Amy Then Sarinder Kaur Mohd Najib Fish Ontology is created to cater vocabulary about fish 2017-04-11T05:26:23+00:00 Fish Ontology This Fish Ontology is an ontology created as how the author views the fish structure following the book "The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution and Ecology" as the main reference, which covers one part of view on ichthyology, with an emphasis on diversity and adaptation. This ontology is created with the mindset of categorizing fish automatically based on the attributes and terms mined from the fish specimen. Most of the basic organization from this ontology follows Nelson's research due to its synthetic and broad approach, while recognizing that Nelson's conclusions are one of many alternative interpretations of the literature, which is mostly agreed by our main references, and many fish and fisheries researchers. Most of the classification used in this ontology is in no means completed and just following the recent classification provided by the books For now our work focused more on two group of fish which is early jawless fish, and advanced jawed fishes. The classification from both of this group are structured following the reference. Version 1.0.2 - This version are capable of classifying Jawless Fish, Early Jawed Fish and living fossil fish in the current version. Furthermore there are several classifications which are still ongoing such as Bony Fishes, Advanced Jawed Fish, Shark, Skates, and Rays. Version 1.0.3 (Possible addition) -Considering to add more fish study related terms in the ontology such as fish immune sytem, and Fish Locomotion and Feeding Behavior. -Also focused on completing other classification of fish, and adding more relationships between the classes. Version 1.0.2 -Added a lot of annotations and metadata for fish terms, and added several more subclasses for the ontology. Version 1.0.1 -Change the structure and the hierarchy of a lot of classes to follow the main references. Several classes are deleted and marked as "deprecated" or "In Review" in case they might be useful later. Version 1.0.0 -The first version of the fish ontology is created. rdfs:comment rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:label owl:deprecated rdf:PlainLiteral xsd:boolean xsd:string isCapturedBy hasStatus hasRank isRankFor isCommonNamesIn isGroupFor isNameFor isToolsToCapture hasShape hasCharacteristic isPartOf isCharacteristicFor hasBodyPart isKnownAs hasName isConsideredAs stabil This property allows instances of FO Entity to be associated with any instances of FO Entity. http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/ontology/iMarineTLO/is_associated_with isAssociatedWith isComposedOf alsoHasRank isDifferentFrom isNotGroupFor isOrganFor isSimilarTo isDevelopedFrom isStatusFor alsoKnownAs owl:topObjectProperty capturedLocation FISHO:0000001 FISHO:FISHO_0000001 ByHumanUse FISHO:0000002 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000002 Estuary FISHO:0000003 FISHO:FISHO_0000003 Early FISHO:0000004 FISHO:FISHO_0000004 FishBiologicalStudies FISHO:0000005 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000005 Ebb Coker, G. A., Ming, D. L., & Randall, R. G. (2006). A review of fish sampling methods commonly used in Canadian freshwater habitats. Burlington, Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. FISHO:0000007 FISHO:FISHO_0000007 EnclosureTrap Small, fine teeth FISHO:0000008 FISHO:FISHO_0000008 Villiform FISHO:0000009 FISHO:FISHO_0000009 FishAnatomicalEntity FISHO:0000010 FISHO:FISHO_0000010 The Anabantoidei are a suborder of perciform ray-finned freshwater fish distinguished by their possession of a lung-like labyrinth organ, which enables them to breathe air. LabyrinthOrgan FISHO:0000011 FISHO:FISHO_0000011 TAO:0000105 ZFA:0000105 Is ectodermal in origin. Epidermis Mohd Najib Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. FISHO:0000013 FISHO:FISHO_0000013 Taxonomic characters can be meristic (countable), morphometric (measureable), morphological (including color),cytological, behavioral, electrophoretic, or molecular (nuclear or mitpchondrial) FishTaxonomicCharacters FISHO:0000014 FISHO:FISHO_0000014 ShellSkinned FISHO:0000015 FISHO:FISHO_0000015 Vomer FISHO:0000016 FISHO:FISHO_0000016 Remains variably cartilaginous even in adults of most teleosts, but there are also dermal elements fused to some of these bones. Two main sets of cartilage bones form the ethmoid region, which is the paired lateral ethmoids (or parethmoids) and the median chondral ethmoid (or supraethmoid). There are two sets of dermal bones in this region which is or the median often dentigerous (tooth bearing ) vomer, which may be absent in a few teleosts, , and the nasals which are lateral to ethmoid region. EthmoidRegion FISHO:0000020 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000020 Stream Coker, G. A., Ming, D. L., & Randall, R. G. (2006). A review of fish sampling methods commonly used in Canadian freshwater habitats. Burlington, Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. FISHO:0000021 FISHO:FISHO_0000021 BeachSeine FISHO:0000022 yes FISHO:FISHO_0000022 JawlessFish FISHO:0000023 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000023 TransitionalStage Coker, G. A., Ming, D. L., & Randall, R. G. (2006). A review of fish sampling methods commonly used in Canadian freshwater habitats. Burlington, Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. FISHO:0000025 FISHO:FISHO_0000025 GillNet FISHO:0000027 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000027 Length FISHO:0000028 FISHO:FISHO_0000028 NippleTeeth FISHO:0000032 FISHO:FISHO_0000032 Also known as Visceral Cranium, or splanchnocranium. Consist of a series of endoskeletal arches that formed as gill arch supports. It is dervied from splanchnic mesoderm. Branchiocranium Mohd Najib FISHO:0000033 in review FISHO:FISHO_0000033 FishDiversity FISHO:0000034 FISHO:FISHO_0000034 Spawning FISHO:0000035 FISHO:FISHO_0000035 Endemic FISHO:0000036 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000036 CoralReef FISHO:0000037 FISHO:FISHO_0000037 Trap FISHO:0000038 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang FISHO:FISHO_0000038 Fish biological mass Biomass FISHO:0000039 FISHO:FISHO_0000039 ByBreedingBehaviour Coker, G. A., Ming, D. L., & Randall, R. G. (2006). A review of fish sampling methods commonly used in Canadian freshwater habitats. Burlington, Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. FISHO:0000040 FISHO:FISHO_0000040 TrapNet FISHO:0000043 FISHO:FISHO_0000043 ByVulnerability FISHO:0000044 FISHO:FISHO_0000044 Is lined with simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells. Usually no multicellular glands are present. The chief exception to this is Cods (Gadidae), which have small tubular glands in intestinal wall. Intestine FISHO:0000045 FISHO:FISHO_0000045 UBERON:0002328 Notochord FISHO:0000046 