Amy J. Barton Egbert Gramsbergen Jan Ashton Marie-Christine Jacquemot Aldo Gangemi David Shotton Fabio Vitali Silvio Peroni 2011-03-23 2022-09-15 Recently within the Semantic Web community a new topic has been actively discussed: whether and how to allow literals to be subjects of RDF statements (http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Literals as Subjects). This discussions failed to provide a unique and clear indication of how to proceed in that regard. Although one of the suggestions coming out of the discussion was to explicitly include the proposal in a (future) specification of RDF, this topic is not actually new, particularly in ontology modelling. The needs to describe “typical” literals (specially strings) as individuals of a particular class has been addressed by a lot of models in past, such as Common Tag (through the class Tag), SIOC (through the classes Category and Tag), SKOS-XL (through the class Label), and LMM (through the class Expression). After considering the above-mentioned models and other related and inspiring ones, we have developed a pattern called literal reification to address this issue. It allows to express literal values as proper ontological individuals so as to use them as subject/object of any assertion within OWL models. The DataCite Ontology is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable the metadata properties of the [DataCite Metadata Kernel Specification version 3.1](https://www.datacite.org/sites/default/files/document/DataCite-MetadataSchema_V31_Final_8-24-2015_0.pdf) to be described in RDF. This version of the DataCite Ontology has been completely revised and significantly expanded to permit accurate mapping of this new version of the DataCite Metadata Kernel Specification to RDF. This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Literal Reification pattern The DataCite Ontology What is the context in which entities refer to a particular literal value? What is the meaning of a particular value considering the context in which it is used? What is the value for the attribute of that entity?,Which entities have a certain value on that parameter/attribute/feature? http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/region.owl We can represent and reason on *any* kind of attributes, parameters, features, etc., which have a given set of values. With the new OWL2 support for custom and complex datatypes, this pattern should be confronted with possible enrichments, or may be restricted to OWL1. Anyway, since datatypes cannot overlap with classes even in OWL2, it remains useful for the cases where the domain must be kept homogeneous. This pattern promotes any literal as “first class object” in OWL by reifying it as a proper individual of the class litre:Literal. To represent and reason on values of attributes of things, by explicitly talking about the dimensions ("regions") of the attributes, which include those values. SELECT DISTINCT ?entity ?property WHERE { ?literal a litre:Literal . { ?literal ?property ?entity } UNION { ?entity ?property ?literal } } http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/region.owl http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/region.owl Modelling domains concerning descriptive tags, in which each tag may have more than one meaning depending on the context in which it is used. Extending quickly the capabilities of a model by adding the possibility to make assertions on values, previously referred through data properties, without modifying it. The DataCite Ontology (DataCite) is an ontology that enables the metadata properties of the DataCite Metadata Schema Specification (i.e., a list of metadata properties for the accurate and consistent identification of a resource for citation and retrieval purposes) to be described in RDF. **URL:** http://purl.org/spar/datacite **Creators**: [David Shotton](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5506-523X), [Silvio Peroni](http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-4305) **Contributors:** [Amy J. Barton](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2184-3723), [Egbert Gramsbergen](https://www.linkedin.com/in/egbertgramsbergen/), [Jan Ashton](https://www.bl.uk/people/experts/janet-ashton), [Marie-Christine Jacquemot](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-1472) **License:** [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode) **Website:** http://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/datacite The pattern literal reification is a modelling technique to address scenarios in which we need to bless particular literals, usually when applying data properties, in order to use them as subjects and/or full-fledged objects of semantic assertions. The region content ontology design pattern. This CP represents regions that are portions of a dimensional space which can be used as a value for a quality of an Entity. The CP is extracted from DOLCE + DnS Ultra Lite ontology. 