Zhenyu Zhang 27/05/2020 This ontology is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA International 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Dementia-Related Agitation Non-Pharmacological Treatment Ontology (DRANPTO) http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor contributor A person making contributions to this ontology development. http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator creator A person primarily responsible for making the resource. http://purl.org/dc/terms/date date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource. http://purl.org/dc/terms/description description An account of the resource. Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource. http://purl.org/dc/terms/license license A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. http://purl.org/dc/terms/source source A related resource from which the described resource is derived. http://purl.org/dc/terms/title title A name given to the resource. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C42610 abbreviation A shortned form of a word or phrase. From U.S. National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute Theraurus. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C52469 synonym A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a language; a word or an expression that serves as a figurative or symbolic substitute for another. From U.S. National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute Thesaurus. http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition definition A statement or formal explanation of the meaning of a term or concept. Factor affecting implementation of nonpharmacological intervention affects nonpharmacological intervention. affects Health care professional applies agitation management approach. applies Assessment tool is used to assess agitation. assesses agitation Health care professional cares for person with dementia cares for Causative factor cause agitation causes Individual therapy for agitation composes multicomponent intervention for agitation. composes Health care professional conducts agitation management activity. conducts Facilitator to implement nonpharmacological intervention facilitate nonpharmacological intervention. facilitates Person with dementia has agitation. has agitation Person with dementia has background. has background Health care professional has communication technique for effectively communicating with person with dementia. has communication technique Agitation has context. has context Agitation has duration has duration Agitation has effect. has effect Person with dementia has family member has family member Agitation has feature. has feature Agitation has frequency has frequency Person with dementia has friend. has friend Agitation has Severity has severity Barrier to implement nonpharmacological intervention hinders nonpharmacological intervention. hinders Causative factor is addrssed to reduce agitation by intervention. is addressed to reduce agitation by Nonpharmacological intervention is affected by factor affecting implementation of nonpharmacological intervention to agitation. is affected by Agitation in demetia is agitation of person with dementia is agitation of Agitation management approach is applied by health care professional is applied by Agitation is assessed by assessment tool. is assessed by Background is background of person with dementia. is background of Person with dementia is cared by health care professional is cared by Agitation is caused by causative factor. is caused by Communication technique is communication technique of health care professional. is communication technique of Multicomponent Intervention for agitation composes individual therapy for agitation. is composed of Agitation management activity is conducted by health care professional. is conducted by Context is context of agitation. is context of Duration is duration of agitation. is duration of Effect of agitation is effect of agitation in dementia. It's the inverse of hasEffect property. is effect of Nonpharmacological intervention is facilitated by facilitator. is facilitated by Family member is family member of person with dementia. It's the inverse property of hasFamilyMember. is family member of Feature of agitation is feature of agitation in dementia. It is the inversity property of hasFeature. is feature of Frequency is frequency of agitation. is frequency of Friend is friend of person with dementia. It's the inverse property of hasFriend. is friend of Nonpharmacological intervention is hindered by barrier to implement nonpharmacological intervention. is hindered by Background of person with dementia is matched by person with dementia focused nonpharmacological intervention. is matched by Background information is provided by person. is provided by Severity is severity of agitation. is severity of Agitation is treated by intervention. is treated by Person with dementia focused nonpharmacological intervention need match to the background of person with dementia. matches Person provide background information of person with dementia. provides background information Intervention reduce agitation caused by causative factor. reduce agitation caused by Intervention is implemented to treat agitation treats AIDS AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS AcceptingRefusal A person with dementia may refuse to do something. Health care professionals should be able to accept that. Accepting Refusal ActiveMusicTherapy It requires people with dementia to participate in playing musical instruments or singing with the therapist, either individually or as a group. Active Music Therapy ActivityApron Busy Apron It refers to the organized activity that involves of using activity apron - aprons that have buttons, zippers, and other articles sewn on. Activity Apron ActivityOfDailyLivingDysfunction Limitation to conduct activities of daily living due to disability. Activity of Daily Living Dysfunction ActivityOfDailyLivingManagementTraining It refers to the training on managing the person's activity of daily living. Activity Of Daily Living Management Training AdaptedBingo It refers to the organized activity that involves of using Bingo game that has been modifed to be suitable for people with dementia. Adapted Bingo AgitatedBehaviourDescription It refers to the activity of describing the agitated behaviour. Agitated Behaviour Description AgitatedBehaviourInDementiaScale ABID The Agitated Behavior in Dementia scale consists of 16 items designed specifically to evaluate frequency of and reaction of health care professionals to common agitated behaviors in people with dementia. Agitation Behaviour In Dementia Scale AgitatedBehaviourObservation It refers to the activity of observing the agitated behaviour. Agitated Behaviour Observation AgitationAssessmentTool It refers to the tool or scale which is used to assess the agitation of person with dementia. Agitation Assessment Tool AgitationBehaviourMappingInstrument ABMI It is an agitation assessment tool and includes 14 items that describe physically agitated (e.g., pacing, repetitive movements) and verbally agitated (e.g., screaming, complaining) behaviours. Agitation Behaviour Mapping Instrument AgitationCausativeFactor It refers to the factors that can cause the agitation in dementia. Agitation Causative Factor AgitationInDementia Agitated behaviour is defined as any inappropriate physical or verbal, aggressive or non-aggressive, act that is not an obvious expression of need or disorientation (Cohen-Mansfield, Libin & Marx 2007). Agitation in Dementia AgitationManagementActivity It refers to the activities conducted for managing agitation in dementia. Agitation Management Activity AgitationManagementApproach It refers to the approach that health care professional used to manage agitation. Agitation Management Approach AlcoholEffect It refers to the effect caused by drinking alcohol. Alcohol Effect AllowingEnoughTimeForInteraction It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should be flexible and always allow plenty of time for a response from a person with dementia. Allowing Enough Time For Interaction AlteredActivityInNeurotransmitterSystem It refers to the changed activity in the neurotransmitter system. Altered Activity in Neurotransmitter System Anesthesia Anaesthesia Anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), or unconsciousness. Anesthesia Anger Intermittent Explosive Disorder It refers to the unwarranted anger which is typified by hostility, impulsivity, and recurrent aggressive outbursts. Anger AnimalAssistedTherapy AAT Animal Assisted Therapy Animal assisted therapy is a psychotherapy treatment based upon building a bond with an animal through interaction and play. Define by Sunrise medical 2018 https://www.sunrisemedical.com.au/blog/animal-assisted-therapy-in-australia Anxiety Anxiety the person may become nervous, fidgety, shaky, or frightened because of exaggerated fears that often have little basis in reality. Anxiety ApologizingForDiscomfort It refers to the communication technique that the health care professional should apologize to a person with dementia if he or she did something make the person uncomfortable. Even if the health care professional had no intention of harming or angering this person - or if the health care professional don't even know why this person was not happy with him/her - the health care professional can still mend the relationship by apologizing. Apologizing For Discomfort ApproachingPersonSlowlyFromFront It refers to the communicaiton technique that health care professionals should approach the person slowly from the front and give him or her time to get used to the presence of health care professionals. Approaching Person Slowly From the Front AppsIntervention It refers to the treatment that involves of using apps. The apps are usually selected by the health care professionals according to the preferences and hobbies of a person with dementia. Apps Intervention Arguing It refers to the expressing diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way. Arguing AromaAcupressure The Baihui, Fengchi, Shenmen, Neiguan, and Sanyinjiao, acupuncture points have been used in the aroma-acupressure therapy to treat agitation. Aroma Acupressure Aromatherapy Aromatherapy: use of pleasant aromatic substances (e.g., Melissa oil) for their calming effect Aromatherapy AromatherapyUsingChamomileOil It refers to the aromatherapy using chamomile oil. Aromatherapy Using Chamomile Oil AromatherapyUsingLavenderOil Aromatherapy in terms of the use of essential oils with lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Aromatherapy Using Lavender Oil AromatherapyUsingMelissaOil Aromatherapy Using Lemon Balm It refers to aromatherapy using melissa oil. Melissa oil also known as Lemon Balm Aromatherapy Using Melissa Oil AromatherapyUsingSunflowerOil It refers to aromatherapy using sunflower oil. Aromatherapy Using Sunflower Oil AromatherapyUsingVanillaOil It refers to aromatherapy using vanilla oil. Aromatherapy Using Vanilla Oil ArrangingFlower It refers to the organized activity of arranging flowers. Arranging Flower ArtCognitiveActivity Art Therapy It refers to the activities that involves the use of creative techniques such as drawing, painting, and coloring to help people with dementia to express themselvies artistically and enhance cogintive function. Art Cognitive Activity Arthritis Joint Inflammation Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that can worsen with age. Arthritis AskingPermission It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should always ask permission of the person with dementia before starting to conduct care activities. Asking Permission AskingSimpleQuestion It refers to the communication technique that if the person seems frustrated and the health care professional don’t know what he or her wants, try to ask simple questions that can be answered with yes or no or one-word answers. Asking Simple Question AuditoryImpairment Hearing Impairment It refers to the damaged sense of hearing. Auditory Impairment AvoidingArguing It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should try to talk about feelings of the person with dementia rather than arguing over facts with him/her. Avoiding Arguing BackgroundOfPersonWithDementia It refers to information about the background of person with dementia. Background information is considered stable (in the short run) and affect the way in which a person with dementia is able to perceive, experience, and/or interact with his/her environment. Background of Person with Dementia BadCold It refers to the viral infection which affects the nose, ears, and throat. Bad Cold