FISHO:FISHO_0000046 Quite far at sea but still close to the shore. FarInshore FISHO:0000047 FISHO:FISHO_0000047 Supraethmoid FISHO:0000048 FISHO:FISHO_0000048 A fold in the intestinal walls. Typhlosole FISHO:0000051 FISHO:FISHO_0000051 ScleroticCartilage FISHO:0000052 FISHO:FISHO_0000052 Fusiform FISHO:0000053 FISHO:FISHO_0000053 Parasphenoid FISHO:0000054 FISHO:FISHO_0000054 NetMeshSize worldatlas.com FISHO:0000055 FISHO:FISHO_0000055 WaterBodies FISHO:0000056 FISHO:FISHO_0000056 Cartilage bones that are frequently dentigerous. Also know as "Plowshare" bones. Palatine FISHO:0000058 FISHO:FISHO_0000058 TailbudFree FISHO:0000059 FISHO:FISHO_0000059 ByToxicity FISHO:0000060 FISHO:FISHO_0000060 SpecialJuvenile FISHO:0000061 FISHO:FISHO_0000061 Fish Sampling is an experiment done to sample fish in order to know its details. Sampling is undertaken to obtain information about characteristics of fish populations or communities, often in relation to the habitats they occupy. The characteristics that are of interest and the accuracy with which these must be estimated determine the sampling approach that is required. FishSampling FISHO:0000062 In Review FISHO:FISHO_0000062 SnoutLength FISHO:0000063 FISHO:FISHO_0000063 Consist of the dorsal, anal, and adipose fins along the dorsal and ventral profiles of the fish. In Jawless fishes, cartilaginous rods support the median fins. MedianFins FISHO:0000064 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000064 StandardLength FISHO:0000068 ("Living") fishes, therefore represent the most recent manifestations of adaptations and lineages that have their roots in the early Paleozoic. Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. FISHO:FISHO_0000068 Extant Teeth fused into beaks for scraping algae off corals, as in parrotfishes (Scaridae) and Pacific knifejaws (Oplegnathidae), or for biting crustaceans or echinoderms, as in blowfishes (Tetraodontiformes) FISHO:0000069 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000069 BeakInfusedTeeth FISHO:0000071 In Review FISHO:FISHO_0000071 FishDevelopmentEndpointEvents FISHO:0000072 FISHO:FISHO_0000072 Were present in primitive fossil actinopterygians and are found in Chondrostei. They are modified cosmoid scales, with the cosmine replaced by dentine and the surface vitrodentine replaced by ganoine, an inorganic salt secreted by the dermis. Ganoine is a calcified noncellular material without canals. GanoidScales FISHO:0000073 FISHO:FISHO_0000073 Mesolarva FISHO:0000074 FISHO:FISHO_0000074 Lachrymal FISHO:0000075 FISHO:FISHO_0000075 Parietal FISHO:0000076 FISHO:FISHO_0000076 Usually forms a thin lateral superficial sheet under the skin between the epaxial and hypaxial muscle masses on each side of the fish. Red muscles is much better developed in muscles involved in sustained swimming, such as lateral red muscle in tunas and pectoral fin muscles in wrasses and parrotfishes. Red muscle is hard to fatigue because it is highly vasculrized and therefore provided with a rich oxygen supply. RedMuscle FISHO:0000077 In Review FISHO:FISHO_0000077 PrimaryDevelopmentalStage Helfman et al, 2009, p. 131 FISHO:0000078 In Review FISHO:FISHO_0000078 FishDevelopmentStages FISHO:0000079 FISHO:FISHO_0000079 NotochordFlexionComplete FISHO:0000080 FISHO:FISHO_0000080 A small arm of the sea, a lake, or a river. Inlet FISHO:0000081 FISHO:FISHO_0000081 Sample FISHO:0000082 FISHO:FISHO_0000082 Late FISHO:0000084 FISHO:FISHO_0000084 Also known as alimentary tract, or digestive tract. AlimentaryCanal FISHO:0000085 FISHO:FISHO_0000085 LongtailCarpetShark FISHO:0000086 FISHO:FISHO_0000086 MolecularCharacters FISHO:0000087 FISHO:FISHO_0000087 Three sets of cartilage bones, one pair plus two median bones, form the cranial base, which is the paired lateral exoccipitals, the median basioccipital, and dorsal median supraoccipital. The only dermal bone is the median parasphenoid BasicranialRegion FISHO:0000088 FISHO:FISHO_0000088 Jellyfish FISHO:0000089 FISHO:FISHO_0000089 There are seven principal muscles are involved in opening and closing the jaws, suspensorium, and operculum during feeding and breathing. The major muscdles are the adductor mandibulae, the levator arcus palatini, the dilator operculi, the adductor operculi, the levator operculi, the adductor arcus palatini, and the adductor hyomandibulae. In addition there are also pharyngeal muscles or retractores arcuum branchialium which funtion in operating the pharyngeal jaw. CheekMuscle FISHO:0000090 FISHO:FISHO_0000090 Location FISHO:0000092 FISHO:FISHO_0000092 UBERON:0004288 Skeleton FISHO:0000093 FISHO:FISHO_0000093 Dams FISHO:0000094 Both an endocrine organ and exocrine organ that produces digestive enzymes. The pancreas is a compact, often two-lobed structure in chondricthyes, is distinct in soft-rayed teleosts, but becomes incorporated into liver as a hepatopancreas in most spiny-rayed teleosts (except for parrotfishes). FISHO:FISHO_0000094 TAO:0000140 ZFA:0000140 Pancreas Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. FISHO:0000096 FISHO:FISHO_0000096 The naming of each species is following Linnaeus's system referred as "Binomial Nomenclature", with two-part name based on genus (plural genera) and species (singular and plural, abbreviated sp., or spp., respectively) FishNames FishNames FISHO:0000098 FISHO:FISHO_0000098 mesonephros TAO:0000529 ZFA:0000529 The kidneys are one of the primary organs involved in excretion and osmoregulations. The kidneys are paired longitudinal structures located retroperitoneally (outside of the pritoneal cavity), ventral to the vertebral column. Kidneys FISHO:0000099 FISHO:FISHO_0000099 DermalBones FISHO:0000100 FISHO:FISHO_0000100 TAO:0000547 ZFA:0000547 Mouth FISHO:0000101 FISHO:FISHO_0000101 CausesOfThreat FISHO:0000104 FISHO:FISHO_0000104 CleavageEgg FISHO:0000105 FISHO:FISHO_0000105 Protolarva FISHO:0000106 FISHO:FISHO_0000106 Pterosphenoid Large teeth with flattened cutting surfaces adapted for feeding on mollusks and crustaceans. Example, chimaeras (Holocephali). FISHO:0000107 FISHO:FISHO_0000107 Incisor FISHO:0000108 FISHO:FISHO_0000108 Are almost completely dermal. There is no enamel-like layer except perhaps the ctenii (teeth on posterior border) and the most posterior and superficial ridges of the scale. These types of scales evolved from ganoid scales by loss of the ganoine and thinning of the bony dermal plate. Have ctenii formed as separate ossification distinct from the main body of the scale. CtenoidScales FISHO:0000109 FISHO:FISHO_0000109 Derived from embryonic cartilaginous braincase. The chondrocranium of bony fishes is derived from cartilaginous capsules that formed around sense organs. Chondrocranium FISHO:0000110 FISHO:FISHO_0000110 Following IUCN Redlist Threat Category ThreatCategory FISHO:0000111 FISHO:FISHO_0000111 PostflexionLarva FISHO:0000112 FISHO:FISHO_0000112 CartilageBones FISHO:0000113 FISHO:FISHO_0000113 At sea but