1.1 - Annotated for ODP submission by Aldo Gangemi 1.0 - Created by Valentina Presutti 1.1 added rdfs:isDefinedBy for all named entities 1.2 This annotation property is used for exemplifying possible requirements the content pattern provides a solution for. Requirements are expressed as natural language competency questions. This annotation property should be assigned with a URI, which points to the possible reference ontology which the annotated pattern was extracted from (i.e. the reference ontology that the ontology elements have been deeply or partially cloned by). The range is not explicit in the definition of the annotation property because it would turn the ontology to OWL Full. E.g. The participation pattern is extracted from the Dolce Ultra Lite ontology, hence the value for this annotation property is http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl This annotation property is useful for content ontology design patterns. Its value is a URI, which refers to another content ontology design pattern which is a component of the annotated one. This annotation property is used for briefly describing the benefits and/or possible trade-offs when using the CP. This annotation property is used in order to describe the intent of the content pattern. This property can be used to annotate a unit test (e.g. in the form of a SPARQL query) to be launched to evaluate an ontology against a requirement-based task. This annotation property is used for referring a cloned ontology entity to its cloning source. This annotation property is useful for content ontology design patterns and its elements. Its value is a URI, which refers either to a content ontology design pattern that is specialized by the annotated one, or to an ontology element that is specialized by the annotated one. This annotation property should be assigned with a URI, which points to the concept schema, page, or anything else from which the annotated pattern was reengineered. If the source does not have any URI e.g., a printed book, this property value should provide information as precise as possible in order to identify the source. This property is alternative to the extractedFrom property because it is used when the pattern come from a concept schema which is not an owl ontology. For example content ontology design patterns, which are reengineered from data model patterns, rdf schemas, etc. should be annotatd with this property. E.g. The basicpersonalfoaf pattern is extracted from the rdf FOAF specification, hence the value for this annotation property is http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/20071002.rdf This annotation property can be used to indicate other CPs (if any) that specialize, generalize, inlcude, or are components of the CP. Furthermore, this field may indicate other CPs that are typically used in conjunction with the described one. Important similarities and differences with other patterns can be also described here. This annotation property is used for describing examples of instantiation of the Content OP. For example, for the part-of Content OP (which represents part-whole relations) a possible scenario is the sentence: "the brain is part of the human body". Scenarios are expressed as natural language sentences. This property allows one to specify the list of the creators of a certain resource. has creator list 1 An object property permitting specification of an entity used to describe a resource. has description An object property permitting specification of the type of description used to describe a resource, defined as an individual of the class datacite:DescriptionType from the DataCite controlled list of Abstract, SeriesInformation, TableOfContent and Other. has description type An object property permitting specification of the general type of a resource, defined from the DataCite controlled list, namely: * dcmitype:MovingImage; * dcmitype:Collection; * dcmitype:Dataset; * dcmitype:Event; * dcmitype:dcmitype:StillImage; * dcmitype:InteractiveResource; * fabio:Model; * dcmitype:PhysicalObject; * dcmitype:Service; * dcmitype:Software; * dcmitype:Sound; * dcmitype:Text; * fabio:Workflow; * frbr:Endeavour. All the prefixes used here refer to external ontologies, i.e., DC Metadata Terms (dcmitype: http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/), FaBiO (fabio: http://purl.org/spar/fabio/), and FRBR (frbr: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#). has general resource type An object property specifying a datacite:Identifier that provides a unique identifer for the entity (either a funder, a person or a resource). has identifier An object property permitting specification of the identifier scheme used to provide the identifier for an entity – either a funder, a person or a resource – defined as an individual of the class datacite:IdentifierScheme. uses identifier scheme The link between a metadata document and the scheme followed for creating metadata. uses metadata scheme It connects individuals of any class to a reified literal. has literal It relates the reified literal to another one that has the same literal value. has same literal value as It connects the reified literal to the individuals that are using it. is literal of A relation between entities and regions, e.g. 'the number of wheels of that truck is 12'. ha regione has region A relation between entities and regions, e.g. 