BarrierToImplementNonpharmacologicalIntervention It refers to the barriers to implement nonpharmacological interventions to agitation in dementia. Barrier To Implement Nonpharmacological Intervention BathEnvironmentManagement It refers to the modification to the bath environment of people with dementia. Bath Enviroment Management BathWaterTemperature Inappropriate bath or shower water temperature can cause agitation. Bath Water Temperature BehaviourTherapy Behavioural Therapy Behaviour therapy is to alter his/her behaviour through using differential reinforcement, cognitive (reality-orientation), and stimulus control (i.e. taught to associate stop sign with stopping and walking away, and beeper signal associated with toileting demand). Behaviour Therapy BehaviouralApproach Behavioural approaches for managing agitation: a systematic "ABC" (Antecedents -> Behaviour -> Consequences) approach to implementing a behavioural plan helps individualize treatment and monitor improvement. This entails identifying specific Antecedents of target problem Behaviour and their Consequences and devising specific strategies to address these. Behavioural Approach BehaviouralPathologyInAlzheimersDiseaseRatingScale BEHAVE-AD The Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD) is a screening instrument for the evaluation of behavioral disturbances in Alzheimer's patients. Behavioural Pathology In Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale BeingPositive It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should take a positive perspective when caring for people with dementia. Being Positive BeingReadTo It refers to the activity that someone is reading (some piece of writing) aloud to a person with dementia. Being Read To Belief It refers to the acceptance that something exists or is true, especially one without proof. Belief BestTimeOfDayAssessment The assessment to identify the resident's best time of the day. Best Time Of The Day Assessment Birdwatching It refers to the activity of observing of birds. It can be done with the naked eye, through a visual enhancement device like binoculars and telescopes, by listening for bird sounds, or by watching public webcams. Birdwatching Biting Behaviour of biting something or somebody Biting BladderInfection It is an infection in the bladder of the urinary system. Bladder Infection BoardGameActivity It refers to the activity of playing a board game that is a game involves the movement of counters or other objects round a board. Board Game Boredom The state of feeling disinterested in one's surroundings, having nothing to do or feeling that life is dull. Boredom BriefAgitationRatingScale BARS The 10-item BARS represents a brief mechanism to assess the presence and severity of physically aggressive, physically non-aggressive, and verbally agitated behaviors in elderly nursing home residents. Brief Agitation Rating Scale BriefPsychosocialTherapy BPST The Brief Psychosocial Therapy intervention is framed around a daily social interaction with a care assistant, which lasts up to 30 min. The interaction is personalized for the individual and takes place with supervision from a therapist. Brief Psychosocial Therapy BrightLightTherapy The bright light therapy, which is based on the premise that exposure to direct bright light produces a calming effect on the agitated patients, was shown efficacious in reducing agitation. Bright Light Therapy Bronchitis Bronchitis is the inflammation of the larger airways in lungs, which causes an ongoing cough. Bronchitis BuchananAgitationScale The Buchanan Agitation Scale was published in 2000 in research paper 'The manifestation and nursing management of agitation in institutionalised residents with dementia'. This 10-point rating scale incorporates ratings and their descriptors to use when measuring agitation in the demented elderly. A score of 10 represents the most agitated behaviour, a score of 1 the least agitated behaviour, with graded levels identified and described between the two extremes. Buchanan Agitation Scale BuildingBlockActivity It refers to the activity of playing wooden or plastic toy bricks. Building Block BurnoutOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the concept that the agitated behaviour of people with dementia can cause the burnout of health care professionals. Burnout Of Health Care Professional CardGame It refers to the activity of playing cards. Card Game CardiovascularDisease CVD Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a collective term for diseases of the heart and blood vessels. The term commonly includes diseases such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and stroke. Cardiovascular Disease CareDeliveryTraining Training on how to delivery care to people with dementia Care Delivery Training CatAssistedIntervention It refers to a psychotherapy treatment based upon building a bond with a real cat through interaction and play. Cat-Assisted Intervention CausativeFactorInvestigation It refers to the activity of investigating the factors that cause agitation of a person living with dementia. Causative Factor Investigation CeaselessTalking It refers to constant and unending talking Ceaseless Talking CerebralImpairment It refers to the damage to organs in the brain. Cerebral Impairment ChairExercise It refers to the organized activity requring physical effort for sustaining or improving health and fitness through using a chair. Chair Exercise ChangeInRoutine Changes in the routine can cause agitation. Change In Routine ChangingAuditoryStimuli It refers to the intervention activity of changing hearing stimuli. Changing Auditory Stimuli ChangingLocationOfMeal It refers to the intervention of changing the location of a person taking meal. Changing Location of Meal ChangingOlfactoryStimuli It refers to the intervention of changing smelling stimuli. Changing Olfactgory Stimuli ChangingVisualStimuli It refers to the intervention of changing seeing stimuli. Changing Visual Stimuli Characteristic It refers to features belonging typically to person with dementia. Characteristic CheckingEyeglasses It refers to the interim checks to confirm that eyeglasses are clean and operational. Checking Eyeglasses CheckingHearingAid It refers to the interim checks to confirm that hearing aids are clean and operational. Checking Hearing Aid ClarificationOfWhoIsAffectedByAgitation It refers to the activity of clarifying the situation by identifying the person who is negatively affected by agitation. Clarification Of Who Is Affected By Agitation CleaningEyeglasses Health care professional cleans eyeglasses of person with dementia. Cleaning Eyeglasses ClearningHearingAid Health care professional cleans hearing aids of person with dementia. Clearning Hearing Aid ClosingBathroomDoor It refers to the action of closing the door of the bathroom during bathing. Closing Bathroom Door CognitiveAbility It refers to the general mental capability of a person. Cognitive Ability CognitiveControl Cognitive control is to change the way a person thinks about an issue that's causing agitation. Cognitive Control CognitiveImpairment Cognitive Dysfunction It refers to the damaged cognitive ability. Cognitive Impairment CohenMansfieldAgitationInventory CMAI The Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) is a 29-item rating questionnaire for the assessment of agitation. It includes descriptions of 29 agitated behaviours, each rated on a seven-point frequency scale. Cohen Mansfiled Agitation Inventory CohenMansfieldAgitationInventoryShortForm CMAI-SF The CMAI-SF contains 14 items to be rated by health care professionals on a five-point frequency scale. Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory Short Form Colour It refers to the inappropriate colour which can cause agitation in dementia. Colour CommunicationProblem The difficulties to communicate with others, such as difficulty to express feeling and difficulty in finding words to communicate. Communication Problem CommunicationSkillTraining It refers to the training provided to health care professionals about how to communicate with a person who has dementia. Communication Skill Training CommunicationTechnique It refers to the technique for communicating with person with dementia. Communication Technique Complaining The expression of dissatisfaction or annoyance about something. Complaining ComplementaryLightExposureIntervention For the planning of light interventions for agitation, complementary light exposure to electrical lighting could be highly efficient in winter and on cloudy days. Because the observed higher nocturnal restlessness after short and cloudy days may indicate a weakness of light as zeitgeber for the circadian system, especially during time periods with low natural light levels and exposure durations. Complementary Light Exposure Intervention ComprehensiveInitalAssessment It refers to the activity that the health care professionals perform a comprehensive assessment to establish antecedents and consequences of the patient’s behaviours, noting his/her present interactions with others as well as his/her family and social history. Comprehensive Initial Assessment ConfrontationalCommunication It refers to the communication that tends to create unnecessary conflict, such as arguing with the person with dementia. Confrontational Communication Confusion Confusion is a symptom that makes people feel as if he/she can't think clearly. The person might feel disoriented and have a hard time focusing or making decisions. Confusion is also referred to as disorientation. Confusion ConstantManipulationOfObject The action of manipulating something constantly Constant Manipulation Of Object ConstantRepetitionOfWord It refers to the constant repetition of words or sentences. Constant Repetition of Word ConstantUnwarrantedRequestsForAttention It refers to the constant and not justified requests for attention Constant Unwarranted Requests for Attention ConstantUnwarrantedRequestsForHelp It refers to the constant and not justified requests for help Constant Unwarranted Requests for Help ConstantUnwarrantedRequestsForReassurance It refers to the constant and not justified requests for reassurance. Constant Unwarranted Requests for Reassurance Constipation Constipation is the passing of hard, dry bowel motions (stools) that may be infrequent or difficult to pass. The most common causes of constipation include a change in routine, not enough fibre in the daily diet, not enough fluids and lack of exercise. Constipation ContextOfAgitation It refers to the circumstances that form the setting for agitation. Context Of Agitation ConvincingPersonToBathWithAppropriateReason It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should convince a person with dementia to bath/shower with appropriate reasons, such as get ready for meal, have worked hard and need to freshen up, prepare for the day, and special occasion. Convincing Person To Bath With Appropriate Reason Cooking It refers to the cooking activity such as making a chocolate cake or French pancake, roles were distributed according to patients’ abilities, e.g. cutting, peeling, measuring quantities, mixing, or cooking. Cooking CopingStyle It refers to the typical manner of confronting a stressful situation and dealing with it. Coping Style CreatingHomeFamiliarityInEnvironment Creating Homelikeness It refers to the intervention of creating homelikeness environment for people with dementia. Creating Home Familiarity in Environment CrowdedEnvironment Crowded surroundings with too many people around can cause agitation. Crowded Environment CultureOfFear It refers to the negative perceptions of residential facilities cultivated a fear of making mistakes or getting into trouble. Culture Of Fear Cursing Using a curse against Cursing DICEApproach Describe, Investigate, Create, Evaluate (DICE) approach is an adaption of the reasoning process used by health care professionals to spot behavioural triggers and to use behavioural management skills. DICE Approach Dancing It refers to the activity of move rhythmically to music, typically following a set sequence of steps. Dancing DecreasedFrontalLobeMetabolism Frontal lobe metabolism of person with dementia is decreased. Decreased Frontal Lobe Metabolism DecreasedTemporalLobeMetabolism Temporal lobe metabolism of person with dementia is reduced. Decreased Temporal Lobe Metabolism Deficiency Impairment It refers to things that are damaged or not working properly for the person with dementia. Deficiency DegreeOfComfortWithPeople It refers to the level to which person with dementia feel secure and comfortable with other people. Degree of Comfort with People Dehydration Dehydration is a condition that can occur when the loss of body fluids, mostly