quite close to the shore. NearInshore FISHO:0000114 FISHO:FISHO_0000114 EarlyJaw FISHO:0000115 FISHO:FISHO_0000115 Fingerlike pouches that connect to the intestine near the pylorus, are often present. It may function in absorption or digestion. PyloricCaeca FISHO:0000116 FISHO:FISHO_0000116 Usually not attached to the vertebral column in fishes as it is in tetrapods. Pelvic fin rays are frequently loset , and in some cases such as eels (Anguilliformes), the neotenic South American Needlesfish (Belonion apodion), and puffers, the pelvic girdle has also been lost. PelvicGirdle FISHO:0000117 FISHO:FISHO_0000117 SquamationBegun FISHO:0000118 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000118 SeagrassMeadow FISHO:0000119 FISHO:FISHO_0000119 PreflexionLarva FISHO:0000120 FISHO:FISHO_0000120 BySpecies FISHO:0000121 FISHO:FISHO_0000121 HollowScales Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. FISHO:0000122 FISHO:FISHO_0000122 Fish that are categorized in this class is hypothesized or believed to be extint. This is because at the current time, not such finding of the species can be made. If in time it is found that the species is not extint, then species should be removed from this group. Extinct FISHO:0000123 FISHO:FISHO_0000123 Muscles are arranged in pairs at the bases of the dorsal and anal fins. Protractors erect the fins and Retractors depress the fins. In addition, lateral inclinators function to bend soft rays of the anal and second dorsal fins. For the paired fins, a single ventral abductor muscle pulls the fin ventrally and cranially. An opposing dorsal adductor muscle pulls the fin dorsally and caudally. FinMuscle FISHO:0000124 FISHO:FISHO_0000124 Frontal FISHO:0000125 FISHO:FISHO_0000125 Dolphins FISHO:0000126 FISHO:FISHO_0000126 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/Specimen http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/ontology/MarineTLO/BC53_Specimen BC53_Specimen Fish specimen. Each specimen of fish is related to species. an individual animal, plant, piece of a mineral, etc., used as an example of its species or type for scientific study or display. Specimen FISHO:0000127 FISHO:FISHO_0000127 Following IUCN Redlist Threat Index ThreatIndex FISHO:0000128 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000128 Weight FISHO:0000130 FISHO:FISHO_0000130 PlateSkinnedFish Fine, pointed teeth arraged as in wool card; for example, the pharyngeal teeth in pickerels (Esox). FISHO:0000131 FISHO:FISHO_0000131 Cardiform FISHO:0000132 FISHO:FISHO_0000132 DorsalFin FISHO:0000133 FISHO:FISHO_0000133 FishingMethod FISHO:0000135 FISHO:FISHO_0000135 Maxillae FISHO:0000136 FISHO:FISHO_0000136 Endemicity FISHO:0000137 FISHO:FISHO_0000137 Species diversity is a measure of the diversity within an ecological community that incorporates both species richness (the number of species in a community) and the evenness of species' abundances. Species diversity is one component of the concept of biodiversity. SpeciesDiversity FISHO:0000138 FISHO:FISHO_0000138 Usually lies just posterior to the anus. AnalFin FISHO:0000139 FISHO:FISHO_0000139 WoRMS FISHO:0000140 FISHO:FISHO_0000140 Mudflats or mud flats, also known as tidal flats, are coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by tides or rivers. They are found in sheltered areas such as bays, bayous, lagoons, and estuaries. Mudflat FISHO:0000141 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000141 Neap FISHO:0000142 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000142 Maybe change to PrimaryDevelopmental Stages Subdivisions Subdivisions FISHO:0000143 FISHO:FISHO_0000143 CommonLocalNames FISHO:0000146 FISHO:FISHO_0000146 Protoptergiolarva FISHO:0000147 FISHO:FISHO_0000147 Molariform FISHO:0000150 Also known as swim bladder, is a gas-filled sac located between the alimentary canal and the kidneys (Jones 1957, Marshall 1960). It is filled with carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen in different proportions tha occur in air, making the tem "air bladder" inappropriate. The original function of the gas bladder was probably as a lung, but in most fishes today it functions mainly as a hydrostatic organ that helps control bouyancy. It also plays a rile in respiration, sound production, and sound reception in some fishes. FISHO:FISHO_0000150 Swim Bladder TAO:0000076 UBERON:0006860 ZFA:0000076 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060306-11 Air Bladder Fish Maw GasBladder FISHO:0000151 FISHO:FISHO_0000151 Sampling Parameter that is usually used by researchers when sampling a sample or specimen. FishSamplingParameter FISHO:0000152 FISHO:FISHO_0000152 ichthyology FishStudies Coker, G. A., Ming, D. L., & Randall, R. G. (2006). A review of fish sampling methods commonly used in Canadian freshwater habitats. Burlington, Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. FISHO:0000153 FISHO:FISHO_0000153 MinnowTrap FISHO:0000154 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000154 Fish early development stages -> mature FishDevelopment Sharp cutting teeth which are uncommon in bony fishes with the exception of some characins (Characoidei). Example, sharks and piranhas. FISHO:0000155 FISHO:FISHO_0000155 FlattenedTriangularCuttingTeeth FISHO:0000156 FISHO:FISHO_0000156 Intercalar FISHO:0000157 FISHO:FISHO_0000157 Extrinsic eye muscles move the eye within its orbit. Eye muscles are evolutionarily very conservative, in that most vertebrates have the same three pairs of these striated muscles. Eyes muscles have been converted into two remarkable structures in fishes. An electric organ in the electric stargazer (Astroscopus, Uranoscopidae) and heater organs in two suborders of perciformes fishes (Xiphioidei and Scombroidei). EyeMuscle FISHO:0000159 FISHO:FISHO_0000159 TransformationLarva FISHO:0000160 FISHO:FISHO_0000160 EarlyJawedFish FISHO:0000161 FISHO:FISHO_0000161 consist of four pair of wide, flat, dermal bones that form the gil covers, protect the underlying gill arches, and are involved in respiration and feeding. OpercularApparatus FISHO:0000162 FISHO:FISHO_0000162 UBERON:0002415 Tail FISHO:0000163 FISHO:FISHO_0000163 Prawns FISHO:0000164 FISHO:FISHO_0000164 Handle any terms that is related to status. FishStatus FISHO:0000165 FISHO:FISHO_0000165 Soft anatomy include include the muscles, cardiovascular system, alimentary canal, gas bladder, kidneys, gonads, and nervous system. SoftAnatomy The region that surrounds the orbit. FISHO:0000166 FISHO:FISHO_0000166 Composed of three sets of cartilage bones and two sets of dermal bones. Cartilage bone components include paired pterosphenoids (alisphenoids in earlier literature), the median basiphenoid, and sclerotic cartilages. The two set of dermal bones are the paired frontals and the circumorbitals. Advance teleosts usually have infraorbital, lachrymal/preorbital, jugal/true suborbital, and the dermosphenotic bones/postorbitals. Many