMRSE:00000053 A function inhering in a material entity that, if realized, is realized by that material entity being the site at which formal education is provided to a student population. Mathias Brochhausen school function OMRSE:00000054 A healthcare provider role that inheres in an organization and is realized by providing inpatient care. Mathias Brochhausen hospital role OMRSE:00000055 An organization social role that inheres in an organization and is realized by providing formal education to students. Mathias Brochhausen school role OMRSE:00000056 An organization that is the bearer of a hospital role. Mathias Brochhausen hospital organization OMRSE:00000057 An organization that is the bearer of a school role. Mathias Brochhausen school organization OMRSE:00000059 Mathias Brochhausen nursery school role OMRSE:00000060 Mathias Brochhausen primary school role OMRSE:00000061 A material entity that is a human made strcuture with firm connection between its foundation and the ground. Mathias Brochhausen http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauwerk "Building" is a subclass of this. This type of entity is referred to as "Bauwerk" or "Bauliche Anlage". architectural structure OMRSE:00000062 An architectural structure that bears some function. Mathias Brochhausen facility OMRSE:00000063 A health care facility that bears the function to provide acute and intensive healthcare services and that is run by a hospital organization and is the bearer of a hospital function. Mathias Brochhausen William Hogan hospital facility OMRSE:00000064 A facility that is run by a school organization and is the bearer of a school function. Mathias Brochhausen school facility OMRSE:00000065 Mathias Brochhausen secondary school role OMRSE:00000066 A trauma patient role that inheres in a homo sapiens who is under the age of 15 years. Amanda Hicks pediatric trauma patient The following definition for 'pediatric trauma patient' was approved by the CAFE team of domain experts (experts in trauma care) May 29, 2015. "A trauma patient who is under the age of 15 years." pediatric trauma patient role OMRSE:00000067 A patient role that inheres an organism suffering one or more injuries. Amanda Hicks injured patient The following definition for 'injured patient' was approved by the CAFE team of domain experts (experts in trauma care) May 29, 2015. A patient suffering one or more injuries. injured patient role OMRSE:00000069 A patient role that inheres in an organism suffering a thermal, electrical, chemical or radiation burn. Amanda Hicks The following definition for 'burn patient' was approved by the CAFE team of domain experts (experts in trauma care) May 29, 2015. A patient suffering a thermal, electrical, chemical or radiation burn. burn patient burn patient role OMRSE:00000072 A physician role that is created by training and certification in rehabilitation/physical medicine and that is realized by the provision of or supervising of the provision of rehabilitation or physical therapy to a patient. Amanda Hicks physiatrist The following definition for 'physiatrist' was approved by the CAFE team of domain experts (experts in trauma care) May 29, 2015. A physician with training and certification in rehabilitation/physical medicine. Definition updated May 5, 2016. Original definitions was, a health care role borne by a human being and realized by training and certification in rehabilitation medicine. physiatrist role OMRSE:00000073 A patient role that inheres in an organism with some non-superficial traumatic injury. The role is realized by admision to a hospital, transfer from one hospital to another for the purpose of trauma care, or has death as a result of the traumatic injury. Amanda Hicks trauma patient The following definition for 'trauma patient' was approved by the CAFE team of domain experts (experts in trauma care) May 29, 2015. A patient sustaining an injury who has been admitted to the hospital, transferred from one hospital to another for the purpose of trauma care, or has died as a result of the traumatic injury. trauma patient role OMRSE:00000075 A function that inheres in a material entity and, if realized, is realized by protecting persons and their possessions from weather and by some person or group of persons habitually sleeping in at least one site that is contained by that material entity. Amanda Hicks residence function OMRSE:00000076 A human or collection of humans that occupies a housing unit by storing their possessions there and habitually sleeping there thereby participating in the realization of that housing unit's residence function. Amanda Hicks Note in OMRSE it is the housing unit, not the people living there, that are the bearers of a "residence function". Note the distinction between being a residence and a resident. Note that it is not possible in OWL 2, at least that we have yet found, to say that the housing unit in which the process occurs is the same one that is the bearer of the residence function (that the process realizes). household OMRSE:00000077 A role in human social processes that, if realized, is realized when the bearer provides labor or services in exchange for a wage or salary as specified by some deontic declaration. Amanda hicks employee job role OMRSE:00000078 Amanda Hicks workplace facility OMRSE:00000079 a function inhering in a material entity that, if realized, is realized by that material entity being the site where the work of some organization is carried out Amanda Hicks workplace function OMRSE:00000081 A US Census householder role is a human social role that, if realized, is realized by that person being a member of a household and either owning or renting the housing unit in which that household resides and being designated as the householder. If there is only one member of the household who owns or rents the housing unit, that person is designated the householder by default. Amanda Hicks http://www.census.gov/cps/about/cpsdef.html last accessed on June 30, 2015 US census householder role OMRSE:00000082 A US cenus reference person role is a human social role that inheres in a Homo sapiens who is a member of a household and is realized by other persons in the household being recorded in the US census in relation to that person. Amanda Hicks http://www.census.gov/cps/about/cpsdef.html last accessed June 30, 2015 US Census reference person role OMRSE:00000085 A role that concretizes a socio-lega generically dependent continuant Amanda Hicks obsolete socio-legal human social role true OMRSE:00000087 a role in human social processes that is realized when the bearer provides a wage or salary in exchange for some labour or services as specified by some declaration employer role OMRSE:00000089 A document that records a legally binding agreement between two or more parties. A contract is a document that is the specified output of a legally binding document act and records a legally binding agreement between two or more parties. contract OMRSE:00000092 A role that inheres in an organism that is able to receive benefits from an insurance policy. The role, if realized, is realized by receiving benefits that are covered by the insurance policy. Amanda Hicks insured party role OMRSE:00000093 An organization that secures a group of people against pecuniary loss by payment of a sum of money if a a specified event occurs. Amanda Hicks insurance company OMRSE:00000095 payer role OMRSE:00000096 party to an insurance policy OMRSE:00000102 A facility bearing the function to provide healthcare and that is administered by a health care organization for the purpose of providing health care to a patient or patient population. William Hogan health care facility OMRSE:00000103 A human social role that inheres in a human who is legally eligible to work, is conferred by the U.S. Census Bureau, and is realized by the bearer not working and either making active efforts to find employment in the four weeks prior to the reference week or waiting to be recalled from temporary layoff. Amanda Hicks US Census unemployed role OMRSE:00000104 A health care facility that bears a function to provide healthcare to the sick or terminally ill Amanda Hicks Emma Norris William Hogan Human Behaviour Change Project hospice facility OMRSE:00000105 Amanda Hicks skilled nursing facility OMRSE:00000106 A facility to assist in physical or addiction recovery Amanda Hicks Emma Norris William Hogan Human Behaviour Change Project rehabilitation facility OMRSE:00000107 A facility that is run by a nursing home organization and is the bearer of a nursing home function. Amanda Hicks nursing home facility OMRSE:00000108 A community living health care facility that provides health care services in a home-like setting Amanda Hicks William Hogan residential health care facility OMRSE:00000109 Amanda Hicks overnight dialysis facility OMRSE:00000110 A health care facility that bears a function to provide low intensity healthcare services to patients on a short-term basis, with patients leaving on the same date as arriving (i.e., without them staying overnight) Amanda Hicks Emma Norris William Hogan Human Behaviour Change Project Broadened from treatment to healthcare services generally. "Low intensity" is not defined at the moment, but is needed to differentiate from same-day surgery centers or observation stays in hospitals that last <24 hours. The idea is that few invasive procedures are performed, and the ones that are invasive are not typically much worse than a blood draw. Maybe bone marrow biopsy is as aggressive as it gets. I wonder if hematologists do that on an outpatient basis. outpatient clinic facility OMRSE:00000111 Amanda Hicks physician office facility OMRSE:00000112 Amanda Hicks ambulatory surgery facility OMRSE:00000113 Amanda Hicks urgent care facility OMRSE:00000114 A health care facility that bears a function to provide emergency healthcare services and the acute care of patients who present without prior appointment, having arrived either by their own means or by ambulance Amanda Hicks Emma Norris William Hogan Adapted from Human Behaviour Change Project emergency department facility OMRSE:00000115 urgent care function OMRSE:00000116 Amanda Hicks ambulatory surgery function OMRSE:00000117 hospice function OMRSE:00000118 emergency department function OMRSE:00000119 physician office function OMRSE:00000120 outpatient clinic function OMRSE:00000121 overnight dialysis function OMRSE:00000122 rehabilitation function OMRSE:00000123 skilled nursing function OMRSE:00000124 residential function OMRSE:00000125 nursing home function OMRSE:00000126 A deontic document act that concludes an inpatient encounter. Amanda Hicks discharge process patient discharge OMRSE:00000129 A human health care provider role that inheres in a human being that is created by state licensing and that is realized by taking patient histories, performing physical exams, diagnosing illnesses, developing treatment plans, ordering lab tests, prescribing medications, counselling and educating patients, suturing wounds, and assisting in surgery under the supervision of a physician or a surgeon. US physician assistant role OMRSE:00000130 A physician role that inheres a human being and, if it is realized, is realized either by administering medication for the temporary general or local suppression of sensory or motor nerve function during some health care encounter or by making decisions independently of a supervising physician regarding the adminstration of such medication. anesthesiologist role OMRSE:00000134 Amanda Hicks identification process OMRSE:00000139 surgeon role OMRSE:00000140 A surgeon role realized by its bearer using performing neurosurgery. neurosurgeon role OMRSE:00000142 An information content entity that is about human travel. https://github.com/ufbmi/OMRSE/issues/79 Jie Zheng Amanda Hicks human traveling information OMRSE:00000147 A surgeon role borne by a human being and that, if realized, is realized by its bearer using operative manual and instrumental techniques on preadult patients to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas. Amanda Hicks pediatric surgeon role OMRSE:00000148 a facility that is run by an adult foster home organization and is the bearer of an adult foster home organization Amanda Hicks adult foster home facility OMRSE:00000149 adult foster home function OMRSE:00000150 a health care facility that also bears a residence function and thus one in which the patients are also residents of the facility community living health care facility OMRSE:00000151 registered nurse role OMRSE:00000157 A facility that is run by an assisted living facility organization and is the bearer of an assisted living facility function. assisted living facility OMRSE:00000158 assisted living function OMRSE:00000162 obsolete medical advice true OMRSE:00000164 home health care organization OMRSE:00000165 home health care function OMRSE:00000169 palliative function OMRSE:00000171 hospice organization OMRSE:00000172 health care function OMRSE:00000186 A role that inheres in an organism and is realized by habitually smoking 10 or more tobacco cigerettes a day or the equivalent in other tobacco products. heavy smoker role OMRSE:00000187 A role that inheres in an organism and is realized by habitually smoking 1>10 tobacco cigerettes a day or the equivalent in other tobacco products. light smoker role OMRSE:00000191 residential facility A facility that has at least one housing unit as part in which a person or persons live Emma Norris William Hogan Modified version of definition provided by Human Behaviour Change Project residential facility OMRSE:00000195 A maximal aggregate of material entities such that each member bears a linguistic competence for the same language. Matthew Diller Mathias Brochhausen S. Clint Dowland William R. Hogan linguistic community OMRSE:00000198 a communication in which some participant requests of some other participant an information content entity about some portion of reality S. Clint Dowland As with the parent class, 'participant' in the definition need not refer to a human agent. The medium and grammatical form are irrelevant. For example, the request may be written or spoken, and while it may be in the form of a question, it need not be. information content entity-request process OMRSE:00000199 an information content entity-request process in which some participant requests of some other participant an information content entity that indicates the ethnic identity of that other participant S. Clint Dowland information content entity request about ethnic identity OMRSE:00000200 an information content entity-request process in which some participant requests of some other participant an information content entity that indicates the racial identity of that other participant S. Clint Dowland information content entity request about racial identity OMRSE:00000201 A deontic document act in which a patient is registered with a health care provider for the purpose of receiving care in an inpatient encounter. Amanda Hicks admission process OMRSE:00000204 An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about some person and whether that person identifies as some particular aspect of social identity—such as a gender, an ethnicity, a race, or a sexual orientation—where the sense of identifying may correspond to either (i) an aspect of one’s cognitive representation of oneself, (ii) how one prefers to be regarded by others within some social context, or (iii) how one chooses to present oneself to others within some social context. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan We include (i)-(iii) to acknowledge that there are different senses of "identify" that are relevant here, and that we may not always be sure which sense the person concretizing the social identity information content entity intended. While (i) concerns how one thinks of oneself, (ii) and (iii) are more focused on one's interactions with others. Importantly, some choose not to share with others how they identify in the sense of (i). For example, one can consider oneself to be some certain gender without either wanting others to know or choosing to present oneself in a corresponding way. We distinguish (ii) and (iii) because one can prefer to be regarded some certain way without attempting to present oneself in any corresponding way. social identity information content entity OMRSE:00000205 A social identity information content entity that is about whether some person identifies as some ethnicity. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan Ethnicity is separate from but related to racial identity. It refers more to identifying with a particular culture than with individuals similar in physical appearance. It includes things like Hispanic ethnicity (which spans many nations) and national cultural identities like Irish and ethnic groups within nations such as Catalan and Armenian. ethnic identity information content entity OMRSE:00000206 An ethnic identity information content entity that uses OMB terminology for ethnicity or terminology that is strictly mapped onto the OMB ethnicity terms. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan OMB dichotomizes ethnicity into Hispanic or Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino, and ignores all other forms of ethnicity. OMB ethnic identity information content entity OMRSE:00000207 An OMB ethnic identity information content entity that is about some person's identifying as Hispanic or Latino, which are intended to mean being of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan It comprehends people of Portuguese culture or origin in Brazil. OMB Hispanic or Latino identity information content entity OMRSE:00000208 An OMB ethnic identity information content entity that is about some person's identifying as neither Hispanic nor Latino, which are intended to mean being of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan OMB not Hispanic or Latino identity information content entity OMRSE:00000209 A social identity information content entity that is about whether some person identifies as some gender. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan gender identity information content entity OMRSE:00000210 A gender identity information content entity that is about some person's identifying as female in gender. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan female gender identity information content entity OMRSE:00000211 A gender identity information content entity that is about some person's identifying as male in gender. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan male gender identity information content entity OMRSE:00000212 A gender identity information content entity that is about some person's identifying as non-binary in gender. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan non-binary identity information content entity OMRSE:00000213 A social identity information content entity that is about whether some person identifies as some race. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan racial identity information content entity OMRSE:00000214 A racial identity information content entity that uses OMB terminology and definitions for race or terminology that is strictly mapped onto the OMB race terms. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan OMB racial identity information content entity OMRSE:00000215 An OMB racial identity information content entity that is about some person's identifying as American Indian or Alaska Native, which is intended to mean having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan This definition corresponds to that used by OMB. It is worth noting that the OMB definition from which this one is derived is problematic, in that it implies that one's race cannot be Native American or Alaskan Native unless one maintains tribal affiliations or community attachment. OMB American Indian or Alaska Native identity information content entity OMRSE:00000216 An OMB racial identity information content entity that is about some person's identifying as Asian, which is intended to mean having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan OMB Asian identity information content entity OMRSE:00000217 An OMB racial identity information content entity that is about some person's identifying as black or African American which is intended to mean having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan OMB black or African American identity information content entity OMRSE:00000218 An OMB racial identity information content entity that is about some person's identifying as Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, which is intended to mean having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan OMB Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander identity information content entity OMRSE:00000219 An OMB racial identity information content entity that is about some person's identifying as white which is intended to mean having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. S. Clint Dowland Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan OMB white identity information content entity OMRSE:00000220 A social identity information content entity that is about whether some person identifies as having some sexual orientation. Amanda Hicks Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller Sarah Bost William R. Hogan sexual orientation identity information content entity OMRSE:00000223 A social act that creates an information content entity that is about some geographical region in which a human being dwells. Matthew Diller Hansi Zhang Mathias Brochhausen S. Clint Dowland Sarah Bost William R. Hogan disclosure of residence OMRSE:00002037 awarding of an academic degree A deontic document act that has as specified output an academic degree and that confers on recipient of the academic degree the recognition and the claims and obligations that accompany the degree. William R. Hogan Different degrees have different claims and obligations associated with them. For example, having a medical degree (either M.D. or D.O.) entitles a person to sit for stage 3 of the US Medical Licensing Exam (otherwise one may not take the exam). awarding an academic degree OMRSE:00002059 A human social role that, if realized, is realized in providing assistance in the activities of daily living of another human being who possesses reduced capability to complete some of these activities alone. Matthew Diller John Judkins S. Clint Dowland William R. Hogan caregiver role OMRSE:00002060 A relational quality that inheres within two or more persons related as members of a domestic group, or a number of domestic groups linked through descent from a common ancestor, marriage, or adoption. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ERO_0002033 John Judkins S. Clint Dowland William R. Hogan We are also intending on including other family arrangements. This is something we are working on. family relationship OMRSE:00002068 A process in which some participant shares some generically dependent continuant with some other participant. The former utilizes some specifically dependent continuant that concretizes the generically dependent continuant intended to be shared, while the latter interprets that specifically dependent continuant to concretize some particular generically dependent continuant, aiming to accurately infer the other participant’s intent. S. Clint Dowland Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller William R. Hogan For example, if you tell someone, “It is raining,” you produce sounds that have patterns that concretize information about the weather. Your utilization of that concretization is part of the communication. When the other person hears you, they interpret those patterns to concretize something, which may or may not be the same as what you intended to convey. In other words, they interpret the sounds you produce to have meanings associated with them, and that interpretation process is another part of the communication. If a process does not have a part of each type, it is not a communication. The interpretation need not correspond exactly to what was intended by the other participant. The term 'participant' in the definition need not refer to a human agent. communication OMRSE:00002070 A communication in which some participant states a preference for some communicative process to be in a certain language, via some concretization of some preferred language information content entity. S. Clint Dowland Mathias Brochhausen Matthew Diller William R. Hogan disclosure of preferred language OMRSE:00002072 A role inhering in an entity realized by social interactions in human society. Matthew Diller Mathias Brochhausen Previous definition: A role played by an entity in human social processes. role in human social processes OOSTT:00000074 An information content entity that is the specified outcome of and documents the sucessful completion of a tertiary education program. John Judkins Mathias Brochhausen Recognized degree awarded after successful completion of a college or post-graduate porgram. academic degree OOSTT:00000081 An academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a program of study lasting two years. John Judkins Mathias Brochhausen https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&oldid=723897149 Recognition awarded after completion of a specific curriculum from an accredited tertiary education provider that falls between high school and bachelor's degree program. associate degree OOSTT:00000082 An academic degree awarded by universities upon completion of a course of study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.[1] Within the area studied, graduates are posited to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics; high order skills in analysis, critical evaluation, or professional application; and the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently. John Judkins Mathias Brochhausen https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master%27s_degree&oldid=726036185 master's degree OOSTT:00000083 An academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. John Judkins Mathias Brochhausen https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor%27s_degree&oldid=725713923 bachelor's degree OOSTT:00000084 An academic degree in the science and principles of nursing, granted by an accredited tertiary education provider after the successful completion of a bachelor's of nursing program. John Judkins Mathias Brochhausen https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Science_in_Nursing&oldid=725962822 bachelor's of nursing degree OOSTT:00000086 An academic degree in the science and principles of nursing, granted by an accredited tertiary education provider after the successful completion of a master's of nursing program. John Judkins Mathias Brochhausen An advanced academic degree in the principles and practices of nursing, with a focus on administration, education, or advanced nursing practice, granted by an accredited college or university after the successful completion of a master's of nursing program. master's in the science of nursing degree A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities quality (PATO) PATO:0000072 quality PATO:0000001 quality PATO:0000001 A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities PATOC:GVG quality PATO:0000068 TODO: define this or obsolete it and move children somewhere else. qualitative PATO:0000068 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. quality PATO:0000069 deviation (from_normal) PATO:0000069 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. PATOC:GVG The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism. PATO:0000053 PATO:0000071 PATO:0001169 PATO:0001226 presence or absence in organism quantitative quality count in organism number presence PATO:0000070 This term was originally named "presence". It has been renamed to reduce ambiguity. Consider annotating with the reciprocal relation,PATO:0001555, has_number_of. For example, rather than E=fin ray Q=count in organism C=10, say E=organism Q=has number of E2= fin ray C=10. amount PATO:0000070 The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism. PATOC:GVG A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time. quality PATO:0000161 rate PATO:0000161 A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time. PATOC:melissa A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average. quality average PATO:0000461 normal PATO:0000461 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existence. quality present in organism PATO:0000467 present PATO:0000467 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existence. PATOC:GVG An amount which is relatively high. PATO:0000420 PATO:0000650 increased number present in greater numbers in organism supernumerary quality accessory increased PATO:0000470 increased amount PATO:0000470 An amount which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A rate which is relatively low. slow rate quality PATO:0000911 decreased rate PATO:0000911 A rate which is relatively low. PATO:GVG A rate which is relatively high. fast rate high rate quality PATO:0000912 increased rate PATO:0000912 A rate which is relatively high. PATO:GVG A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATO:0002079 Wikipedia:Physical_property relational physical quality quality PATO:0001018 physical quality PATO:0001018 A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATOC:GVG A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence is exerted by the bearer's mass per unit size. quality density PATO:0001019 mass density PATO:0001019 A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence is exerted by the bearer's mass per unit size. WordNet:WordNet A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting density. quality PATO:0001164 dense PATO:0001164 A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting density. PATOC:GVG A quality which inheres in an process. PATO:0001239 PATO:0001240 quality of a process quality of occurrent quality of process relational quality of occurrent quality PATO:0001236 See comments of relational quality of a physical entity. process quality PATO:0001236 A quality which inheres in an process. PATOC:GVG A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATO:0001237 PATO:0001238 snap:Quality monadic quality of a continuant multiply inhering quality of a physical entity quality of a continuant quality of a single physical entity quality of an object quality of continuant monadic quality of an object monadic quality of continuant quality PATO:0001241 Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles. physical object quality PATO:0001241 A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATOC:GVG A biological sex quality inhering in a population of multiple sexes. quality PATO:0001338 For example a mixture of females and male or males and hermaphrodites. mixed sex PATO:0001338 A biological sex quality inhering in a population of multiple sexes. MGED:MGED A quality inhering in a population by virtue of the proportion of its members that are ill at a given time. quality PATO:0001415 morbidity PATO:0001415 A quality inhering in a population by virtue of the proportion of its members that are ill at a given time. PATOC:GVG The number of parts of a particular type that the bearer entity has. This is a relational quality, and thus holds between two entities: the bearer of the quality, and the type of parts. OBO_REL:has_part extra or missing physical or functional parts has or lacks parts of type mereological quality number of quality cardinality number PATO:0001555 has number of PATO:0001555 The number of parts of a particular type that the bearer entity has. This is a relational quality, and thus holds between two entities: the bearer of the quality, and the type of parts. PATOC:CJM A density which is higher relative to the normal or average. high density quality PATO:0001788 increased mass density PATO:0001788 A density which is higher relative to the normal or average. PATOC:GVG A density which is lower relative to the normal or average. low density quality PATO:0001790 decreased mass density PATO:0001790 A density which is lower relative to the normal or average. PATOC:GVG An amount which is relatively low. PATO:0000419 PATO:0000468 decreased number present in fewer numbers in organism quality decreased reduced subnumerary PATO:0001997 decreased amount PATO:0001997 An amount which is relatively low. PATOC:GVG A quality that inheres in an entire population or part of a population. quality PATO:0002003 population quality PATO:0002003 A quality that inheres in an entire population or part of a population. PATOC:GVG george 2009-06-05T09:16:46Z quality PATO:0002062 physical quality of a process PATO:0002062 A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. George Gkoutos 2011-06-16T06:39:43Z quality PATO:0002300 increased quality PATO:0002300 A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. George Gkoutos 2011-06-16T06:40:15Z quality PATO:0002301 decreased quality PATO:0002301 A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality of a process that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. George Gkoutos 2011-06-16T06:50:59Z quality PATO:0002302 decreased process quality PATO:0002302 A quality of a process that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. George Gkoutos 2011-06-16T06:51:54Z quality PATO:0002303 decreased object quality PATO:0002303 A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality of a process that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. George Gkoutos 2011-06-16T06:53:08Z quality PATO:0002304 increased process quality PATO:0002304 A quality of a process that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. George Gkoutos 2011-06-16T06:54:01Z quality PATO:0002305 increased object quality PATO:0002305 A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG PCO:0000000 