water, exceeds the amount that is taken in. Dehydration Delirium Delirium is the term used to describe an episode of agitation and confusion that begins suddenly because of some factors, such as a medical illness or too much medication. Delirium Delusion People with delusions have incorret beliefs. Delusion DementiaCareMapping DCM Dementia Care Mapping is an established approach to achieving and embedding person-centred care for people with dementia. It prepared staff to take the perspective of the person with dementia in assessing the quality of the care they provide. It consists of systematically identifying and responding to presumed causes of agitation. Dementia Care Mapping DementiaCareMappingWithSupervision The practice of conducing Dementia Care Mapping is under the supervision. Dementia Care Mapping with Supervision DementiaCareTheoryTraining Training about theories in dementia care Dementia Care Theory Training DentalProblem It refers to the problem of teeth, such as gum disease and fractured teeth. Dental Problem Depression Depression can make people agitated, which appear as extreme tearfulness, handwringing, an excessive need for reassurance, or other signs of extreme unhappiness. Depression DepressionOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the concept that the agitated behaviour of people with dementia can cause depression of health care professionals. Depression Of Health Care Professional DestroyingProperty Behaviour of destroying properties Destroying Property DifferentialReinforcement Contingency Management Differential reinforcement: providing positive reinforcement contingent on non-agitated behaviour, ignoring negative behaviour and rewarding (and thereby reinforcing) positive behaviour. Differential Reinforcement Differential reinforcement is a psychosocial behaviour management technique involving the contingent reinforcement of desired behaviour. DifficultToModifyPhysicalEnvironment It refers to the concept that it's difficult to modify the physical environment of people with dementia. Difficult To Modify Physical Environment DiscomfortablePosition Position that is not comfortable for person with dementia. For example, sitting all day in an uncomfortable position Discomfortable Position DisruptionToCareRoutine It refers to the effect that the daily care routine would be disrupted by the agitated behaviour of people with dementia. Disruption To Care Routine DisruptiveBehaviourRatingScale It includes a set of rating scales used to measure four dimensions of disruptive behavior that present frequent problems in patients with dementia: physical aggression, verbal aggression, agitation, and wandering. The total disruptive behavior scale is derived by averaging scores from these four scales. Disruptive Behaviour Rating Scale DisruptiveVocalisation DV It refers to the vocally disruptive behaviour. Disruptive Vocalisation Distraction It refers to the intervention of distracting the person with dementia from problematic situations to another task, such as, to offer a snack or put on some familiar music to interrupt behaviours that are becoming difficult Distraction DogAssistedIntervention It refers to a psychotherapy treatment based upon building a bond with a real dog through interaction and play. Dog-assisted intervention is a prescribed, goal-directed intervention that aims to ‘train’ the person in one or more specific abilities. Dog-Assisted Intervention DollTherapy Doll therapy involves offering dolls to adults who are living with dementia and other medical conditions with the goal of improving their comfort, engagement, and quality of life. Defined by Verywell Health 2020 https://www.verywellhealth.com/therapeutic-doll-therapy-in-dementia-4155803 Doll Therapy DurationOfAgitation It refers to the time during which agitation continues. Duration Of Agitation Echolalia It refers to meaningless repetition of another person's spoken words Echolalia EducationInterventionToHealthCareProfessional It refers to the education and training that provide health care professionals with knowledge and skills needed to care people with dementia. Education Intervention To Health Care Professional EducationalLevel It refers to the level of education that person with dementia received, the process of receiving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university. Educational Level EffectOfAgitation It refers to the consequence causing by dementia-related agitation. Effect of Agitation EffectOfAgitationOnHealthCareProfessional It refers to the effect of dementia-related agitation on health care professionals. Effect Of Agitation On Health Care Professional EffectOfAgitationOnPersonWithDementia It refers to the effect of dementia-related agitation on person with dementia. Effect Of Agitation On Person With Dementia EffectOfAgitationOnSociety It refers to the consequence of dementia-related agitation could cause on the society. Effect of Agitation On Society EffectOnHealthOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the consequence of dementia-related agitation could cause on the health of health care professionals. Effect On Health Of Health Care Professional EffectOnMentalHealthOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the concept that the mental health of health care professionals can be affected by caring for someone with dementia-related agitation. Effect On Mental Health Of Health Care Professional EffectOnPhysicalHealthOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the concept that the physical health of health care professionals can be affected by caring for someone with dementia-related agitation. Effect On Physical Health Of Health Care Professional ElectrolyteImbalance It refers to the electrolytes in human body, such as sodium, chloride, magnesium and calcium, are not balanced. Electrolyte Imbalance ElectronicMonitoringIntervention It refers to the treatment that involves of using electronic monitoring devices, such as electronic tagging and tracking device. Electronic Monitoring Intervention EmotionalDistress A highly unpleasant emotional reaction Emotional Distress EmpathyOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the empathy of health care professionals, in other words the capacity of health care professionals to understand or feel what demented person is experiencing. Empathy Of Health Care Professional EmpathyTraining It refers to the training that increases ability of health care professionals to understand and share the feelings of people with dementia. Empathy Training Encephalitis It refers to the inflammation of the brain, often due to infection. Encephalitis EnhancingVisibilityOfCommonRoom It refers to the modification of enhancing visibility of common room. Enhancing Visibility of Common Room EnhancingVisibilityOfToilet It refers to the modification of enhancing the visibility of toilets. EnhancingVisibilityOfToilet EnsuringPrivacyDuringBathing It refers to the actions of health care professional taking to ensure the privacy of the person with dementia during his/her bathing. Ensuring Privacy During Bathing EnvironmentalCausativeFactor Environmental factors that can cause agitation. Environmental Causative Factor EnvironmentalIntervention Environmental Modification, Environmental Rearrangement It refers to the intervention of modifying environment of people living with dementia. Environmental Intervention EnvironmentalModificationTraining Training about modifying the environment of people with dementia to reduce or prevent agitation Environmental Modification Training EnvironmentalVulnerabilityModel Reduced Stress Threshold Model Environmental vulnerability model assumes that the dementa process results in greater vulnerability to the environment and a lower threshold at which stimuli affect behaviour. Therefore, the effective treatment is to identify and eliminate stimuli that trigger problem behaviour. Environmental Vulnerability Model Ergotherapy Ergotherapy involves of practicing of retrained capabilities that are relevant to everyday life and of emotionally positive activities (e.g., cooking, gardening), with reference to the patient’s life history Ergotherapy EthnicityRoleIdentity It refers to the actual ethnic behaviours that individuals practice, along with their attitudes toward their ethnic group. Ethnicity Role Identity Evaluation Ongoing Assessment After the administration of the intervention, there should be ongoing monitoring of symptoms to determine the success of changes in care. Evaluation EvaluationOfInteractionOfAgitationSymptomWithEnvironment It refers to the activity of evaluating of the interaction of agitation symptom with the environment (antecedents, consequences). Evaluation of Interaction of Agitation Symptom with Environment Exercise It refers to the acitivity requring physical effort for sustaining or improving health and fitness. Exercise ExternalEnvironmentModification Outdoor Environment Modification The external environment should be an extended living space. For example, this containes a pergola for sun protection, an old car, a chicken coop with chickens, a mural wall, a garden with raised garden beds for gardening, various private seating areas and a barbeque: many common features of a rural home environment. External Environment Modification FabricBookActivity It refers to the activity that a person with dementia works with a fabric book. Fabric Book Activity FacilitatorToImplementNonpharmacologicalIntervention It refers to the facilitators to implement nonpharmacological intervention to agitation for people with dementia. Facilitator To Implement Nonpharmacological Intervention FactorAffectingImplementationOfNonpharmacologicalInterventionToAgitation It refers to the factors that could affect the implementation of nonpharmacological interventions to agitation in dementia. Factor Affecting Implementation Of Nonpharmacological Intervention To Agitation FaecalUrgency Fecal Urgency Faecal Urgency Faecal urgency is the inability to wait or 'hang on' to go to the toilet to use the bowels. A sufferer has to get to the toilet as soon as they feel an urge to go. FailingToPreparePersonWithDementiaForBath Health care professional doesn't prepare the person with dementia proprely for bath or shower. This can cause agitation. Failing to Prepare Person with Dementia for Bath FamiliarityWithPersonWithDementia It refers to the health care professionals' familiarity with person with dementia. Familiarity With Person With Dementia FamilyMemberFocusedIntervention It refers to the intervention targeting family members of people with dementia. For example, the Family Visit Education Program (FVEP) for improving the quality of interaction between family members and nursing home residents with dementia is reported to have a positive effect in reducing agitated behaviour such as yelling during family visits and pacing. FVEP includes many training activities for family members, such as the verbal and nonverbal interaction techniques for communicating with people with dementia. Family Member Focused Intervention FamilyMemberOfPersonWithDementia It refers to the family members of person with dementia. Family Member Of Person With Dementia FamilyPhotoActivity It refers to the activity of looking at family photos, telling stories about these photos. Family Photo Activity FamilyRoleIdentity It refers the role (or character) people play in family. Family Role Identity FanNoise Noise made by fan. Fan Noise Fatigue It refers to the extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness. Fatigue Fear It refers to the feeling of anxiety concerning the outcome of something or the safety of someone. Fear FeatureOfAgitation It refers to the distinctive attributes of agitated behaviour. Feature Of Agitation FeedingAnimal It refers to the activity of giving food to animals, such as birds and dogs. Feeding Animal Fidgeting Behaviour of making small movements excessively, especially of the hands and feet. Fidgeting Fighting Behaviour of fighting Fighting FishAssistedIntervention It refers to a psychotherapy treatment based upon building a bond with a real fish or fishes through interaction and play. Fish-Assisted Intervention FoldingClothes It refers to the organized activity of folding clothes. Folding Clothes FoldingTowel It refers to the organized activity of folding towels. Folding Towel FormerCareer Past Work It refers to the information about the past occupations (job or profession) of the person with dementia. Former Career FrequencyOfAgitation It refers to the rate at which agitation occurs over a particular period of time Frequency Of Agitation FriendOfPersonWithDementia It refers to the friends of person with dementia. Friend Of Person With Dementia Frustration It refers to the