primitive teleosts also have an antorbital and a supraorbital OrbitalRegion FISHO:0000167 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000167 StandardWeight FISHO:0000168 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000168 Flood FISHO:0000170 FISHO:FISHO_0000170 ByShape FISHO:0000172 FISHO:FISHO_0000172 Trawl FISHO:0000173 FISHO:FISHO_0000173 Pterygiolarva FISHO:0000174 FISHO:FISHO_0000174 This is universal common name CommonFishNames FISHO:0000175 FISHO:FISHO_0000175 Is nonskeletal, involuntary, and mostly associated with the gut but is also important in many organs and in circulatory system. Smooth muscles line the walls of the digestive tract. They are arraged in bundlesmof longitudinal and circular muscles that work in opposition to one another to permit peristaltic transport of food. SmoothMuscle Coker, G. A., Ming, D. L., & Randall, R. G. (2006). A review of fish sampling methods commonly used in Canadian freshwater habitats. Burlington, Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. FISHO:0000176 FISHO:FISHO_0000176 HoopNet Mohd Najib Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. Refer to measureable structures such as fin length, head length, eye diameter, or ratios between such measurements. Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. FISHO:0000178 FISHO:FISHO_0000178 Analysis of differences is more complex than with meristic characters. Some morphometric characters are harder to define exactly, and being continous variables, they can be measured to different levels of precesion and so are less easily repeated. Furthermore there are the problem of allometry, where by lengths of different rates with growth. Size factors have to be compensated for through use of such techniques as regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) so that comparisons can be made between actual differences in characters and not differences due to body size. Principal component analysis (PCA) also adjusts for size, particularly if size components are removed by shear coefficients, as recommended by Humphries et al. (1981) MorphometricCharacters FISHO:0000179 FISHO:FISHO_0000179 Fish sonic muscles are fastest muscles in vertebrates (Parmentier et al., 2006). They are specialized fast contracting striated muscles. SonicMuscle FISHO:0000182 FISHO:FISHO_0000182 GlobalExtintion FISHO:0000183 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000183 CoastalWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcrania FISHO:0000184 FISHO:FISHO_0000184 refers to all or part of the skeleton apart from the skull PostcranialSkeleton FISHO:0000185 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000185 Pond FISHO:0000188 FISHO:FISHO_0000188 MuscleDivision FISHO:0000189 FISHO:FISHO_0000189 Egg FISHO:0000190 FISHO:FISHO_0000190 TrueSubOrbital FISHO:0000191 FISHO:FISHO_0000191 Have simple marginal indentations and projections. CrenateScales FISHO:0000192 FISHO:FISHO_0000192 A habitat is the actual location in the environment where an organism lives and consists of all the physical and biological resources available to a species. The collection of all the habitat areas of a species constitutes its geographic range. Habitat FISHO:0000193 FISHO:FISHO_0000193 Shape FISHO:0000194 FISHO:FISHO_0000194 TAO:0000114 ZFA:0000114 In most fish, the heart consists of four parts, including two chambers and an entrance and exit.[23] The first part is the sinus venosus, a thin-walled sac that collects blood from the fish's veins before allowing it to flow to the second part, the atrium, which is a large muscular chamber. The atrium serves as a one-way antechamber, sends blood to the third part, ventricle. The ventricle is another thick-walled, muscular chamber and it pumps the blood, first to the fourth part, bulbus arteriosus, a large tube, and then out of the heart. The bulbus arteriosus connects to the aorta, through which blood flows to the gills for oxygenation. Heart FISHO:0000195 FISHO:FISHO_0000195 Usually more or less rectangular and is usually the largerst and heaviest of the opercular bones. It has an anterior articulation facet connecting with hyomandibula. Opercle FISHO:0000196 FISHO:FISHO_0000196 Postlarva FISHO:0000197 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000197 Catch per unit effort CPUE FISHO:0000198 FISHO:FISHO_0000198 PostOrbital FISHO:0000199 FISHO:FISHO_0000199 FlexionLarva FISHO:0000200 FISHO:FISHO_0000200 AdiposeFin FISHO:0000201 FISHO:FISHO_0000201 FullFinRayComplementPresent FISHO:0000202 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000202 PeatSwamp FISHO:0000204 FISHO:FISHO_0000204 Were present in fossil coelacanths and fossil lungfishes. The scales of recent lungfishes are highly modified by loss of the dentine layer. Cosmoid scales are similar to placoid scales and probably arose from the fusion of the placoid scales. CosmoidScales Mohd Najib Characters that correspond to body segments (myomeres). such as numbers of vertebrae and fin rays. It is used for almost any accountable structure, including number of scales, gill rakers, cephalic pores, and so on. Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. FISHO:0000205 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000205 MeristicCharacters FISHO:0000206 FISHO:FISHO_0000206 PrimaryType FISHO:0000207 FISHO:FISHO_0000207 Neurocranium FISHO:0000208 FISHO:FISHO_0000208 CarpetShark FISHO:0000209 FISHO:FISHO_0000209 Diet FISHO:0000211 FISHO:FISHO_0000211 Species evenness refers to how close in numbers each species in an environment are. Mathematically it is defined as a diversity index, a measure of biodiversity which quantifies how equal the community is numerically. SpeciesEvenness FISHO:0000212 FISHO:FISHO_0000212 Parameters and stuff needed to conduct the fish sampling experiment. FishPopulationParameter FISHO:0000213 FISHO:FISHO_0000213 Basioccipital FISHO:0000215 FISHO:FISHO_0000215 Narrow bones, sometimes T-shaped, sometimes dentigerous. Ectopterygoid FISHO:0000216 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000216 FreshwaterSwamp FISHO:0000217 FISHO:FISHO_0000217 Pollutions FISHO:0000218 FISHO:FISHO_0000218 ByFeedingBehaviour FISHO:0000219 FISHO:FISHO_0000219 Sphenotic FISHO:0000220 FISHO:FISHO_0000220 Embryo The nervous system can be divided into cerebrospinal and automatic systems. The cerebrospinal system is composed of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. FISHO:0000221 FISHO:FISHO_0000221 TAO:0000396 ZFA:0000396 NervousSystem FISHO:0000222 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000222 Yield per unit effort YPUE FISHO:0000223 FISHO:FISHO_0000223 FishBase FISHO:0000224 FISHO:FISHO_0000224 Supraoccipital FISHO:0000225 FISHO:FISHO_0000225 Are almost completely dermal. There is no enamel-like layer except perhaps the ctenii (teeth on posterior border) and the most posterior and superficial ridges of the scale. These types of