'the color of my car is red'. is region for è un ragione di It is used to specify the literal value that an individual of litre:Literal represents. has literal value A datatype property that encodes values for a Region, e.g. a float for the Region Height. has region data value regione ha valore {it} co:List datacite:AgentIdentifier An identifier that uniquely identities an individual agent, belonging to a particular identifier scheme specified by an individual within the class datacite:AgentIdentifierScheme (or any of its subclasses). agent identifier datacite:AgentIdentifierScheme The identifier scheme used to identify an agent. Individual schemes are defines as members of its sub-classes. agent identifier scheme datacite:AlternateResourceIdentifier An identifier other than a DOI that is used as an alternative identifier to uniquely identifies the primary resource that is the subject of the DataCite metadata record, belonging to a particular scheme such as ISBN specified by an individual that is a member of the class datacite:ResourceIdentifierScheme. alternate resource identifier datacite:DescriptionType This class permits classification of the type of description given to a resource described by the DataCite Metadata schema. Individual members of the class conform to the five values allowed in the DataCite controlled list, namely: * abstract; * methods; * series-information; * table-of-content; * other. description type datacite:FunderIdentifier An identifier that uniquely identities a funding agency, belonging to a particular scheme such as FundRef specified by an individual within the class datacite:FunderIdentifierScheme. funder identifier datacite:FunderIdentifierScheme The identifier scheme used to identify a funding agency. Individual schemes are defines as members of this class. At present, the only individual of this class is datacite:fundref. funder identifier scheme 1 1 datacite:Identifier An identifier that uniquely identities an entity – such as a funding agency, a person and a resource – belonging to a particular scheme such as those specified by individuals of the class datacite:IdentifierScheme. identifier datacite:IdentifierScheme The identifier scheme used to identify an entity such as a funding agency, a person or a resource. Individual schemes are defines as members of this class. identifier scheme datacite:MetadataScheme The class that describe metadata schemes used for creating a metadata document referring to a certain resource. Neither a class for metadata documents nor a property linking a resource to its metadata document are not explicitly defined in this ontology. However, we recommend to use the class fabio:MetadataDocument (from http://purl.org/spar/fabio) and cito:citesAsMetadataDocument (from http://purl.org/spar/cito) for providing such descriptions. An example of use of such entities is shown as follows: :my-resource cito:citesAsMetadataDocument :my-resource-metadata . :my-resource-metadata a fabio:MetadataDocument ; datacite:usesMetadataScheme datacite:spar . In addition, if needed, it is possible to use the dataproperty fabio:hasURL (not included in this ontology as well) for defining the actual URL of a certain metadata scheme. metadata scheme datacite:OrganizationIdentifier An identifier that uniquely identities an individual organization, belonging to a particular identifier scheme such as ISNI specified by an individual within the class datacite:OrganizationIdentifierScheme. organization identifier datacite:OrganizationIdentifierScheme The identifier scheme used to identify an organization. Individual schemes are defines as members of this class. organization identifier scheme datacite:PersonalIdentifier An identifier that uniquely identities an individual person, belonging to a particular identifier scheme such as ORCID specified by an individual within the class datacite:PersonalIdentifierScheme. personal identifier datacite:PersonalIdentifierScheme The identifier scheme used to identify a person. Individual schemes are defines as members of this class. personal identifier scheme datacite:PrimaryResourceIdentifier An identifier that is used as the primary identifier to uniquely identifies the primary resource that is the subject of the DataCite metadata record. Within the DataCite metadata record, a Digital Object Identifier is the only permitted primary resource identifier scheme, specified by the individual datacite:doi, that is a member of the class datacite:ResourceIdentifierScheme. primary resource identifier datacite:ResourceIdentifier An identifier that is used to uniquely identifies a resource. resource identifier datacite:ResourceIdentifierScheme The identifier scheme used to identify a resource. Individual schemes are defines as members of this class. For DataCite, the only permitted identifier scheme for the primary resource identifier is the Digital Object Identifier. resource identifier scheme 1 literal:Literal It describes reified literals, where the literal value they represent is speficied through the property litre:hasLiteralValue. Each individual of this class must