feeling of being upset or annoyed as a result of being unable to change or achieve something. Frustration FunctionalAnalysis a functional analysis examining the nature of the behaviour (assessment of specific symptoms) Functional Analysis GeneralNursingCareIntervention It refers to the basic care practices that health care professionals can provide to intervene the agitation. General Nursing Care Intervention GeneralNursingCareInterventionForAgitationDuringBathing It refers to the care activities that health care professionals take to treat agitation generally in the long-term care facilities. General Nursing Care Intervention For Agitation During Bathing Gesturing Behaviour of making a gesture Gesturing GivingInformationBeforeCareProcess It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should always give a person with dementia the information (what he/she will do and how he/she will do it and why he/she need to do it) before care process. Giving Information Before Care Process GivingInformationThroughCareProcess It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should keep communicating with a person with dementia and giving information through the care process. Giving Information Through Care Process Glare The glare from window and mirror can cause agitation in dementia. Glare GoodTeamCommunication It refers to the interactions that the health care professionals on a team share with one another are good and effective. Good Team Communication Grabbing Behaviour of grabbing things Grabbing Groaning Making a deep inarticulate sound Groaning GroupReminiscenceTherapy It refers to the reminiscence therapy conducted in groups. Group Reminiscence Therapy Grunting Making a low, short guttural sound Grunting Habit It refers to the settled or regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up. Habit Hallucination A perception of having seen, heard, touched, tasted or smelled something that wasn't actually there. Hallucination HandMassageIntervention As little as five minutes of hand massage has been found to reduce cortisol levels and produce a physiological relaxation response. Gently pressing the palm and rubbing the knuckles in therapeutic motions has helped dementia patients reduce their agitated behaviour. Hand Massage Intervention HandWringing The excessive display of concern or distress Hand Wringing HavingBarbeque It refers to the intervention of having a barbeque in the outside extended living space. Having Barbeque HavingChickenCoop It refers to the intervention of having a chicken coop with chickens in the outside extended living space. Having Chicken Coop HavingComfortableBathWaterTemperature The temperature of bath water is modified to tailor the need of people with dementia, so as to make them comfortable. Having Comfortable Bath Water Temperature HavingComfortableBathroomTemperature The temperature of bathroom is modified to tailor the need of people of dementia, so as to make them comfortable. Having Comfortable Bathroom Temperature HavingEasyOpenGardenDoor The garden doors can be opened easily by the patients either from the inside or the outside. Having Easy Open Garden Door HavingGarden It refers to the intervention of having a garden with raised garden beds for gardening in the outside extended living space. Having Garden HavingIndoorWanderingArea It refers to the modification of having wandering area in the indoor environment. Having Indoor Wandering Area HavingLessFurniture It refers to the modification of having less furnitures in the living environment of a person with dementia. Having Less Furniture HavingMuralWall It refers to the intervention of having a mural wall in the outside extended living space. Having Mural Wall HavingNontoxicPlant It refers to the intervention of having plants that are safe to people with dementia in their outside living space. Having Nontoxic Plant HavingOldCar It refers to the intervention of having an old car in the outside extended living space of people with dementia. Having Old Car HavingOutdoorWanderGarden It refers to the intervention of having a wander garden for people with dementia in their outside living space. Having Outdoor Wander Garden HavingPergola It refers to the intervention of having a pergola in the outside extended living space of people with dementia. Having Pergola HavingRegularRoutine It refers to the intervention of having a regular routine for a person with dementia. Having Regular Routine HavingRegularStaff It refers to the intervention of having consistent and regular staff for providing care to a person with dementia. Having Regular Staff HavingSeatingArea It refers to the intervention of having various seating areas in the outside living space of people living with dementia. Having Seating Area HavingSkylikeCeilingInSharedArea It refers to the modification of having skylike ceiling in the shared area of the long term care facilities. Having Skylike Ceiling in Shared Area HavingWalkingPath It refers to the intervention of having various walking paths for people with dementia in their outside living space. The paths may be circular and continuous with no dead ends to encourage cardiovascular exercise. Having Walking Path HealthCareProfessional It refers to the person working in the long-term care facilities who delivering professional care to person with dementia Health Care Professional HealthCareProfessionalBehaviour Health care professional's behaviour during care practice can cause agitation of person with dementia. Health Care Professional Behaviour HealthCareProfessionalFocusedIntervention It refers to the interventions targeting health care professionals of people with dementia. Health Care Professional Focused Intervention HealthCareProfessionalLackOfEducation It refers to the concept that the lack of education in health care professionals could be a barrier to implement the nonpharmacological intervention to agitation. Health Care Professional Lack Of Education HealthCareProfessionalPhysicalBehaviour It refers to the physical behaviour of health care professional. Health Care Professional Physical Behaviour HealthCareProfessionalVerbalBehaviour It refers to the health care professional's speaking and communication with the person with dementia. Health Care Professional Verbal Behaviour HealthCondition It refers to the health state of person with dementia Health Condition HeavyWorkloadOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the concept that heavy workload of health care professionals could be a barrier to implement nonpharmacological intervention to agitation. Heavy Workload Of Health Care Professional HighIntensityFunctionalExercise The High Intensity Functional Exercises (HIFE) - program developed 2001-2002 for the frail older people in Sweden. Its objective is to improve the participant's lower-limb strength, balance, and mobility. 39 exercises are included in the collection of exercises, distributed over five categories: 1) static and dynamic balance exercises in combination with lower-limb strenght exercises; 2) dynamic balance exercised in walking; 3) static and dynamic balance exercises in standing; 4) lower-limb strength exercises with continuous balance support; and 5) walking with continuous balance support. https://www.hifeprogram.se/media/1017/engelsk-version-2014-28-nov.pdf High Intensity Functional Exercise HigherHealthcareCost It refers to the concept that the dementia-related agitation can cause higher healthcare cost on the society. Higher Healthcare Cost HighlightingImportantAreaWithBrightContrastingColour Residents with dementia displayed less agitation during mealtime when using colour contrasts, such as place mats and napkins. Highlighting Important Area With Bright Constrasting Colour Hitting Behaviour of hitting someone or something Hitting Hobby It refers to the activities done regularly in one's leisure time for pleasure. Hobby Howling Making a long, doleful cry or wailing sound Howling HumanContactIntervention It refers to the intervention of interaction with other people. Human Contact Intervention HumourTherapy Therapeutic Humour The humor therapy (e.g., the Sydney Multisite Intervention of LaughterBosses and ElderClowns (SMILE)) uses teh power of smiles and laughter to decrease agitation and increases happiness. Humour Therapy Hunger An uneasy sensation occasioned by the lack of food. Hunger HurtingSelf Causing pain or injury to oneself Hurting Self HurtingSomeone Causing pain or injury to someone Hurting Someone Hyperthermia It refers to a group of heat-related conditions characterized by an abnormally high body temperature. Hyperthermia Hyperthyroidism Overactive Thyroid It refers to the overproduction of a hormone by the butterfly-shaped gland in the neck (thyroid). Hyperthyroidism Hypoglycemia Low Blood Sugar Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels. This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures or death. A feeling of hunger, sweating, shakiness and weakness may also be present. Hypoglycemia Hypothermia Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Normal body temperature is around 98.6 F (37 C). Hypothermia (hi-poe-THUR-me-uh) occurs as your body temperature falls below 95 F (35 C). The symptom is confusion. Hypothermia Hypothyroidism Underactive Thyroid Hypothyroidism is a health condition characterised by unusually low hormone production. It is when your thyroid gland becomes underactive and cannot produce enough hormones to regulate your metabolism. Hypothyroidism Hypoxia An absence of enough oxygen in the tissues to sustain bodily functions. Hypoxia ImpairmentInAbilityToPerformDailyLivingActivity It refers to the concept that agitation could cause impairment in the ability to perform the activities of daily living to person with dementia. Impairment In Ability To Perform Daily Living Activity ImpairmentInInterpersonalRelationship It refers to the concept that the agitation could cause the impairment in interpersonal relationships to person with dementia. Impairment In Interpersonal Relationship ImpairmentInSocialFunctioning It refers to the concept that agitation could cause the impairment of person with dementia in the social functioning. Impairment In Social Functioning ImportantRelationship It refers to the relationship that is important for the person with dementia. Important Relationship ImpulsivityAssessment It refers to the activity of assessing the impulsivity in people with dementia. Impulsivity has been found to reflect lack of forward planning and sustained attention rather than risk or sensation seeking. Impulsivity Assessment InappropriateDressing Behaviour of wearing clothes that is not suitable or proper in the circumstances. Inappropriate Dressing InappropriateNameCalling Unappropriate Name Calling Calling the person inappropriately can cause agitation. For example, some person with dementia don't like to be called by their first name. Inappropriate Name Calling InappropriateRoutine Unappropriate Routine The routine that is not suitable for the person with dementia. Inappropriate Routine InappropriateUndressing Inappropriate Disrobing Behaviour of taking off clothes in the inappropriate circumstances Inappropriate Undressing InappropriatelyHandlingObject Inappropriate handling of objects, for example, pulling at tubing (Foley catheter), twisting phone cord, dumping water jug, pulling tissues out of box and throwing them on the floor Inappropriate Handling Object IncreasedNeurofibrillaryTangleBurdenInFrontalLobe Neurofibrillary tangle burden in the frontal lobe of person in dementia is increased. Increased Neurofibrillary Tangle Burden in Frontal Lobe IndividualPsychologicalTreatment Individual psychological treatment can help people change their thinking patterns and improve their coping skills. Individual Psychological Treatment IndividualTherapyForAgitation It refers to the individual therapy used for managing agitation in dementia. Individual Therapy For Agitation IndoorGardening It refers to the organized activity of gardening in the indoor environment. For example, indoor containerized water gardening of edible dropwort and bean sprout . Indoor Gardening InfectiousDisease It refers to the disease that can be passed from person to person. Infectious Disease InjuryOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the concept that the agitated behaviour of people with dementia can cause physical injury of health care professionals. Injury Of Health Care Professional Interest It refers to the activity or subject which one enjoys doing or studying. Interest InternalEnvironmentModification Indoor environment modification It refers to the intervention of modifying the indoor environment of people with dementia. Internal Environment Modification InternetVideoChatFamilyConversation