Examples include: population, community, species (meaning the collection of organisms that makes up a species, not the taxonomic rank), and family. A material entity that consists of two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids. group of organism organism collection May be of the same or different species. collection of organisms PCO:0000003 A quality that inheres in a population of organisms. See Chris's comments on population qualities at: http://code.google.com/p/popcomm-ontology/issues/detail?id=4. These may not belong under BFO:quality. May be better to call them population characteristics, and classify as specifically dependent continuants. Need to look at process profiles in BFO2. This class is used only for qualities of PCO:population of organsism, while PATO:population quality can inhere in either a population of organisms or an ecological community. Includes qualities like population size, population growth rate, carrying capacity, immigration rate, emigration rate, fecundity, and death rate. A population quality may depend on the qualities of individual organisms in the population, but cannot be measured or described for a single organism. This term may be replaced by a PATO term. quality of a population PCO:0000004 A quality that inheres in a community. These may not belong under BFO:quality. May be better to call them community characteristics, and classify as specifically dependent continuants. Need to look at process profiles in BFO2. Includes qualities like diversity, species richness, stability, resilience, community structure, number of trophic levels. A community quality may depend on the qualities of individual organism in the community, but cannot be measured or described for a single individual. quality of an ecological community PCO:0000005 A process that has as primary participant a population. Includes processes such as population growth, extinction, evolution, selection, and adaptation. Population processes may depend on the processes of individual organisms {e.g., population growth reflects the cumulative multicellular organism reproduction (GO:0032504) and death (GO:0016265) of all individuals in a population}, but cannot be described for an individual organism. Some of these processes (e.g., evolution, extinction) can also occur at the species level, so PCO distinguishes between, for example, population extinction and species extinction. The GO has the terms 'multi-organism process' (GO:0051704) and 'intraspecies interactions between organisms' (GO:0051703), but these categories are only defined for interactions between two individuals. It is unclear at this point if 'biological process' (GO:0008150) encompasses population processes. population process PCO:0000006 The rate of birth of a population of organisms. population birth rate PCO:0000007 The rate of death of a population of organsisms. population death rate PCO:0000008 The rate of growth of a population. population growth rate PCO:0000010 The number of different species represented in an ecological community. This is a quality of an ecological community (PCO_0000002). If your metric includes the abundances of species (evenness) as well as the number, you should use community species diversity (PCO_0000019). adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_richness community species richness PCO:0000011 A process that leads to a change in the number of individuals (positive or negative) in a population. population growth PCO:0000012 A population process that leads to an increase in the numbers of individuals in a population following a logistic (S-shaped) curve. Generally occurs when the population has a carrying capacity in a particular habitat. logistic population growth PCO:0000013 A population growth process that leads to an exponential increase in the number of individuals in a population. exponential population growth PCO:0000018 A material entity that has as parts two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids of the same species and no members of any other species. collection of organisms of the same species single-species collection of organisms PCO:0000019 The number of different species that are represented in a given community, weighted by their abundance. Community species diversity can be calculated in different ways, but consists of two components: species richness and species evenness. If your metric does not include the abundances of different species, but rather just the numer of species, you should use community species richness (PCO_0000010). More specific subclasses or instances of this class may be created to describe specific ways of measuring diversity. adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_diversity The Shannon Index and Simpson Index are examples of ways in which species diversity is quantified. community species diversity PCO:0000020 A domestic group, or a number of domestic groups linked through descent (demonstrated or stipulated) from a common ancestor, marriage, or adoption. Needs axioms for family relationships. http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C25173 Family membership through marriage or adoption apply primarily to human families. In most species, family membership is defined by common anscestry. family PCO:0000021 A population process that ultimately leads to the death of all individuals in a population. population extinction PCO:0000023 If there are 40 foxes, and 1000 dogs, the community is not very even, but if there are 40 foxes and 42 dogs, the community is quite even. A quality of an ecological community that reflects how close in abundance all species in a community are. adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_evenness community species evenness PCO:0000024 An organismal entity that consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share at meals or living accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people. WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household household PCO:0000027 A collection of organisms of the same species that has as members only humans. human community human population collection of humans PCO:0000030 A household in which the majority of the income of its members is derived from agricultural activities. This is a more narrow definition in which the majority of income of a house comes from agricultural activities, as opposed to the broad definition in which any income comes from agricultural activities. The narrow definition was chosen to be consistent with the SDGIO (UN Sustainable Development Goals) which requested this term. agricultural household PCO:0000031 A material entity that is one or more organisms, viruses or viroids. organismal entity PCO:0000032 A collection of organisms of the same species whose members are all either genealogically related to each other or have mated with each other. genealogical family Matthew Brush, as part of http://datamodel.clinicalgenome.org/interpretation/ biological family PCO:0000033 A type of social behavior in which a collection of humans intentionally gathers together on a temporary basis to engage socially. Intented to replace http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GENEPIO_0001029 GenEpiO curators human social gathering activity PCO:0000034 A human social event in which humans living in the same area or neighborhood gather to carry out activiites relevent to the people living in the area. Intended to replace http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GENEPIO_0001034 GenEpio curators human community event PCO:0000035 A human social gathering in which the intention is to have a good time. Often the intention is to celebrate something like a birthday, anniversary, or holiday, but there is not always a purpose. Intended to replace http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GENEPIO_0001030 GenEpiO curators party PCO:0000037 A human social gathering at which each participant is expected to bring food to share. A potluck also can be party, a social meal, or some other type of social gathering. Intended to replace http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GENEPIO_0001033 GenEpio curators potluck PCO:0000038 A human social gathering at which two people are married. May include a legal or social ceremony. Intended to replace http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GENEPIO_0001031 GenEpio curators wedding PCO:0000039 A human social gathering at which the key participant is an expectant parent and other guests bring presents for the soon to be born baby. Intended to replace http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GENEPIO_0001032 GenEpiO curators baby shower PCO:0000048 A physical object quality that is inhered in a material entity that is too small to be viewed by the unaided eye. should move to PATO invisible to unaided eye PCO:0000057 An increased mass density of a population of organisms such that the density of organisms in an area is increased beyond sustainable levels. increased density of population overcrowded population PCO:0000058 A quality of a human population such that the density humans in an area is increased beyond sustainable levels. overcrowded human population PCO:0000062 A community species diversity metric that accounts for both the abundance and evenness of the species present quantified via the following formula: the negative sum of, the product of the proportion of species i relative to the total number of species (pi) multiplied by the natural logarithm of this proportion (ln pi). Shannon entropy Shannon's diversity index Shannon-Wiener index Shannon diversity index PCO:0000063 A community species diversity metric that is quantified via the following formula: the reciprocal of the sum of squared proportion of species i relative to the total number of species (pi). Simpson index Simpson diversity index PCO:0000064 A community species diversity metric that is quantified via the following formula: the sum of squared proportion of species i relative to the total number of species (pi). inverse Simpson diversity index PCO:0000074 A community species diversity that is the mean species diversity at a site or within a specific habitat. α-diversity alpha diversity PCO:0000075 A community species diversity that is the ratio between regional and local species diversity. true beta diversity β-diversity beta diversity PCO:0000076 A community species diversity that is the total species diversity in a landscape. The area or landscape of interest may be of very different sizes in different situations, but it should encompass multiple sites or habitats as measured by alpha diversity. γ-diversity gamma diversity PCO:0000077 TBD: add logical definition The density of plants in an ecological community or population, often measured as the number of plants per area. plant density PCO:0000078 The density of seedlings in an ecological community or population, often measured as the number of seedlings per area. TBD: add logical definition seedling density PCO:0000079 The density of plants in a population or organisms (a single species), often measured as the number of plants per area. TBD: add logical definition plant density of a population PCO:0000080 The density of plants in an ecological community (multiple species), often measured as the number of plants per area. TBD: add logical definition plant density of an ecological community PCO:0000081 The density of seedlings in a population or organisms (a single species), often measured as the number of seedlings per area. TBD: add logical definition seedling density of a population PCO:0000082 The density of seedlings in an ecological community (multiple species), often measured as the number of plants per area. TBD: add logical definition seedling density of an ecological community PCO:1000001 A population process during which a population moves from one area to another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration The distance between the areas is not specified here, nor is the minimum distance required for such movements to be considered migrations. population migration PCO:1000002 A population migration during which a population of humans moves from one area to another with the intention of settling permanently in the new location. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration The distance between the areas is not specified here, nor is the minimum distance required for such movements to be considered migrations. "Nomadic movements are normally not regarded as migrations as there is no intention to settle in the new place and because the movement is generally seasonal. Only a few nomadic people have retained this form of lifestyle in modern times. Also, the temporary movement of people for the purpose of travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute is not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention to live and settle in the visited places." - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration human population migration PCO:1000003 A migratory population of humans, travelling with the intention of settling in a new area. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration human migratory population RO:0002310 An exposure event in which a human is exposed to particulate matter in the air. Here the exposure stimulus/stress is the particulate matter, the receptor is the airways and lungs of the human, An exposure event in which a plant is provided with fertilizer. The exposure receptor is the root system of the plant, the stimulus is the fertilizing chemical, the route is via the soil, possibly mediated by symbotic microbes. A process occurring within or in the vicinity of an organism that exerts some causal influence on the organism via the interaction between an exposure stimulus and an exposure receptor. The exposure stimulus may be a process, material entity or condition (for example, lack of nutrients). The exposure receptor can be an organism, organism population or a part of an organism. This class is intended as a grouping for various domain and species-specific exposure classes. The ExO class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ExO_0000002 'exposure event' assumes that all exposures involve stressors, which limits the applicability of this class to 'positive' exposures, e.g. exposing a plant to beneficial growing conditions. Chris Mungall cjm 2017-06-05T17:55:39Z exposure event or process https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/pull/173 RO:0002577 A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated. May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 Chris Mungall http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 system A very light blond https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale A Ability intelligent powers: they are guided by the person's intention and executing them successfully results in an action, which is not true for all types of powers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ability Ability Accessories an item used to contribute, in a secondary manner, to an individual's outfit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_accessory Accessories Acculturation a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturation Acculturation Adoption a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption Adoption Adult 20-65 years old Adult Affordable_Housing_Policy housing which is deemed affordable to those with a household income at or below the median[1] as rated by the national government or a local government by a recognized housing affordability index. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_housing Affordable Housing Policy African_American A racial group of Americans with African ancestry. African_American African_American_Females African American Females African_American_Males African American Males Age_Group The numerical value associated with how long something has been alive. Age_Group Air_Pollution Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution Air_Pollution Albinism the congenital absence of melanin in an animal, plant, or person, resulting in white hair, feathers, scales and skin and pink eyes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism Albinism American_Continents  a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America.[6][7][8] The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas American_Continents Ancestral_Homeland the place of origin of one's extended family, particularly the home owned and preserved by the same family for several generations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_home Ancestral_Homeland Anti-colonial_Nationalism an intellectual framework that preceded, accompanied and followed the process of decolonization in the mid-1900s. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Anti-colonial_Nationalism Aristocracy a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy Aristocracy Art a diverse range of human activity, and resulting product, that involves creative or imaginative talent expressive of technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art Art Artisanal_Mining Artisanal Mining Asbestos Asbestos Asian_American A racial group of Americans with Asian ancestry. Asian_American Assembly_Line in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line Assembly_Line Astrology a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century,[1] that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology Astrology Autoimmune_Disease a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a functioning body part. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease Autoimmune_Disease B_to_E light blond https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale B_to_E Baby 0-3 years old Baby Baby_Boomers Baby Boomers Bacterial_Infection infectious organisms that are known or suspected to cause cancer.[1] While cancer-associated bacteria have long been considered to be opportunistic (i.e., infecting healthy tissues after cancer has already established itself), there is some evidence that bacteria may be directly carcinogenic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenic_bacteria Bacterial_Infection Behavior the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in some environment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior Behavior Benzene A carcinogen associated with leukemia and Hodgkin's lymphoma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen Benzene Biological_Female Biological Female Biological_Male Biological Male Biological_Resources a substance or object in the environment required by an organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_(biology) Biological_Resources Biological_Sex Biological Sex Biophysical_Environment a biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism or population, and consequently includes the factors that have an influence in their survival, development, and evolution. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical_environment Biophysical_Environment Birth the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring,[1] also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth Birth Birth_Certificate a vital record that documents the birth of a person. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_certificate Birth_Certificate Books a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages (made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, or paper) bound together and protected by a cover. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book Books Breast_Cancer Cancer that forms from breast tissue. Breast_Cancer Breastfeeding_Promotion_Policy coordinated activities and policies to promote health among women, newborns and infants through breastfeeding. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding_promotion Breastfeeding_Promotion_Policy British_Mixed An ethnic group of British people with ancestry to multiple ethnicities. British_Mixed Brown_Paper_Bag_Test The test was allegedly used to determine what privileges an individual could have; only those with a skin color that matched or was lighter than a brown paper bag were allowed admission or membership privileges. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Paper_Bag_Test Brown_Paper_Bag_Test Buddhism Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on the Buddha's teachings (born Siddhārtha Gautama in the 5th century BCE) and resulting interpreted philosophies https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism Buddhism Burnt_Generation Burnt_Generation Business the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business Business Cancer a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer Cancer Capitation a payment arrangement for health care service providers. It pays a set amount for each enrolled person assigned to them, per period of time, whether or not that person seeks care. The amount of remuneration is based on the average expected health care utilization of that patient, with payment for patients generally varying by age and health status. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitation_(healthcare) Capitation Carcinogen_Exposure may increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells, which interferes with biological processes, and induces the uncontrolled, malignant division, ultimately leading to the formation of tumors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen Carcinogen_Exposure Carcinogens  any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen Carcinogens Caucasian Caucasian White Cervical_Cancer Cervical Cancer Chemical_Industry he companies that produce industrial chemicals. Central to the modern world economy, it converts raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals) into more than 70,000 different products. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry Chemical_Industry Chemicals a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance Chemicals Children a relationship with a parent (such as sons and daughters of any age)[4] or, metaphorically, an authority figure, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child Children China a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 billion people. China spans five geographical time zones and borders 14 countries, the second most of any country in the world after Russia. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third or fourth largest country. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China China China_Cultural_Generation China Cultural Generation Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest religion, with about 2.8 billion followers, representing one-third of the global population https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity Christianity Citizenship a relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship Citizenship City a large human settlement.[1][2][a] It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City City Civic_Nationalism defines the nation as an association of people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal and shared political rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Civic_Nationalism Civil_Society_Policy the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society Civil_Society_Policy Civil_and_Political_Rights a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state without discrimination or repression. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights Civil_and_Political_Rights Class_1-2  blue iris (1a, 1b, 1c, 2a : light blue iris - 2b: darker blue iris) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Class_1-2 Class_12-13 medium brown iris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Class_12-13 Class_14-16 dark-brown and black iris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Class_14-16 Class_3 blue-gray iris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Class_3 Class_4 gray iris (4a, 4b) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Class_4 Class_5 blue-gray iris with yellow/brown spots https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Class_5 Class_6 gray-green iris with yellow/brown spots https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Class_6 Class_7 green iris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Class_7 Class_8 green iris with yellow/brown spots https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Class_8 Class_9-11 light-brown and hazel iris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Class_9-11 Clothing Pieces of fabric or textiles used to cover the body. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing Clothing Coarse Coarse hair feels hard and wiry. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Coarse Coercion compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner by use of threats, including threats of force. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion Coercion Colon_Cancer the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer Colon_Cancer Colonial_Power The outsider group which asserts dominance over the native population and gains economic dominance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism Colonial_Power Colonialism a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas,[1][2][3] often by establishing colonies[4] and generally with the aim of economic dominance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism Colonialism Colonized_Population The native population which are being imposed the religion, language, economics, and cultural practices of the colonial power. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism Colonized_Population Colorism a form of prejudice and/or discrimination in which people who share similar ethnicity traits or perceived race are treated differently based on the social implications that come with the cultural meanings that are attached to skin color. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color Colorism Common_Interest_Purpose An aspect of life that unites a community through shared interests, beliefs, and lifestyles. Common Interest and Purpose Communication meaning "to share" or "to be in relation with")[1][2][3] is "an apparent answer to the painful divisions between self and other, private and public, and inner thought and outer world." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication Communication Community a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such as place, norms, religion, values, customs, or identity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community Community Computer a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation) automatically. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer Computer Controlled_Use_of_Fire a critical technology enabling the evolution of humans. Fire provided a source of warmth and lighting, protection from predators (especially at night), a way to create more advanced hunting tools, and a method for cooking food. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans Controlled_Use_of_Fire Cooking TODO: reconsider link to cooking techniques is the art, science and craft of using heat to prepare food for consumption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking Cooking Cooking_Techniques Preparing food using a specific method; methods vary depending on an environment, economic, trends, and skill. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques Cooking_Techniques Creole_Nationalism the ideology that emerged in independence movements among the creoles (descendants of the colonizers), especially in Latin America in the early 19th century. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Creole_Nationalism Cuisine a style of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, and usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine Cuisine Cultural_Generation A generation refers to all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively...Generation is also often used synonymously with cohort in social science; under this formulation it means "people within a delineated population who experience the same significant events within a given period of time" (Pilcher, 1994) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation Cultural Generation Cultural_Practices A custom or procedure Cultural Practices Culture umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture Culture Curly Big spiral curls to tight corkscrews. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Curly Dance a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance Dance Danso_Generation Danso_Generation Darwinian_Fitness It is also equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation, made by the same individuals of the specified genotype or phenotype. Fitness can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment or time. The fitness of a genotype is manifested through its phenotype, which is also affected by the developmental environment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biology) Darwinian Fitness Death Death is the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain an organism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death Death Death_By_Adverse_Effect_of_Medical_Treatment Death By Adverse Effect of Medical Treatment Death_By_Breast_Cancer Death By Breast Cancer Death_By_Cancer Death By Cancer Death_By_Cardiovascular_Disease Death By Cardiovascular Disease Death_By_Cervical_Cancer Death By Cervical Cancer Death_By_Chronic_Kidney_Disease Death By Chronic Kidney Disease Death_By_Chronic_Respiratory_Disease Death By Chronic Respiratory Disease Death_By_Communicable_Disease Death By Communicable Disease Death_By_Conflict_and_Terrorism Death By Conflict and Terrorism Death_By_Diabetes Death By Diabetes Death_By_Digestive_Disease Death By Digestive Disease Death_By_Disease Death By Disease Death_By_Drowning Death By Drowning Death_By_Enteric_Infection Death By Enteric Infection Death_By_Execution Death By Execution Death_By_Falls Death By Falls Death_By_Fire Death By Fire Death_By_Firearm Death By Firearm Death_By_Heat Death By Heat Death_By_Hot_Substances Death By Hot Substances Death_By_Hypertensive_Heart_Disease Death By Hypertensive Heart Disease Death_By_Injuries Death By Injuries Death_By_Interpersonal_Violence Death By Interpersonal Violence Death_By_Liver_Cancer Death By Liver Cancer Death_By_Lower_Respiratory_Infection Death By Lower Respiratory Infection Death_By_Maternal_Disorder Death By Maternal Disorder Death_By_Motor_Vehicle_Injury Death By Motor Vehicle Injury Death_By_Neonatal_Disease Death By Neonatal Disease Death_By_Neoplasms Death By Neoplasms Death_By_Neurological_Disorder Death By Neurological Disorder Death_By_Non-communicable_Disease Death By Non-communicable Disease Death_By_Nutritional_Disorder Death By Nutritional Disorder Death_By_Pedistrian_Road_Death Death By Pedistrian Road Death Death_By_Poisoning Death By Poisoning Death_By_Police_Conflict Death By Police Conflict Death_By_Prostrate_Cancer Death By Prostrate Cancer Death_By_Respiratory_Infection Death By Respiratory Infection Death_By_Road_Injuries Death By Road Injuries Death_By_Self_Harm Death By Self Harm Death_By_Sexually_Transmitted_Infection Death By Sexually Transmitted Infection Death_By_Sharp_Object Death By Sharp Object Death_By_Stomach_Cancer Death By Stomach Cancer Death_By_Stroke Death By Stroke Death_By_Substance_Use_Disorder Death By Substance Use Disorder Death_By_Transport_Injury Death By Transport Injury Death_By_Tuberculosis Death By Tuberculosis Death_By_Type_1_Diabetes Death By Type 1 Diabetes Death_By_Type_2_Diabetes Death By Type 2 Diabetes Death_By_Unintentional_Injuries Death By Unintentional Injuries Death_By_Upper_Respiratory_Infection Death By Upper Respiratory Infection Death_From_Self-Harm_By_Firearm Death From Self-Harm By Firearm Death_From_Self-Harm_By_Sharp_Object Death From Self-Harm By Sharp Object Democracy a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation ("direct democracy"), or to choose governing officials to do so ("representative democracy"). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy Democracy Dental_School a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches dental medicine to prospective dentists and potentially other dental auxiliaries. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_school Dental_School Diabetes a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Diabetes Dialect varieties of a particular language are closely related and, despite their differences, are most often largely mutually intelligible, especially if close to one another on the dialect continuum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect Dialect Diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition) Diet Direct_Democracy a form of democracy in which the electorate decides on policy initiatives without elected representatives as proxies. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy Direct_Democracy Discrimination he act of making unjustified distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination Discrimination Disease  particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease Disease Domestic_Policy a type of public policy overseeing administrative decisions that are directly related to all issues and activity within a state's borders. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy Domestic_Policy Donations_to_Health_Charities a gift for charity, humanitarian aid, or to benefit a cause. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation Donations_to_Health_Charities Dyeing he application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing Dyeing Economic_Nationalism an ideology that favours state interventionism in the economy, with policies that emphasize domestic control of the economy, labour, and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labour, goods and capital. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Economic_Nationalism Economic_Policy can be divided into either fiscal policy, which deals with government actions regarding taxation and spending, or monetary policy, which deals with central banking actions regarding the money supply and interest rates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy Economic_Policy Economy  social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of scarce resources'. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy Economy Education a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education Education Educational_Resources any collection of materials including animate and inanimate objects and human and non-human resources that a teacher may use in teaching and learning situations to help achieve desired learning objectives. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_materials Educational_Resources Electrical_Power  It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic mains electricity) by the electric power industry through an electric power grid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power Electrical_Power Emergency_Homeless_Shelters a type of homeless service agency which provide temporary residence for homeless individuals and families. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeless_shelter Emergency_Homeless_Shelters Endogamy the practice of marrying within a specific social group, religious denomination, caste, or ethnic group, rejecting those from others as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogamy Endogamy Ethnic_Nation wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism Ethnic_Nation Ethnic_Shift By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group Ethnic_Shift Ethnicity a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include common sets of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group Ethnicity Ethno-Linguistic emphasizing shared language, dialect (and possibly script)  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group Ethno-Linguistic Ethno-National emphasizing a shared polity or sense of national identity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group Ethno-National Ethno-Racial emphasizing shared physical appearance based on phenotype https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group Ethno-Racial Ethno-Regional emphasizing a distinct local sense of belonging stemming from relative geographic isolation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group Ethno-Regional Ethno-Religous emphasizing shared affiliation with a particular religion, denomination or sect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group Ethno-Religous Executive_Branch the part of government that enforces law, and has responsibility for the governance of a state. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government) Executive_Branch Exercise certain bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise Exercise Exogamy Experience to conscious events in general, more specifically to perceptions, or to the practical knowledge and familiarity that is produced by these conscious processes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience Experience Eye They provide living organisms with vision, the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye Eye Eye_Color  a polygenic phenotypic character determined by two distinct factors: the pigmentation of the eye's iris[1][2] and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_color Eye_Color FIA_Hair_Typing_System Hair classfication system based on texture, volume, and strands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair FIA Hair Typing System F_to_L blond https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale F_to_L Face the front of an animal's head that features the eyes, nose, skin and mouth, and through which animals express many of their emotions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face Face FaceBook_Community  After registering, users can create a profile revealing information about themselves. They can post text, photos and multimedia which are shared with any other users who have agreed to be their "friend" or, with different privacy settings, publicly. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook Facebook Community Family  a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family Family Family_Dynamic The relationship between a parent/guardian and children Family_Dynamic Family_Members Family_Members Fashion a form of self-expression and autonomy at a particular period and place and in a specific context, of clothing, footwear, lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle, and body posture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion Fashion Fee-for-Service In health care, it gives an incentive for physicians to provide more treatments because payment is dependent on the quantity of care, rather than quality of care. Fee-for-Service Festivals an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or cultures https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival Festivals Finance the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets. It is related with, but not synonymous with economics, the study of production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods and services. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance Finance Financial_Resources Access to money, currency, and capital assets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance Financial_Resources Fine Fine hair is difficult to feel or it feels like an ultra-fine strand of silk. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Fine First_Baby_Boomer_Generation https://blog.btrax.com/gen-x-millennials-a-quick-guide-to-japans-generation-cohorts/ First_Baby_Boomer_Generation Fischer-Saller_Scale used in physical anthropology and medicine to determine the shades of hair color. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale Fischer-Saller_Scale Fitzpatrick_Scale a numerical classification schema for human skin color.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick_scale Fitzpatrick_Scale Food_Dishes A meal which comprises of multiple ingredients and utilizes cooking techniques to create. Food_Dishes Food_Ingredients Different types of food which are combined to create a cohesive dish. Food_Ingredients Footwear garments worn on the feet, which typically serves the purpose of protection against adversities of the environment such as wear from ground textures and temperature. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwear Footwear Foreign_Policy its objectives and activities in relation to its interactions with other states, unions, and other political entities, whether bilaterally or through multilateral platforms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy Foreign_Policy Formal_Education Formal Education French an ethnic group and nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history and language, identified with the country of France. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people French French-Canadian an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in Canada beginning in the 17th century. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadians French-Canadian Funding the act of providing resources to finance a need, program, or project. While this is usually in the form of money, it can also take the form of effort or time from an organization or company. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding Funding Gamma_Radiation Gamma Radiation Gendered_and_Muscular_Nationalism conceptualizes a nation's identity as being derived from muscular or masculine attributes that are unique to a particular country. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Gendered_and_Muscular_Nationalism Generation_Alpha Generation Alpha Generation_X Generation X Generation_Z Generation Z Generational Generational Genetics_Variability The gene coding of a person which contributes to their phenotype and health Genetic Variability Gentrification the process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification Gentrification Geographical_Location A place which can be identified on Earth using altitude and latitude. Geographical_Location Global_Health_Policy the health of the populations in the worldwide context;[1] it has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_health Global_Health_Policy Government the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government Government Government_Agency_Insurance Insurance provided through the government. Government_Agency_Insurance Government_Reports A message sent by the government towards its nation. Government_Reports Greatest_Generation Greatest Generation Gunpowder  has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rocketry, and pyrotechnics, including use as a blasting agent for explosives in quarrying, mining, and road building. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder Gunpowder Hair a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Hair Hair_Color the pigmentation of hair follicles due to two types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_hair_color Hair_Color Hair_Strands The texture and thickness of an individual hair. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Hair_Strands Hair_Texture Variations in hair curl based on genetics. Hair_Texture Hair_Volume by circumference of full-hair ponytail https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Hair_Volume Hairstyle The fashioning of hair can be considered an aspect of personal grooming, fashion, and cosmetics, although practical, cultural, and popular considerations also influence some hairstyles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle Hairstyle Hard_Power the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_power Hard_Power Health  according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health Health Health_Behavoir Health Behavoir Health_Care the improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, amelioration, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people.  the improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, amelioration, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health professionals and allied health fields. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care Health_Care Health_Care_Evaluations Ensuring the quality of health care is sufficient Health_Care_Evaluations Health_Plan_Quality Ensuring care provided to patients meets standards. Health_Plan_Quality Health_Policy defined as the "decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_policy Health_Policy Health_Professionals a provider of health care treatment and advice based on formal training and experience. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_professional Health_Professionals Health_System the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_system Health_System Hereditary also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity Hereditary High_Quality High Quality High_Socioeconomic_Status the wealthiest members of class society, and wield the greatest political power.[1] According to this view, the upper class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_class High_Socioeconomic_Status Hispanic refers to people, cultures, or countries related to Spain, the Spanish language, or Hispanidad. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic_Females Hispanic Females Hispanic_Males Hispanic Males Home_and_Community_Care health care interventions are delivered outside of health facilities. They include many interventions of public health interest, such as food safety surveillance, distribution of condoms and needle-exchange programs for the prevention of transmissible diseases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care#Home_and_community_care Home_and_Community_Care Horomones any member of a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms, that are transported by intricate biological processes to distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone Horomones Hospital_Quality The maintenance and hygiene of the facility meet standards. Hospital_Quality Housing ensures that members of society have a place to live, whether it is a home or some other kind of dwelling, lodging or shelter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing Housing Human_Behavior Human Behavior Human_Generated_Pollutants Pollution created as a by-product of human inventions and intervention. Human_Generated_Pollutants Human_Hierarchy an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy Human_Hierarchy Human_Resources the set of people who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector, industry, or economy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources Human_Resources Human_Stereotypes a generalized belief about a particular category of people. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype Human_Stereotypes Hyper-Pigmentation the darkening of an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpigmentation Hyper-Pigmentation Hyperleptorrhine Hyperplatyrrhine IBD_Cancer IBD Cancer Identity Identity is the qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, and/or expressions that characterize a person or group https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science) Identity Immigrant_Generation Immigrant_Generation Immigrants  the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration Immigrants India It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[f] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India Industrial_Parks an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_park Industrial_Parks Industry_Pollution Pollution added to the atmosphere caused by human industry plants. Industry_Pollution Infection the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection Infection Informal_Education Informal Education Initiations Initiation is a rite of passage marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation Initiations Instagram_Community allows users to upload media that can be edited with filters and organized by hashtags and geographical tagging. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram Instagram Community Institution humanly devised structures of rules and norms that shape and constrain individual behavior. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution Institution Insurance a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance Insurance Insurance_Policy a contract (generally a standard form contract) between the insurer and the policyholder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay. In exchange for an initial payment, known as the premium, the insurer promises to pay for loss caused by perils covered under the policy language. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_policy Insurance_Policy Integral_Nationalism results after a nation has achieved independence and has established a state. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Integral_Nationalism Internet It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet Internet Interracial_Marriage a marriage involving spouses who belong to different races or racialized ethnicities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial_marriage Interracial_Marriage Investment_Economic_Citizenship represent both the economic contributions requisite to become a citizen as well as the role in which one's economic standing can influence his or her rights as a citizen. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_citizenship Investment/Economic_Citizenship Iranian_Cultural_Generation Iranian Cultural Generation Islam s an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text that is considered by Muslims[7] to be the direct word of God (or Allah) as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main and final Islamic prophet. It is the world's second-largest religion behind Christianity, with more than two billion followers, comprising around 25 percent of the global population. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam Islam Japan  an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan Japan Japanese_Cultural_Generation Japanese Cultural Generation Jewish an ethnoreligious group[10] and nation[11][12] originating from the Israelites[13][14][15] and Hebrews[16][17] of historical Israel and Judah. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews Jewish Judaism n Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism Judaism Judiciary_Branch the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary Judiciary_Branch Kidney_Cancer Kidney Cancer Knowledge a familiarity or awareness, of someone or something, such as facts (descriptive knowledge), skills (procedural knowledge), or objects (acquaintance knowledge), often contributing to understanding. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge Knowledge Lack_of_Exercise Lack of Exercise Landfills site for the disposal of waste materials. Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste with daily, intermediate and final covers only began in the 1940s. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill Landfills Language a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language Language Language_Shift whereby a speech community shifts to a different language, usually over an extended period of time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_shift Language_Shift Latin_Americans People with ancestry to Latin America. Latin_Americans Laws a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,[2] with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law Laws Lead-Acid_Battery_Recycling Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Lead_Exposure Can cause intellectual disability, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, and cancer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Exposure_routes Lead_Exposure Lead_Smelting Concentrated lead ore is fed into a sintering machine with iron, silica, limestone fluxes, coke, soda ash, pyrite, zinc, caustics or pollution control particulates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_smelting Lead_Smelting Left-wing_Nationalism a political movement that combines left-wing politics with nationalism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Left-wing_Nationalism Legislature_Branch an assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature Legislature_Branch Leptorrhine Liberal_Nationalism non-xenophobic nationalism that is claimed to be compatible with liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Liberal_Nationalism Life_Expectancy The approximation of how long a person will live. Life_Expectancy Literary_Arts any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature Literary_Arts Littering consists of waste products that have been discarded incorrectly, without consent, at an unsuitable location. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter Littering Liver_Cancer Liver Cancer Lost_Generation Lost Generation Low_Quality Low Quality Low_Socioeconomic_Status The working class (or labouring class) comprises those engaged in manual-labour occupations or industrial work, who are remunerated via waged or salaried contracts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class Low_Socioeconomic_Status Lung_Cancer a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer Lung_Cancer M_to_O dark blond https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale M_to_O Makeup Cosmetics designed to enhance or alter one's appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance one's natural features (such as the eyebrows and eyelashes), add color to a person's face, or change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature or object. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics Makeup Manufacturing Manufacturing Marriage  a culturally and often legally recognized union between people called spouses. It establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws.[1] It is considered a cultural universal, but the definition of marriage varies between cultures and religions, and over time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage Marriage Martin-Schulz_Scale  a standard color scale commonly used in physical anthropology to establish more or less precisely the eye color of an individual https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%E2%80%93Schultz_scale Martin-Schulz_Scale Matriarchy a social system in which women hold the primary power positions in roles of authority. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchy Matriarchy Media media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication) Media Medical_School a tertiary educational institution, or part of such an institution, that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school Medical_School Medicine the science[1] and practice[2] of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine Medicine Meditation a practice in which an individual uses a technique – such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity – to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation Meditation Medium Medium hair feels like a cotton thread, but isn't stiff or rough. It is neither fine nor coarse. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Medium Medium_Quality Medium Quality Medium_Socioeconomic_Status "middle class" came to refer to the combination of the labour aristocracy, professionals, and salaried, white-collar workers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class Medium_Socioeconomic_Status Mental_Health_Policy helps to guide patients and families through the fragmented, often confusing mental health industries. Care navigators work closely with patients and families through discussion and collaboration to provide information on best therapies as well as referrals to practitioners and facilities specializing in particular forms of emotional improvement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health#Care_navigation Mental_Health_Policy Merdeka_Generation Merdeka_Generation Mesorrhine Military known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military Military Millennials Millennials Mining the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining Mining Modern_Medicine a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.[1][2] Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication Modern_Medicine Monarchy a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy Monarchy Motor_Vehicle a self-propelled land vehicle, commonly wheeled, that does not operate on rails (such as trains or trams) and is used for the transportation of people or cargo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle Motor_Vehicle Motor_Vehicle_Emission Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, fuel oil, biodiesel blends,[1] or coal.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas Motor_Vehicle_Emission Movies a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere through the use of moving images. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film Movies Multiple_Citizenship legal status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a national or citizen of more than one country under the laws of those countries. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship Multiple_Citizenship Multiracial People who identify with more than one race. Multiracial Nasal_Index a method of classifying ethnic groups. The index is based on the ratio of the breadth of the nose to its height. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nose#Nose_shape Nasal_Index Nation a community of people formed on the basis of a combination of shared features such as language, history, ethnicity, culture and/or territory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation Nation National-anarchism a radical right-wing[208][209][210] nationalist ideology which advocates racial separatism and white racial purity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism National-anarchism Nationalism promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people),[3] especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland to create a nation state.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Nationalism Nationality a legal identification of a person in international law, establishing the person as a subject, a national, of a sovereign state. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality Nationality Native_American A racial group which consists of indigenous Americans. Native_American Native_American_Females Native American Females Native_American_Males Native American Males Native_Hawaiian A racial group which consists of indigenous Hawaiians. Native_Hawaiian Native_Hawaiian_Females Native Hawaiian Females Native_Hawaiian_Males Native Hawaiian Males Native_Hawaiian_or_Other_Pacific_Islander Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Nativist_Nationalism a type of nationalism similar to creole or territorial types of nationalism, but which defines belonging to a nation solely by being born on its territory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Nativist_Nationalism Natural_Pollutants Pollution to the atmosphere which is caused by natural disasters. Natural_Pollutants Naturalization the legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization Naturalization Negative_Human_Stereotypes Associating a group of people with traits such as poor, lazy, unintelligent, and dirty. Negative_Human_Stereotypes Neighborhood a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area, sometimes consisting of a single street and the buildings lining it. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood Neighborhood News_Report forms of mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public or a target public. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media News_Report Nickel Nickel Non-Hispanics People who do not have ancestry to related to Spain or Latin America. Non-Hispanics Non-white_Passing when a person classified as a member of a racial group is not accepted or perceived ("passes") as a member of another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity) Non-white_Passing Nonviolent_Resistance the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while refraining from violence and the threat of violence.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance Nonviolent_Resistance Normal from 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 centimetres) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Normal Nose_Shape the most protruding part of the face. It bears the nostrils and is the first organ of the respiratory system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nose Nose_Shape Not-for-Profit_Insurance Insurance provided by a non-profit organization. Not-for-Profit_Insurance Nurse_Education the theoretical and practical training provided to nurses with the purpose to prepare them for their duties as nursing care professionals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_education Nurse_Education OMB_Ethnicity Ethnic categorization as defined by the United States of America's federal Office of Management and Budget. OMB_Ethnicity OMB_Race Categorization of race as defined by the United States of America's federal Office of Management and Budget. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census OMB_Race Obesity a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it may have a negative effect on health. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity Obesity Occupation  one's role in society, often a regular activity performed for payment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation Occupation Occupational_Segregation the distribution of workers across and within occupations, based upon demographic characteristics, most often gender. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_segregation Occupational_Segregation Offical_Language a language given a special status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction. Typically the term "official language" does not refer to the language used by a people or country, but by its government (e.g. judiciary, legislature, and/or administration). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language Offical_Language Oligarchy a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people may or may not be distinguished by one or several characteristics, such as nobility, fame, wealth, education, or corporate, religious, political, or military control. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy Oligarchy Online_Community Online_Community Optometry_School provide academic and professional education and clinical training that ranges from Doctor of Optometry degree level to other professional degrees in optometry and also non-degree level education leading to a diploma or other qualifications in optometry. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optometry_schools Optometry_School Organization an entity—such as a company, an institution, or an association—comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization Organization Other_Ethnicity An ethnic group which consists of people who do not fit other UK Ethnic Classifications. Other Ethnicity Other_Pacific_Islanders A racial group which consists of Americans with Pacific Islander ancestry. Other_Pacific_Islanders Out-of-Pocket_Payments the direct payment of money that may or may not be later reimbursed from a third-party source. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense Out-of-Pocket_Payments P_to_T light brown to medium brown – "chatain" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale P_to_T Parasitic_Infection a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism Parasitic_Infection Parent A person responsible for the wellbeing of children under their care. Parent Passport an official travel document issued by a government that contains a given person's identity. It enables its holder travel to and from foreign countries and to access consular assistance while overseas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport Passport Patient_Experience Ensuring the patient is provided treatment through consultations, diagnoses, and perscriptions. Patient_Experience Patriarchy a social system in which men dominate over others, but can also refer to dominance over women specifically; it can also extend to a variety of manifestations in which men have social privileges over others to cause exploitation or oppression, such as through male dominance of moral authority and control of property. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy Patriarchy People Used in politics and law it is a term to refer to the collective or community of an ethnic group, a nation, to the public or common mass of people of a polity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People People Performing_Arts arts such as music, dance, and drama which are performed for an audience. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts Performing_Arts Personality the characteristic sets of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional patterns that are formed from biological and environmental factors, and which change over time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality Personality Pharmaceutical_Policy a branch of health policy that deals with the development, provision and use of medications within a health care system. It embraces drugs (both brand name and generic), biologics (products derived from living sources, as opposed to chemical compositions), vaccines and natural health products. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy Pharmaceutical_Policy Pharmacy_Education The basic requirement for pharmacists to be considered for registration is often an undergraduate or postgraduate pharmacy degree from a recognized university. In many countries, this involves a four- or five-year course to attain a bachelor of pharmacy or master of pharmacy degree. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy_school Pharmacy_Education Phenotype A person's physical appearance. Phenotype Physical_Agents substances cause cancer primarily through their physical, rather than chemical, effects. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#Physical_agents Physical_Agents (Cancer Causing) Physical_Therapy_Education varies greatly from country to country. Worldwide, physical therapy training ranges from basic work site education in hospitals and outpatient clinics to professional doctoral degree and masters programs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy_education Physical_Therapy_Education Physician_Assistant_Education Physician assistant or associate education is shorter in duration than a regular medical degree and typically does not involve residency training, although they are increasingly offered in a variety of specialties. Renewal of certification is usually required every few years, varying by jurisdiction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician_assistant#Training Physician_Assistant_Education Physician_Quality Ensuring physicians meet the standards to provide care to patients. Physician_Quality Pioneeer_Generation Pioneeer_Generation Place A location where people meet due to shared interests, geographical location, or time period. Place Plastic_Pollution the accumulation of plastic objects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles, bags and microbeads) in the Earth's environment that adversely affects humans, wildlife and their habitat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution Plastic_Pollution Playrrhine Podiatric_Medicine_School medical institutions which educate students and train them to be podiatric physicians, which diagnose and treat conditions affecting the foot, ankle, and related structures of the leg. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatric_medical_school Podiatric_Medicine_School Policies a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization. Policies can assist in both subjective and objective decision making. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy Policies Political_Power In social science and politics, power is the social production of an effect that determines the capacities, actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political) Political Power Politics set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics Politics Pollutants Pollutants Pollution the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution Pollution Polyethnicity refers to specific cultural phenomena that are characterized by social proximity and mutual interaction of people from different ethnic backgrounds, within a country or other specific geographic region https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethnicity Polyethnicity Portuguese Portuguese Positive_Human_Stereotypes Associating a group of people with traits such as success, wealth, and intelligence. Positive_Human_Stereotypes Post-80s_Generation Post-80s_Generation Post-90s_Generation Post-90s_Generation Post_Bubble_Generation Post_Bubble_Generation Posters  a temporary promotion of an idea, product, or event put up in a public space for mass consumption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster Posters Power the social production of an effect that determines the capacities, actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors.[1] Power does not exclusively refer to the threat or use of force (coercion) by one actor against another, but may also be exerted through diffuse means (such as institutions). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political) Power Prayer an invocation or act that seeks to activate a rapport with an object of worship through deliberate communication. In the narrow sense, the term refers to an act of supplication or intercession directed towards a deity or a deified ancestor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer Prayer Preferences an individual's attitude towards a set of objects, typically reflected in an explicit decision-making process https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preference Preferences Primary_Care day-to-day healthcare given by a health care provider. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care Primary_Care Primary_Education Primary_Education Printing_Press a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press Printing_Press Private_Business_Insurance Insurance provided through an independent company, typically gained through an employer Private_Business_Insurance Private_Health_Care Health care provided by a private insitution. Private_Health_Care Processed_Meat Processed Meat Propoganda communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda Propoganda Prostrate_Cancer Cancer found in the prostate, or male reproductive gland. Prostrate_Cancer Protest a public expression of objection, disapproval or dissent towards an idea or action, typically a political one. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest Protest Public_Health "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health Public_Health Public_Health_Care Health care provided by government funding. Public_Health_Care Public_Housing  a form of housing tenure in which the property is usually owned by a government authority, either central or local. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing Public_Housing Public_Interest_Poliy "the welfare or well-being of the general public" and society.[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest Public_Interest_Poliy Public_Policy an institutionalized proposal to solve relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception [1] and implemented by programs as a course of action created and/or enacted, typically by a government or nonprofit organisation ,[2] in response to social issues. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy Public_Policy Quality Quality Quarternary_Care sometimes used as an extension of tertiary care in reference to advanced levels of medicine which are highly specialized and not widely accessed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care#Quaternary_care Quarternary_Care Race a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society.[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_categorization) Race Racial_Nationalism an ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity. Racial nationalism seeks to preserve a given race through policies such as banning race mixing and the immigration of other races. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Racial_Nationalism Racial_Segregation the systematic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation Racial_Segregation Racism the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism Racism Radiation the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation Radiation Radioactive_Contamination the deposition of, or presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids, or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination Radioactive_Contamination Reddit_Community Registered users (commonly referred to as "Redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "communities" or "subreddits". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit Reddit Community Redistribution_of_Wealth transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others through a social mechanism such as taxation, welfare, public services, land reform, monetary policies, confiscation, divorce or tort law. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth Redistribution_of_Wealth Regional_Cultural_Generation Regional Cultural Generation Religion a social-cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion Religion Religious_Conversion the adoption of a set of beliefs identified with one particular religious denomination to the exclusion of others. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion Religious_Conversion Religious_Music a type of music that is performed or composed for religious use or through religious influence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_music Religious_Music Religious_Nationalism the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, dogma, or affiliation where a shared religion can be seen to contribute to a sense of national unity, a common bond among the citizens of the nation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Religious_Nationalism Renal_Pelvis_Cancer Renal Pelvis Cancer Rental_Housing an agreement where a payment is made for the temporary use of a good, service or property owned by another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renting Rental_Housing Representative_Democracy a type of democracy where elected persons represent a group of people, in contrast to direct democracy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy Representative_Democracy Reproduction Reproduction Residential_Segregation the physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods[1]—a form of segregation that "sorts population groups into various neighborhood contexts and shapes the living environment at the neighborhood level". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States Residential_Segregation Resources all the materials available in our environment which are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource Resources Rights legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights Rights Riot a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot Riot Sacred_Dance is the use of dance in religious ceremonies and rituals, present in most religions throughout history and prehistory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_dance Sacred_Dance Sacrifices the offering of material possessions or the lives of animals or humans to a deity as an act of propitiation or worship. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice Sacrifices Salary form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract. It is contrasted with piece wages, where each job, hour or other unit is paid separately, rather than on a periodic basis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary Salary Salary_Arrangement a form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary Salary_Arrangement Samoan_American Samoan_American Samoan_American_Females Samoan American Females Samoan_American_Males Samoan American Males Satori_Generation Satori_Generation Scholarship a form of financial aid awarded to students to further education. Scholarships are awarded based upon various criteria, such as academic merit, diversity and inclusion, athletic skill, and financial need. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship Scholarship School an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School School School_Segregation the division of people into different groups in the education system by characteristics such as race, religion, or ethnicity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_segregation School_Segregation Second_Baby_Boom_Generation Second_Baby_Boom_Generation Secondary_Care includes acute care: necessary treatment for a short period of time for a brief but serious illness, injury, or other health condition. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care#Secondary_care Secondary_Care Secondary_Education Secondary_Education Segregation The divison of people based on a human hierarchy creating barriers between the different social classes. Segregation Self-efficacy Self-efficacy Sermons a religious discourse[1] or oration by a preacher or other member of clergy. Sermons address a scriptural, theological, or moral topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law, or behavior within both past and present contexts https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon Sermons Sexual_Behavior Sexual Behavior Shinjunrui_Generation Shinjunrui_Generation Silent_Generation Silent Generation Singaporean_Cultural_Generation Singaporean Cultural Generation Skills "A skill is the learned ability to perform an action with determined results with good execution often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill Skills Skin The outer organ which is visible to the human eye. Skin Skin_Cancer Cancer that forms on the skin. Skin_Cancer Skin_Color Skin Color Skin_Pigmentation Variations in skin color based on genetics. Skin_Pigmentation Slang vocabulary (words, phrases, and linguistic usages) of an informal register, common in spoken conversation but avoided in formal writing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang Slang Slavery involves the enslaved person being made to perform some form of work while also having their location or residence dictated by the enslaver. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery Slavery Social_Behavior Social Behavior Social_Media interactive technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media Social_Media Social_Privilege  a theory of special advantage or entitlement, used to one's own benefit and/or to the detriment of others. Privileged groups can be advantaged based on education, social class, caste, age, height, nationality, geographic location, disability, ethnic or racial category, gender, gender identity, neurology, sexual orientation, physical attractiveness, and religion. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_privilege Social_Privilege Socioeconomic_Status an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic access to resources and social position in relation to others. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_status Socioeconomic_Status Soft_Power the ability to co-opt rather than coerce (contrast hard power). In other words, soft power involves shaping the preferences of others through appeal and attraction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power Soft_Power Soil_Contamination part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination Soil_Contamination Spanish People with ancestry to Spain. Spanish Special_Education Special Education Spiritual_but_Not_Religious used to self-identify a life stance of spirituality that does not regard organized religion as the sole or most valuable means of furthering spiritual growth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious Spiritual_but_Not_Religious Spirituality refer to a subjective experience of a sacred dimension[9] and the "deepest values and meanings by which people live" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality Spirituality Sports_Nationalism Sports_Nationalism State a centralized political organization that imposes and enforces rules over a population within a territory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity) State Stomach_Cancer Stomach Cancer Straight Hair either has no waves or one to two S-waves https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Straight Strawberry_Generation Strawberry_Generation Sunless_Tanning  refers to the effect of a suntan without the Sun. Sunless tanning involves the use of creams, lotions and sprays applied to the skin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunless_tanning Sunless_Tanning Survival Survival Taiwanese_Cultural_Generation Taiwanese Cultural Generation Tax_Policy the choice by a government as to what taxes to impose, in what amounts, and on whom. It has both microeconomic and macroeconomic aspects. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_policy Tax_Policy Taxes a compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund government spending and various public expenditures (regional, local, or national),[2] and tax compliance refers to policy actions and individual behaviour aimed at ensuring that taxpayers are paying the right amount of tax at the right time and securing the correct tax allowances and tax reliefs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax Taxes Technology the result of accumulated knowledge and application of skills, methods, and processes used in industrial production and scientific research. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology Technology Teen 13-19 years old Teen Television a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television Television Territorial_Nationalism assume that all inhabitants of a particular nation owe allegiance to their country of birth or adoption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Territorial_Nationalism Tertiary_Care specialized consultative health care, usually for inpatients and on referral from a primary or secondary health professional, in a facility that has personnel and facilities for advanced medical investigation and treatment, such as a tertiary referral hospital. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care#Tertiary_care Tertiary_Care Tertiary_education the educational level following the completion of secondary education. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education Tertiary_education Theocracy a form of government in which one or more deities of some type are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the day-to-day affairs of the government. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy Theocracy Thermal_Pollution the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_pollution Thermal_Pollution Thick more than 4 inches (10 centimetres) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Thick Thin Circumference less than 2 inches (5 centimetres) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Thin TikTok_Community hosts a variety of short-form user videos, from genres like pranks, stunts, tricks, jokes, dance, and entertainment[6][7] with durations from 15 seconds to ten minutes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok TikTok Community Time_Period Major categorization systems include cosmological (time periods in the origin and mass evolution of the universe), geological (time periods in the origin and evolution of the Earth), anthropological and historical (time periods in the origin and evolution of human civilization). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_time_periods Time_Period Timocracy a state where only property owners may participate in government. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocracy Timocracy Tobacco causes 90% of lung cancer.[43] It also causes cancer in the larynx, head, neck, stomach, bladder, kidney, esophagus and pancreas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#Chemicals Tobacco Tobacco_Control_Policy a field of international public health science, policy and practice dedicated to addressing tobacco use and thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality it causes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_control Tobacco_Control_Policy Tobacco_Use_Exposure the inhalation of tobacco smoke, called secondhand smoke (SHS), or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), by persons other than the intended "active" smoker. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking Tobacco_Use_Exposure Traditional_Medicine The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine Traditional_Medicine Transitional_Housing temporary housing for certain segments of the homeless population, including working homeless people who are earning too little money to afford long-term housing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_housing Transitional_Housing Type_1_Diabetes an autoimmune disease that originates when cells that make insulin (beta cells) are destroyed by the immune system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes Type_1_Diabetes Type_2_Diabetes  a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes Type_2_Diabetes Type_I  always burns, never tans (palest; freckles) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick_scale Type_I Type_II usually burns, tans minimally (light colored but darker than fair) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick_scale Type_II Type_III sometimes mild burn, tans uniformly (golden honey or olive) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick_scale Type_III Type_IV burns minimally, always tans well (moderate brown) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick_scale Type_IV Type_V very rarely burns, tans very easily (dark brown) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick_scale Type_V Type_VI never burns (deeply pigmented dark brown to darkest brown) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick_scale Type_VI Tyranny an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate ruler's sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their positions by resorting to repressive means. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrant Tyranny UK_Ethnic_Classification Ethnic categorization as defined by the United Kingdom. UK_Ethnic_Classification UV_Radiation Overexposure to UV‑B radiation not only can cause sunburn but also some forms of skin cancer.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet#Harmful_effects UV_Radiation U_to_Y dark brown/black – "brunet" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale U_to_Y United_States_Government United States Government Urbanization  the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization Urbanization Vaccination_Policy a health policy adopted in order to prevent the spread of infectious disease. These policies are generally put into place by State or local governments, but may also be set by private facilities, such as workplaces or schools. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_policy Vaccination_Policy Value-Based_Care a framework for restructuring health care systems with the overarching goal of value for patients, with value defined as health outcomes per unit of costs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-based_health_care Value-Based_Care Very_Curly Tightly coiled S-curls to Z-patterned, kinked curls. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Very_Curly Violence use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence Violence Virtual_Community a social network of individuals who connect through specific social media, potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries in order to pursue mutual interests or goals. Some of the most pervasive virtual communities are online communities operating under social networking services. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community Virtual_Community Visual_Arts art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and architecture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts Visual_Arts Vitiligo a long-term skin condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo Vitiligo Vocational_Education Vocational Education Volcanoes a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano Volcanoes Water_Pollution the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities, so that it negatively affects its uses. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution Water_Pollution Wavy Loose S-waves throughout to distinct S-waves and spiral curling. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair Wavy Wealth the abundance of valuable financial assets or physical possessions which can be converted into a form that can be used for transactions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth Wealth Western_Cultural_Generation Western_Cultural_Generation Wheel a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel Wheel White_Passing when a person classified as a member of a racial group is accepted or perceived ("passes") as a member of another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity) White_Passing White_Privilege the societal privilege that benefits white people over non-white people in some societies, particularly if they are otherwise under the same social, political, or economic circumstances. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_privilege White_Privilege Wildfires_by_Lightning an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation starting in rural and urban areas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire Wildfires_by_Lightning Wisdom the ability to contemplate and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom Wisdom Work intentional activity people perform to support themselves, others, or the needs and wants of a wider community. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(human_activity) Work X-Ray X-Ray YouTube_Community an American online video sharing and social media platform https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube Community Youth 4-12 years old Youth Yutori_Generation Yutori_Generation 80s_Generation 3000 5000 Aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_time_periods Ancient_Period_(3000_BCE_-_500_CE) An ethnic group of British people with Asian ancestry. Asian/Asian_British An ethnic group of British people with African anestry. Black/Black_British present 1945 The current period which involves an increase in population, globalization, and scientific advances. Contemporary_Period_(1945-present) 1500 1800 its spreading globalizing character.[2] New economies and institutions emerged, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the period.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period Early_Modern_Period_(1500-1800) socio-economic human rights, such as the right to education, right to housing, right to an adequate standard of living, right to health, victims' rights and the right to science and culture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights Economic,_Social,_and_Cultural_Rights red https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale I,_II,_III,_IV present 1800 Notable historical milestones included the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and the Russian Revolution. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modern_period Late_Modern_Period_(1800-present) After the post-classical era https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_time_periods Modern_Period_(1500-present) 200 1500 The period is characterized by the expansion of civilizations geographically and development of trade networks between civilizations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-classical_history Post-Classical_Period_(200_CE_-_1500_CE) 5000 3300000 Period between the appearance of Homo ("humans"; first stone tools c. three million years ago) and the invention of writing systems (for the Ancient Near East: c. five thousand years ago). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_time_periods Pre-Historic_Period_(3.3_mya_-_5000_years_ago) any rental housing that may be owned and managed by the state, by non-profit organizations, or by a combination of the two, usually with the aim of providing affordable housing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing Social/Subsidized_Housing red blond https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale V,_VI rdf:List skos:Collection Collection A meaningful collection of concepts. Labelled collections can be used where you would like a set of concepts to be displayed under a 'node label' in the hierarchy. skos:Concept Concept An idea or notion; a unit of thought. skos:ConceptScheme Concept Scheme A set of concepts, optionally including statements about semantic relationships between those concepts. Thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, 'folksonomies', and other types of controlled vocabulary are all examples of concept schemes. Concept schemes are also embedded in glossaries and terminologies. A concept scheme may be defined to include concepts from different sources. skos:OrderedCollection Ordered Collection An ordered collection of concepts, where both the grouping and the ordering are meaningful. Ordered collections can be used where you would like a set of concepts to be displayed in a specific order, and optionally under a 'node label'. has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part has part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes occurs in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in site of [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant contains process inheres in this fragility is a characteristic of this vase this red color is a characteristic of this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. inheres_in Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing. characteristic of bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility Inverse of characteristic_of A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of has characteristic participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has participant A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division) this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'. derives_into derives into Candidate definition: x directly_develops from y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participate in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p, and a substantial portion of the matter of x comes from y, and the start of x is coincident with or after the end of y. Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland has developmental precursor FBbt TODO - add child relations from DOS directly develops from cjm holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x decreases the frequency, rate or extent of y causally upstream of, negative effect inverse of upstream of Chris Mungall causally downstream of p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain Chris Mungall causally upstream of A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process causal agent in process Chris Mungall causally influenced by (entity-centric) causally influenced by The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size). Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré causally influences (entity-centric) causally influences Inverse of 'causal agent in process' process has causal agent A relationship that holds between two entities, where the entities exhibit a statistical dependence relationship. The entities may be statistical variables, or they may be other kinds of entities such as diseases, chemical entities or processes. Groups both positive and negative correlation correlated with A relationship between an entity (e.g. a genotype, genetic variation, chemical, or environmental exposure) and a condition (a phenotype or disease), where the entity has some contributing role that influences the condition. contributes to condition c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative cjm 2018-01-26T23:53:22Z acts upstream of, negative effect A drought sensitivity trait that inheres in a whole plant is realized in a systemic response process in response to exposure to drought conditions. An inflammatory disease that is realized in response to an inflammatory process occurring in the gut (which is itself the realization of a process realized in response to harmful stimuli in the mucosal lining of th gut) Environmental polymorphism in butterflies: These butterflies have a 'responsivity to day length trait' that is realized in response to the duration of the day, and is realized in developmental processes that lead to increased or decreased pigmentation in the adult morph. r 'realized in response to' s iff, r is a realizable (e.g. a plant trait such as responsivity to drought), s is an environmental stimulus (a process), and s directly causes the realization of r. Austin Meier Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Marie Angelique Laporte triggered by process realized in response to https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KWhZxVBhIPkV6_daHta0h6UyHbjY2eIrnON1WIRGgdY/edit triggered by process RO:cjm http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-0078 David Osumi-Sutherland Jie Zheng Pier Luigi Buttigieg Ramona Walls The Population and Community Ontology (PCO) describes material entities, qualities, and processes related to collections of interacting organisms such as populations and communities. It is taxon neutral, and can be used for any species, including humans. The classes in the PCO are useful for describing evolutionary processes, organismal interactions, and ecological experiments. Practical applications of the PCO include community health care, plant pathology, behavioral studies, sociology, and ecology. Population and Community Ontology http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ The Population and Community Ontology (PCO) is licensed under a Creative Commons zero (CC0) license - http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. We ask that anyone using this ontology follow the standards of the scientific ontology community by re-using ontology identifiers whenever possible and properly citing the ontology and its creators. Eloisa Nguyen; Tuan Amith, PhD Culture, Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality Ontology (CRENO) Somone who assists someone else throughout daily activities.  a quality related to inquisitive thinking such as exploration, investigation, and learning, evident by observation in humans and other animals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity people have tied their loyalties and even their cultural identity to national teams. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism Definition Source the transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others through a social mechanism such as taxation, welfare, public services, land reform, monetary policies, confiscation, divorce or tort law. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth The OBO Relations Ontology (RO) is a collection of OWL relations (ObjectProperties) intended for use across a wide variety of biological ontologies. OBO Relations Ontology Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/bfo-axioms.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 18 Logical Axioms: 7] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/bfo-classes-minimal.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 49 Logical Axioms: 12] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/chemical.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 9 Logical Axioms: 3] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/core.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 310 Logical Axioms: 68] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/el-constraints.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 6 Logical Axioms: 2] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/generated-axioms.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 18 Logical Axioms: 9] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/rohom.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 731 Logical Axioms: 148] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/temporal-intervals.owl>) VersionIRI(<null>))) [Axioms: 146 Logical Axioms: 45] https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/ Dave Beckett Nikki Rogers Participants in W3C's Semantic Web Deployment Working Group. Alistair Miles Sean Bechhofer An RDF vocabulary for describing the basic structure and content of concept schemes such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, 'folksonomies', other types of controlled vocabulary, and also concept schemes embedded in glossaries and terminologies. SKOS Vocabulary has close match skos:closeMatch is used to link two concepts that are sufficiently similar that they can be used interchangeably in some information retrieval applications. In order to avoid the possibility of "compound errors" when combining mappings across more than two concept schemes, skos:closeMatch is not declared to be a transitive property. notation A notation, also known as classification code, is a string of characters such as "T58.5" or "303.4833" used to uniquely identify a concept within the scope of a given concept scheme. By convention, skos:notation is used with a typed literal in the object position of the triple.