always have a specified value. literal region:Region Any region in a dimensional space (a dimensional space is a maximal Region), which can be used as a value for a quality of an Entity . For example, TimeInterval, SpaceRegion, PhysicalAttribute, Amount, SocialAttribute are all subclasses of Region. Regions are not data values in the ordinary knowledge representation sense; in order to get patterns for modelling data, see the properties: representsDataValue and hasDataValue Region Regione owl:Thing skos:Concept A brief summary of a textual work, appearing at the beginning of the work and designed to act as the point-of-entry that will help the reader quickly to obtain an overview of the work's contents. abstract https://dl.acm.org/ ACM Digital Library author ID, which is resolvable using the following URL: https://dl.acm.org/profile/<identifier>. acm https://confluence.ucop.edu/display/Curation/ARK Archival Resource Key. ark http://arxiv.org/ Identifier for ArXiv (http://arxiv.org/), a open access repository of preprints, having the format arXiv:1207.2147. arxiv It is the Astrophysics Data System bibliographic codes, a standardized 19 character identifier according to the syntax "yyyyjjjjjvvvvmppppa". bibcode https://crossref.org/ Crossref member identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://api.crossref.org/members/<identifier>. crossref https://dblp.org DBLP author identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://dblp.org/pid/<identifier>. dblp https://dblp.org/ DBLP publication identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://dblp.org/rec/<identifier>. dblp record http://www.surf.nl/en/themas/openonderzoek/infrastructuur/Pages/digitalauthoridentifierdai.aspx The Digital Author Identification system assigns a unique number to all authors in the Netherlands research system. dia https://d-nb.info/ DNB catalogue number, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://d-nb.info/<identifier>. dnb http://www.doi.org/ Digital Object Identier doi http://www.gs1.org/ International Article Number ean13 http://www.issn.org/ Electronic International Standard Serial Number eissn http://www.crossref.org/fundref/index.html FundRef is a collaborative pilot project of scholarly publishers and funding agencies, facilitated by CrossRef, to provide a standard way of identifying and reporting funding sources for published scholarly research. fundref http://gepris.dfg.de GEPRIS person identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: http://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/person/<identifier>. gepris https://github.com/ GitHub username, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://github.com/<identifier>. github https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/profile/ The identifier for GitLab Users. GitLab user account https://gnd.network/ Gemeinsame Normdatei identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://d-nb.info/gnd/<identifier>. gnd https://scholar.google.com/ Google Scholar author identifier, which resolvable from the following URL: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=<identifier>. google scholar http://www.handle.net/ The Handle system handle https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ IEEE Xplore author ID, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/<identifier>. ieee http://info-uri.info/registry/docs/misc/faq.html Info URI scheme infouri http://www.isbn-international.org/ International Standard Book Number isbn http://www.isni.org/ International Standard Name Identifier scheme. isni http://www.issn.org/ International Standard Serial Number issn http://www.istc-international.org/html/ International Standard Text Code istc Japanese Science and Technology Agency identifier scheme jst https://lattes.cnpq.br/ Lattes Platform number, which is resolvable from the following URL: http://lattes.cnpq.br/<identifier>. lattes https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn personal profile identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://www.linkedin.com/in/<identifier>. linkedin http://www.issn.org/ Linking International Standard Serial Number lissn https://id.loc.gov/ Library of Congress authority identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://id.loc.gov/authorities/<identifier>. loc A funder identifier scheme that provides local funder identifiers that are unique in their local environment and understood by the person submitting the metadata. local funder identifier scheme An organization identifier scheme that provides local organization identifiers that are unique in their local environment and understood by the person submitting the metadata. local organization identifier scheme A personal identifier scheme that provides local personal identifiers that are unique in their local environment and understood by the person submitting the metadata. local personal identifier scheme A resource identifier scheme that provides local resource identifiers that are unique in their local environment and understood by the person submitting the metadata. local resource identifier scheme