Internet video chat (Skype) family conversations as a treatment may have a positive effect in reducing agitation in residents with dementia. Internet Video Chat Family Conversation InterpersonalCausativeFactor The communication between person with dementia and other people can cause agitation. Interpersonal Causative Factor InterpretingConfusedVerbalCommunication It refers to the communication technique of interpreting confused verbal communication. Interpreting Confused Verbal Communication InterpretingNonverbalCommunication It refers to the communication technique of interpreting nonverbal communication, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, tone of voice, body language, and other ways people using for communicating without using language. Interpreting Nonverbal Communication Intervention It refers to the actual treatments and actions that are performed to improve agitation symptom of a person with dementia. Intervention IntrapersonalCausativeFactor It refers to the things that can cause agitation exclusively related to himself/herself. Intrapersonal Causative Factor IntrusionIntoPersonalPrivacy Intrusion into the privacy of person with dementia can cause agitation. Intrusion Into Personal Privacy IntrusionIntoPersonalSpace Intrusion into the resident’s own personal space, such as bathing and toileting space, can cause agitation. Intrusion Into Personal Space Irritability Feelings of frustration or anger, often over seemingly small matters. Irritability JudgmentAbilityAssessment It refers to the activity of assessing people's capacity to make one's own decisions. Judgment Ability Assessment KeepingCalm Keep calm means to not get emotionally invested in situations, events, or people that one has absolutely no control over. Showing anger can make the person’s agitation worse. If health care professionals are about to lose the temper, try to “counting to ten.” Keeping Calm Kicking Behaviour of kicking someone or something Kicking LackOfAppropriateEngagingActivity Lack of appropriate engaging activities for person with dementia can cause agitation. Lack Of Appropriate Engaging Activity LackOfNaturalMaterial The lack of nature and natural materials, such as flowers, a view or pictures of nature, in the environment can cause manifestation of agitation. Lack Of Natural Material LevelOfPhysicalActivity It refers to the level of a person's daily physical activity and is used to estimate a person's total energy expenditure. Level of Physical Activity Light It refers to the inappropriate light which can cause agitation. Light LightTherapy Exposure to certain type of light can help people with dementia to reduce agitation. Light Therapy LikelihoodOfInstitutionalisation It refers to the concept that dementia-related agitation can cause the likelihood of institutionalisation. Likelihood Of Institutionalisation LikelihoodOfMedicalComorbidity It refers to the concept that the agitation could cause the likelihood of medical comorbidity to person with dementia. Likelihood Of Medical Comorbidity LikelihoodOfPsychiatricComorbidity It refers to the concept that the agitation could cause the likelihood of psychiatric comorbidity to person with dementia. Likelihood Of Psychiatric Comorbidity ListeningClassicMusic It requires people with dementia to listen to classic music. Listening Classic Music ListeningPreferredMusic Listening to the personal perferred music, e.g., folk songs from childhood Listening Preferred Music ListeningRelaxingMusic Listening Calming Music, Listening Soothing Music Relaxing music has a positive effect in reducing agitation during meals among nursing home residents with dementia. The music used in one study was “Sea Gulls … Music for Rest and Relaxation,” by Palmer in 1978. The relaxing music was composed to promote rest and relaxation by being quiet, melodical, and peaceful, without sudden changes to tempo or volume, yet with sufficient variation to avoid boredom. Listening Relaxing Music ListeningWithRespect It refers to the communication technique of listening with respect. Listening with respect isn't the same as listening for ammunition. It's listening for truth. It's giving the person time to talk. It's asking clarifying questions and briefly summarizing or restating every now and then to insure what the health care professional is hearing is the same as what the person with dementia is trying to communicate. Listening with Respect LocatingBathSupplyNearBathingArea It refers to the location of bath supply that should be close to the bathing area. Locating Bath Supply Near Bathing Area Loneliness Feeling sad and unhappy about being socially isolated. Loneliness MaintainingEyeContact It refers to the communication technique that the health care professional should maintain appropriate eye contact during the delivery of care to a person with dementia. To maintain appropriate eye contact without starring, a person should maintain eye contact for 50 percent of the time while speaking and 70% of the time while listening. Maintaining Eye Contact MakingBizarreNoise Making very strange or unusual noise Making Bizarre Noise MakingPuzzle It refers to the activity of making puzzle. Making Puzzle Malnutrition Poor Nutrition It refers to the lack of sufficient nutrients in the body. Malnutrition ManagementSupport It refers to the support from management of the long-term care facilities, including managers at all levels. Management Support MassageTherapy It refers to the use of massage as a non-pharmacological approach to managing agitation in older people with dementia. Massage Therapy MedicalIllness It refers to the disease which can cause agitation in dementia. Medical Illness MedicationChange It refers to the changes of medication prescribed for the person with dementia. Medication Change MedicationEffect It refers to the effect caused by medication or drug. Medication Effect MedicationSideEffect Medication Adverse Effect, Medication Adverse Reaction It refers to any unwanted or unexpected effects of a medicine. Medication Side Effect MedicationToxicity Drug Toxicity It refers to the health problems that occur as a result of the over-ingestion of a medication - having too much of a drug in a person's system at once. Medication Toxicity MemoryBoxIntervention It refers to the treatment that involves of using Memory Box which is a personal computer to offer digitalized music, photographs, movies and messages chosen or made by family members to reflect residents’ backgrounds and preferences. Memory Box Intervention Meningitis Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges. The meninges are the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis MentalHealth It refers to the level of psychological well-being. Mental Health MetabolicDisorder A metabolic disorder occurs when the metabolism process fails and causes the body to have either too much or too little of the essential substances needed to stay healthy. Metabolic Disorder MiniMentalStateExamination MMSE The MMSE was designed as a screening test for the purpose of evaluating cognitive impairment in older adults. The maximum MMSE score is 30 points. A score of 20 to 24 suggests mild dementia, 13 to 20 suggests moderate dementia, and less than 12 indicates severe dementia. On average, the MMSE score of a person with Alzheimer's declines about two to four points each year. Mini Mental State Examination MinimizingGlare It refers to the modification of reducing the glare in the bathroom to the lowest level. Minimizing Glare MinimizingTimeOfPersonUnclothed It refers to the action of minimizing the time of the person unclothed during bathing. Minimizing Time Of Person Unclothed Mobility It refers to the ability to move freely and easily. Mobility MobilityImpairment It refers to the damaged ability to move physically. Mobility Impairment MonotonyOfNursingHomeEnvironment The lack of variety and interest in nursing home environment can cause agitation of person with dementia. Monotony of Nursing Home Environment MontessoriApproach Montessori Method Montessori Approach of caregiving for dementia has a similar goal of engaging the senses in order to help person with dementia rediscover the world around them. Providing the most effective care means maximizing the opportunities these individuals have to reconnect with a world they are losing access to. Montessori Approach MoodAssessment It refers to the activity of assessing the mood and mood changes in people with dementia. Mood Assessment MoodSwing It refers to rapid change in mood. Mood Swing MorningLightTherapy It refers to the light exprosure during the morning. Morning Light Therapy MulticomponentInterventionForAgitation It refers to the mixture and application of interventions in combination. For example, an organized program of music therapy, orientation training, art-cognitive activities and physical activities. Multicomponent Intervention For Agitation MultisensoryStimulation MSS Multisensory Intervention It refers to the treatment of using snoezelen room or a combination of music, touch, and smell. Multisensory Stimulation MusicTherapy MT Music Intervention It refers to the use of music and its influence on people with dementia. Music Therapy The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) defines music therapy as “the clinical and evidence-based use of music intervention to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program” (American Music Therapy Association 2006). MusicWithHandMassage It refers to the intervention of using both music and hand massage to manage agitation in dementia. Music with Hand Massage NatureSoundIntervention It refers to the intervention of using relaxing nature sounds from the forest, river, lake, ocean and waterfall with and without birdsong. Nature Sound Intervention NeedDrivenDementiaCompromisedBehaviourModel NDB Model Need Driven Dementia-Compromised Behaviour Model changes the prevalent view of dementia-related behaviour as "disruptive" or "disturbing" to a perspective that conceptualizes these behaviours as potentially understandable needs that, if responded to appropriately, will reduce these behaviours and enhance quality of life. Need Driven Dementia Compromised Behaviour Model Negativism The practice of being or tendency to be negative or sceptical in attitude while failing to offer positive suggestions or views. Negativism NeuropsychiatricInventory NPI The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was developed by Cummings et al. to assess dementia-related behavioral symptoms. The NPI originally examined 10 sub-domains of behavioral functioning: delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, dysphoria, anxiety, euphoria, apathy, disinhibition, irritability/lability, and aberrant motor activity. Two more sub-domains have been added since its development: night-time behavioral disturbances and appetite and eating abnormalities. Neuropsychiatric Inventory NeuropsychiatricInventoryNursingHomeVersion NPI-NH It was developed to help characterize the neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychopathology of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias when the patients are residents in extended care facilities or other care settings where information is gathered from health care professionals. The NPI-NH was derived from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), which was originally developed for the assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychopathology in community-dwelling patients where information was obtained from family caregivers. The content of the questions of the NPI and NPI-NH are identical but have been rephrased appropriately. In addition, the caregiver distress scale of the NPI has been changed to an occupational disruptiveness scale for the NPI-NH to allow an assessment of the impact of behavioral disturbances on professional caregivers. Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Nursing Home Version Noise Too much noise can cause agitation. Noise NonhumanContactIntervention It refers to the intervention of interaction with non human, such as animals and robots. Nonhuman Contact Intervention NonpharmacologicalIntervention environmental and psychosocial intervention It refers to the intervention which does not use drugs. Nonpharmacological Intervention NonverbalCommunicationSkillEducation It refers to the training on family member's nonverbal interaction techniques for communicating with people living with dementia. Nonverbal Communication Skill Education OccupationalActivity OA It refers to the particular organized activities relating to a job or profession of a person. Occupational Activity OfferingChoice It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should give people with dementia as much control over their lives as possible, offering them choices with eating, dressing, and daily routines. Offering Choice OfferingDrink It refers to the intervention of offering drink to person with dementia, such as water, warm milk or tea Offering Drink OfferingOptionOfWashingSelf Health care professionals should offer person with dementia the option of washing him/herself. Offering Option of Washing Self OneOnOneSocialInteraction It refers to the treatment that involves of one-on-one social interaction. One On One Social Interaction OneToOneThemedReminiscenceTherapy It refers to the reminiscence therapy conducted with themes in one to one style. One to One Themed Reminiscence Therapy OrganizationFinancialChallenge It refers to the concept that long-term care organizaiton's financial challenge could be a barrier to implement nonpharmacological intervention to agitation. Organization Financial Challenge OrganizationManagementStructuralConstraint It refers to the concept that organization's management structural constraint could be a barrier to implement nonpharmacological interventions to agitation. Organization Management Structural Constraint OrganizationalCulture The culture of the long-term care facilities where person with dementia lives. Organizational Culture Outburst A sudden release of strong emotion. Outburst OutdoorGardening It refers to the organized activity of gardening in the outdoor environment. Outdoor Gardening OutdoorWalk It refers to the activty of walking in the outdoor environment. Outdoor Walk OverMedication It refers to the concept that agitation could cause over medication to person with dementia. Over Medication OverStimulationOfSocialEnvironment Over-stimulation from the social environment can cause agitation. Over Stimulation Of Social Environment PANSSExcitedComponent PANSS-EC Excited Component of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale The PANSS Excited Component (PANSS-EC) is used to assess agitated patients. The PANSS-EC consists of 5 items: excitement, tension, hostility, uncooperativeness, and poor impulse control. The 5 items from the PANSS-EC are rated from 1 (not present) to 7 (extremely severe); scores range from 5 to 35; mean scores ≥ 20 clinically correspond to severe agitation. PANSSE Excited Component Pacing Behaviour of walking with regular slow or fast paces, especially without a particular destination Pacing Pain It refers to the highly unpleasant physical sensation caused by illness or injury. Pain PassiveMusicTherapy Receptive Music Therapy It encompasses techniques that allow the participant to listen to music as opposed to being an active contributor. The music used may be live or recorded and of any genre. Passive Music Therapy PastExperience It refers to the past events, knowledge, and feelings that make up one's life. Past Experience Person It refers to people involved in the residential long term care, such as people living with dementia in the long term care facilities, and people delivering care to these demented people. Person PersonCentredCare Person-centred care is involves tailoring a person's care to their interests, abilities, history and personality. It helps to ensure people with dementia can take part in the things they enjoy. Person Centred Care PersonCentredCareTraining Training about person-centred care approach to people with dementia Person-Centred Care Training PersonCentredCareWithSupervision The practice of person-centred care is under the supervision. Person Centred Care with Supervision PersonCentredShower It refers to the intervention focused on the comfort and preferences of person with dementia. Person Centred Shower PersonCentredTowelBath Person Centred Sponge Bath An in-bed bag bath method in which the resident remains covered at all times, and using no-rinse soap. Person Centred Towel Bath PersonWithDementia PwD It refers to the person with dementia who is living in the long term care. Person With Dementia PersonWithDementiaFocusedIntervention It refers to the interventions targeting people with dementia. Person With Dementia Focused Intervention Personality It refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. Personality PharmacologicalIntervention It refers to the intervention which uses drugs. Pharmacological Intervention PhoneCallFrequency Too frequent phone calls to the person with dementia can cause agitation. Phone Call Frequency PhysicalActivity Physical Activity WHO defined physical activity as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure - including activities undertaken while working, playing, carrying out household chores, travelling, and engaging in recreational pursuits. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity PhysicalEnvironmentFactor Purely physical factors in the environment that can cause agitation in dementia. Physical Environment Factor PhysicalEnvironmentalIntervention It refers to the intervention of modifying the physical environment of people living with dementia. Physical Environmental Intervention PhysicalHealth It refers to the condition of the body of a person with dementia. Physical Health PhysicalProblem It refers to the physical problem of person with dementia that can cause agitation. Physical Problem PhysicalRestraint A physical restraint is any object or device that the individual cannot remove easily which restricts freedom of movement or normal access to one's body. Physical Restraint PhysicallyAggressiveBehaviour A type of behaviour intending to cause physical harm. Physically Aggressive Behaviour PhysicallyNonaggressiveBehaviour Behaviours that are not intending to cause physical harm, but departing from an accepted standard Physically Nonaggressive Behaviour PittsburghAgitationScale PAS The PAS rates the severity of agitation in 4 general behavior groups associated with dementia: aberrant vocalization, motor agitation, aggressiveness, and resisting care. Pittsburgh Agitation Scale PlayDohActivity It refers to the activity that involves of play-doh (a modeling compound for arts and crafts projects). Play Doh Activity PlayingMusicInstrument It requires people with dementia to participate in playing musical instrument either individually or as a group. Playing Music Instrument Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia PointingFinger Behaviour of pointing finger Pointing Finger PoorQualityOfLife Lower Quality Of Life It refers to the concept that the agitation has an effect on the individual's wellbeing and the ability to enjoy life. Poor Quality Of Life PoorStaffCooperation It refers to the concept that poor staff cooperation could be a barrier to implement nonpharmacological intervention to agitation. Poor Staff Cooperation PoorStaffToResidentRatio It refers to the concept that poor staff to resident (people with dementia living the long term care facilities) ratio could be a barrier to implement nonpharmacological intervention to agitation. Poor Staff To Resident Ratio PoorlyLighting Poorly lighting can cause agitation in dementia. Poorly Lighting PositivePracticeStyleOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the positive practice style of the health care professional which is a necessary for the successful implementation of nonpharmacological interventions. This practice requires respect for the patient as a person, empathy, willingness to enhance the person’s autonomy, flexibility in addressing both care and environmental issues, and compassion toward the individual. Positive Practice Style Of Health Care Professional Preference It refers to the greater liking for one alternative over another or others. For example, preference for a bath or shower, preferences regarding time of day for bathing, the use of products or items familiar to the individua Preference ProgressiveDecreaseIlluminanceAtNight It refers to the progressive decrease of the illuminance at night (6:00 – 8:00 pm). Progressive Decrease Illuminance at Night ProgressiveMuscleRelaxation PMR Progressive muscle relaxation is an activity for reducing muscle tension. In progressive muscle relaxation exercises, a person tense up particular muscles and then relax them, then he/she praticse this technique consistently. It promotes the relaxation of the major muscle groups, such as the face, arms, legs, neck, and back, and is combined with deep breathing. Progressive Muscle Relaxation ProvidingComfortFood It refers to the intervention of providing comfort food to person with dementia, such as biscuits, cheese sticks, almonds and lollipop. Providing Comfort Food ProvidingFavouriteFood It refer to the intervention of providing a person with dementia the food he/she like most. Providing Favourite Food PsychiatricSyndrome Psychiatric Disorder It refers to the mental illness that greatly disturbs the thinking, moods, and/or behaviour and seriously increases the risk of disability, pain, death, or loss of freedom. Psychiatric Syndrome PsychologicalHistory It refers to the history of the mental characteristics or attitude of a person with dementia. Psychological History PsychosocialAssessment It refers to the evaluation of the mental health and social well-being of people with dementia. Psychosocial Assessment PsychoticSymptom Psychotic Disorder A mental disorder characterised by a disconnection from reality. psychotic symptom Pushing Behaviour of pushing people or things Pushing QuietConversation It refers to the intervention of having a quiet conversation with person with dementia. Quiet Conversation Rambling Talking at length in a confused or inconsequential way Rambling ReadingIllustratedMagazine It refers to the activity of reading a magazine containing pictures or other graphical material. Reading Illustrated Magazine ReadingLargePrintBook It refers to the activity of reading a book with large print. Large print is generally 16 to 18 point size. Reading Large Print Book RealAnimalAssistedTherapy It refers to a psychotherapy treatment based upon building a bond with a real animal through interaction and play. Real Animal Assisted Therapy RealHumanSocialContactIntervention It refers to the treatment that involves of having real social interaction with other people. Real Human Social Contact Intervention RealityOrientationTherapy Reality orientation is a psychological therapy aimed at reducing confusion and inappropriate behaviours in people with dementia. Reality Orientation Therapy Reassurance Let the person with dementia know health care professionals are there and will keep him or her safe Reassurance RecentFall The fall happened recently. Recent Fall RecreationalActivity It refers to things people do fun and enjoyment. Recreational Activity RecreationalTherapy RT Recreational Therapy Recreational therapy is a systematic process that utilizes recreation and other activity-based interventions to address the assessed needs of individuals with illness and/or disabling condition, as a means to psychological and physical health, recovery and well-being. Defined by National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification https://www.nctrc.org/about-ncrtc/about-recreational-therapy/ Therapeutic Recreation Therapy, Therapeutic Recreation Redirection It refers to giving the agitated person something else to do as a substitute Redirection ReducingAmbientNoise It refers to the modification of reducing the background noise during bath. Reducing Ambient Noise ReferralToSpecialistService It refers to the action of referring the person with dementia to specialist service. Referral To Specialist Service ReinforcedIlluminanceDuringDayTime It refers the modification that involves of strengthening the luminance level during day time Reinforced Illuminance during Day Time RelocatingArea It refers to the modification that involves of moving to a new area, such as a new area for having meals. Relocating Area RemainingAbility It refers to the abilities that are still existing. Remaining Ability ReminiscenceTherapy Reminiscence therapy, a non-pharmacological intervention for individuals with dementia, is described as a mental process that involves recalling the past. Reminiscence Therapy RemovalOfPhysicalRestraint It refers to the action of removing of physical restraint of person with dementia, because negative consequences of restraint use include functional decrements and deterioration of emotional and mental condition. Removal Of Physical Restraint RepetitivePhysicalMannerism Repetitively behaving certain physical actions Repetitive Physical Mannerism RepetitiveQuestioning Questioning repetitively Repetitive Questioning Repositioning It refers to the change of the position of person with dementia, which might be not comfortable. Repositioning ReschedulingRoutine It refers to the rescheduling the care routine