scales evolved from ganoid scales by loss of the ganoine and thinning of the bony dermal plate. CycloidScales FISHO:0000229 FISHO:FISHO_0000229 AdvancedJawedFish FISHO:0000230 FISHO:FISHO_0000230 Juvenile FISHO:0000231 FISHO:FISHO_0000231 TAO:0000208 ZFA:0000208 Thin-walled temporary storage organ for the bile. It empties into the intestine near the pylorus by contraction of smooth muscles. GallBladder FISHO:0000232 FISHO:FISHO_0000232 compound organ CARO:0000024 TAO:0000496 UBERON:0003103 ZFA:0000496 Organ FISHO:0000233 FISHO:FISHO_0000233 MetamorphosisBegun FISHO:0000236 FISHO:FISHO_0000236 Prejuvenile FISHO:0000237 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000237 Also known as "Monorhina". The alternative name Monorhina refers to the single, median, slitlike opening, the nasohypophyseal foramen, in the anterior region of the head shield, associated with the pineal body. SingleNostril FISHO:0000238 FISHO:FISHO_0000238 Forms the upper jaw. Composed entirely of dermal bones in bony fishes. Have 3 sets of bones, Premaxillae, Maxillae and Supramaxillae. MandibularArch FISHO:0000242 FISHO:FISHO_0000242 Cuttlefish FISHO:0000243 FISHO:FISHO_0000243 Behaviour FISHO:0000244 FISHO:FISHO_0000244 TAO:0000277 scale ZFA:0000277 Scales are the characteristic external covering of fishes. Scales FISHO:0000245 FISHO:FISHO_0000245 Shellfish FISHO:0000246 FISHO:FISHO_0000246 Jugal FISHO:0000247 FISHO:FISHO_0000247 Barcoding Coker, G. A., Ming, D. L., & Randall, R. G. (2006). A review of fish sampling methods commonly used in Canadian freshwater habitats. Burlington, Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. FISHO:0000248 FISHO:FISHO_0000248 FykeNet Ovaries are internal, usually longitudinal, and primitively paired but often variously fused and shortened. sometimes only one ovary present in adults, as in some needlefishes (Belonidae). The ovaries are suspended by a pair of lengthwise mesenteries, the mesovaria. Ovairy masses can be as high as 70% of body weight and tends to increase with body size of individual females. FISHO:0000249 FISHO:FISHO_0000249 Ovaries FISHO:0000250 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000250 Lake FISHO:0000251 FISHO:FISHO_0000251 FishEcologicalStudies https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish FISHO:0000253 FISHO:FISHO_0000253 Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as "fish" are not fish in the sense that as paraphyletic groups are no longer recognised in modern systematic biology, the use of the term "fish" as a biological group must be avoided. OtherMarineAnimal FISHO:0000255 FISHO:FISHO_0000255 PreOrbital Serves all bodily function but is most closely associated with respiration, excretion, osmoregulation, and digestion. The cardiovascular system is the system of arteries, veins, and capillaries that carry respirotary gases, wastes, excretory metabolites, minerals and nutrients. Only dew fish species have their cardiovascular system investigated extensively. FISHO:0000256 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000256 CardiovascularSystem true FISHO:0000258 FISHO:FISHO_0000258 Metalarva FISHO:0000259 FISHO:FISHO_0000259 Net FISHO:0000260 FISHO:FISHO_0000260 Thin bones that roof the mouth. Also known as Mesopterygoids. Entopterygoid FISHO:0000261 FISHO:FISHO_0000261 AppendicularSkeleton FISHO:0000262 FISHO:FISHO_0000262 Fish muscle is structurally similar to that of other vertebrates, and fishes possess the same three kinds of muscles, but differ in that a greater proportion (40-60%) of the mass of the fish's muscle is made up of locomotory muscle. Muscles FISHO:0000265 FISHO:FISHO_0000265 BeamTrawl FISHO:0000266 FISHO:FISHO_0000266 Crayfish FISHO:0000267 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000267 Abundance FISHO:0000268 FISHO:FISHO_0000268 BySize FISHO:0000269 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000269 River FISHO:0000270 FISHO:FISHO_0000270 Threat FISHO:0000271 FISHO:FISHO_0000271 Prootic FISHO:0000273 FISHO:FISHO_0000273 Consist of four pair of bones in the roof of the mouth. PalatineArch FISHO:0000274 FISHO:FISHO_0000274 Pterotic FISHO:0000275 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000275 Consist of four pair of gill arches, gill rakers, pharyngeal tooth patches, and supporting bones. All elements of the gill arch are cartilage bones but may have toothed dermal elements incorporated. BranchialComplex FISHO:0000276 FISHO:FISHO_0000276 Is nonskeletal but striated and is found only in the heart. Cardiac, or heart muscle is dark red involuntary muscle. It is thickest in the walls of the ventricle. CardiacMuscle Mohd Najib Bone, Q; Moore, R H (2008). Biology of Fishes. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-415-37562-7. [1] at Google Books Helfman, G.; Collette; Facey, D.; Bowen, BW (2009). The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4051-2494-2. Moyle, PB; Cech, J. J. (2003). Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology (5 ed.). Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-13-100847-2. Weis, Judith S (2011) 'Do Fish Sleep?: Fascinating Answers to Questions about Fishes Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813549415. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_of_fish FISHO:0000278 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000278 FishDiversityCategory Mohd Najib A group of organisms (sensu http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026) considered by taxonomists to form a homogeneous unit. FISHO:0000279 FISHO:FISHO_0000279 Taxon FISHO:0000283 FISHO:FISHO_0000283 Also known as hindgut, as not as well defined externally in fishes as it is in tetrapods. Generally, the muscles layer near the rectum is thicker than in anterior regions, and the number of goblet cells in the large intestine increase in rectal region. Rectum Mohd Najib FISHO:0000284 In Review FISHO:FISHO_0000284 The Base DefinedTerm represents a class for constructing controlled vocabularies of defined terminology. DefinedTerm FISHO:0000285 FISHO:FISHO_0000285 Pleural ribs form in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebrae, usually from the third vertebra to the last precaudal vertebra. Rib FISHO:0000286 FISHO:FISHO_0000286 Reproduction FISHO:0000288 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000288 A series of pair of bones that lie medial to the lower jaw and opercular bones and lateral to the branchiostegal rays that attach to them. HyoidComplex FISHO:0000290 FISHO:FISHO_0000290 isdefinedby: Creek (stream), a type of stream (link kepada creek nye habitat, pastu letak kat annotation isdefinedby) isdefinedby: Creek (tidal), an inlet of the sea, narrower than a cove A stream is a body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks. Depending on its location or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to as a branch, brook, beck, burn, creek, crick, gill (occasionally