http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/library/os-lsidbp/ Life Science Identifier lsid https://mathgenealogy.org/ Mathematics Genealogy Project identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=<identifier>. math genealogy A description in a research paper documenting the specialized methods used in the work described. methods United Kingdom National Insurance Number scheme. national insurance number http://nexus.od.nih.gov/all/2009/09/01/nih-public-access-update-clarifying-use-of-the-nih-manuscript-submission-id-nihmsid/ NIH Manuscript Submission Identifier nihmsid National Individual Identifier scheme. nii https://w3id.org/oc/oci The Open Citation Identifier (OCI) is a persistent identifier for bibliographic citations, created and maintained by OpenCitations (http://opencitations.net). Open Citation Identifier. oci https://www.worldcat.org/ OCLC control number, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/<identifier>. oclc https://docs.openalex.org/about-the-data The primary key for all entities included in OpenAlex. The OpenAlex ID has two parts. The first part is the base, that is always https://openalex.org/. The second part is the key, i.e. the unique primary key that identifies a given resource in our database. The key starts with a letter that tells us the kind of entity: W(ork), A(uthor), V(enue), I(nstitution), or C(oncept). In addition, the IDs are not case-sensitive, so w2741809807 is just as valid as W2741809807. OpenAlex ID http://openid.net/foundation/ OpenID is an open standard that describes how users can be authenticated in a decentralized manner, eliminating the need for centralized registration services. openid http://orcid.org/ Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier. orcid A catch-all description type required by the DataCite Metadata Schema to characterize description types that are not abstracts, series information or tables of content. other Pulisher Item Identifier scheme. pii http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ PubMed Central Identifier pmcid http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed Identifier pmid http://purl.org/ Persistent Uniform Resource Locator purl https://authors.repec.org/ RePEc Short identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://authors.repec.org/pro/<identifier>. repec https://www.researchgate.net ResearchGate profile identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/<identifier>. research gate http://www.researcherid.com/ ResearcherID is an identifying system for scientific authors created and owned by Thomson Reuters. researcherid https://ror.org/ The Research Organization Registry Community identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://ror.org/<identifier>. ror https://scigraph.springernature.com/explorer/datasets/data_at_a_glance/ The identifier used for referring to entities in the Springer Nature SciGraph dataset. SciGraph ID Used to charactierize a description of a resource that is part of a series. series information http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Item_and_Contribution_Identifier Serial Item and Contribution Identifier sici United States of America social security number scheme social security number http://www.sparontologies.net The Semantic Publishing and Referencing Ontologies, a.k.a. SPAR Ontologies, form a suite of orthogonal and complementary OWL 2 DL ontology modules for the creation of comprehensive machine-readable RDF metadata for every aspect of semantic publishing and referencing: document description, bibliographic resource identifiers, types of citations and related contexts, bibliographic references, document parts and status, agents' roles and contributions, bibliometric data and workflow processes. SPAR Ontologies A table of content giving information about the content of a resource, appearing before the body text. Where the resource is a journal or magazine issue, the table of content lists the constituent items contained in that issue, typically by title, authors and first page number. table of content https://twitter.com/ Twitter handle, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://twitter.com/<identifier>. Universal Product Code upc http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986 Uniform Resource Identifier uri Uniform Resource Locator. url http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/urn/charter/ Uniform Resource Name. urn http://viaf.org/ The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file created by amalagamating the national authority files of several national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). It contains information about many topics including personal names. viaf https://www.wikidata.org/ Wikidata QID, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/<identifier>. wikidata https://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia page name, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<identifier>. wikipedia https://zbmath.org/ zbMATH author identifier, which is resolvable from the following URL: https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:<identifier>. zbmath 1.2 Amy J. Barton Egbert