of person with dementia according to his/her needs. Rescheduling Routine ResidentBehaviour Behaviour of Other Person with Dementia The agitated behaviour of one resident can bring about agitated behaviour in other residents. It's also called epidemic agitation. Epidemic Agitation Resisting It refers to the refusal to accept or comply with something. Resisting ResolutionTherapy Resolution Therapy is a one-to-one therapeutic approach to be conducted with sensitivity, patience and tolerance. It is not practised at certain times, in sessions or groups, but characterises the everyday interaction between all who come into contact with those with dementia. Resolution Therapy RespiteActivity ‘Respite’ or ‘respite care’ is when someone else takes care of the person the health care professional supposed care for, so that the health care professional can have a break. A break can give the health care professional time to do everyday activities or just to relax, deal with stress and look after herself/himself. Respite Activity Restlessness The inability to rest or relax Restlessness Restriction Restriction: denying the person goods, activities, etc when agitated Restriction Roaring Making a very loud, deep, prolonged sound Roaring RoboticAnimalAssistedTherapy It refers to a psychotherapy treatment based upon building a bond with a robot animal through interaction and play. For example, the therapeutic pet-type robot, PARO, was developed by Japanese engineers as an alternative to animal-assisted therapy. Modeled on the feature of a baby harp seal and weighing approximately 2.5 kg, RARO has 5 in-built sensors that enable the robot to respond autonomously to the user and his or her environment. PARO is diurnally active, and can move its flippers and tail, open and close its eyes, and make sounds similar to a baby harp seal. Robotic Animal-Assisted Therapy Rocking Behaviour of moving gently to and from side to side Rocking RoleIdentity It refers to the role (or character) people play when holding specific social positions in groups. Role Identity RoomTemperature Improperly heated areas or cold areas can cause agitation. Room Temperature Rummaging Rummaging, that is, disorganised foraging Rummaging STARVABehaviouralApproach STAR-VA, an interdisciplinary behavioural approach for managing challenging dementia-related behaviours in the nursing home care settings. Briefly, STAR-VA has three core components – (1) ABCs: identifying and changing intrapersonal, interpersonal, or environmental Activators to and Consequences that may reinforce or exacerbate the challenging Behaviours; (2) Pleasant Events: identifying and increasing, through a structured and individualized process, personally relevant and meaningful pleasant events consistent with the individual’s abilities; and (3) Realistic Expectations and Communication Skills: Promoting realistic expectations of residents with dementia and increasing effective verbal and nonverbal communication strategies with these residents, including the Listen with Respect, Comfort, and Redirect approach. STAR-VA Behaviour Approach SadnessOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the concept that the agitated behaviour of people with dementia can cause sadness of health care professionals. Sadness Of Health Care Professional ScaleForTheObservationOfAgitationInPersonsWithDementia SOAPD It is a seven-item scale that rated each behaviour on duration and, for two behaviours, on intensity. The categories were: 1) total body movements from once place, 2) up/down movements, 3) repetitive body motions in one place, 4) outward motions, 5) high pitched/loud noise, 6) repetitive vocalization, and 7) negative words. Scale for the Observation of Agitation in Persons with Dementia Scratching Behaviour of marking the surface of something with a sharp or pointed object Scratching Screaming Making a loud, piercing sound Screaming ScrewingNut It refers to the organized activity of screwing nuts. Screwing Nut Searching Behaviour of thoroughly scrutinizing, especially in a disconcering way Searching SelectingCostumeJewellery It refers to the activity of selecting costume jewellery. Selecting Costume Jewelley SensoryAbility Sensory Acuity, Sensory Perception It refers to the ability of the sense organs (e.g., eye, ear, nose, skin) to receive input accurately from the sense organs. Sensory Ability SensoryImpairment It refers to the damaged physical senses. Sensory Impairment SensoryTherapy Sensory Stimulation Therapy Sensory therapy uses stimulation of the different senses such as touch, smell, hearing and sight to promote wellbeing and reduce agitation in people with dementia. Sensory Therapy SevereImpairmentBattery SIB The Severe Impairment Battery (SIB) was developed to assess the skills of people with severe dementia who are too impaired to complete standard neuropsychological tests.The commercial version consists of 40 simple one-step commands and gestural cues, presented in a relatively naturalistic, conversational style. The SIB requires simple responses from the examinee, with points being awarded for approximations and partially correct responses as well as for fully correct ones, and prompts being included in the event of “don’t know” or incorrect responses. The maximum score is 100. Severe Impairment Battery SeverityOfAgitation It refers to the condition of being severe. Severity Of Agitation Sewing It refers to the organized activity of sewing. Sewing Shouting Yelling Making a loud cry Shouting Shoving Behaviour of pushing someone or something roughly Shoving SimulatedPresenceTherapy SPT It refers to the treatment that involves playing a personalized video or audiotape recording of family members to the person with dementia. Simulated Presence Therapy Singing It requires people with dementia to participate in singing with the therapist, either individually or as a group. Singing Skill It refers to the ability to do something well. Skill Slamming Behaviour of shutting something (a door, window, or lid) forcefully and loudly Slamming SleepDisorder Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Problem Problems relating to sleep, such as changes in sleeping patterns or habits, that can negatively affect health. Sleep Disorder SlowStrockMassageIntervention The ‘Slow Stroke Massage’ was introduced by Claudia Berg, a professional dancer and masseuse. The Slow Stroke Massage is a very slow and sensitive massage technique, during which the body gets pampered with warm oil for about an hour. With long and slow hand movements, big body parts are treated. Slow Strock Massage Intervention SmallGroupInteraction It refers to the treatment that involves of meaningful and direct face-to-face interaction with all members in the group. Small Group Interaction Smell Offensive smell can cause agitation. Smell SmellingPerfume It refers to the activity of smelling different perfume. Smelling Perfume SmellingSpice It refers to the activity of smelling different spices, such as ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon, and vanilla. Smelling Spice SnoezelenTherapy Multi-sensory environment, Snoezel Therapy Snoezelen Therapy is a non-pharmacological intervention which uses certain materials and instruments to stimulate the four main senses of the body: sight, smell, touch and sound. It can be used as group therapy or on a one-to-one basis. Therapy takes place in a room that has been specifically developed for the Snoezelen experience. The use of Snoezelen for people with dementia who experienced agitation was tolerated well and had a positive therapeutic effect. Snoezelen Therapy SocialContactIntervention It refers to the intervention of social interaction. Social Contact Intervention SocialEnvironmentFactor It refers to the social setting in which person with dementia lives. Social Environment Factor SocialEnvironmentalIntervention It refers to the intervention of modifying social environment of people living with dementia. Social Environmental Intervention SocialIsolation People can become agitated if they are left alone for too long. Social Isolation SofteningLighting Modification to soften the light during bath Softening Lighting Sorting It refers to the organized activity of sorting things. Sorting SortingButton It refers to the organized activity of sorting buttons. Sorting Button SortingCard It refers to the organized activity of sorting cards. Sorting Card SortingCoin It refers to the organized activity of sorting coins. Sorting Coin SortingDryPasta It refers to the organized activity of sorting dry pasta. Sorting Dry Pasta SortingNut It refers to the activity of sorting nuts. Sorting Nut SoundIntervention It refers to the intervention of using sounds. Sound Intervention SpatialConfiguration It includes spatial aspects which can cause agitation, such as the floor plan, interior design or the use of materials. Spatial Configuration SpeakingDistinctly It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should make what they say is clear, easy to hear and understand for a person with dementia. Speaking Distinctly SpeakingInAudibleVoice It refers to the voice of a health care professional that should be able to be heard by a person with dementia. Speaking In Audible Voice SpeakingInExcessivelyLoudVoice Speaking in a voice which is excessively loud Speaking in Excessively Loud Voice SpeakingInGentleVoice It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should speak in a gentle voice which is mild and kind. Speaking In Gentle Voice SpeakingInUnhurriedVoice It refers to the communication technique that health care professionals should speak in a voice without haste or urgency. Speaking In Unhurried Voice SpeakingLocalLanguageAsSecondLanguage People with dementia living in care homes who doees not speak local language as the first language could have communication problems and cause agitation. Speaking Local Language As Second Language SpeakingSlowly It refers to the communication technique of speaking with people with dementia at a slow speed. Speaking Slowly SpittingOnPeople Behaviour of ejecting saliva forcibly from one's mouth Spitting On People SprayingWaterWithoutTellingPersonWithDementiaDuringBath Spraying water without telling the person with demtentia first during bathing can cause agitation. Spraying Water without Telling Person with Dementia during Bath Staring Behaviour of looking fixedly or vacantly at someone or something with one's eyes wide open. Staring StimulusControl Stimulus control: changing the properties of the stimuli that tend to trigger a behaviour Stimulus Control Stimulus control is one behaviour therapy whereby residents are conditioned to associate a specific cue with information or a behaviour to modify agitated behaviour. StressBallExercise Hand Exercise Ball Exercise It refers to the activity of playing with a stress ball. A stress ball is a malleable toy which can be squeezed in the hand and manipulated by the fingers, ostensibly to relieve stress and muscle tension or to exercise the muscles of the hand. Stress Ball Exercise StressOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the concept that the agitated behaviour of people with dementia can make health care professionals stressful. Stress Of Health Care Professional StressReductionActivity It refers to the activity for reducing the stress of health care professionals. Stress Reduction Activity StrikingPeople Behaviour of hitting forcibly and deliverately with one's hand or a weapon. Striking People Stroke Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply. Stroke StructuredActivity It refers to organized activities, which range from trivia games to puzzles, have been shown to have positive impact on lowering agitation. Structured Activity Sundowning Agitation appear or grow worse during the evening and night hours due to the damaged internal clock in the brain that sense day and night. Sundowning SuperstitiousBelief It refers to the belief that is considered irrational or supernatural. For example, some agitated residents’ supersititious beliefs reflect universal setting-specific superstitions that are associated with mirrors, ladders and stairways, whilst someone belief about the bad luck colour green was culture-specific. Superstitious Belief SupportInterventionToHealthCareProfessional It refers to the support to health care professionals of people living with dementia. Support Intervention To Health Care Professional Surgery It refers to the treatment of injuries or disorders of the body by incision or manipulation, especially with instruments. Surgery TaskOrientedWorkSchedule It refers to the concept that task-oriented work schedule could be a barrier to implement nonpharmacological intervention to agitation. Task Oriented Work Schedule