ghyll), kill, lick, mill race, rill, river, syke, bayou, rivulet, streamage, wash, run, or runnel. Streams are important as conduits in the water cycle, instruments in groundwater recharge, and corridors for fish and wildlife migration. The biological habitat in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone. Given the status of the ongoing Holocene extinction, streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity. The study of streams and waterways in general is known as surface hydrology and is a core element of environmental geography. A tidal creek, tidal channel, or estuary is the portion of a stream that is affected by ebb and flow of ocean tides, in the case that the subject stream discharges to an ocean, sea or strait. Thus this portion of the stream has variable salinity and electrical conductivity over the tidal cycle. Due to the temporal variability of water quality parameters within the tidally influenced zone, there are unique biota associated with tidal creeks, which biota are often specialised to such zones. Creeks may often dry to a muddy channel with little or no flow at low tide, but often with significant depth of water at high tide. Creek FISHO:0000291 FISHO:FISHO_0000291 ByVision FISHO:0000296 FISHO:FISHO_0000296 YolkSacAbsorbed FISHO:0000297 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000297 OffshoreWater Many teleost have well developed pharyngeal teeth including fishes like cichlids and parrotfishes, which also have well-developed teeth in their jaws, and minnows and suckers (Cypriniformes) which lack teeth in their jaws. FISHO:0000298 FISHO:FISHO_0000298 PharygealTeeth FISHO:0000299 In Review FISHO:FISHO_0000299 FishDatabases FISHO:0000301 FISHO:FISHO_0000301 AccessoryBreathingOrgan Coker, G. A., Ming, D. L., & Randall, R. G. (2006). A review of fish sampling methods commonly used in Canadian freshwater habitats. Burlington, Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. FISHO:0000302 FISHO:FISHO_0000302 GeeTrap FISHO:0000303 FISHO:FISHO_0000303 Liver and pancreas both participate in digestion. The liver develops as a ventral evagination of the intestine, as in other vertebrates. Liver FISHO:0000304 FISHO:FISHO_0000304 Epiotic FISHO:0000305 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000305 Mangrove FISHO:0000306 FISHO:FISHO_0000306 Larva FISHO:0000307 FISHO:FISHO_0000307 Attain adult body proportions, pigments, habits ReachingAdult FISHO:0000308 FISHO:FISHO_0000308 UBERON:0000945 Ventricular anterior intestine gaster mesenteron stomach chamber ventriculus Is lined with columnar epithelium with mucous-secreting cells and one type of glandular cell that produces pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Although usually a fairly simple structure, evolutionary modifications of the fish stomach haveled to unusual functions. Stomach FISHO:0000309 FISHO:FISHO_0000309 In rays, the pectoral girdle is attached to the fused anterior section of the vertebral column (synarchial condition) and also, by way of the propterygium of the pectoral girdle and antorbital cartilage, to the nasal capsules of the skull. Unlike the condition in tetrapods, the pectoral girdle in bony fishes usually has no attachment to the vertebral column and instead attaches to the back ok the skull via the posttemporal bone. Rather than dividing bones into cartilage and dermal, as done for the skull, it seems more practical to present the bones in sequence from the skull to the girdle bones themselves. PectoralGirdle FISHO:0000311 FISHO:FISHO_0000311 EyeDiameter FISHO:0000312 FISHO:FISHO_0000312 NeurocraniumRegion FISHO:0000313 FISHO:FISHO_0000313 Prolarva FISHO:0000314 FISHO:FISHO_0000314 Exoccipital FISHO:0000316 FISHO:FISHO_0000316 PlateSkinned FISHO:0000317 FISHO:FISHO_0000317 NotochordStartedFlexing FISHO:0000318 FISHO:FISHO_0000318 Is the most ventral bone. Interopercle FISHO:0000319 FISHO:FISHO_0000319 FinLength FISHO:0000320 FISHO:FISHO_0000320 ByHabitat FISHO:0000321 FISHO:FISHO_0000321 ByLocomotion FISHO:0000324 FISHO:FISHO_0000324 Middle FISHO:0000325 FISHO:FISHO_0000325 Makes up the majority of the postcranial body of most fishes. It is used anaerobically in short-duration, burst swimming but fatigues quickly. WhiteMuscle FISHO:0000326 FISHO:FISHO_0000326 Supramaxillae Large conical teeth frequently located at the corners of the mouth. For example, snappers (Lutjanus) FISHO:0000327 FISHO:FISHO_0000327 Canine Mohd Najib Berra, T. M. (2001). Freshwater fish distribution. Academic Press. Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. A fish is an aquatic vertebrate with gills and with limbs in the shape of fins (Nelson 2006). "A poikilothermic, aquatic chordate with appendages (when present) developed as fins, whose chief respiratory organs are gills and whose body is usually covered with scales", (Berra 2001, p. xx) A typical fish is ectothermic, has a streamlined body for rapid swimming, extracts oxygen from water using gills or uses an accessory breathing organ to breathe atmospheric oxygen, has two sets of paired fins, usually one or two (rarely three) dorsal fins, an anal fin, and a tail fin, has jaws, has skin that is usually covered with scales, and lays eggs. ("Fish." Wikipedia. Accessed January 4, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish.) Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. FISHO:0000328 FISHO:FISHO_0000328 "Fish" is singular and plural for a single species. Fish were the first vertebrates. Definitions are dangerous, since exception are often viewed as falsification of the statement (Berra, 2001). Exceptions to the definitions above fo not negate them but instead give clues to adaptations arising from particularly powerful selection pressures. Hence loss of scales and fins in many eel-shaped fishes tell us something about the normal function of these structures and their inappropriateness in benthic fishes with elongate body. Deviation from "normal" in these and other exceptions are part of the lesson that fishes has to teach us about evolutionary process. Fish http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/search/en FISHO:0000329 FISHO:FISHO_0000329 FishingGear FISHO:0000331 Chong, V. C., Lee, P. K. Y., & Lau, C. M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of fish biology, 76(9), 2009-2066 FISHO:FISHO_0000331 PaddyField FISHO:0000333 FISHO:FISHO_0000333 TypeSpecimen FISHO:0000334 FISHO:FISHO_0000334 CartilaginousFish FISHO:0000335 FISHO:FISHO_0000335 The integument is composed of the skin and skin derivatives, and includes scales in fishes and feathers and hair in birds and mammals. The integument forms an external protective structure parallel to the internal endoskeleteon and serves as the boundary between the fish and the external environment. IntegumentarySkeleton FISHO:0000336 FISHO:FISHO_0000336 Measurement FISHO:0000338 FISHO:FISHO_0000338 DermosphenoticBone FISHO:0000342 