Gramsbergen Jan Ashton Marie-Christine Jacquemot David Shotton Silvio Peroni 2022-09-15 The DataCite Ontology is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable the metadata properties of the [DataCite Metadata Kernel Specification version 3.1](https://www.datacite.org/sites/default/files/document/DataCite-MetadataSchema_V31_Final_8-24-2015_0.pdf) to be described in RDF. This version of the DataCite Ontology has been completely revised and significantly expanded to permit accurate mapping of this new version of the DataCite Metadata Kernel Specification to RDF. This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The DataCite Ontology The DataCite Ontology (DataCite) is an ontology that enables the metadata properties of the DataCite Metadata Schema Specification (i.e., a list of metadata properties for the accurate and consistent identification of a resource for citation and retrieval purposes) to be described in RDF. **URL:** http://purl.org/spar/datacite **Creators**: [David Shotton](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5506-523X), [Silvio Peroni](http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-4305) **Contributors:** [Amy J. Barton](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2184-3723), [Egbert Gramsbergen](https://www.linkedin.com/in/egbertgramsbergen/), [Jan Ashton](https://www.bl.uk/people/experts/janet-ashton), [Marie-Christine Jacquemot](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-1472) **License:** [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode) **Website:** http://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/datacite 1.2 Aldo Gangemi Fabio Vitali Silvio Peroni 2011-03-23 Recently within the Semantic Web community a new topic has been actively discussed: whether and how to allow literals to be subjects of RDF statements (http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Literals as Subjects). This discussions failed to provide a unique and clear indication of how to proceed in that regard. Although one of the suggestions coming out of the discussion was to explicitly include the proposal in a (future) specification of RDF, this topic is not actually new, particularly in ontology modelling. The needs to describe “typical” literals (specially strings) as individuals of a particular class has been addressed by a lot of models in past, such as Common Tag (through the class Tag), SIOC (through the classes Category and Tag), SKOS-XL (through the class Label), and LMM (through the class Expression). After considering the above-mentioned models and other related and inspiring ones, we have developed a pattern called literal reification to address this issue. It allows to express literal values as proper ontological individuals so as to use them as subject/object of any assertion within OWL models. Literal Reification pattern What is the context in which entities refer to a particular literal value? What is the meaning of a particular value considering the context in which it is used? http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/region.owl This pattern promotes any literal as “first class object” in OWL by reifying it as a proper individual of the class litre:Literal. SELECT DISTINCT ?entity ?property WHERE { ?literal a litre:Literal . { ?literal ?property ?entity } UNION { ?entity ?property ?literal } } http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/region.owl http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/region.owl Modelling domains concerning descriptive tags, in which each tag may have more than one meaning depending on the context in which it is used. Extending quickly the capabilities of a model by adding the possibility to make assertions on values, previously referred through data properties, without modifying it. The pattern literal reification is a modelling technique to address scenarios in which we need to bless particular literals, usually when applying data properties, in order to use them as subjects and/or full-fledged objects of semantic assertions. What is the value for the attribute of that entity?,Which entities have a certain value on that parameter/attribute/feature? http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl We can represent and reason on *any* kind of attributes, parameters, features, etc., which have a given set of values. With the new OWL2 support for custom and complex datatypes, this pattern should be confronted with possible enrichments, or may be restricted to OWL1. Anyway, since datatypes cannot overlap with classes even in OWL2, it remains useful for the cases where the domain must be kept homogeneous. To represent and reason on values of attributes of things, by explicitly talking about the dimensions ("regions") of the attributes, which include those values. The region content ontology design pattern. This CP represents regions that are portions of a dimensional space which can be used as a value for a quality of an Entity. The CP is extracted from DOLCE + DnS Ultra Lite ontology. 1.1 - Annotated for ODP submission by Aldo Gangemi 1.0 - Created by Valentina Presutti 1.1 added rdfs:isDefinedBy for all named entities