TaskSimplification It refers to the simplification of task for person with dementia. For example, getting dressed can be frustrating, so try to simplify the task (not insisting on matching outfits). Task Simplification Tearing Behaviour of pulling something apart or to pieces with force, such as tearing books Tearing TechnologyAssistedIntervention It refers to the treatment that involves of using technology, such as apps and electronic monitoring devices. Technology Assisted Intervention TelevisionNoise It refers to the sound from televison as a noise. Television Noise Temperature Inappropriate temperature of the environment, such as too hot or too cold, can cause agitation. Temperature TherapeuticBikeExercise It refers to the activity requiring physical effort for sustaining or improving health and fitness through using a therapeutic exercise bike. Therapeutic Bike Exercise TherapeuticTouch TT Touch Therapy Therapeutic Touch (TT) involves a multi-stage interaction progress based on compassionate touch. Therapeutic Touch ThermalBath It refers to the bath which is heated by natural thermal springs. Thermal Bath Thirst A sensation of dryness in the mouth and throat associated with a desire for liquid. Thirst Threat A statement of an intention to injury, damage, or other hostile action on someone in retribution for something done or not done. Threat ThrowingObject Behaviour of throwing things Throwing Object TimeConstraintOfHealthCareProfessional It refers to the concept that time constraint of health care professionals could be a barrier to implement nonpharmacological interventions to agitation. Time Constraint Of Health Care Professional TimeManagementTraining It refers to the training that helps health care professionals become more productive and more efficient during care delivery. Time Management Training TimeOut Time out: moving the person to a quiet area when agitated Time Out TouchingSensitiveBodyPartOfPersonWithDementia Touching the sensitive parts of the body of person with dementia may trigger the manifestation of agitated behaviour. These senstive body parts includes feet, axilla and so on. Touching Sensitive Body Part of Person with Dementia ToyAnimalAssistedTherapy It refers to a psychotherapy treatment based upon building a bond with a toy animal through interaction and play. It is usually a stuffed animal toy, such as a Teddy Bear. Toy Animal-Assisted Therapy TraumaticBrainInjury Craniocerebral Trauma Brain dysfunction caused by an outside force, usually a violent blow to the head. Traumatic Brain Injury TreatmentPlanCreation It refers to the activity of creating the treatment plan for a person with dementia. Treatment Plan Creation TreatmentRoutesForExploringAgitation TREA TREA is an objective, systematic method for developing individualized non-pharmacological treatment plans based on an analysis of the agitated person's unmet needs, past and current preferences, past role-identity, cognitive, mobility, and sensory abilities/limitations, and possible causes for particular agitated behaviors. Treatment Routes for Exploring Agitation TriggerManagingTraining Training of helping health care professionals to manage the triggers that cause agitated behaviours in people with dementia Trigger Managing Training TriggerRecognisingTraining Training to help health care professionals to identify the triggers of agitated behaviours in people with dementia Trigger Recognising Training UnderStimulationOfSocialEnvironment Under-stimulation of the social environment can cause agitation. Under Stimulation Of Social Environment UndressingPersonUntilNecessaryDuringBathing It refers to the intervention of undressing the person with dementia until necessary during bathing. Undressing Person Until Necessary During Bathing UnmetNeed It refers to the requirement that is not achieved or fulfilled. Unmet Need UnmetNeedsModel The "unmet needs" model states that inappropriate behaviours of people with dementia result from unmet needs stemming from a decreased ability to communicate those needs and to provide for oneself. It aims to address the underlying needs that are causing the inappropriate behaviour. Unmet Needs Model UpperRespiratoryInfection URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Common Cold A common viral infection that affects the nose, throat and airways. Upper Respiratory Infection Uremia It refers to the condition involving abnormally high levels of waste products in the blood. Uremia UrinaryTractInfection UTI It refers to an infection in any part of the urinary system - the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra. Urinary Tract Infection UrinaryUrgency It is a sudden, compelling urge to urinate. Urinary Urgency UsingAbusiveLanguage Using extremely offensive and insulting language Using Abusive Language UsingAccusatoryLanguage Using the language which indicating or suggesting that one believes a person has done something wrong. Using Accusatory Language UsingBathBlanket Using bath blanket, a thin and lightweight cloth, to cover person with demtnida during a bath. It absorbs moisture while keeping the person warm. Using Bath Blanket UsingBirdCall Using Bird Sound It refers to the modification of using bird calls to decorate the living environment of a person with dementia. Using Bird Call UsingClothPanelToConcealDoorknob It refers to the modification of using cloth panel to conceal the door knob of the exist door. Using Cloth Panel To Conceal Doorknob UsingDifferentClothesColourForDifferentCareTeam For example, night team clothes color (dark blue) different from that of the day team (sky blue). Using Different Clothes Colour for Different Care Team UsingDoorStopper Modification of using a door stopper in the bathroom Using Door Stopper UsingFamiliarWord It refers to the communication technique of using words that are familiar to the person with dementia. Using Familiar Word UsingFamilyAudiotape It refers to the treatment that involves palying a personalized audiotape recording of family members to the person with dementia. Using Family Audiotape UsingFamilyVideotape It refers to the treatment that involves playing a personalized video recording of family members to the person with dementia. Using Family Videotape UsingFoulLanguage Using coarse or offensive language Using Foul Language UsingFullLengthMirror It refers to the modification of using a full length mirror in the front of the exit door. Using Full Length Mirror UsingGesture It refers to the communication technique of using gestures when communicating with a person with dementia, such as waving and pointing. Using Gesture UsingGliderSwing It refers to the modification of having a glider swing. Using Glider Swing UsingHeatingFan Modification of using a heating fan to increase the temperature of the bath environment Using Heating Fan UsingHostileLanguage Using unfriendly language Using Hostile Language UsingLargeTowel By using large towels, person with dementia can be completely wrapped around for privacy and warmth. Using Large Towel UsingName It refers to the communication technique that health care professional should identify him/herself by name and call the demented patient by his/her name during communication. Using Name UsingNaturalElement It refers to the modification of using natural elements to decorate the living environment of a person with dementia, such as pictures with natural elements. Using Natural Element UsingNaturalPicture It refers to the modification of using natural pictures to decorate the living environment of a person with dementia. Using Natural Picture UsingNeutralWallColour It refers to the modification of using neutral wall colour to decorate the living environment of a person with dementia, such as wall painted in light beige. Using Neutral Wall Colour UsingNoRinseSoap It refers to the intervention of using no-rinse soap to clean person with dementia Using No Rinse Soap UsingObjectFromHome It refers to the modification of using objects from home to decorate the living environment of a person with dementia, such as personal memorabilia and furnitures. Using Object From Home UsingObsceneLanguage Using offensive and disguesting language Using Obscene Language UsingOpenLayoutDesign It refers to the modification that involves of designing an indoor environment with the type of layout which has one or more large, open rooms that function as multiple rooms within a single living space. Using Open Layout Design UsingOversizedClock It refers to the modification of using oversized clocks to replace the normal sized clocks to increase the visibility of the clocks. Using Oversized Clock UsingPictureFromHome It refers the modification that involves of usuing picture from home to decorate the living environment of a person with dementia. Using Picture From Home UsingProfaneLanguage Using disrespect language Using Profane Language UsingRockingChair It refers to the modification of having a rocking chair in the living area of a person with dementia. Using Rocking Chair UsingShortSentence It refers to the communication technique of using short sentences when communicating with someone with dementia. Using Short Sentence UsingSignageWithContrastingColour It refers to the modification of using signage with contrasting colour, for example, using signage in black and yellow Using Signage with Contrasting Colour UsingSimpleLanguage It refers to the communication technique of using simple language which is plain and basic. Using Simple Language UsingSoftWashcloth It refers to the intervention of using a soft washcloth during bathing. Using Soft Washcloth UsingStraightHallway It refers to the modification of having straight hallway in the long term care facilities. Using Straight Hallway UsingVerbalPrompt It refers to the communication technique of using verbal prompts in the communication with a person with dementia, which include insturctions or questions that provide a person with dementia direction for completing the task. Using Verbal Prompt UsingVisualBarrierInFrontOfExitDoor It refers to the modification of using a visual barrier in the front of the exist door to stop the people with dementia to go out. Using Visual Barrier In The Front Of Exit Door UsingVisualCue It refers to the communication technique of using visual cue during communicating with a person with dementia, which is a signal that the person with dementia can see. Using Visual Cue UsingVisualWayFindingCue It refers to the modification of using visual way-finding cues, such as a red scarf on a door knob or a photograph of a family member on a patient’s door or bed. It can help to promote familiarity and reduce agitation. Using Visual Way Finding Cue ValidationTherapy Validating therapy involves communicating with people who have dementia in a way that acknowledges their words and actions with respect and empathy, rather than with embarrassment, anger or dismissiveness. Defined by ELMCROFT 2019 https://www.elmcroft.com/blog/2019/february/validation-therapy/ Validation Therapy VerbalCommunicationSkillEducation It refers to the training on family member's verbal interaction techniques for communicating with people with dementia. Verbal Communication Skill Education VerballyAggressiveBehaviour It refers to the verbal and vocal agitated behaviours. Verbally Aggressive Behaviour VerballyNonaggressiveBehaviour It also include vocally nonaggressive behaviour. Verbally Nonaggressive Behaviour VisitorBehaviour Visitors' behaviour can cause agitation, such as loud speaking. Visitor Behaviour VisitorVisitFrequency The frequency of people visiting to the person with dementia can cause agitation. Visitor Visit Frequency VisualImpairment Vision Impairment, Poor Vision It refers to the damaged ability to see clearly with eyes. Visual Impairment Wandering Behaviour of walking aimlessly from place to place. Wandering WatchingMoive It refers to the activity of watching movies. Watching Moive WatchingSportEvent It refers to the activity of watching sport events, such as football games. Watching Sport Event WaterNoise It refers to the water sound as a noise. Water Noise WearingVisibleNameBadge It refers to the communication technique that a health care professional should wear a name badge which is visible for person with dementia. Wearing Visible Name Badge WhiteNoiseIntervention It refers to the intervention of using white noise which is any low intensity, monotonous sound, e.g. whirling fan. White Noise Intervention Willingness It refers to the state of being prepared to do something. Willingness Zhenyu Zhang 27/05/2020 This ontology is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA International 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Dementia-Related Agitation Non-Pharmacological Treatment Ontology (DRANPTO)