FISHO:FISHO_0000342 PelagicJuvenile FISHO:0000344 FISHO:FISHO_0000344 Infraorbital FISHO:0000345 FISHO:FISHO_0000345 Whales FISHO:0000346 FISHO:FISHO_0000346 http://www.iucnredlist.org/ IUCNRedlistCategories FISHO:0000347 FISHO:FISHO_0000347 BagNet FISHO:0000349 FISHO:FISHO_0000349 DBPedia FISHO:0000350 FISHO:FISHO_0000350 Basiphenoid FISHO:0000351 FISHO:FISHO_0000351 Is a short, thick -walled tube lined with stratified ciliated epithilium, mucous-secreting goblet cells, and, often taste buds. Esophagus FISHO:0000352 FISHO:FISHO_0000352 NumberOfGillRakers FISHO:0000353 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000353 BileDuct FISHO:0000354 FISHO:FISHO_0000354 gill TAO:0000354 ZFA:0000354 Gills gill SINGLE FISHO:0000355 FISHO:FISHO_0000355 Circumorbital FISHO:0000357 FISHO:FISHO_0000357 The tail of a fish is a complex of vertebral centra, vertebral accessories, and fin rays that have been modified during evolution to propel the fish forward in a linear fashion. CaudalComplex FISHO:0000358 FISHO:FISHO_0000358 Consist of five cartilage bones enclose each bilateral otic (ear) chamber inside the skull. There is only one pair of entirely dermal bones in the otic region which is the paired parietals. OticRegion FISHO:0000359 FISHO:FISHO_0000359 Intermediate between red and white muscle in levels of myoglobin, giving it pink color. Like red muscle, pink muscle is used for sustained swimming and is recruited after red muscle but before white muscle. PinkMuscle The skull, or cranium, is the part of the axial endoskeleton that encloses and protects the brain and most of the sense organs. It is a complex structure derived from several sources. FISHO:0000360 FISHO:FISHO_0000360 cranial skeleton TAO:0000737 Homologies of some fish skull bones are still debated Cranium FISHO:0000362 FISHO:FISHO_0000362 ByBroodingBehaviour FISHO:0000363 FISHO:FISHO_0000363 Characteristic of the Chondrichtyes, although they have more restricted distribution in rays and chimaeras than in sharks. This type of scales has been called "dermal denticle", but this is not the accurate terminology because there are both epidermal and dermal portions, as in mammalian teeth. Each placoid scale consist of flattened rectangular basal plate in the upper part of the dermis, from which as protruding spine projects posteriorly on the surface. PlacoidScales FISHO:0000364 FISHO:FISHO_0000364 Overharvesting FISHO:0000366 FISHO:FISHO_0000366 Nasal FISHO:0000367 FISHO:FISHO_0000367 FishMortality Coker, G. A., Ming, D. L., & Randall, R. G. (2006). A review of fish sampling methods commonly used in Canadian freshwater habitats. Burlington, Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. FISHO:0000368 FISHO:FISHO_0000368 ElectroFishing FISHO:0000369 FISHO:FISHO_0000369 LarvalCharactersLoss FISHO:0000372 FISHO:FISHO_0000372 Cartilage Bones, quadrangular-shaped, and articulating with the quadrate and hyomandibula Metapterygoid FISHO:0000373 FISHO:FISHO_0000373 Parethmoid FISHO:0000374 FISHO:FISHO_0000374 Consist of dermal bones Dermatocranium FISHO:0000375 FISHO:FISHO_0000375 YolkSacLarva FISHO:0000376 FISHO:FISHO_0000376 ByCatch FISHO:0000377 FISHO:FISHO_0000377 IntermuscularBones FISHO:0000378 FISHO:FISHO_0000378 FishBodyPart FISHO:0000379 FISHO:FISHO_0000379 FishGroup FISHO:0000380 In review FISHO:FISHO_0000380 OtherStagesTerminology FISHO:0000382 FISHO:FISHO_0000382 VisceraPosition FISHO:0000383 FISHO:FISHO_0000383 The muscles involved in electrogeneration are modified skeletal muscles. Fishes in six different evolutionary lineages have developed the ability to amplify the usual electical production associated wtith muscle contractions. ElectricOrganMuscle FISHO:0000384 FISHO:FISHO_0000384 Is striated and compromises most of fish's mass, other than the skeleton. SkeletalMuscle FISHO:0000386 FISHO:FISHO_0000386 SecondaryType FISHO:0000387 FISHO:FISHO_0000387 Ecoscope The testes are internal, longitudinal, and usually paired. They are suspended by lengthwise mesenteries known as mesorchia. Testes may constitute as much as 12% of bofy weight in some species at sexual maturity, although this proportion is usually smaller. FISHO:0000388 FISHO:FISHO_0000388 UBERON:0000473 Testiculus Testis Testes FISHO:0000389 FISHO:FISHO_0000389 Jawless FISHO:0000390 FISHO:FISHO_0000390 Have spines continous with the main body of the scales. SpinoidScales FISHO:0000391 FISHO:FISHO_0000391 Is the number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape or region. A count of species, and it does not take into account the abundances of the species or their relative abundance distributions. Takes into account both species richness and species evenness. SpeciesRichness FISHO:0000393 FISHO:FISHO_0000393 Is the inermost and most posterior element. It overlies parts of the other three opercular bones. Subopercle FISHO:0000395 FISHO:FISHO_0000395 Vertebrae which arise and form around the notochord where muscular myosepta intersect with dorsal, ventral, and horizontal septa. VertebralColumn FISHO:0000396 FISHO:FISHO_0000396 AnatomicalCharacters FISHO:0000398 FISHO:FISHO_0000398 HeadLength FISHO:0000399 FISHO:FISHO_0000399 ByLifeSpan FISHO:0000400 FISHO:FISHO_0000400 Linear, Asymptote FishGrowth FISHO:0000402 FISHO:FISHO_0000402 LocalExtinction FISHO:0000405 FISHO:FISHO_0000405 NumberOfScales FISHO:0000406 FISHO:FISHO_0000406 FishAnatomy Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. A gonad or sex gland or reproductive gland is an endocrine gland that produces the gametes (germ cells) of an organism. In the female of the species the reproductive cells are the egg cells, and in the male the reproductive cells are the sperm. The male gonad, the testicle, produces sperm in the form of spermatozoa. The female gonad, the ovary, produces egg cells. Both of these gametes, are haploid germ cells. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonad FISHO:0000407 FISHO:FISHO_0000407 gonada UBERON:0000991 TAO:0000413 ZFA:0000413 gonad As in tetrapods, the sexes in fishes are usually separate (dioecius), with males having testes that produce sperm and females have ovaries that produce eggs. Gonads FISHO_0000408 FISHO:FISHO_0000408 UBERON:0011595 Jaw Region Jaw FISHO:0000409 FISHO:FISHO_0000409 FishScientificNames FISHO:0000410 FISHO:FISHO_0000410 a measure of the number of organisms that make up a population in a defined area. PopulationDensity FISHO:0000411 FISHO:FISHO_0000411 Maturity FISHO:0000412 FISHO:FISHO_0000412 Hatching FISHO:0000413 FISHO:FISHO_0000413 Attain Juvenile body proportions, pigment, habits ReachingJuvenile FISHO:0000414 FISHO:FISHO_0000414 Teeth FISHO:0000415 Prof Chong Data Collection in Matang, 1988 - 1993 FISHO:FISHO_0000415 Spring FISHO:0000416 FISHO:FISHO_0000416 Premaxillae FISHO:0000417 FISHO:FISHO_0000417 EleutheroEmbryo FISHO:0000419 FISHO:FISHO_0000419 Tide FISHO:0000420 FISHO:FISHO_0000420 A sort of a spiral staircase inside the intestine. SpiralValve FISHO:0000422 FISHO:FISHO_0000422 TAO:0000140 ZFA:0000140 FishOrgan FISHO:0000424 FISHO:FISHO_0000424 The characteristic that is potrayed by fish in order to group them in their proper taxon FishCharacteristics FISHO:0000428 FISHO:FISHO_0000428 Are nonelastic strands of fibrous connective tissue that serve to attach bones and/or cartilages to one another. Ligaments FISHO:0000429 FISHO:FISHO_0000429 BlastoporeClosure FISHO:0000431 FISHO:FISHO_0000431 Starfish FISHO:0000439 FishMaturity FISHO:0000439 FISHO:0000440 Trawling FISHO:0000440 FISHO:0000441 FISHO:FISHO_0000441 LeastConcern FISHO:0000442 FISHO:FISHO_0000442 NearThreatened FISHO:0000443 FISHO:FISHO_0000443 Vulnerable FISHO:0000444 FISHO:FISHO_0000444 Endangered FISHO:0000445 FISHO:FISHO_0000445 CriticallyEndangered FISHO:0000446 FISHO:FISHO_0000446 ExtinctInTheWild FISHO:0000447 FISHO:FISHO_0000447 Extinct FISHO:0000448 FISHO:FISHO_0000448 LC FISHO:0000449 FISHO:FISHO_0000449 NT FISHO:0000450 FISHO:FISHO_0000450 VU FISHO:0000451 FISHO:FISHO_0000451 EN FISHO:0000452 FISHO:FISHO_0000452 CR FISHO:0000453 FISHO:FISHO_0000453 EW FISHO:0000454 FISHO:FISHO_0000454 EX FISHO:0000456 FISHO:FISHO_0000456 otolith organs TAO:0000559 ZFA:0000559 OtolithOrgan otolith organs PLURAL FISHO:0000457 FISHO:FISHO_0000457 UBERON:0000033 cephalic area Head GO:0009292 GO:0044764 multi-organism cellular process FISHO:0000460 FishCellularProcess FISHO:0000460 genetic transfer FISHO:0000461 FishGeneticTransfer FISHO:0000461 FISHO:0000462 FISHO:FISHO_0000462 VSAO:0000015 ZFA:0005619 SkeletalTissue FISHO:0000463 FISHO:FISHO_0000463 MonogeneanKB1:Specimen MonogeneanSpecimen FISHO:0000464 FISHO:FISHO_0000464 http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/ontology/MarineTLO/BC39_Marine_Animal BC39_Marine_Animal MarineAnimal FISHO:0000476 FISHO:FISHO_0000476 LobeFinnedFish FISHO:0000477 FISHO:FISHO_0000477 LobeFin FISHO:0000478 FISHO:FISHO_0000478 ShortMackerel FISHO:0000479 Philippines FISHO:FISHO_0000479 Burao FISHO:0000480 Malaysia FISHO:FISHO_0000480 Temenong FISHO:0000481 Fiji FISHO:FISHO_0000481 SalalaBitubitu FISHO:0000485 FISHO:FISHO_0000485 IndonesianCoelacanth FISHO:0000487 FISHO:FISHO_0000487 Ancient FISHO:0000488 FISHO:FISHO_0000488 LivingFossil FISHO:0000489 yes FISHO:FISHO_0000489 HagFish FISHO:0000490 yes FISHO:FISHO_0000490 Arowana FISHO:0000491 yes FISHO:FISHO_0000491 Arapaima FISHO:0000492 FISHO:FISHO_0000492 Bowfin FISHO:0000493 yes FISHO:FISHO_0000493 Coelacanth FISHO:0000494 FISHO:FISHO_0000494 QueenslandLungfish FISHO:0000495 yes FISHO:FISHO_0000495 Sturgeons FISHO:0000496 FISHO:FISHO_0000496 Paddlefish FISHO:0000497 FISHO:FISHO_0000497 Bichir FISHO:0000498 FISHO:FISHO_0000498 Mudskipper FISHO:0000499 FISHO:FISHO_0000499 BlindShark FISHO:0000500 FISHO:FISHO_0000500 BullheadShark FISHO:0000501 FISHO:FISHO_0000501 ElephantShark FISHO:0000502 yes FISHO:FISHO_0000502 FrilledShark FISHO:0000503 FISHO:FISHO_0000503 GoblinShark FISHO:0000504 FISHO:FISHO_0000504 GulperShark FISHO:0000505 FISHO:FISHO_0000505 BonyTongue FISHO:0000506 FISHO:FISHO_0000506 NotFish FISHO:0000509 FISHO:FISHO_0000509 LivingLungfish FISHO:0000510 FISHO:FISHO_0000510 Gars zebrafish_anatomy ZFA:0100000 FISHO:ZFA_0100000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ZFA_0100000 zebrafish anatomical entity zebrafish_stages ZFS:0100000 FISHO:ZFS_0100000 zebrafish stages holotype topotype paratype lectotype syntype paralectotype Helfman, G., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons. allotype neotype Amy Then Sarinder Kaur Mohd Najib Fish Ontology is created to cater vocabulary about fish 2017-04-11T05:26:23+00:00 Fish Ontology This Fish Ontology is an ontology created as how the author views the fish structure following the book "The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution and Ecology" as the main reference, which covers one part of view on ichthyology, with an emphasis on diversity and adaptation. This ontology is created with the mindset of categorizing fish automatically based on the attributes and terms mined from the fish specimen. Most of the basic organization from this ontology follows Nelson's research due to its synthetic and broad approach, while recognizing that Nelson's conclusions are one of many alternative interpretations of the literature, which is mostly agreed by our main references, and many fish and fisheries researchers. Most of the classification used in this ontology is in no means completed and just following the recent classification provided by the books For now our work focused more on two group of fish which is early jawless fish, and advanced jawed fishes. The classification from both of this group are structured following the reference. Version 1.0.2 - This version are capable of classifying Jawless Fish, Early Jawed Fish and living fossil fish in the current version. Furthermore there are several classifications which are still ongoing such as Bony Fishes, Advanced Jawed Fish, Shark, Skates, and Rays. Version 1.0.3 (Possible addition) -Considering to add more fish study related terms in the ontology such as fish immune sytem, and Fish Locomotion and Feeding Behavior. -Also focused on completing other classification of fish, and adding more relationships between the classes. Version 1.0.2 -Added a lot of annotations and metadata for fish terms, and added several more subclasses for the ontology. Version 1.0.1 -Change the structure and the hierarchy of a lot of classes to follow the main references. Several classes are deleted and marked as "deprecated" or "In Review" in case they might be useful later. Version 1.0.0 -The first version of the fish ontology is created. Version 1.0.2 - This version are capable of classifying Jawless Fish, Early Jawed Fish and living fossil fish in the current version. Furthermore there are several classifications which are still ongoing such as Bony Fishes, Advanced Jawed Fish, Shark, Skates, and Rays. Version 1.0.3 (Possible addition) -Considering to add more fish study related terms in the ontology such as fish immune sytem, and Fish Locomotion and Feeding Behavior. -Also focused on completing other classification of fish, and adding more relationships between the classes. Version 1.0.2 -Added a lot of annotations and metadata for fish terms, and added several more subclasses for the ontology. Version 1.0.1 -Change the structure and the hierarchy of a lot of classes to follow the main references. Several classes are deleted and marked as "deprecated" or "In Review" in case they might be useful later. Version 1.0.0 -The first version of the fish ontology is created. commentSource contributor status has_obo_namespace modified usedIn id creator definitionSource description citation addedBy title definition definition def created_by is_extinct has_rank hasExactSynonym xref hasDbXref id hasOBONamespace hasSynonymType hasRelatedSynonym Specimen2_0 Specimen2_116